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LABOR LAW Bar Q & A (as arranged by Topics)1994-2006

ANSWERS TO BAR

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

IN

LABOR LAW

&

SOCIAL LEGISLATION

ARRANGED BY TOPIC

(1994 2006)

Editd !"d A##!"$d %'

Atty. Janette Laggui-Icao andAtty. Alex Andrew P. Icao

(Silliman University College of Law* 26+ 200,

U-d!td %'

!omualdo L. Se"eris II# LL$.(Silliman University College of Law

A-#i* 2.+ 200.

From the ANSWERS TO BAR EXAMINATION

QUESTIONS in POLITICAL LAW by the

U/ LAW COM/LEX and

/ILI//INE ASSOCIATION O LAW SCOOLS

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F O R W A R !

This work is not intended for sae or !o""er!e# This work is freeware# It "a$ %e

free$ !o&ied and distri%'ted# It is &ri"ari$ intended for a those who desire

to ha(e a dee&er 'nderstanding of the iss'es to'!hed %$ the Phii&&ine

Bar E)a"inations and its trend# It is s&e!ia$ intended for aw st'dents fro"

the &ro(in!es who* (er$ often* are re!i&ients of dei%erate$ distorted notes fro" other

'ns!r'&'o's aw s!hoos and st'dents# +hare to others this work and $o' wi %e

ri!h$ rewarded %$ God in hea(en# It is aso (er$ good kar"a#

,e wo'd ike to seek the ind'gen!e of the reader for so"e Bar -'estions whi!h are

i"&ro&er$ !assified 'nder a to&i! and for so"e to&i!s whi!h are i"&ro&er$ or

ignorant$ &hrased* for the a'thors are .'st Bar Re(iewees who ha(e &re&ared this

work whie re(iewing for the Bar E)a"s 'nder ti"e !onstraints and within

their i"ited knowedge of the aw# ,e wo'd ike to seek the reader/s ind'gen!e for

a ot of t$&ogra&hi!a errors in this work#

The Authors

Page " of 108


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T!%* 3 C"t"t %&'&!AL P!I'CIPL&S################################################################################################### 10

Constitutional Provisions on Laor ()**+############################################################################10 Inter,retation of Laor Laws ()**+######################################################################################10 Inter,retation of Laor Laws Lieral A,,roac (/001######################################################10

Laor Legislations Pur,ose (/001#######################################################################################11 Laor Standard vs. Laor !elation ()**2###########################################################################11 Laor Standard vs. Laor !elation (/003###########################################################################11 Laor Statutes Classification ()**4 'o. )5#########################################################################11 Laor Statutes Princi,le of Solutio Indeiti 'ot A,,licale ()**6#################################1 Laor vs. Social Legislation####################################################################################################1 Laor as Pro,erty !igt (/001#############################################################################################1 !igts of &m,loyer7&m,loyee ()**1####################################################################################1 !igts of te &m,loyer 8anagement Prerogative (/000#################################################1!igts of te &m,loyer 8anagement Prerogative $enefits Unilaterally %iven (/004 #1!igts of te &m,loyer 8anagement Prerogative Contracting 9ut Services ()**6 1

!igts of te &m,loyer 8anagement ,rerogatives ()**6 12!ule In:unction in Laor Cases (/000 13Social Justice as %uiding Princi,les in Laor (/003 13

JU!IS;ICl Agency ()**6 14Intra-cor,orate 8atters79fficers ()**1 15Intra-cor,orate 8atters79fficers ()**2 15Laor Ariter ()**4 15

Laor Ariter A,,eals (/00) 15Laor ;is,ute ( /00) 15

8ed-ariter ()**1 188oney Claims !einstatement ()**1 18

'at>l Laor !elations Commission ()**4 18

'at>l Laor !elations Commission (/00) 18

'at>l Laor !elations Commission (/00) 16

'at>l Laor !elations Commissions (/00) 16

9verseas &m,loyment Claim


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C$A Automatic !enewal Clause ()***################################################################################C$A Automatic !enewal Clause (/00)################################################################################C$A $argaining !e,resentative (/000####################################################################################

C$A Certification &lection (/004############################################################################################C$A Certification &lection B'o-Union @in (/001##############################################################2C$A Certification &lection Consent &lection !un-9ff &lection (/000#################################2

C$A Certification &lection ?reedom Period ()***#############################################################2

C$A Certification &lection Proationary &m,loyees ()***##################################################2C$A Closed So, Provision @en not a,,licale ()***#####################################################3

C$A Closed So, vs. Agency So, ()**2##########################################################################3C$A Contract $ar !ule vs. ;eadlocD $ar !ule ()***############################################################3

C$A Coverage 'on-Union 8emers !eligious Sect (/004################################################3

C$A inter,retation (/006#########################################################################################################4C$A Jurisdictional Pre-Conditions ()**1#############################################################################4C$A LocD-out vs. Closed So, (/006#####################################################################################4

C$A 8andatory Su:ects of $argaining ()**1####################################################################4C$A !egistration !eEuirement Contract $ar-!ule (/000#####################################################5

C$A !un-9ff &lection (/001###################################################################################################5

C$A Sale of &stalisment &ffect ()**6################################################################################5C$A Social Security vs. Union Security (/006########################################################################5C$A Sustitutionary ;octrine (/000########################################################################################5

C$A Union Security Clause (/006###########################################################################################8C$A Union Security Clause Closed So, Provision ()**4##################################################8C$A Union !e,resentation Issue ()***#################################################################################8

C$A @age Increase Coverage 'on-Union &m,loyees (/004#############################################6C$U Com,any Union vs. Union So, (/006##########################################################################6

C$U Confidential &m,loyees ()**6#########################################################################################6C$U Consent &lection vs. Certification &lection (/006##########################################################0

C$U 8anagerial &m,loyees Su,ervisory &m,loyees ()**4###############################################0

C$U 8anagerial &m,loyees Su,ervisory &m,loyees ()***###############################################0C$U 8odes ;etermination of &xclusive $argaining Agreement (/001#########################1;ue Process ;isci,linary Cases ()**4###################################################################################1

&m,loyees grou,s of em,loyees ()**1###############################################################################&m,loyees 8anagerial &m,loyee vs. 8anagerial Staff ()**6#############################################

&m,loyees managerial em,loyees vs. su,ervisory em,loyees (/00/ ############################&m,loyees 8anagerial vs. Su,ervisory vs. !anD-and-?ile &m,loyees (/003#####################!igt to StriDe5 Sym,aty vs. %eneral StriDe (/006################################################################

!igt to StriDe Assum,tion Power#############################################################################################

!igt to StriDe Com,ulsory Aritration Certification to 'L!C ()**4 ###############################2!igt to StriDe &ffects Fired !e,lacements (/001################################################################2

!igt to StriDe &ffects illegal striDe ()**4###############################################################################2!igt to StriDe &ffects illegal striDe ()**4###############################################################################2

!igt to StriDe &ffects illegal striDe (/000###############################################################################2!igt to StriDe &ffects StriDers> illegal Acts (/001##############################################################2!igt to StriDe illegal dismissal (/003###################################################################################2!igt to StriDe illegal locDout ()**4######################################################################################3!igt to StriDe illegal striDe Loss of &m,loyment ()**6########################################################3!igt to StriDe Industries ital to 'ational Interest (/006######################################################4

!igt to StriDe Industries ital to 'ational Interest !eturn to @orD 9rder ()**1################4!igt to StriDe Lawful StriDe &ffect on Partici,ants ()**2#####################################################5

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!igt to StriDe Lawful !igt to !einstatement (/001 5!igt to StriDe Limitations (/000 5!igt to StriDe 'ational Interest ;9L& Sec. intervention (/006 8!igt to StriDe PicDeting Activity (/000 8

!igt to StriDe PicDeting Activity illegal dismissal (/006 8!igt to StriDe !eturn to @orD 9rder ()**6 6!igt to StriDe !eturn to @orD 9rder ()**2 6

!igt to StriDe !eturn to @orD 9rder ()**+ 6!igt to StriDe !eturn to @orD 9rder Assum,tion 9rder (/003 20

!igt to StriDe Statutory !eEuisites Procedural !eEuirements (/006 20

!igt to StriDe t &m,loyees (/006 22Self 9rganiGation Im,ortance ()**1 23

Self 9rganiGation 8emersi, Policy ()**+ 23

Self 9rganiGation !igt to ;isaffiliate from te Local Union illegal dismissal ()**6 23

Self 9rganiGation !igt to Self-9rganiGation of Coo, &m,loyees (/00/ 24

Self 9rganiGation Union ;ues Assessment (/00/ 24Self 9rganiGation Union ;ues Assessments ()**2 24Self 9rganiGation Unions Assessments (/00) 25

Self 9rganiGation Unions ?inancial !ecords ()*** 25

Self 9rganiGation Unions ?inancial !ecords (/00) 28Self 9rganiGation Unions 8emersi, ;ismissal in $ad ?ait (/00/ 28

Self-9rganiGation (/00/ 28Self-9rganiGation ;ismissal due to Union Activities (/006 28

Self-9rganiGation %ov>t vs. Private &m,loyees ()**1 26Self-9rganiGation !igt to Join (/000 26

ULP Awards of ;amages (/00) 26

ULP Contracting 9ut Laor (/00) 30

ULP ;efinition = &xam,les of ULP ()**1 30ULP Jurisdiction Laor Ariter ()**2 30

ULP !efusal to 'egotiate ()**2 31

ULP !igts = 9ligations @orDers> Association (/006 31ULP Su:ect to Criminal Prosecution (/004 3

LA$9! S


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&-& !elationsi, @orDers ,aid y !esults (/006 32&-& !elationsi, @orDing Student = Scool ()**2 33

&m,loyment Aliens !eEuisites ()**4 33

&m,loyment Cildren $elow )4 yrs old (/006 34

&m,loyment ;river as Fouseel,er = in a Commercial &stalisment ()**+ 34

&m,loyment Fandica,,ed &m,loyee ()**+ 34

&m,loyment Fandica,,ed &m,loyee (/000 34

&m,loyment Fandica,,ed @orDers Contractual &m,loyees (/001 35&m,loyment FomeworDers (/000 35&m,loyment Fouseel,ers (/000 35&m,loyment 8inors (/001 35&m,loyment 8inors FaGardous @orD (/00/ 38&m,loyment !adio-


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@ages Foliday Pay (/004#########################################################################################################50

@ages 8oney Claims ()**+#####################################################################################################50@ages 8oney Claims Attorney>s ?ees ;amages (/00)#####################################################51

@ages Paid y !esults Foliday Pay (/00/############################################################################51

@ages


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SSS Com,ulsory Coverage (/00/#########################################################################################103

SSS %SIS $eneficiality Portaility Provisions of !A 21** (/004#################################104SSS %SIS Jurisdiction $enefit Claims ()**4#################################################################104SSS Prescri,tive Period $enefit Claims (/00)#################################################################104SSS%SIS &m,loyees Com,ensation Act ()**2##############################################################105State Insurance ?und ()**6####################################################################################################105

State Insurance ?und ()**4####################################################################################################105

Stray uestions#################################################################################################################### 105Stray Prolem Political Law Power of te President ?


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GENERAL /RINCI/LESC"titti"!* /#ii" " L!%# (1995)@at are te salient features of te ,rotectionto laor ,rovision of te ConstitutionK 4MNSUGGESTE7 ANSWER'


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rooted in te Constitutional mandate to afford full SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'

,rotection to laor. Article 6 of te Laor Code LA$9! !&LA


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State Insurance ?und# and te 'ational Fealt laws are social legislation# ut not all social

Insurance Act. legislation is laor law.

L!%# St!tt: /#i";i-* 3 S*ti I"d%iti: L!%#: ! /#-#t Ri$


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a 'o# te ,olicy does not violate te Laor (d 'o# ecause tis amounts to a diminution ofCode.


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stewards wo do te cleaning of te otels ,ulic

areas. 9ver te ,rotest of te Union# te Fotel

contracted out te aforementioned :o to te City

Service Janitorial Com,any# a onafide

inde,endent contractor wic as a sustantial

ca,ital in te form of Janitorial tools# eEui,ment#

macineries and com,etent man,ower.

Is te action of te Faror iew Fotel legaland validKSUGGESTE7 ANSWER'

collective argaining agreement concerning

management ,rerogatives# may not e inter,reted

as cession of te em,loyees rigt to ,artici,ate in

te delieration of matters wic may affect teir

rigt and te formulation of ,olicies relative tereto#

suc as te formulation of a code of disci,line.

A line must e drawn etween management

,rerogatives regarding usiness o,erations ,er se

and tose wic affect te rigts of te em,loyees#

and in treating te latter# management sould see to

it tat its em,loyees are at least ,ro,erly

informed of its decisions or modes of action.


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,artici,ate in ,olicy and decision-maDing on circumstances. 'ot all laor cases will e

matters related to teir welfare and enefits. automatically decided in favor of te worDer.


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wom te case for illegal dismissal was ,ending

ad exclusive :urisdiction over ot cases. !esolve

te motion to dismiss. ;iscuss fully.

SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'


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I"t#!;#-#!t M!tt#@O33i;# (1996);iego# &xecutive ice-President of &vergreen

;evelo,ment Cor,oration (&;C was dismissed y

te $oard of ;irectors for is involvement in

irregularities ,re:udicial to &;Cs interests. Fe filed a

com,laint for illegal dismissal wit te Laor

Ariter# ,raying for reinstatement wit acD-wages#

P4 million ,esos as moral damages# P) million

,esos as exem,lary damages and attorneys fees.

&;C Euestioned te Jurisdiction of te Laor

Ariter. ;iego# in turn contended tat te Laor

Ariter as :urisdiction over te case as it involves

te termination of an em,loyee and claims for

acDwages# enefits and damages. ;ecide.

SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'


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3. cases accom,anied wit a claimfor reinstatement# and involving wages#rates of ,ay# ours of worD# and oterterms and conditions of em,loyment

6. claims for actual# moral# exem,lary andoter forms of damages arisingfrom em,loyer-em,loyee relations5

4. cases arising from any violation of Article /16

of te Laor Code# including Euestions

involving te legality of striDes and locDout and

1. exce,t claims of &m,loyees Com,ensation#

Social Security. 8edicare and maternity

enefits# all oter claims arising from

em,loyer-em,loyee relations including tose

,ersons in domestic or ouseold service#

Involving an amount exceeding five tousand

,esos (P4#000 00 regardless of weter

accom,anied wit a claim for reinstatement.

L!%# A#%it#: A--!* (2001)


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incidents arising terefrom# including te executionof decisions# awards or orders.ANOTER SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'es# $s action efore te !egional


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visitorial ,owers under Art. )/+ and of Art. )/* of te

Laor Code# as amended# wic em,owers te

!egional ;irector to ear and decide# among

oters# matters involving recovery of wages.

). @ose ,osition will you sustainK &x,lain./. @ill your answer e te same if Saras claim is

P6#400.00 wit reinstatementK &x,lain.SUGGESTE7 ANSWER') I will sustain te ,osition of te $o:ilov s,ouses.

Art. )/+ is not a,,licale ecause te case did not

arise as a result of te exercise of visitorial and

enforcement ,owers y te !egional ;irector# as

te duly autoriGed re,resentative of te Secretary

of Laor and &m,loyment. Instead# te case is a

sim,le money claim under Art. )/*# wic could e

under te :urisdiction of te !egional ;irector if te

claim does not exceed P4#000.

$ut te claim exceeds P4#000.00.


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,a,ers and documentary evidence. At te Initial $itonio# %.!. 'o. )/0//0# June )1# )***# te

earing efore te 'L!C# te ,arties agreed to Su,reme Court ruled5

sumit te case for resolution after te sumission A,,ellate autority over decisions of teof te ,osition ,a,ers and evidence. !egional ;irector involving examination of union

SuseEuently# te 'L!C issued an aritral award

accounts is ex,ressly conferred on te $L!under te !ule of Procedure on 8ediation-

resolving te dis,uted ,rovisions of te C$A and Aritration.

ordered te dismissal of certain striDers for aving xxx

Dnowingly committed Illegal acts during te striDe. Section 6. Jurisdiction of te $ureau R (


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following morning# e contracted fever wic lasted

for days. Fe suffered loose owel movement# lost

is a,,etite# and eventually e died efore a

sceduled airlift to te nearest ,ort.

SuseEuently# te widow of Ca,t.

com,lained against te local manning agent and

its foreign ,rinci,al efore te !egional Aritration

$ranc of ;9L for actual and exem,lary

damages and attorney>s fees. Se invoDed te

Laor Code ,rovision wic reEuires te em,loyer to

,rovide all necessary assistance to ensure te

adeEuate and necessary medical attendance and

treatment of te in:ured or sicD em,loyee in case of

emergency.

!es,ondents moved to dismiss te com,laint on

te ground tat te Laor Ariter as no

:urisdiction over te com,laint for damages arising

from illness and deat of Ca,t.

SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'In


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violations e sall e re,atriated at isown ex,ense or at te ex,ense of is em,loyer aste case may e.

R;# 3 W!$ (1994)


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/. Can %enevieve CruG avail erself of tesame remedy as tat of $9IK @yK (/MSUGGESTE7 ANSWER'%enevieve CruG can avail erself of te sameremedy as tat of te $9I.


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Secretary of Laor and &m,loyment teautority to en:oin te em,loyer fromterminating te em,loyment of te worDersKIf so# on wat groundsK 4M)SUGGESTE7 ANSWER')


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oter laor dis,utes including unfair laor ,ractice(Art. /1/# Laor Code. As no o:ection was raisedy any of te ,arties wen te dis,utewas referred to a voluntary aritrator wo laterruled on te issues raised y te ,arties# itfollows tat wat we ave is voluntary aritrationagreed u,on y te ,arties. Fis decision isinding u,on te ,arties and may e enforcedtroug any of te seriffs# including toseof te 'L!C# e may de,utiGe.ANOTER SUGGESTE7 ANSWER''o.


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oluntary Aritrator may ear and decide any laordis,ute# including argaining deadlocDs#te Ariters decision ,roviding forretroactivity is tenale. &xercising iscom,ulsory aritration ,ower# te Aritercould decide te issue of retroactivity in anyway wic is not contrary to law# morals# goodcustoms# ,ulic order or ,ulic ,olicy.$ut in a case (8anila &lectric Co vs. Secretary of

Laor Leonardo uisuming# %.!. 'o. )/24*+#

?eruary //# /000# te Su,reme Court said tat

an aritral award sall retroact to te first day after

te six-mont ,eriod following te ex,iration of te

last day of te C$A tat was eing re-negotiated.

ANOTER SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'


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LABOR LAW Bar Q & A (as arranged by Topics)1994-

2006 wic union really re,resents te ma:orityof

te em,loyees in te argaining unit. ()0M $ut to ave te aove-mentioned effect# te C$A

ALTERNATIE ANSWER' sould ave een filed and registered wit te(d Petition te $ureau of Laor !elations to ;e,artment of Laor and &m,loyment (See Articleconduct a certification election to determine wic /3)# /43-A and /41union really re,resents te ma:ority of te

em,loyees in te argaining unit. (Faw at $uDlod


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Page ", of 108


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&S. Any em,loyee# weter em,loyed for a Constitution and $y-laws of te A@9L# ten it wasdefinite ,eriod or not# sall# eginning on is first lawful for L

SUGGESTE7 ANSWER' of suc C$A wic is te 10-day ,eriod ,rior to te&ddie %racla and all te P8L memers can not e ex,iry date of said C$A. (See Articles /3)# /43-A

reEuired to ecome memers of A@9L ,ursuant to and /41

te closed so, ,rovision of te C$A. According toUnder te ;&A;L9C $A! !UL& a certificationte Laor Code (Article /6+(e# a closed so,

,rovision cannot e a,,lied to tose em,loyees election can not e eld if a argaining deadlocD towo are already memers of anoter union at te wic an incument or certified argaining agent istime of te signing of te C$A. a ,arty ad een sumitted to conciliation or

mediation or ad ecome te su:ect of a valid

/. Is te termination from em,loyment of ?rancis notice of striDe or locDout. (See Section 3# !ule OI#8agallona y L


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ale to negotiate a sustantial wage increase in its

collective argaining agreement wit management. A

,rovision terein stated tat te wage increase

would e ,aid to te memers of te union only in

view of a closed so, union security clause in te

new agreement.


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rendering exactly# or no less tan# tree (3 oursof actual overtime worD.@ic inter,retation do you tinD sould

,revailK @yK (4M

CBA: #idi;ti"!* /#C"diti" (1996)

/ @at :urisdictional ,re-conditions must e,resent to set in motion te mecanics ofa collective argainingKSUGGESTE7 ANSWER'


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@ages# ours of worD and all oter terms and


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won# and was accordingly recogniGed y te

Com,any as te exclusive argaining ;oes te union security clause sufficiently :ustifyre,resentative in te argaining unit. Is te Pids te demand for dismissal of te tree em,loyees

and Co. @orDers Union ound y te Collective or notK 8ay te Fotel 8anagement validly refuse$argaining Agreement signed etween te te Union>s demandK (4M

Com,any and te Samaan ng 8ga 8anggagawa

Sa Pids and Co. Inc.K &x,lain. (3M CBA: U"i" S;#it C*!: C*d S


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$y reason of tis intra-union dis,ute witin PA?LU# J

= J ostinately and consistently refused to offer

any counter,ro,osal and to argain collectively

wit J&U-PA?LU until te re,resentation issue

witin PA?LU sall ave een resolved wit

finality. J&U-PA?LU filed a 'otice of StriDe.


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;istinguis clearly ut riefly etweenCom,any union and union so,.SUGGESTE7 ANSWERS'A C98PA' U'I9' is a union of em,loyees

dominated or under te control of te em,loyer of

said em,loyees. A U'I9' SF9P# on te oter

and# refers to a union security clause in a

collective argaining agreement werey te

em,loyer agrees to terminate te em,loyment of

an em,loyee wo as not ecome a memer of

te union wic is te exclusive collective

argaining re,resentative of te em,loyees in a

argaining unit witin a certain ,eriod after te

em,loyment of said em,loyee or as ceased to

ecome a union memer.

CBU: C"3id"ti!* E?-* (1994)

). Can an em,loyer legally o,,ose teinclusion of confidential em,loyees in teargaining unit of ranD-and-file em,loyeesK

/. @ould your answer e different ifte confidential em,loyees are sougt toe included in te su,ervisory unionK

SUGGESTE7 ANSWER') es# an em,loyer can legally o,,ose teinclusion of confidential em,loyees inte argaining unit of te ranD-and-file.


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would ave te same adverse im,act on te

argaining unit of su,ervisors5 Confidential

em,loyees access to igly sensitive information

may ecome te source of undue advantage y

te union over te em,loyer. (Pili,s Industrial

;evelo,ment Inc.# vs. 'ational Laor !elations

Commission# et. al# %.! 'o. ++*42# /4 June )**/

CBU: C""t E*;ti" = C#ti3i;!ti"E*;ti" (2004);istinguis clearly ut riefly etweenConsent election and certification election.SUGGESTE7 ANSWERS'

A certification election and a consent election are

ot elections eld to determine troug secret

allot te sole and exclusive re,resentative of te

em,loyees in an a,,ro,riate argaining unit for te

,ur,ose of collective argaining or negotiations.


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of te union can e remedied in te ,re-election

Page #) of 108


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conference tru te exclusion-inclusion ,roceedings werein tose em,loyeeswo are occu,ying ranD-and-file ,ositions wille excluded from te list of eligile voters.

). Sould te 8otion to ;ismiss filed y

te

,ros,er. It is inevitale tat in disci,linary cases#

te em,loyer would a,,ear to e accuser#

,rosecutor# and :udge at te same time since it is te

em,loyer wo carges an em,loyee for te

commission of an offense e is also te ,erson

wo directs te investigation to determine weter te

carge against te em,loyee is true or not and e is

te one wo will :udge if te em,loyee is to e

,enaliGed or not. $ut if te em,loyee is given

am,le o,,ortunity to defend imself# e could not


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Page 31 of 108


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validly claim tat e was de,rived of is rigt to ;istinguis managerial em,loyees fromdue ,rocess of law. su,ervisory em,loyees# (3M

ALTERNATIE ANSWER' SUGGESTE7 ANSWER''o.


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officers or memers of te managerial staff. A

su,ervisor and a ranD and file em,loyee can e

considered as memers of te managerial staff#

and terefore# a managerial em,loyee if teir

,rimary duty consists of worD directly related to

management ,olicies if tey customarily and

regularly exercise discretion and inde,endent

:udgment regularly and directly assist a ,ro,rietor or

a managerial em,loyee wose ,rimary duty

consists of te management of te estalisment

in wic tey are em,loyed or a sudivision

tereof or execute under general su,ervision worD

along s,ecialiGed or tecnical lines reEuiring

s,ecial training# ex,erience# or Dnowledge or

execute under general su,ervision s,ecial

assignments and tasDs and wo do not devote

more tan /0 ,ercent of teir ours worDed in a

worD-weeD to activities wic are not directly and

closely related to te ,erformance of te worD

descried aove. All oters are ranD and fileem,loyees under said $ooD (Art. +/# Laor Code#

Sec. / (c# !ule I# $D. III# 9mnius !ules

Im,lementing te Laor Code.

Under $ooD ?ive of te Laor Code#

8A'A%&!IAL &8PL9&& is one wo is vested

wit ,owers or ,rerogatives to lay down# and

execute management ,olicies and7or to ire#

transfer# sus,end# lay-off# recall# discarge# assign or

disci,line em,loyees. A SUP&!IS9!

&8PL9&& is one wo# in te interest of te

em,loyer# effectively recommends suc

managerial actions if te exercise of suc autority is

not merely routinary or clerical in nature ut

reEuires te use of inde,endent :udgment. All

em,loyees not falling witin any of te aove

definitions are considered ranD-and-file em,loyees

for ,ur,oses of tis $ooD (Art. /)/ (8# Laor

Code.

9n te matter of rigt to self-organiGation#

a managerial em,loyee cannot exercise suc

rigt wile a su,ervisor and a ranD and fileem,loyee can (Arts. /64# /63# Laor Code.

Ri$

%&'&!AL S

region# ,rovince# or city or munici,ality go on a


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striDe to ,ulicly ,rotest a certain ,olicy oraction taDen y te government.


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determining wat sould e te C$A of te ,arties.(See ;ivine @ord University vs. Secretaryof Laor# /)3 SC!A 24*ALTERNATIE ANSWER'@at is involved in te case in te Euestion is a

cor,oration engaged in te manufacturing of

consumer ,roducts. If te consumer ,roducts tat

are eing manufactured are not suc tat a striDe

against te com,any cannot e considered a striDe

in an Industry indis,ensale for te national

interest# ten te assum,tion of Jurisdiction y te

Secretary of Laor is not ,ro,er.


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wit 9aDwood. filed wit te ;e,artment of Laor

Page #, of 108


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and &m,loyment (;9L& a notice of striDe.


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are legally dismissed.


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te grave adverse effects tat teir closure entails

on teir students and teacers.

/


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ground for termination of is em,loyment# even if are,lacement ad een ired y teem,loyer during suc lawful striDe.

Ri$


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and ,rogress of society sould also e considered.


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locDed te em,loyees entry to te mall# and

Page #' of 108


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violence# ensued wen ?O trew stones at teguards.


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dis,ute and decide it or certify te same to te

Page 39 of 108


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Commission for com,ulsory aritration. Suc ). @at are te statutory reEuisites for a valid

assum,tion or certification sall ave te effect striDe y te worDersK Sould tese reEuisitesof automatically en:oining te intended or e com,lied wit sustantially or strictlyK

im,ending striDe... as s,ecified in te SUGGESTE7 ANSWERS'

assum,tion or certification order. If one as ) striDe vote sould e given seven days eforete intended striDe.In a laor dis,ute# te Secretary of Laor issued

3. 'o striDe can e declared after assum,tion ofan Assum,tion 9rder. %ive te legal im,lications:urisdiction y te Secretary of Laor andof suc an order.&m,loyment or after certification or sumissionSUGGESTE7 ANSWER'of te dis,ute to com,ulsory or voluntaryUnder Art. /13(g of te Laor Code# sucaritration or during te ,endency of casesassum,tion sall ave te effect of automaticallyinvolving te same grounds for te striDe oren:oining te intended or im,ending striDe or

locDout.locDout as s,ecified in te assum,tion order. If onead already taDen ,lace at te time of assum,tion#

() 'otice of Intent. ?iling of 'otice of Intentreturn-to-worD order# even if te directive to returnto StriDe wit te 'C8$.to worD is not ex,ressly stated in te assum,tion

(/ Cooling-off Period.- 9servance oforder.


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C. CAUS& -


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to talD wit te union leaders# alleging tattey ad not as yet ,resented any ,roof ofma:ority status.


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,etitioners conce,t of a slowdown as a striDe on te

installment ,lan# as a willful reduction in te rate

of worD y conceited action of worDers for te

,ur,ose of restricting te out,ut of te em,loyer# in

relation to a laor dis,ute# as an activity y wic

worDers# witout a com,lete sto,,age of worD

retard ,roduction or teir ,erformance of teir

duties...


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Page 42 of 108


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3


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certification election sall automatically e

conducted y te 8ed-Ariter u,on te filing of a

,etition y a legitimate laor organiGation.

In te aove-descried situation# a certification

election is made mandatory ecause if tere is no

certified argaining agent as determined y a

certification election# tere could e no collective

argaining in te said unorganiGed estalisment

S*3 O#$!"iJ!ti": EE R*!ti"


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and collective action# including te rigt tostriDe.


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demand te dismissal of any memer em,loyee

Page 45 of 108


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wo commits acts of disloyalty to te Union as San Jose &lectric Service Coo,erative v. 8inistry,rovided for In its Constitution and $y-Laws.


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individual memer of te contracting unionProvided# owever# tat attorneys fees may ecarged against union funds in an amountto e agreed u,on y te ,arties. Anycontract# agreement or arrangement of anysort to e contrary sall e null and void.

(


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Page ,& of 108


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written com,laint y one union memer tat

was filed.

Also# te Laor Code ,rovides tat an examinationof te ooDs of a union sall not econducted during te sixty (10 day freedom,eriod nor witin tirty (30 days immediately,receding te date of election of union officials.

In te case# te com,laint was filed on 8ay )0#

)*** wic is witin te freedom ,eriod of te

current C$A wic was to ex,ire on 8ay 3). )***.

S*3 O#$!"iJ!ti": U"i": i"!";i!*

R;#d (2001)(a Under wat conditions may te Secretaryof Laor or is duly autoriGed re,resentativeinEuire into te financial activities orlegitimate laor organiGationsK (/M.

SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'


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Page 48 of 108


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;uring te investigation# te administration of te Laor Code and Sec. 3 of &xecutive 9rder

discovered tat two (/ days ,rior to te rally# A# $# 'o. )+0C and ; attended te meeting of te Scool>sem,loyees> association wic ,lanned te ,rotest S*3O#$!"iJ!ti": Ri$


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litigate or incur ex,enses to ,rotect isinterest. Attorneys fees may e considered as a,art of an eEuitale relief awarded in teconce,t of damages.

(c @ould your answer e different if te attorneysfees awarded y te Ariter was overfifteen ,ercent of te total awardK @yK ()MSUGGESTE7 ANSWER:

An award of attorneys fees wic is overfifteen ,ercent of te total award is not inconformity wit te ,rovision of te Laor Code(Art. )))(a tat in cases of unlawfulwitolding of wages# te cul,ale ,arty maye assessed attorneys fees eEuivalent to ten,ercent of te amount of wages recovered.

UL/: C"t#!;ti"$ Ot L!%# (2001)(a Com,any A contracts out its clerical and

:anitorial services. In te negotiations of its C$A#te union insisted tat# encefort# te com,any

may no longer engage in contracting out tese

ty,es of services# wic services te union claims to

e necessary in te com,anys usiness#

witout ,rior consultation. Is te unions stand valid

or notK ?or wat reason(sK (/M

SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'


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and collective argaining. (See Arts /6+ and

/6* of te Laor Code.

/ %ive tree (3 exam,les of unfairlaor ,ractices on te ,art of te em,loyer andtree (3 exam,les of unfair laor ,ractices onte ,art of te laor union.

A'S@&!Any tree (3 from te following enumeration in teLaor Code5

A!


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entered into a collective argaining agreement wit


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wit distinct and se,arate ,ersonalities fromL$8 Construction Cor,oration andterefore# tey cannot e eld :ointly andseverally liale for te money claims ofworDers wo are not teir em,loyees.!ule on te 8otion to ;ismiss. Sould ite granted or deniedK @yK (4MSUGGESTE7 ANSWER'It is very clear tat even if L$8

Construction com,any# Lastimoso Construction

Com,any# Inc. and !L !ealty = ;evelo,ment

Cor,oration all elong to te Lastimoso family and

are engaged in te same line of usiness under one

management and used te same eEui,ment

including man,ower services# tese

cor,orations were se,arate :uridical entities.


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generous customers. In time# te %!9s formed te

EE R*!ti"


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After te ex,iration of te contract wit Asia# $aron

did not renew te same and instead executed

anoter contract for security services wit anoter

agency. Asia ,laced te affected security guards

on floating status on no worD no ,ay asis.

Faving een dis,laced from worD# te Asia security

guards filed a case against te $aron Fotel for

illegal dismissal# overtime ,ay# minimum wage

differentials# vacation leave and sicD leave

enefits# and )3t mont ,ay.

$aron Fotel denied liaility alleging tat Asia is teem,loyer of te security guards and terefore#teir com,laint for illegal dismissal and,ayment of money claims sould e directedagainst Asia. 'everteless# $aron filed a


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Palos widow filed a ,etition efore te SSS

asDing tat A$C = Co. e directed to ,ay te

,remium contriutions of Palo and tat is name e

re,orted for SSS coverage. A$C = Co.

countered tat Palo was ired to ,low# arrow and

urrow# using is own caraao and oter

im,lements and following is own scedule of worD

ours# witout any su,ervision from te com,any. If

,roven# would tis factual setting advanced y A$C

= Co. e a valid defense against te ,etitionK

SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'A$C = Co. as a valid defense. Palo sould

e an em,loyee of A$C = Co. to e under

te com,ulsory coverage of te SSS.


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oatmen are teir cas advance and ,eso value of

teir asences# if any.

Are tese oatmen entitled to overtime

,ay# oliday ,ay# and )3t mont ,ayK (4M

SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'If te oatmen are considered em,loyees# liDe

:ee,ney drivers ,aid on a oundary system#te oatmen are not entitled to overtime andoliday ,ay ecause tey are worDers wo are,aid y results. Said worDers# under te LaorCode are not entitled# among oters# toovertime ,ay and oliday ,ay.

In accordance wit te !ules and!egulations im,lementing te )3t mont ,aylaw# owever# te oatmen are entitled to te)3t mont ,ay. @orDers wo are ,aid yresults are to e ,aid teir )3t mont ,ay.

ANOTER SUGGESTE7 ANSWER''o.


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relationsi, etween students on one and#and scools# colleges# or universities on teoter# were students worD wit te latter inexcange for te ,rivilege to study free ofcarge# ,rovided te students are given realo,,ortunity# including suc facilities as may ereasonale and necessary to finis teircosen courses under suc arrangement.ALTERNATIE ANSWER%omurGa College can e eld liale y ictor8onteverde as an em,loyer of !uenPadilla. A,,lying te control test# teCollege is te em,loyer of Padilla ecause inte latters worD of Dee,ing clean te lavatoryfacilities of te scool# e is under te controlof te College as regards is em,loyment.

Fowever# !uen Padilla was not acting witinis assigned tasDs. Art. /)+0. 'ew CivilCode ,rovides5


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to anoter Jo or cange is em,loyer witout commercial estalisment. Is te claim of te,rior a,,roval of te Secretary of Laor. driver validK /MN

SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'

E?-*?"t: C!o!k in the e(ening and 4 o>!o!k in the er worDing aility. If er earning ca,acity is"orning of the foowing da$= and &ro(ided* fina$* that terefore not also im,aired# ten se cannot ethe work is not ha:ardo's or deeterio's to his heath or

considered a andica,,ed worDer."oras# T?I+ I+ A RECENT @A, APPROED ON@Y

ON @Y 8* 00* whi!h is %e$ond the !'toff &eriod of $ecause of te aove fact# te em,loyer sall notthe Bar E)a"s ,ay er less tan te a,,licale daily minimum

E?-*?"t: 7#i# !


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eEual to te out,ut of te least efficientworDer in er worD section. Is 8s# CruG aandica,,ed worDerK &x,lain. (4MSUGGESTE7 ANSWER''o# low I or low efficiency does not maDe te

worDer andica,,ed in te contem,lation of law.

Fandica, means suc ,ysical or mental infirmity

tat im,airs ca,acity to worD.


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Page $& of 108


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/. An ))-year old oy wo is anaccom,lised singer and ,erformer indifferent ,arts of te country.

SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'Under !A. 21)0# Section )/# as amended y !A.'o. */3) states tat5&m,loyment of cildren R cildren elow )4 yearsof age sall not e em,loyed (Art. )3*# LaorCode exce,t wen te following conditions aremet5(a @en te cilds ,artici,ation in ,ulic

entertainment is essential(


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Page 58 of 108


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i.e.# 30 days notice to 8s. artan and to ;9L& te remarDs did not give due regard to te

,rior to te intended date of termination. a,,licants feelings and it is a cauvinistic disdainALTERNATIE ANSWER' of er onor# :ustifying te finding of sexual

As counsel for te talD sow ost# I will argue tat arassment illarama v. 'L!C# /31 SC!A /+0se is a regular em,loyee. ?irst# se ,erforms :o ()**6Ntat is necessary and desirale to te nature of teusiness of te em,loyer Second# se serves for E?-*?"t: W?": A"tiSD!*at least one () year wic is an indication of !#!?"t A;t (2004)

regular em,loyment. A. Pedrito 8asculado# a college graduate from

E?-*?"t: W?": A"tiSD!*te ,rovince# tried is lucD in te city andlanded a :o as utility7maintenance man at te

!#!?"t A;t (2000) wareouse of a ig so,,ing mall. AfterA Personnel 8anager# wile interviewing an worDing as a casual em,loyee for six monts#attractive female a,,licant for em,loyment# stared e signed a contract for ,roationarydirectly at er for ,rolonged ,eriods# aleit in a em,loyment for six monts. $eing well-uilt

friendly manner. After te interview# te manager and ,ysically attractive# is su,ervisor# 8r.accom,anied te a,,licant to te door# sooD er Fercules $araD# tooD s,ecial interest toand and ,atted er on te soulder. Fe also efriend im. @en is ,roationary ,eriodasDed te a,,licant if e could invite er for dinner was aout to ex,ire# e was sur,rised wenand dancing at some future time. ;id te one afternoon after worDing ours# 8r. $araD

Personnel 8anager# y te aove acts# commit followed im to te men>s comfort room. After

sexual arassmentK !eason. (3M seeing tat no one else was around# 8r. $araDSUGGESTE7 ANSWER' ,laced is arm over Pedrito>s soulder andes# ecause te Personnel 8anager# a man# is in softly said5 Bou ave great ,otential toa ,osition to grant or not to grant a favor (a :o to ecome regular em,loyee and I tinD I cante a,,licant. Under te circumstances# inviting te give you a favorale recommendation. Cana,,licant for dinner or dancing creates a situation you come over to my condo unit on Saturday

ostile or unfriendly to te a,,licants cances for evening so we can ave a little drinDK I>m

a :o if se turns down te invitation. Sec. 3(a(3# alone# and I>m sure you want to stay longer!.A. 'o. 2+22# Anti-Sexual Farassment ActN. wit te com,any.H

ALTERNATIE ANSWER'


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E?-*?"t: W?": A"tiSD!*!#!?"t = 7i;#i?i"!ti"!$!i"t W?" (200>)Can an individual# te sole ,ro,rietor of a usinessenter,rise# e said to ave violated te Anti-Sexual

Farassment Act of )**4 if e clearly discriminatesagainst women in te ado,tion of ,olicy standardsfor em,loyment and ,romotions in te enter,riseK&x,lain.SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'@en an em,loyer discriminates against women in

te ado,tion of ,olicy standards for em,loyment

and ,romotion in is enter,rise# e is not guilty of

sexual arassment. Instead# te em,loyer is guilty of

discrimination against women em,loyees wic is

declared to e unlawful y te Laor Code.

?or an em,loyer to commit sexual arassment# e -

as a ,erson of autority# influence or moral

ascendancy -sould ave demanded# reEuested oroterwise reEuired a sexual favor from is

em,loyee weter te demand# reEuest or

reEuirement for sumission is acce,ted y te

o:ect of said act.

E?-*?"t: W?": 7i;#i?i"!ti"% #!" 3 A$ (1995)At any given time# a,,roximately ninety ,ercent

(*0M of te ,roduction worDforce of a semi-

conductor com,any are females. Seventy-five

,ercent (24M of te female worDers are married

and of cild-earing years. It is im,erative tat te

Com,any must o,erate wit a minimum numer ofasences to meet strict delivery scedules. In view of

te very ig numer of lost worDing ours due to

asences for family reasons and maternity

leaves# te Com,any ado,ted a ,olicy tat it will

em,loy married women as ,roduction worDers only if

tey are at least tirty-five (34 years of age.

Is te ,olicy violative of any lawK 4MNSUGGESTE7 ANSWER'es# it is violative of Article )60 of te Laor Code

wic ,rovides tat no em,loyer sall discriminate

against any ,erson in res,ect to terms and

conditions of em,loyment on account of is age.

ANOTER SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'


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Page %) of 108


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Fours of worD5 4 P.8. u, to / A.8. dairy six monts. A rating of outstanding is rewardedincluding Sundays and Folidays wit a merit increase. Se was given a elow9ter conditions5 8ust maintain a ody weigt average rating in te last two ,eriods. Accordingof *4 Is.# remain single. 8arriage or to te anDs ,ersonnel ,olicy# a tird rating of

,regnancy will e considered as a valid ground elow average will result in termination. 8r. Perryfor a termination of em,loyment. @inDle called Carissa into is office a few days

A year later# ;inna Ignaclo reEuested to go onefore sumitting er ,erformance ratings. Fe

invited er to s,end te nigt wit im in is rest

leave ecause se would e getting married to one ouse. Se ,olitely declined. Undaunted# 8r.

of te clus regular guests.


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will not get married# oterwise# se will e

considered resigned or se,arated from te service.

Jose,ine got married. Se asDed 9wen# te

,ersonnel manager# if te com,any can reconsider

te agreement. Fe told Jose,ine e can do

someting aout it# insinuating some sexual favors.

Se com,lained to iger autorities ut to no

avail. Se ires you as er counsel. @at action or

actions will you taDeK &x,lain. (4M

ALTERNATIE ANSWER'I will file a criminal case against 9wen for violationof !A. 'o. 2+22# oterwise Dnown as teAnti- Sexual Farassment Act of )**4.

I will also file a se,arate and inde,endentaction for damages against 9wen. $y reasonof te fact tat te Com,any did not taDeimmediate action tereon# I will include te

Com,any in te civil suit for damages and maDe it:ointly and severally liale wit 9wen.

ALTERNATIE ANSWER'Aside from filing a criminal case against 9wen for

violation of te Sexual Farassment Law (!.A.

2+22 and a se,arate action for damages#

im,leading te com,any# I will also file an action

for constructive dismissal against te Com,any

since te em,loyee was ,laced in a :o

atmos,ere im,osing o,,ressive worD conditions

contrary to ,ulic ,olicy and morals.

I"d-"d"t C"t#!;t# (2001)(a O is a ona fide service contractor ,rovidingman,ower services to various com,anies#

,ossessing te necessary ca,ital and eEui,ment

needed to effectively carry out its commitments.

is an em,loyee of O and assigned to worD as a

:anitor in Com,any Q. In te course of s

assignment# Qs su,ervisors and em,loyees would

give veral instructions to as to ow and were to

,erform is worD. O ,ays salary.

SuseEuently# s services were terminated y O.

sued Q for Illegal dismissal. 8ay s case

against Q ,ros,erK @yK (/M.

SUGGESTE7 ANSWER's case against Q will not ,ros,er# ecause Q isnot te em,loyer of .


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of . It sould also e noted tat O ,ays te salaryof as te em,loyee of te former.ANOTER SUGGESTE7 ANSWER:es# s case against Com,any Q will,ros,er. Com,any Q will e deemed tedirect em,loyer ecause te Com,anydirectly and s,ecifically controlled te mannery wic te worD sould e done and# and ydoing so also te result. (See


95/166


,ermitted y te Com,any to ,osition temselves ALTERNATIE ANSWER'

,roximate to te Com,any ,remises. o,erators allow te Com,any to collect teirservice fee from te customer and tis fee is given If tere is a LA$9!-C9'

C"t#!;ti"$: #*d Tt (2000) failure to com,ly wit 'C! @age 9rders 'os. 0)

8etro %rocery Inc. arranged wit 8r. Juan ;ado# a and 0/# wic tooD effect on 'ovemer )# )**0

$arangay Cairman# to ,rovide te grocery wit and January /# )**/# res,ectively.

worDers wo will worD as casiers# ag oys# self

Sould '&;A# a government agency su:ect tocounter el,ers and sanitation worDers.


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@en a ,erson# not eing an em,loyer# contracts

wit an inde,endent contractor for te

,erformance of any worD# tasD# :o or ,ro:ect# tere is

J9$ C9'

su,,lies worDers to an em,loyer. Said ,erson does

not ave sustantial ca,ital or investments in te

form of tools# eEui,ment# macineries# worD

,remises# among oters# and te worDers recruited

and ,laced y suc ,erson are ,erforming

activities related to te ,rinci,al usiness of te

em,loyer to wom te worDers are su,,lied.

L!%#O"* C"t#!;t# (2002)Sta. 8onica Plywood Cor,oration entered into a

contract wit Arnold for te milling of lumer aswell as te auling of waste wood ,roducts.


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$. Sta. 8onica Plywood Cor,. is liale forte claims of te worDers ired y Arnold. Afinding tat Arnold is a laor only contractor iseEuivalent to declaring tat tere exist anem,loyer-em,loyee relationsi, etween Sta.8onica Plywood Cor,. and worDers ired y

Arnold.

As for te ,erson wo engages te services of

a laor only contractor# te latter is

considered merely as an agent of te former

wo sall e res,onsile to te worDers ired y

te laor only contractor in te same manner and

extent as if e directly em,loyed suc worDers.

ALTERNATIE ANSWERS:a An em,loyer wo engages te services of a

ona fide inde,endent contractor is

S9LI;A!IL LIA$L& wit is contractor or

su-contractor only for non-,ayment or under-

,ayment of wages and oter laor standards

,rovisions of te Laor Code# wereas an

Page %, of 108


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em,loyer wo engages a laor-only

contractor is liale for all enefits# terms and

conditions of em,loyment tat it normally

grants to its regular or direct em,loyees.

An em,loyer wo deals wit a ona-fide

inde,endent contractor sall e liale only

susidiarily# if te contractor or su-contractor

fails to ,ay te wages to te worDers in

accordance wit te Laor Code.

U,on te oter and# an em,loyer wo deals

wit a laor-only contractor sall e ,rimarily

res,onsile to te worDers in te same manner

and extent as if te latter were directly

em,loyed y im. (Arts )01-)02# Laor Code

R;#it?"t & /*!;?"t: C!";**!ti":

C#ti3i;!t 3 R$it#!ti": T#!* B!" (2004)

Concerned ?ili,ino contract worDers in te 8iddle&ast re,orted to te ;e,artment of ?oreign Affairs

(;?A tat OQ# a ,rivate recruitment and

,lacement agency# is covertly trans,orting

extremists to terrorist training cam,s aroad.

Intelligence agencies of te government allegedly

confirmed te re,ort.

U,on eing alerted y te ;?A# te ;e,artment of

Laor and &m,loyment issued orders cancelling

te licenses of OQ# and im,osing an immediate

travel an on its recruits for te 8iddle &ast. OQ

a,,ealed to te 9ffice of te President to reverse

and set aside te ;9L& orders# citing damagesfrom loss of em,loyment of its recruits# and

violations of due ,rocess including lacD of notice

and earing y ;9L&.


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syndicate if carried out y a grou, of tree (3 or

Page %$ of 108


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more ,ersons cons,iring and7or confederating witone anoter in carrying out any unlawful orillegal transaction# enter,rise or sceme wicis an act of illegal recruitment.

Illegal recruitment is deemed committed in

large scale if committed against tree (3

or more ,ersons individually or as a grou,.

R;#it?"t & /*!;?"t: L!#$ S;!*I**$!* R;#it?"t (200,)8aryrose %andas a,,lication for te renewal oter

license to recruit worDers for overseas em,loyment

was still ,ending wit te Pili,,ine 9verseas

&m,loyment Administration (P9&A. 'everteless#

se recruited Alma and er tree sisters# Ana#

Joan# and 8avic# for em,loyment as ousemates

in Saudi Araia. 8aryrose re,resented to te

sisters tat se ad a license to recruit worDers for

overseas em,loyment. 8aryrose also demandedand received P30#000.00 from eac of tem for er

services. Fowever# 8aryroses a,,lication for te

renewal of er license was denied# and

conseEuently failed to em,loy te four sisters in

Saudi Araia.


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em,loyment weter for ,rofit or not.

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arising out of an emergency# exigency or usiness!ule I# Part IIP9&A !ules and !egulations losses.%overning te !ecruitment and &m,loyment ofLand-$ased @orDers (/00/ disEualifies any entity W!$: W!$ 7it#ti": 73i"iti" &aving common director or owner of travel E*?"t (2006)agencies and sales agencies of airlines# including @en is tere a wage distortionKany usiness entity from te recruitment and ALTERNATIE ANSWER',lacement of ?ili,ino worDers overseas# weter A @A%& ;IS


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correction of a wage distortion# im,licitly excluding

striDes or locDouts or oter concerted activities as

modes of settlement of te issue. t< ?"t< -! (1994)Conce,cion


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'L!C# on )) 'ovemer )**3#Accordingly# management may undertaDe toexclude sicD leave# vacation leave# maternityleave# ,remium ,ay for regular oliday# nigtdifferential ,ay and cost of living allowance.Sales commissions# owever# sould eincluded ased on te settled rule as earlierenunciated in Songco vs. 'L!C# )+3 SC!A 1)0.

W!$: 1>t< ?"t< -! (1995)@at would e your advice to your client# a

manufacturing com,any# wo asDs for your legal

o,inion on weter or not te )3t 8ont Pay Law

(Presidential ;ecree 'o. +4) covers a casual

em,loyee wo is ,aid a dally wageK (4M

SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'I will advise te manufacturing com,any to ,ay tecasual em,loyee )3t 8ont Pay if succasual em,loyee as worDed for at least one() mont during a calendar year.


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unilaterally# can only reduce te onus from 40M (/ It is entirely de,endent on te em,loyers

to 4M of te montly com,ensation of its ca,acity to ,ay.

em,loyees te em,loyer can# in fact# not give anyonus at all. 'ormally discretionary# it ecomes ,art of te

W!$: B" (200>)

regular com,ensation y reason of long and

regular concession or wen te onus is Included

OQ &m,loyees Association filed a com,laint as among te enefits granted in a C$A.against A$C $anD for wrongful diminution of

W!$: C?-t!ti" 3 B!i; S!*!# (199.)enefits. It alleged tat te anD ad een,roviding for a mid-year onus eEuivalents one- !oert SuareG is a salesman for Star

mont asic ,ay and a Cristmas onus eEuivalent Parmaceuticals# Star Parmaceuticals asto one-mont asic ,ay since )*2). U,on te a,,lied wit te ;e,artment of Laor andeffectivity of Presidential ;ecree (P.;. 'o. +4) in &m,loyment for clearance to terminate (y way of)*24 wic granted te )3t mont ,ay# te anD retrencment te services of SuareG due tostarted giving its em,loyees a one-mont asic financial losses. !oert SuareG# aside from is,ay as mid-year onus# one-mont asic ,ay as montly salary# receives commissions on te salesCristmas onus# and one-mont asic ,ay as e maDes. Fe also receives allowances.


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&fren sould receive P+00.00. Art */ of te Laor regular olidays# ut also of teir regular wage#Code ,rovides tat te em,loyer may reEuire an ,lus te ,remium tereof. (;9L& &x,lanatory

em,loyee to worD on any regular oliday ut suc $ulletin on @orDers &ntitlement to Foliday Pay onem,loyee sall e ,aid a com,ensation eEuivalent * A,ril )**3# Araw ng agitingan and %ood ?ridayto twice is regular rate.

W!$: M" C*!i? (1995)

W!$: C?-t!ti": *id! /!: O#ti? An ex,losion in a mine site resulted in te deat of/! (2002) fifty (40 miners. At te time of te accident


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not one of te allowale deductions under te ANOTER SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'Laor Code# or any rules and regulations of te es. 'emia is entitled to oliday ,ay.


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ALTERNATIE ANSWER: SUGGESTE7 ANSWER')enefits due to an em,loyee is su,erior to te rigtPremiere $anD# a anDing cor,oration# eing teof a mortgagee of ,ro,erty is mis,laced.


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89!


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denotes a com,ensation for a iger degree of !igts may e waived# unless te waiver is

em,loyment. (%aa vs. Court of A,,eals# )60 contrary to law# ,ulic order# ,ulic ,olicy#

SC!A 306# morals or good customs.ALTERNATIE ANSWER'@A%&S are tose ,aid to any em,loyee as is W#i"$ #: C

remuneration or earnings ,ayale y an em,loyer O#ti? /! (2002)for worD done or to e done# or for services Socorro is a clerD-ty,ist in te Fos,icio de San

rendered or to e rendered. Jose# a caritale institution de,endent for its

9n te oter and# SALA! is used in te lawexistence on contriutions and donations from wellwisers. Se renders worD eleven ()) ours a day

tat ,rovides for a )3t-mont ,ay. In tis law# ut as not een given overtime ,ay since erasic salary includes all remuneration or earnings ,lace of worD is a caritale institution. Is Socorro,aid y an em,loyer to is em,loyees for services entitled to overtime ,ayK &x,lain riefly. (4Mrendered# ut does not include allowances or SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'monetary enefits wic are not considered or es. Socorro is entitled to overtime com,ensation.integrated as ,art of te regular or asic salary. Se does not fall under any of te exce,tions to

(Art. *2(f# Laor Code Sec# /(# P.;. 'o. +4) te coverage of Art. +/# under te ,rovisions of

/ Under Article )20+ of te Civil Code# onlyFours of @orD.

W#i"$ #: Ni$


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As a tireman in a gasoline station# o,en twenty four 8onday troug ?riday to offset te overtime on

(/6 ours a day wit only five (4 em,loyees# Saturday. Fence# te em,loyees are entitled to%oma worDed from )0500 P.8. until 2500 A.8. of overtime com,ensation# i.e. ,remium rates of ,ay

te following day. Fe claims e is entitled to nigt on Saturday.sift differential. Is e correctK &x,lain riefly.

(3M W#i"$ #: Si; L!: O#ti? /!

SUGGESTE7 ANSWER' (199.)es. Under Art +1 of te Laor Code# nigt sift ;anilo ?lores a,,lied for te ,osition of driver indifferential sall e ,aid to every em,loyee for te motor-,ool of %old Com,any# a multinational

worD ,erformed etween )0500 oclocD in te cor,oration. ;anilo was informed tat e wouldevening to six oclocD in te morning. freEuently e worDing overtime as e would ave


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reEuired to Dee, is cellular ,one on so tat e

9n Saturdays# owever# te com,any reEuires im could e contacted wenever is services as driverto Dee, is cellular ,one o,en from +500 A.8. to ecomes necessary.4500 P.8. so tat te 8anagement could contact

im in case of eavy worD load or emergency @ould te ours tat Lito and $ong are on call e,rolems needing is ex,ertise. considered com,ensale worDing oursK

8ay said ours on Saturdays e considered

SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'


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;istinguis etween an award for acD wages andan award for un,aid wages.SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'An award for $AC@A%&S is to com,ensate an

em,loyee wo as een illegally dismissed# for te

wages# allowances and oter enefits or teir

monetary eEuivalent# wic said em,loyee did not

receive from te time e was illegally dismissed u, to

te time of is actual reinstatement.

9n te oter and# an award for U'PAI; @A%&Sis for an em,loyee wo as actually worDedut as not een ,aid te wages e isentitled to receive for suc worD done. (Arts./2* and *2()# Laor CodeALTERNATIE ANSWER'

An award of $AC@A%&S is given to anem,loyee wo is un:ustly dismissed.


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acDwages was excessive in tat it went eyond

tree-year rule set fort in 8ercury ;rug v. CI! (41

SC!A 1*1. Is $s contention tenaleK @yK (4M

SUGGESTE7 ANSWER''o# te contention of $ is not tenale. !e,.

Act 'o. 12)4# wic was enacted in )*+*# in effect

set aside te tree-year rule set fort in 8ercury

;rug vs. CI! (41 SC!A 1*1 wen it ,rovided

tat te full acDwages tat an un:ustly

dismissed em,loyee sall receive sall e com,uted

from te time is com,ensation was witeld from

im u, to te time of is actual reinstatement.


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een un:ustly dismissed is entitled to receive is notlimited to is full acDwages ut also includesis allowances and te oter enefits orteir monetary eEuivalent.ANOTER SUGGESTE7 ANSWER'In te case of Consolidated .!ural $anD us. 'L!C#%.!. 'o. )/3+)0# January /0#)***# teSu,reme Court ruled tat allowances of teem,loyee sould e included in tecom,utation of acDwages.

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a section or de,artment# or ado,tion oflaor- saving arrangements. Poor forecastingdoes not invalidate redundancy. ?orecastingafter all is not fail-free. @iltsire ?ile Co..Inc.v. 'L!C. )*3 SC!A 114 ()**)N.

es# redundancy can exist wereworD efficiency as een im,rovedmecanically tus resulting in excessive orsu,erfluous man,ower. @iltsire ?ile Co.#Inc. v. 'L!C# )*3 SC!A 114()**)N.

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wen te service ca,aility of te worD is in excess

of wat is reasonaly needed to meet te

demands on te enter,rise. A !&;U';A'

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