PRIORITIZE

“We must not sacrifice our future for a momentary

pleasure.”

VACCINES and VACCINE PROTOCOLS

Canine and Feline

Vaccination Failures

• Vaccines do not produce immunity in 100% of population– Should decrease severity

• Protection of 70% of population sufficient if communicability is low

• In general practice, 1 vaccine break constitutes a failure

MODIFIED LIVE vs. KILLED

• MLV– Strong, long-lasting

immune response that is achieved with fewer doses

– Adjuvants are not as necessary

– Quicker immune respones

– Less chance of allergic reactions

– After it is mixed only effective 1 hour

• KILLED (inactivated)– More stable in storage

– Unlikely to contain contaminating pathogens

– Unlikely to cause disease due to residual disease-causing characteristics

– Produce little to no cellular and mucosal immunity

NO VACCINE IS 100% EFFECTIVE!

ADJUVANTS

• Chemicals, microbial components, or mammalian proteins

• Enhances the immune response to vaccine antigens

• Aluminum gels/ salts

CORE VACCINE

•Severity of disease

•Transmissibility

•Zoonotic potential

CORE VACCINESWHAT ARE THEY?

• Those vaccines that every puppy should receive; identified by vaccine experts such as the AAHA Canine Task Force– CORE VACCINES FOR CANINES INCLUDE:

• Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2)

• Canine Distemper virus (CDV)– rCDV: Recombinat

CORE VACCINES

• Canine Adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2)• CAV-2 protects both 1 & 2

• Infectious Canine Heaptitis

• No CAV-1 because of anterior uveitis

• Hepatitis blue ice

• Rabies virus (RV)– Killed vaccine

– State/provincial/local laws

VACCINES – GENERAL GUIDELINES

• Begin: 6-9 weeks of age– Do not give vaccines earlier than 5-6 weeks

*remember maternal antibody interference

• Frequency: q 2-4 weeks– May vary according to risk, vaccine

• End: at least one dose should be given at age 14-16 weeks of age or older

• Revaccination: at 1 year of age or 1 year after the last puppy vaccination

VACCINES-SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS, RABIES VACCINATION

• Rabies vaccine is initially given at 12 wks of age– Does not need to be

boostered in 2-4 weeks, but rather within 12 months. Each subsequent rabies vaccine should be given q 3yrs.

– Rabies vaccine is the only canine vaccine requiring a minimum duration of immunity study and labeled as 1 yr or 3 yr. by the USDA.

VACCINES-DURATION OF IMMUNITY

• The minimum duration of immunity for the core vaccines (except rabies) is at least 5-7 yrs. (after initial puppy set of vxns)– based on challenge and/or antibody titers

you can even have this done in your own pets to determine his/her immunity level against a particular disease.

• Today, a 3 yr revaccination program has been recommended in the AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines for dogs and the American Association of Feline Practitioners Guidelines for cats

SO WHY DO WE VACCINATE EVERY YEAR?

• Following the vaccine label

• Veterinarians resistant to change

• Fear that not revaccinating will cause the animal to become susceptible soon after one year.

• Compliance with boarding kennel rules

VACCINES-NON-CORE• Optional or non-core vaccines should only be

given to animals that need them and only as often as needed!– Potential problems: duration of immunity is not

known, the efficacy is limited or not known

• EX: Leptospirosis, Bordetella, Canine Influenza, Lyme disease, Canine coronavirus, Giardia (AAHA Guidelines do not recommend coronavirus or giardia vaccines unless they can be proven to be beneficial for a certain animal)

VACCINES-NON-CORE

• New vaccines: snakebites (Crotalus sp. Toxoid, western diamonback rattlesnake), periodontal disease (porphyromonas sp.), as well as a therapeutic vaccine for treatment of canine melanomas.

*VACCINES MUST BE TAILORED TO THE INDIVIDUAL ANIMAL

-Older/younger animal vs. adult- bacterial vaccine vs. viral vaccine

– Geographic area

VACCINES-GENERAL GUIDELINES IN FELINES• Begin: 8-10 weeks of age

• Frequency: q 2-4 weeks

• End: last dose at 14-16 weeks of age

VACCINES-FELINE CONSIDERATIONS

CORE VACCINES-FELINE

• Feline parvovirus (panleukopenia)

• Feline calicivirus

• Feline herpes virus (viral rhinotracheitis)

• Rabies virus– Given at 12-16 weeks of age

• FVRCP

VACCINES-NON-CORE

• FeLV (feline leukemia)

• FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus)

• Chlamydia

• Feline coronavirus (FIP)

• Feline Giardia

• Bordetella bronchiseptica

• Feline systemic calicivirus

VACCINE QUESTIONS• May I use smaller vaccine dose in small

breeds to reduce the risk of adverse reactions?– NO- the volume (1.0ml) as recommended by the

manufacturer generally represents the minimum immunizing dose

• This means that a Great Dane should receive the same amount of vaccine as a Chihuahua

VACCINE QUESTIONS

• May I vaccinate pregnant pets?– It is best to avoid this. Risk to the fetuses is a

concern. Assess risk vs. benefit

VACCINE QUESTIONS

• May I vaccinate a patient while under anesthesia?– It is best not to do this. The patient may develop a

hypersensitivity reaction that may be harder to recognize under anesthesia and may be more difficult to treat. Risk of vomiting and aspiration is higher.

VACCINE QUESTIONS

• May I inject a modified live intranasal Bordetella vaccine?– NO- the vaccine can cause a severe local reaction

and may even result in death (liver disease)

– Intranasal vaccines are effective against respiratory disease, form immunoglobulin A which produces quick local immunity