*WA Department of Ecology. “Children’s Safe Products Act Reports.” CSPA Report Viewer. 9 April 2013. fortress.wa.gov/ecy/cspareporting/Default.aspx

Health Dangers from Proposed Priority Chemicals

The following chemicals would be identified as “Priority Chemicals” under the Child Safe Products Act (S.4614/A. 6328), and companies would disclose, and ultimately avoid, use in products for kids.

Arsenic Where you find it: Children’s car seats, stuffed toys, bed frames, arts & crafts supplies* Health problems:

Known carcinogen (add citation)

Increased prevalence of Type 2 diabetes1

Low dosages in drinking water can result in skin tumors, pregnancy issues, and poor cognitive development in children2

Benzene Where you find it: Baby food3, polyurethane foam in baby mattresses and other furniture4 Health problems:

Breathing in low levels can lead to genetic mutations or leukemia5

Inhibits growth and fetal development in mice6

Workers inhaling as little as 1ppm had lower white blood cell and platelet counts

Beryllium Where you find it: Electronic devices such as televisions and computers7 and bicycle frames8 Health problems:

Beryllium can increase the risk of developing lung cancer9

Airborne exposure can cause reduced lung function, known as chronic beryllium disease (CBD)10

Cadmium Where you find it: Children’s car seats, sleeping bags, toys, arts & crafts supplies* Health problems:

Add effect here about kidneys or cancer

Cadmium mimics estrogen, and can lead to breast or uterine cancer and early onset of puberty11

Children exposed in utero are more likely to have a loss of motor skills and behavior dysfunction12

Cobalt Where you find it: Pacifiers, teething rings, bibs, changing mats, bath/pool toys, and stuffed toys* Health problems:

Can cause allergic reactions on skin

Reduced lung function and increased rate of lung cancer in workers13

Causes memory deficits, behavioral problems and other cognitive impairment14

Lead Where you find it: Plastic toys containing PVC, baby rattles15, feeding bottles16 Health problems:

Children with higher lead levels score lower on intelligence, verbal, and behavioral tests17

Exposure can lead to both auditory and visual dysfunction

Can also influence children’s emotional responses, memory, and learning18

Mercury Where you find it: Children’s car seats, bed frames, toys, and sportswear* Health problems:

Children and fetuses are most susceptible, resulting in decreased motor function and memory

Acute poisoning can lead to numbness, hearing and speech impairment, coma, and death19

Other effects include respiratory, immune, cardiac, reproductive, and genetic disorders20

Molybdenum Where you find it: Changing mats, bibs, jewelry, sleeping bags, blankets, and toys* Health problems:

Decreased sperm count and quality21

Bone and joint deformities 22

Central nervous system problems 23

Created by Clean and Healthy New York 62 Grand Street, Albany, NY 12207 518-708-3922 info@cleanhealthyny.org www.cleanhealthny.org

Chlorinated Tris (TDCPP) Where you find it: Products made with polyurethane foam, i.e.: mattress pads, high chairs, nursing pillows, rocking chairs, car seats, foam books. Health problems:

Brain development and nervous system function24

Mutates DNA25

Kidney, liver, testicular, and brain cancer 26,27

Hormone disruption28

1 Kile, M.L. & Christiani, D.C. (2008). Environmental arsenic exposure and diabetes. Journal of the American Medical Association. 300, 845-846. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=182398 2 Ahsan, H., Chen, Y., Parvez, F., Argos, M., Hussain, A.I., Momotaj, H., Levy, D., vanGreen, A., Howe, G. & Graziano, J. Health effects of arsenic longitudinally study (HEALS):

Description of multidisciplinary epidemiologic investigation. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology. 16, 195-205. http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v16/n2/full/7500449a.html 3 Lachenmeier, D.W., Steinbrenner, N., Lobell-Behrends, S., Reush, H., & Kuballa, T. (2010). Benzene contamination in heat-treated carrot products including baby foods. The

Open Toxicology Journal. 4, 39-42. http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:-HaHY9huvZUJ:scholar.google.com/+benzene+in+baby+products&hl=en&as_sdt=0,33&as_ylo=2009 4 Sheppard, J. (2009). Protect your baby from toxic exposure. Healthy Child. http://www.healthychild.com/images/stories/downloads/Protect-Your-Baby-from-Toxic-Exposures.pdf 5 McHale, C.M., Zhang, L. & Smith, M.T. (2012) Current understanding of the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia in humans: implications for risk assessment. Carcinogenesis. 33, 240-252. http://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/2/240.short 6 Hudak, A. & Ungvary, G. (1978). Embryonic effects of benzene and its methyl derivatives: toluene, xylene. Toxicology. 11, 55-63. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300483X78904390 7 Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. (2002). Public health statement for beryllium. U.S. Department f Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=339&tid=33#bookmark06 8 Willis, H. H., & Florig, H. K. (2002). Potential Exposures and Risks from Beryllium‐Containing Products. Risk Analysis, 22, 1019-1033. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1539-6924.00267/abstract 9 Steenland, K. & Ward, E. (1991). Lung cancer incidence among patients with beryllium disease: a cohort mortality study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 83, 1380-1385. http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/83/19/1380 10 Maier, L.A. (2002). Genetic and exposure risks for chronic beryllium disease. -Clinics in Chest Medicine. 23, 827-839. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/12516537 11 Johnson, M.D., Kenney, N., Stoica, A., Hilakivi-Clarke, L., Singh, B., Chepko, G., Clarke, R., Sholler, P.F., Lirio, A.A., Foss, C., Reiter, R., Trock, B., Paik, S. & Martin, M.B. (2003). Cadmium mimics the in vivo effects of estrogen in the uterus and mammary glands. Nature Medicine. 9, 1081-1084. http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v9/n8/abs/nm902.html 12 Schoeters, G., Den Hond, E., Zuurbier, M., Naginiene, R., Vanden Hazel, P., Stilianakis, N., Ronchetti, R. & Koppe, J.G. (2006). Cadmium and children: exposure and health effects. Acta Paediatrica. 95, 50-54. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1080/08035320600886232/abstract;jsessionid=937C0F1EDCFD9291318F111E06F1028D.d01t01deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false 13 Cugell, D.W., Morgan, W.K.C., Perkins, D.G. & Rubin, A. (1990). The Respiratory Effects of Cobalt. Archives of Internal Medicine. 150, 177-183. http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=612706 14 Karovic, O., Tonazzini, I., Rebola, N., Edstrom, E., Lovdahl, C., Fredholm, B.B. & Dare, E. (2007). Toxic effects of cobalt in primary cultures of mouse astrocytes: similarities with hypoxia and told of HIF-1alpha. Biochemical Pharmacology. 73, 694-708. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000629520600743X 15 Sindiku, O.K. & Osibanjo, O. (2011). Some priority heavy metals in children’s toys imported to Nigeria. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences. 3, 109-115. http://www.academicjournals.org/JTEHS/fulltext/2011/April/Sindiku%20and%20Osibanjo.htm 16 Omolaoye, J.A., Uairu, A., & Gimba, C.E. (2010). Heavy metal assessment of some soft plastic toys imported into Nigeria from China. Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology. 2, 126-130. http://www.academicjournals.org/JECE/PDF/pdf2010/October/Omolaoye%20et%20al.pdf 17

Needleman, H.L., Gunnoe, C., Leviton, A., Reed, R., Peresie, H., Maher, C. & Barrett, P. (1979). Deficits in psychologic and classroom performance of children with elevated dentine lead levels. The New England Journal of Medicine. 300, 659-695. http://www.luc.edu/faculty/afitch/Articles/Needleman%20NEJM%201979.pdf 18

Finkelstein, Y., Markowitz, M.E. & Rosen, J.F. (1998). Low-level lead-induced neurotoxicity in children: an update on central nervous system effects. Brain Research Reviews. 27, 168-176. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165017398000113 19 Honda, S., Hylander, L. & Sakamoto, M. (2006). Recent advances in evaluation of health effects on mercury with special reference to methylmercury: a minireview. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 11, 171-176. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02905275 20

Tchounwou, P.B., Ayensu, W.K., Ninashvili, N. & Sutton, D. (2003). Review: Environmental exposure to mercury and its toxicopathologic implications for public health. Environmental Toxicology. 18, 149-175. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/tox.10116/abstractdeniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false 21 Meeker, J.D., Rossano, M.G., Protas, B., Diamond, M.P., Puscheck, E., Daly, D., Panethm N. & Wirth, J.J. (2008). Cadmium, lead, and other metals in relation to semen quality: human evidence for molybdenum as a male reproductive toxicant. Environmental Health Perspectives. 116, 1473-1479. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2592266/ 22

Pitt, M.A., (1976) Molybdenum toxicity: Interactions between copper, molybdenum and sulphate. Agents and Actions,6, 758-769. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02026100 23 ibid 24

Dishaw L.V. et al. “Is the PentaBDE replacement, tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), a developmental neurotoxicant? Studies in PC12 cells.” Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 Jan 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255595 25 Gold, M.D., A. Blum and B.N. Ames, “Another flame retardant, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens.” Science 19 May 1978 Vol. 200 no. 4343:785-787 DOI: 10.1126/science.347576 26

California Environmental Protection Agency. "Evidence on the Carcinogenicity of Tris(1,3-Dichloro-2-Propyl) Phosphate." July 2011 http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/hazard_ident/pdf_zip/TDCPP070811.pdf 27 Meeker J.D., Stapleton H.M., 2009 House Dust Concentrations of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Relation to Hormone Levels and Semen Quality Parameters. Environmental Health Perspectives 118(3): doi:10.1289/ehp.0901332 28

ibid.