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Private Library

THE Q U A R T E R L Y J O U R N A L O F T H E

P R I V A T E L I B R A R I E S A S S O C I A T I O N

S. ILobert of Lincoln and the Oxford Greyfriars Raymond Irwin

Classification for Private Libraries V D. J. Foskett

The Herity Press Association Affairs Ben Lieberman

Book Trade Changes Recent Private Press Books

Vol. 3 : No. 8 October I 9 6 I

@ Copyright 1961 by the Private Libraries Association 65 Hillway, London, N.6

Printed by The John Roberts Press Limited Joropress House Clerkenwell Green London E C I

The Private Libraries Association 65 Hillway, h on don N.6

President: D. J . FOSKETT, M.A., F.L.A.

Hon. Secretary: Antony Wilson

D. J. Chambers Peter Reid

G. E. Hamilton C. E. Sheppard

J. K. Power Philip Ward

The Private Libraries Association is a socieey of people interested in books from the amateur or professional point of view. Membership is ope11 to all who pay one guinea on January 1st each year regadless of the date of enrolment.

H E F F E R ' S -

A CAMBRIDGE BOOKSHOP

THAT IS KNOWN IN ALL PARTS

OF THE WORLD 0

W. H E F F E R & SONS LTD P e t t y Cury, Cambridge

THE BOOK The Story of Printing and Bookmaking

D O U G L A S C . M C M U R T R I E

This discussion of books and their makers is written from the viewpoint of the designer and printer. I t deals with the origins of writing and of our alphabet, and outlines the making of books from the earlicst times, mrntioning olltstanding individual printers and their contributions to the art of book design. The author discusses the various features of bookmaking which enter into the planning and production of various kinds of book, and the printer's ideals. There are bibliographies for most of the

' ~ t s format and presentation are well worthy of its fascinating contents.' ~ f l E G I J A R D I A N Illustrated 77s net

O X F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S

The Private Library Quarterly Journal of the Private ~ibraries Association Hon. Editor: Philip Ward, 28 Parkfield Crescent, North Harrow, Middlesex

Vol. 3 No. 8 October 1961

Associa tion A f i i r s Membership in 1962

For the seventh successivc year the Council of the P.L.A. announces an annual subscription of one guinea, to include four issues of The Private Library, six j?xckange Lists, and at least one free pamphlet on some aspect of the book. A new edition of the Members' Handbook is planned for January, but, unlike its predecessors, it will be sent to all members frce of charge. The directory of members thus brought up to date is of course confidential to members, as are the occasional supplements. The new editor is Pcter Reid, to whom changes of address and subject interests should be submitted for free inclusion.

The Private Library In response to various letters asking for more information on the lustory of libraries on the lines of our July contribution entitled "Thc chained library in Hereford Cathedral", it is hoped to initiate a series of similar articles. Professor Irwin, in the present issue, evaluates the importance of Robert Grosseteste in medieval scholarship, and in a forthcoming number E. A. Parsons, whose private library in New Orleans consists of some fifty thousand books and MSS, gives a conspectus of current scholarship on the Alexandrian library.

D. J. Foskett, the Association's President and Chairman of Council, has put readers of this jo~~rnal in his debt by expo~mding "Classification for private libraries", a series of five articles begun in 1959 and concluded in this issue.

Private press co-operation is a recent phenomenon: examples that spring to mind are John Rydcr's "Miniature folio of private presses" and the P.L.A. Society of Privatc Printers run by David Chambers. Ben Lieberman's "Check- logs of private press names" furnish another such example: the Herity Press, which publishes these check-lists, is described in this issue by its owner.

Foreign Classics Committee The Coininittee would draw the attention of members to translations of foreign classics recently published by Penguin Books: Maupassant's Bel-Ami (H. N. P. Sloman), a selection from Lucian (Paul Turner), Also sprach Zaratkustra (R. J. Hollingdale's version), and R . S. Pine-Coffin's new translation of Saint AugustineYs Confessions. Nelson have now issued the late A. E. Taylor's version

October 1961 109

of Plato's Politicus and Sovhistes in a single volume. while the lone-awaited 0 D

Anderson translation of Beethoven's letters is announced for the near future by Macmillan.

Book Trade Changes Under this heading we shall issue from time to time additions and amendments to A directory ofdealers in secondhand and antiquarian books in the British Isles, pub- lished by the Sheppard Press of s Caledonian Road, London, N.I. Entries consist of name, address, telephone number and telegraphic address, details of stock, catalogues issued, and membership of trade organisations.

This important reference tool appeared first in 1951, and then in 1953, 1955, 1957 and January 1961. Quarterly supplements in The Private Library will obviously enhance the value of the du-ectory as a current tool, and at the same time make available to members the latest information on British booksellers.

S. ROBERT OF LINCOLN AND THE OXFORD GREYFRIARS

b y Raymond Irwin

I N THE long period that separates the climax of the Benedictine Age in the twelfth century from the Tudor Reformation in the sixteenth, the history of English libraries must take special account of the influence of Robert

Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln, who was born c. 1175 and died 1259. His story illustrates very clearly the changes that were talung place in religion and educa- tion (and consequently in libraries) at thls time. The great days of the monastic schools were drawing to a close; the new universities were rising in their place, and the coming of the friars had introduced not only a new n~issionary zeal into the Church, but quite new scholarly disciplines concerned with the neces- sary, but almost impossible, task of reconchg the teaching of Aristotle (whose works were now being studied for the first time in Western Europe) with the orthodox doctrines of the Church. New textbooks on new subjects were sud- denly in great demand. They had to be light and portablc and easy to copy; and new methods of book production emerged, with a great new army of profes- sional scribes (in Paris, said Roger Bacon, their number was legion) to replace the workers & the monastic sciiptorium.

The transition from monastic to academic teaching coincided with the end- ing of the monastic system of admitting child oblates - the recruitment of children who had to be educated in the monastic schools. The climax of classical learning in the monastic libraries came in the last half of the twelfth century; after that, interest in classical studies dropped as a direct result of the decline in chdd recruits, and the copying of texts came almost to a standstill. This was the time of the first and minor renaissance when the new universities in Italy and at Paris were springing to life. In the troubles of Henry I1 and the h g of

110 October 1961

France, the English students in Paris migrated to Oxford, and a later migration from Oxford brought Cambridge into being.

The two great mendicant orders founded by S. Dominic and S. Francis in the early years of the thirteenth century reached Oxford in 1221 and 1224 re- spectively, and they soon spread through England. They drew their inspiration from two very different sources. S. Thomas Aquinas the Dominican was prim- arily the scholar, logician and champion of reason. S. Bonaventura the Fran- ciscan, who was his friend, and fellow-student in Paris, leant towards neo- Platonism and mysticism and was the champion of faith and the contemplative life. On the one side, reason and truth: on the other, faith and love and a cer- tain independence of spirit. The Dominican Order was founded on the ideal of teaching and preaching, and for S. Thomas the contemplative life meant a life of disciplined study. The Franciscans on the other hand were primarily engaged in pastoral and missionary work, though they soon found that this needed a background of academic training. This was indeed their first break with their founder's ideal of absolute poverty, which forbade any brother to own anything but his habit and girdle and hose. Imitating the Dominicans, they became inevitably a learned order. "Paris, Paris", cried Brother Giles, "Thou hast destroyed Assisi"; and he might well havc said the same of Oxford. For the next century or so, all the great scholars belonged to one or other of these orders, and a quite surprising number of them were connected with Oxford. S. Thomas had two precursors: Alexander of Hales in Gloucestershire, and Albertus Magnus, whose pulpil S. Thomas was. Of those that came after, many were Oxford men: Duns Scotus, a much wiser man than his later nickname suggests; Roger Bacon, the solitary scientist of the middle ages, struggling gal- lantly against ecclesiastical ccnsure; Adam Marsh, the first teacher at the Oxford Franciscan School; Archbishop Peckham; Thomas Bungay; and Wdiam of Ockham, the last of the great schoolmen, who, being an individualist and con- tent to separate faith and science by an impassable gulf (as perhaps many do today), had his influence on the thmking of both Wyclif and Martin Luther.

Of all the people who were associated with the work of the early Franciscans in England, the greatest and in some ways the most interesting was Robert Grosseteste, the effective founder (along perhaps with S. Edmund Rich, Arch- bishop of Canterbury) of the University of Oxford, and its first Chancellor. He was born about I 175 of humble parents in Suffolk, and was sent by his friends to study both at Oxford and Paris, returning afterwards to become rector schol- arum at Oxford. After various preferments he was elected in 1235 to succeed Hugh de Wells as bishop of Lincoln, in which diocese Oxford then lay. He was a commanding figure in the England of his day; a scholar, a great pastoral work- er and a saint, for his whole life was devoted to the re-awakening of religion and the revival of true learning; although he was never canonised, all the chron- iclers agree in calling him 'Saint Robert of Lincoln'. He had a big literary out- put; over 60 substantial treatises remain, besides many smaller works. Unlike many medieval scholars, he never failed to stress the need to return to original sources; he had a truer apprcciation than most of the importance of science and mathematics, and Koger Baconhimself paid tribute to his eminence on this score. His interest in original sources led him to learn some Greek, at a time when

October 1961 111

few Ennlish scllolars were familiar with that lannuane. In this he had the hclv 0 0 0

of two men: a Greek named Nicholas, who was a clerk at S. Albans; and John of Basingstoke, Archdeacon of Leicester, who was the first Englishman to ac- quire a genuine knowledge of Greek. John of Basingstoke had studied at Athens, where (according to Matthew Paris) he was taught by a girl of nineteen who was said to have been the daughter of Michael Acominatus. the Arch- bishop. It is not likely that Grossetege ever acquired a real mastery of Greek, and unlike his friend Roger Bacon he never learnt Arabic. He did however learn Hebrew, as both Bacon and Adam Marsh also did; though Bacon states that Grosseteste's knowledge of neither Greek nor Hebrew was sufficient to enable him to translate effectivelv without helv. There was a neneral innorance

0 D

of Hebrew at the time, in spite of the number of Jews in the country. Anti- Jewish prejudice probably accounts for this; contact with Jews was not encour- aged by the Church, and indeed it was expressly forbidden by the Cistercians.

It might seem from this that Grosseteste was rather an inspirer of scholarship than a scholar himself. This may be unfair, in view of the tributes which so eminent a scholar as Roger Bacon paid him. In the physical sciences, Bacon asserted that Grosseteste superseded Aristotle, and that his work was far more intelligible than Aristotle, being based on the experimental method which Bacon himself used, rather than on tradition; moreover, Grosseteste, according to Bacon, was the only living scholar who had a true appreciation of the signi- ficance of scientific knowledge, and especially of the supremacy of mathematics in explaining the real causes of thiugs.

Bacon's admiration for both Grosseteste and Adam Marsh is beyond doubt. Equally certain is the fact that Grosseteste not only placed Oxford firmly on the map, making it for a time at least the premier university of Western Europe, but inspired and encouraged a long line of famous scholars whose work won recognition throughout the medieval world.

In addition he was a bitter opponent of ecclesiastical abuses such as the appro- priation of benefices by monasteries, and of royal and papal exactions. He was a close friend of Simon de Montfort, whose sons he had educated; he was intimate with the nueen. and not without his influence over the kinn: and he

I '

won praise from such different so~~rccs as Wyclif and Gower (who pr%ed him as 'beyond Aristotle') and even from Matthew Paris, who, though he regarded him as a persecutor of the monks, yet acknowledged his virtues. "He was", wrote Matthew, "a manifest confuter of the pope and the king, the blamer of vrelates. the corrector of monks. the director of vriests. the instrmtor of clerks. ;he support of scholars, the preacllcr to the people, the persecutor of the incon- tinent, the sedulous student of all scripture, the hammer and despiser of the Romans. At the table of bodily refreshment he was hospitable, eloquent, courte- ous, pleasant and affable. At the spiritual table devout, tearful and contrite. In his episcopal office he was sedulous, venerable and indefatigable."

Both the Dominicans and the Franciscans on their arrival in England sought Grosseteste's protection, and his active encouragement was responsible for their rapid expansion. He was particularly interested in the Oxford Greyfriars, and he became their first rector and divinity lecturer in 1224. It was largely his in- fluence that guided them forward from their founder's rejection of learning and

112 October 1961

books into the paths of academic studies, and it was at Adam Marsh's suggestion that Grosseteste bequeathed his own books to the convent library. When these books were added, the convent must have possessed a quite remarkable collec- tion of contemporary scholarship: Oxford's first great library indeed, for the University Library in S. Mary's Church must at this date have been small and limited in comparison, and the College libraries were still in the future. Grosse- teste's books were still in the convent library in the 15th century, when Thomas Gascoigne noted their presence, but it seems as though even then they were being dispersed. One - Grosseteste's copy of S. Augustine De civitate Dei, full of his own marginal notes - was given by the friars to Gascoigne, and afterwards transferred to Durham College; it is now in the Bodleian. Some are believed to have been taken to Durham itself, possibly by Richard de Bury. When Leland visited the convent in 1535, its great library had all but vanished.

Not a great deal is known of the organisation of the Oxford Greyfriars' library. The convent lay in the parish of St. Ebbe's, near the Castle and the city wall, but nothing remains visible today. The cloisters were as usual on the south side of the church; the chapter house and dormitory were on the east of the cloisters, the refectory on the south, and the library may have been on the west, but no evidence of this survives. The church is believed to have measured 79 yards from east to west? and if the rest of the buildings were on this scale, the library may have been very spacious indeed. There were indeed two separate libraries, one for the friars and one for secular students, but no description of them remains. Each of the friars was provided with a studium, i.e. a combined desk and bookcase. At first only the minister and the lector had cells of their own, but later those friars who were Doctors of Divinity were given their own chambers. The first large accession to the library was probably the collection of Adam Marsh, who had inherited the library of his uncle, Richard Marsh, Bishop of Durham. He joined the order c. 1237, and was the first of the great Franciscan teachers at Oxford. He became one of Grosseteste's closest friends, and much of the correspondence between these two men relates to their books; in one of his letters Adam Marsh urges that a certain young friar should be allowed to study at Oxford, for at no other place are such aids to study so readily accessible. Grosseteste's bequest of his own library came in 1253. Other bequests are said to have included many Hebrew books, acquired when Edward I ex- pelled the Jews in 1290. In the 15th century bequests became rarer however, and the influcnce of the convent declined. There were indeed scarcely any books bequeathed to the mendicant libraries in the 15th and 16th centuries, though many were left to the new college libraries. Some of the Greyfriars' books were sold, and moreover in 1412 the friars were excluded from the University Librarv. Shortlv before the dissolution Leland revorted that "at the Franciscans' house there are cobwebs in the library and moths and bookworms; more than this - whatever others may boast - nothing, if you have regard to learned books. For I, in spite of the opposition of all the friars, carefully examined all the book- cases of the library". If any works of value still remained, the friars may well have taken care that Leland did not see them. The destruction of the convent by Cromwell was complete; none of their records survived, and only a handful

A. G. Little, The Greyfriars at Oxford, 1892, p. 24.

October i i 6 1 113

of their books have been identified. This is grievous because the convent must have been particularly rich in the works of Grosseteste himself, of Adam Marsh, and his great pupil Roger Bacon, and of other famous Franciscans such as John Wallensis, whose very popular writings are specially illustrative of the practical side of Franciscan teaching. And there would doubtless have been many examples of that bibliographical innovation for which the mendicant orders were particularly responsible. Continually travelling from one university to another, or between village and village, they needed pocket-size books that were light and portable: tiuy Bibles, collections of sermons, breviaries, missals, perhaps six inches by five, with fifty or more lines to the page and five hundred or more leaves. These 'little Bibles' grew popular in the thirteenth century, and examples of many can be seen in the British Museum. Some of tlie finest were made in Paris in the period 1270-1320. They were written on a new sort of vellum almost as fine as India paper, possibly made from rabbit or squirrel skin. Books of this type were a necessity to the peripatetic friars, in a way that they had never been to the older orders. Thus in Kobert Grcenc's play, Friar Bungay draws out his 'portace' to marry Lord Lacy and Margaret, but is struck dumb by Friar Bacon before lie can begm. This was his pocket breviary. The medieval Latin wasportij&iurn, and the Middle Enghsh porthors (which occurs in Chaucer), developing into 'portas', 'portess', or 'portcou~', i.c. a book that can be con- veniently carried about out of doors.

Textbooks as well as service books were of course necdcd in this handy port- able form; the Dominican Richard Fishacrc, the bosom friend of Robert Bacon (possibly tlie uncle of the more fanious Koger) was accustomed to carry about with him a copy of Aristotle which must obviously have been a kind of pocket edition. These small books were not made by thc friars thc~nselves but by pro- fessional scribes; the friars wrote some of their own servicc books and lecture notes, but they maintained no large scriptoria.

Of the other Greyfriars' libraries in England, the best known is perl~aps that of the London Greyfriars, which was on the site later occupied by Christ's Hospital in Newgate Street. John Stow in his Survey of London describes how Richard Whittington founded it in 1429. This was the period when so many of our cathedrals and religious houses, as well as the colleges at Oxford and Cam- bridge, were for the first time establishing separate library buildings or rooms to house their collections. The London Greyfriars' library lay on the north side of the great cloister, 129 feet long and 3 I feet broad, "all sealed with wainscot, having 28 desks and 8 double scttlcs of wainscot, which in thc next year follow- ing was altogether finished in building, and within 3 years after furnished with books, to the charges of E556. 10s; whereof Richard Whittington bore &00; the rest was borne by Doctor Thomas Winchelsey, a friar there; and for the writing out of D. Nicholas de Liva, his works, in two volumes, to be chained there, one hundred marks, etc." This must surely have been one of the hand- somest of English fifteenth century libraries, and quite possibly one of the best equipped. Like the Greyfriars' libraries at Oxford and Cambridge it would have been particularly rich in scholastic works and in contemporary literature in general. The only rival to these amongst the monastic libraries would have been that other recent foundation of the Bridgettines at Syon, which before its

114 October 1961

dissolution had amassed a greater collection of contemporary works, including printed books, than any other English house; Miss Bateson's catalogue of their library reveals nearly 1500 volumes, in addition to the separate library of the nuns.

An illustration of the London Greyfriars' library, as it appcared in 1700, is givcn by R . A. Rye, Studcnts'guide to the libraries $London, (3rd ed. 1927, p. 12); one wall of the library, badly mutilated, survived as late as 1834.

Kaymond Smith suggests2 that Winchelsey himself influenced Whittington to make this endownlent. The London Greyfriars had a famous school of theology in the fourteenth century. It was a studiunt particularc, as opposed to the strrdium generak of Oxford; student friars were expected to spend two or thrcc years at tlie Londo11 School, prior to their studies at Oxford. The London Greyfriars had a library before I429 of course; they are known to have borrowed at least one of Grossetestc's works for copying.

Of the other libraries of the E~lglish friars, the most interesting was that of the Austin Friars of York, collccted mainly by John Ergome, who was Prior in 138s. This convent obtained a generous royal endowment from Edward I11 in 1370-1, and the friars spc~it lnuch of their money on their library. Its catalogue, on vcllun~ and dated 1372, which is now at Trinity College, Dublin, has been printed by M. K. James. In its original form it contained sonic 250 titles, many of course being composite works. On Ergome's death, his private collection of some zzo works was added. The original library was ofnormal monastic pattern, but Ergome's collcction was of a 1nuc11 more advanccd nature, containing recent works of the Oxford schooln~en, some general literature and classical texts (in- cluding the vcry rarc Contmcntaries of Caesar), works on mathematics, medicine, music and astronomy, a few Latin translations from the Arabic, sonic Goliardic verse and, surprisingly, some works on black magic and kindred arts.

To return to Grosseteste. Though he deliberately encouraged the Francisca~is in the collcction of great libraries, and often went out of his way to get rules rclaxcd to enable individual friars to obtain special books, yet hc ncver lost interest in the pastoral and missionary work of the friars, urging them con- stantly to cling to the poverty prescribcd by their Order, and to the security and freedom from carc that poverty confers. He quoted for them a line from Juvenal: Cantabit vacuus corarn latroue viator; lie who travels light will sing in the face of the brigand. But he did admit that, noble as the idea of poverty and mendicancy was, there was a rung of the heavenly ladder that stood even higher, namely, that a man should livc by his own labour and not burden the world with his exactions. And his assertion on another occasion that the three essentials of well-being were food, slcep and laughter, reveals the vcry human side of his character. He wholly approved the vernacular preaching of both friars and parish priests. He himself was accustomed to preach in Latin to the clergy, but to laymen in English, thus following the good example of Abbot Samson of St. Edmund's, who did not hestitate to preach in the Norfolk dialect when occasion demanded. Dr. Owst, in his Literature and the ~ u 2 y i t in medieval England, has reminded us how much Chaucerian and Tudor ~ n ~ l i s h owes to the form in which our native language had been crystallised in the pulpit, and a GuildhallMiscellany No. I, 1952; No. 6, 1958.

October 1961 115

to the matter of the sermons, homilies, stories and allegories which were the standard fare of the medieval preacher.

In a sense, Grosseteste's of the Franciscans was their undoing. Their founder, pledged to his Lady Poverty, had little use even for service books. "After that thou shalt have the Psalm-book, thou wilt be covetous and want to have a Breviary, and when thou hast a Breviary, thou wilt sit in a chair like a prelate and wilt say to they brother 'Fetch me my Breviary'. No brother ought to have anything but his habit and girdle and hose." Fortunately or un- fortunately, the good Bishop's encouragement and the example of their friends the Dominicans, whose aim was to establish a school at all their houses and a graduate school at every university, made it impossible for the Greyfriars to keep within the bounds that S. Francis had set. Indeed they developed an in- satiable thirst for books. Richard de Bury, sadly confusing his metaphors, likened them to ants and bees, "ever preparing their meat in summer or continually building their cells of honey . . . although they were late in entering the Lord's vineyard, they have added more in this brief hour to the stock of sacred books than all others."

And so, having tasted the joys of possession, they fell. Their initial success, both in the academic and the religious field, was brilliant; their subsequent failure was correspondingly tragic and inglorious. Their good name lasted little more than a hundred years, and soon in the eyes of many people they had fallen almost into the same category as rogues and vagabonds. S. Francis, seeing the weakness of the monastic system, had determined to break away from it; but in a few years the good brothers were gathering property and building a new monastic system of their own. It was almost inevitable; primitive simplicity and the educated life do not fit easily together. During the thirteenth century the flow of gifts to the monasteries was largely diverted to the friars; but by Chaucer's time their glory had faded and gifts were tending instead towards the foundation of chantries and schools.

Though often popular with the ordinary layman, the friars were, for quite understandable reasons, out of favour with the church authorities. In the latter half of the fourteenth century the controversy over the mendicant orders was raging b i t t e r l~ ,~ and the leader of the conservative opposition, Archbishop Richard Fitzralph of Armagh, preached a series of sermons at S. Paul's Cross against the friars. The theological arguments do not concern us, but more than theology was involved. The Archbishop claimed that neither poverty nor mendicancy had valid authority in scripture or tradition, and he supported this claim by turning his fire on the hypocrisy of the mendicant orders. "How can the friars speak of poverty," he cried, "when they live in such splendourz They have churches finer than cathedrals, thcir cellars are full of good wine, they have ornaments more splendid than those of any prelate in the world, save only our Lord Pope. They have more books, and finer books, than any prelate or doctor; their belfries are more costly; they have double cloisters in which armed knights could do battle with lances erect; they wear finer raiment than any prelates in the world . . . Is there no ambition in their anxiety to receive privileges as con- a For an account of the controversy see Knowles, Religious orders in England, vol. 11, 1955,

ch. V.

116 October 1961

fessors and preachers? Or is it no small honour to count kings and queens, dukes and duchesses, earls and countesses and other noble men and women among your spiritual clnldrcnz" (For a century the example of the Plantagenets in choosing their confessors from among the friars had been followed by many of the aristocracy.) Fitzralph was the author of D e Pauperie Salvatoris, a long dis- cussion in seven books of the doctrine of lordship and grace which developed into an attack on the mendicant orders. It was this work which presented

1 Wyclif with the arguments he used in his condemnation of every kind of 1 organised authority in the church, papal and monastic as well as mcndicant.

The case against the friars received much publicity. Chaucer's friar was doubt- less drawn from life, but he may or may not have been typical in his own period,

1 though it was doubltess natural enough for the Somnour to hold that 'freres and fiendes been but lyte a-sonder'. Chapter and verse for the prosecution are given in Piers Plowman, especially in the version known as the B-text which was written about 1377-8, and is in effect an impassioned denunciation of all the mendicant orders; in the closing sccncs of the book they appear in the van of the army of Anti-Christ. Much thc same chargcs are implied, though more soberly, in the three letters to the Euglish friars sent at this time from Italy by William Fletc, thc English hermit and mystic, at Sicna; these arc printed by Aubrey Smith in his work on the Austin Friars. Far more extravagant and un- bridled was thc abuse that Wyclif was pouring out in his Luttcrworth pamphlets towards the end of his life; all the organiscd orders roused his wrath, net exclud- ing his onc-timc fricnds the friars, who are now described in scurrilous terms as the tools of the devil himsclf. A good friar is as rare a bird as the phoenix: rarus est cunrferrice; and with strange prophctic instinct he outlines a scheme for the absolute suppression of mendicants and possessionists ahke, and for the return of thcir wealth to the original donors or to thc Statc. Langland, however bitterly he condemned the present reahty, had a devout and h~nnble rcspect for the ideal of S. Francis. Wyclif's attack on the other hand was indiscriminate and all-embracing..

0

The case for the prosecution was no doubt wcll grounded, but it must not be over-stated. Veneration for the founder of the Greyfriars has widencd and deepened through the years and the centuries, so that everywhere his life is accepted as the type and pattcrn of humble sanctity; and it would be incredible if at any period the picture was as black as Wycllf drew it. Thc figure of John Brackley who figurcs so picturesquely in thc lctters of the Paston family has perhaps some aifinities with Chaucer's friar. But throughout the three centuries between Adam Marsh and the suppression, there were good and sincere friars as well as others who were neithcr. Margery Kcmpe for example, who died c. 1438, was faithfully befriended during her troubled and vivid carccr by three of them. This point is filly discussed by Dom David Knowles in the second volume of The religious orders in England, pp. 198-203, and in his third volume he describes the uncompromising dlgnity with which the great majority of the Observant Friars met their end; some at least achieved martyrdom. By the time of the suppression of the mendicant orders in 1538, there was in fact little left to suppress. The most faithful had already been driven away; a few had be- trayed their cause and taken to the 'new learning'; only the remnant survived,

October 1961 117

to be turned adrift by the renegade visitors Richard Ingworth and John H&ey who had sold themsclvcs to Cromwell. Their poverty at the cnd was extreme; neither wealth nor luxury remained, for they had depended on popular support, and this had been withdrawn. One thing is certain: neither those such as Lawrence Stone or John Forest or Anthony Browne, who are known to have suffered the final penalty under Cromwell, nor the great schoolmen of an earlier day such as Adam Marsh, Roger Bacon or Duns Scotus, have anything in common with the 'frere' in thc Somnour's Tale, or with the 'friar of orders grey' in the song, except the colour of their habit.

The coming of the friars was dramatic, and their going was sudden and com- plete. In the words of Don1 David Knowles, "Three hundred years ago they liad come, the brethren of Agnellus of Pisa, ofJordan of Saxony, of Haymo of Faversham and of Simon Stock, the vanguard of a great movcment that had covcred the land with its fame. From the English friaries had issued forth a wave of learning that had captured the universities and given a decisive wrench not only to the teaching of the schools but to the whole course of European thought. They had seemed to their adversaries, little more than a century before their cnd, as numerous and as ubiquitous as flies in summer or as motes in the sunbeam. And now they vanished overnight, like flowers of a day." Like flowers too their great libraries faded away; indeed they liad been fading for many years before the end came. Neil Ker (Medieval libraries qf Great Britain, 1941) records but thirteen survivals from the Oxford Greyfriars' library, seven from London and nineteen from Cambridge.

Robert Grosseteste, the sponsor and friend of thc Oxford Greyfriars and of their scholarship and their library, died in October, 1253, and was buried in his own cathedral of Lincoln. Four years later his closc friend Adam Marsh was buried beside him. The tombs were destroyed during the civil war in the seven- teenth century. Thcrc were repeated appeals from the English Church and from Edward I for the canonisation of S. Robert of Lincoln, but nothing transpired; pcrhaps the Bishop's vigorous independence in the face of papal claims was the obstacle. Miracles followed his passing however, and church bells werc heard in the sky on the night of his death. His memory and his work remained; no one, it has been said, had a greater influence on English life and literature in the later middle ages; few books were written in that period that do not refcr to his authority or quote from his writings. Roger Bacon's testimony is unanl- biguous: solus dominus Robertus prae aliis ho~~inibrts scivit scientias. Even morc telling pcrhaps is the ungrudging tribute from Matthew Paris, quotcd above. Matthew was his contemporary -he died six years later; the superintendent of the S. Albans scriptorium and the greatest of the monastic chroniclers, a wise and critical historian of his own times, an influential observer of events at home and abroad and the close friend of Henry 111. The Benedictine tradition made him a natural opponent of the new mendicant orders, though the conhct be- tween the mendicants and the possessionists did not rise to boiling point till the time of Archbishop Fitzralph a hundred years later. Nevertheless there was some common ground between Matthew Paris and the Bishop of Lincoln. Matthew shared Grosseteste's impatience of external authority of any kind, whether its source was Rome or Westminster. And Matthew had a proper respect for the

118 October 1961

University of Oxford, regarding it as second only to Paris among the schools of the Church. Matthew himself was not an Oxford man; he was probably educated at S. Albans, which was then at the height of its reputation as a centre of art and scholarly learning. The Benedictine nursery at Oxford, Gloucester College, with which S. Albans was closely associated in later years, did not begin to take shape till well after Matthew's death. On the other hand, Grosse- teste took his episcopal duties with due seriousness, and these brought him into frequent coilflict with the religious houses. In his first year as Bishop of Lincoln, he carried out a visitation of the houses in his diocese which resulted in the removal of seven abbots and four priors, and the monastic habit of appropriat- ing benefices for their own use and often leaving the parishes unserved or ill- served, was a percnnial source of friction. This being so, we may the more readily accept Matthew's honest tribute to the saintly character of the Bishop, who was so wise and forceful a patron of the earlier friars and of their scholar- ship and their libraries.

Bibliographical Note t

1 For further study, see especially F. S. Stcvcnson's Robert Grosseteste, 1899; A. G. Little, T h e Grey Friars in Ox f i rd , 18gz; C. L. Kingsford, T h e Grey Friars o f Londou, 1915; Aubrey Gwynn, Y'hc Elglish Austin Friars in the time of Wycl$ 1940; Richard Vaughan, Mattlww Paris, 1955; J . 11. H. Moorman, Church I+ i n E y l a n d in the 13th century, 1945; C. H . Talbot's chapter in Wormald and Wright, T h e English library before 1700, 1958; and Doin David Knowles, T h e religious orders in England, vol. 11, 1955 and vol. 111, 1959. Reference can also be made to S. Harrison Thoimon, T h e tvrititgs ojRobert Grosseteste, 1940, and to Dr. Hunt's article on Manuscripts contairrirg the iudexing synrbols o f Robert Grosse- teste (Bodleian Library Record, 4, 1952-3, pp. 241-55).

CLA.SSIFICATION F O R PRIVATE L I B R A R I E S V by D. 1. Foskett

I I T IS widely agreed that a major defect in the general schemes of classification is their lack of flexibility in dividing a subject with several diffcrcnt aspectb. For cxample, a book cntitlcd Activities curriculurti in the primary grades has

I three aspects: "activities" method, curricul~~m making, primary grade. In the Dewey Decimal Classification, the book can be classified in three separate places : 371.43 'Activity school', 372.3 Methods of education in the lower grades, or 375.0 Curriculum. We are evidently meant to classify the book at 371.43, but there is no means of linking this up with the other two aspects; in other words, there is no means of synthesis. It is the great contribution of the Colon Classi- fication that it showed how such hnkages could be built into a classification system, making it flexible enough to display all the relationships between subjects that may be needed by a user. The purpose of this article is to outline briefly the technique so that book collectors may be able to devise systems to suit their own particular needs. I hope it will be clear that the labour required

October 1961 119

for this task is very much less than that needed for a scheme of the old type which attempts to enumerate all known subjects.

The idea of "facet analysis" is a very simple one, which has been introduced unconsciously into most systems. The most obvious example is the geographical treatment of a subject. Almost any subject can be treated in relation to a par- ticular country, but no system would go to tlie lengths of listing every possible country under every single subject. What is usually done is to have one list of countries with a set of distinctive notational symbols, so that a country number may be added to the number for any subject without running the risk of con- fusion with the subject's own sub-divisions. Thus, in Dewey's scheme, 370 is Education, 942 is England, and 370.942 is Education in England. Similar pro- vision is often made for special forms of treatment, such as encyclopedias, dic- tionaries, and so on. Thus in Brown's Subject Classification, 1220 is Gardening, TO is History, and Izzo~10 is a History of Gardening.

The basic feature of this type of analysis is that each facet must be self-con- tained and separated from the others in a rccognisablc way; this allows each to be sub-divided independently in as much d e t d as required. Some notational device is therefore required to show where one facet ends and the next begins; in the above examples, the 09 performs this function in Dewey, and the full- stop in Brown. The Colon Classification derives its name from tlie colon punctuation mark, wlnch Ranganathan originally used to separate facets. The colon can also be used in a similar way in the Universal Decimal Classification.

In making a faceted classification for a special subject what we have to do is, firstly, to decide what facets occur in the subject; second, to list the terms we might expect to find in each facet - without, howevcr, attempting to list any combinations of such terms; third, to apply a system of notation to identify each term, and fourth, to devisc means of "labelling" each facet, in order to keep them separate from each other.

To begin, we need to examine a reasonably representative samplc of the literature of the subject, to discover what sort of facet it contains. Let us suppose that we have taken the subject Education: tlie subjects written about are these and similar ones:

Class size and student learning Rcsearcli on the gifted cldd Teaching the mother tongue to backward pupils Teaching in a compreheiisive school secondaiy lllodern-exa~~~i~~atio~is and social mobility Teacher training for public secondary schools in France Airborne television: an educational experiment.

From these, the following facets can be deduced: "Educands": students, gifted, backward Techniques: teaching, research, examinations, television Types of school: comprehensive, public secondary Organisation: class size Subjects: mother tongue Countries: France Influences: social mobhty

October 1961

Having listed these facets to begin with, it is clear that we can now proceed to enumerate other terms that might appear in each:

boys, girls, adults, blind, deaf, etc. in the Educand facet; "direct", "activity", lessons, dictation, etc. in the Technique facet;

i grammar, technical, modern, Volksschule, etc. in the School facet; French, mathematics, readmg, botany, etc. in the Subjects facet;

9 and so on. The questions of notation and facet-indicating symbols might well be taken

together. The use of arabic numbers is very common and easy to apply, giving a result Lke this: Educand Facet Technique School Subjects I Infant I Lesson I State I English

11 Activity I I Primary 2 History 3 Girl 12 Dictation 17 Comprehensive 3 Classics

I 4 4 Adult 2 Examination 2 Independent 3 I Greek

etc. 8 Research ("Public") etc. etc. etc.

Suppose we call the facets A, B, C, D; then the subject "English dictation in girls' public schools" would receive the number A3 BIZ C2 DI.

It might be better, however, to use the letters of the alphabet for the terms in each facet; this enables us to code many more subjects for the same length of symbol. If vowels and consonants Are used judiciously, the notation also becomes pronounceable, so that the subject above might be Bek Cod Dip Fag. This form of notation (not completely pronounceable, unfortunately) has been used with great success in an international system for Occupational Safety and Health, used by the I.L.O. in Geneva.

The next important decision to be taken concerns the sequence of the facetb. The most important should come first, and the others stated in a fixed sequence. No formula for universal succcss can be given here, because private Lbraries reflect the personal interests of their owners and not some abstract pattern of knowledge, howevcr close to reality it may be.

A final word needs to be said on indexing. Every classification system needs an alphabetical index and cannot work without it. It is particularly vital to faceted classifications, bccaubc, as the facets are considered to have a priority sequence, materd on the less important will be scattered. Thus information on the use of "dictation" will not be found all together, but allled to many other more important facets. The index must be used to bring them together:

Dictation: Boys' schools Az BIZ, etc. Dictation: Girls' schools A3 BIZ

The superiority of faceted classification systems over the conventional schemes does not prevent their scattering the minor facets - every system does this. The advantage of faceted classifications is that thls scattering is recognised; provision is made for assembling class numbers to specify subjects exactly, and an organised technique provided to ensure that the sequence of priorities is estab- lished, and minor facets assembled in the alphabetical index. Experience shows beyond doubt that such schemes are relatively easy to construct, and offer a very much more efficient means both of organising information and of finding it when it is needed. October 1961 121

T H E H E R I T Y P R E S S by Ben Lieberman

I FULFILLED a lifelong ambition when my wife Elizabeth and I launched the Herity Press in 1952. I was Assistant to the General Mamagcr on the San Francisco Chronicle at the time, and thc papcr bequeathed to mc a page-size

antiquated proof-press. On the press' first item appeared: "With this specimen Elizabeth and Ben Lieberman inaugurate the Herity Press, November 10, 1952. May it serve the common good".

"~er i ty" is a word invented to convey the idea that we are not merely in- heritors, nor creators of a heritage for our progeny, but that we are all part of the past and the future and responsible for passing on our legacy improved. Hence the press mark's Garamond "H" has a long ascender, synlbolising the upward reach, and a long descender on the "p", to go deeply into the roots.

Approximately two hundred items of varying importance have appeared; they have not, in my opinion, excelled typographically. Over and above the incapacity of the proprietors, this lack of perfection is due partly to the fact that the press has been used primarily to found a major private press move- ment; it is thus promotional in its activities rather than aesthttically satisfying per se. As time has been scarce, it has been used to help the movement rather than to design carefully.

When the Herity Press was founded I had just comnpleted my Ph.D. at Stan- ford University with a dissertation on changing concepts of the frccdom of the press, and I had learned to my dismay how dangerously close the United States is at all times,' and increasingly, to losing freedo~n of thc press because the right is so misunderstood and disparaged. So I gradually became aware of a contribution that could be made individually: if there were only enough private presses active, the public would know at first hand the meaning of the freedom of the press, and would consequently be alert to protect it. My first efforts were dirccted towards convincing commercial printing interests to help to develop hobby printing, and although these efforts had no perceptible effect for several years, they are now, in 1961, beginning to take effect.

In 1956 I began thinking of other means of promotion, and what has become the Chappel movement was a first result. Since 1957, when the first Chappel was founded 011 the San Francisco peninsula (and I bccanic the first "Father of the Chappel") the Herity Press has devoted a great part of its energy to expand- ing the movement, and has produced dozens of specific epheniera and booklets in the cause.

In 1959 we began the International Register of Private Press Names, Elizabeth acting as Registrar. The purpose of the Register is to strengthc~l the tradition of unique names for private presses. Its first Check-Log was published by the Herity Press in 1960, and the second is in the press at the time of writing. Its price will be $I, but until it is available orders for the first edition will be in- voiced at 50c. each or three for $I post-paid.

In January 1961 we acquired and inaugurated the Albion Press no. 6551 on the 70th anniversary of the foundmg of the Kelmscott Press. This press was

122 October 1961

especially reinforced by William Morris to print the Kelmscott Chaucer, having thus participated from the start in the great private press movement of recent times. It then went to the Essex House Press and to the Old Bourne Press, and eventually to James Guthrie's Pear Tree Press in Sussex, whence it was brought by Frederic W. Goudy to America in 1924. At Gaudy's Village Press this Albion symbolised the new American private press movement, and continued the tradition at Melbert Cary, Jr.'s, Woolly Whale Press. After twenty years of dlsuse the old press has again been restored, and we hope its revival will augur well for the movement. It has been renamed the Kelmscott-Goudy Press, and was the subject of a special meeting of the William Morris Society in May 1961.

The Press started with an assortment of type faces, but has since settled on

I Garamond as its basic face, altl~ough there are runs of a n ~ ~ m b e r of others - more tlnn a hundred founts in all. A full series of Deepdene is being added to mark our interest in Frederic W. Goudy.

The major items produced so far have been two keepsake booklets done for the Moxon Chappel in August 1957: one a facsimile reproduction of the appendix on "Ancient customs" in Moxon, and the other an account of the Chappel movement, a signature for the first New York Chappel book, A n

1 14ncon1moi1place book, in 1959, reprinted separately as T h e typographic taxonomy, a

i keepsake booklet'for George McKay on his retirement as curator of the Grolier Club, in March 1959, T h e third desideratum, and T h e j r s t chcck-log ojprivate press names.

The Herity Press intends shortly to produce a fine press book, to be called Thp.f;rst M, describing the first thousand private presses in history, and further volumes of the Chcck-Log are planned. Correspoizdcncefor M r Licbiwiarr should be addressed to:

T h e Herity Press, 202 B c v ~ r l y Road, Whi te Plains, N e w York.

R E C E N T PRIVATE PRESS B O O K S Reviewing Panel: Roderick Cave ( N E W World Editor, "Private Press Books"), Thomas Rae (European Editor, "Private Press Books"), John Ryder (Author of "Printingfor Pleasure"). -

There appear to have been fewer books issued from British private presses over the past half-year, but those now under review maintain an extremely high standard of production.

Among the more prolific of private press owners is Sebastian Carter, who has issued three books within the last few months. Poems and Songs o f S i r Robert Aytoiz is the second of the series, "The Ninth of Mayu, which exists to print songs and poems of mediaeval and rcnaissancc Scotland, freshly discovered or hitherto little-known. Likc its predecessor, Poems fvom Paninure House, this volume is edited by Helena Mennie Shire. An original - and effective -touch is the printing of the text and the commentary on different coloured papers for

October 1961 123

easy reference. The edition, limited to 150 copies, is thread sewn in suede covcr paper, and beautifully printed in various sizes of Walbauni.1

A short selection by Jonathan Bethnall of the Poems of Sir Wil l iam Jones receives more subdued typographical treatment, Garamond being used for the text. In a brief foreword the editor explains that although Jones is honoured as the greatest of British orientalists, he is little known for his poetry, which has not been reprinted in full since 1818. Printed on Basingwerk Suede Parchment, typesetting and presswork are exemplary throughout, and the appearance of the booklet is enhanced by the introduction of brown as a second colour on title page and frontispiece. Jones was a contemporary of Robert Burns, and although one naturally assumes that it is the orientalist's face which gazes from this full- page frontispiece, lie bears a striking and uncanny resemblance to the Naismith portrait of Scotland's national poet!2

In direct contrast, Lobsters, poems by Alexis Lykiard, is a riot of colour and (at first glance) chaotic treatment. The recipe includes such ingredients of the punchcutter's art as Egyptian Expanded, Klang, Gill Extra Bold, Thorne Shaded, Black Letter (which announces 'Page Sixteen' in splendid isolation), Bodoni Light, and Narrow Bembo Italic - and all printed on various coloured papers! But such is Carter's masterly control of this veritable typefounder's catalogue that the sole effect on the reader is one of admiration. The title of the booklet - which bears no obvious relation to the contents - comes from Gerard de Nerval's lobster which he walked in the Palais-Royal gardens on a pale blue ribbon. The poetry, like the typography, is decidedly "off-beat" and the reader may well be excused for puzzling over such lines as

no moon for me - the lampposts sprout unhealthy

orange blossonls

stalks with

broken But, despite the obscurity of the verse, this is a delightful publication and an example for other, less exuberant, private printers to f01low.~

Verse of a very different kind is contained in a brief pamphlet from the Pump Press of South Australia. The Song of'the Shearer is an early Australian ballad which first appeared in T h e Adelaide Observer in 1886, and is illustrated by an early engraving showing shearers at Bungaree sheep station. The edition is limited to 60 copies and is sewn in paper wrapper^.^

Two publications have recently been issued by members of the PLA Society of Private Printers; one in the nature of a valediction. Roy Lewis, who 'with daughters' operates the Keepsake Press, has gone to America and will be out of England for two or three years. His final publication is a quarto booklet entitled, Seven Days and Twelve Thousand Million Years. Set throughout in Black

'. Sebastian Carter, 12 Chesterton Road, Cambridge (9s 6d) Sebastian Carter (5s) Sebastian Carter (2s 6d) The Pump Press, Aldgate, South Australia.

October 1961

Letter it is decorated with large linocut initials and a prof~~sion of Glint orna- ments. The text is the first chapter of Genesis "wit11 the order of the verses rearranged to fit the succession of events as later revealed by God to his Scientists in the Record of the Rocks, &c., thus correcting the inevitable (and excuseable) errors of the account of the Patriarch Moses in his transcript of God's explanation of his evolutionary methods to that neolitllic genius. With the astronomical & geological time-scale and original order of verses shewn marginally." Original in conception and design, the booklet is a welcome addition to any library of private press books.5

Members of the Society of Private Printers were also fortunate in receiving a copy of Establishin'q a Library from the press of F. E. Pardoe. It is a translation of an extract from L e M a m d du Bibliophile compiled and written by Gabriel Peignot and published in 1823. The booklet is set in Bembo types and printed in red and black on Basingwerk Parchment, and thread sewn in Basingwerk suede paper covers. The design is 'traditional', but obvious attention to the finer points of typesetting and careful presswork result in a near-perfect piece of printing, which is considerably enhanced by tlie chaste effect produced by the Fournier fleurons which are printed in the second c o l o ~ r . ~

The pages of private press books are generally octavo, but seldom exceed quarto size. A noteable exception has been received from the Rosemary Press of Dr A. Outram. T h e Litnitatioi~s ofScience measures 1 4 " ~ 9" and the type used is I 8-point Bodoni. The large page size makes this slim book rather unwieldy and difficult to shelve, but this defect is outweighed by the well-set, beautifully printed pates with generous margins. Binding is in Linson Vellum boards and the edition is limited to 64 copies. An account of the book's progress through the press is printed in tlie colophotl and fellow-printers will be interested to know that '. . . it was printed by hand, page by page, between August 1958 and August 1960. The first six pages and the title-page were printed on a fools- cap folio Albion press, at least 90 years old, which had reached the stage when it had to be repaired every time a page was to be printed. This was replaced by a demy folio Wharfedale cylinder machine, not quite so old as the Albion, but almost as decrepit, the reconditioning of which went on during the print- ing.' Considering the difficulties with which Dr Outram had to contend, one can have nothing but praise for the skill and determination which have resulted in this unusual and interesting volume.'

SO little private press material is received from the Continent that Orphens rml Ecrrydice is particularly welcome. This book, which is extremely well printed on moddmade paper, comes from the private press of Melchior W. Mittl. The type chosen is Caslon Old Face, which is rather light in weight to give sufficient balance to the five vigorous full-page wood engravings by Hans Orlowski. The edition, which is limited to 133 copies is bound in light blue paper boards and is signcd by the printer and the a r t i ~ t . ~ Perhaps this opportunity could be taken to seek the help of ~nembers of PLA in tracing European private presses.

5 Keepsake Press (published from 6 Ravenscourt Square, London, W.6) 6 F. E. Pardoe, 24a Harborne Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham I 7 Rosemary Press, 75 Uelvoir Drive, Aylestone Road, Leicester (12s 6d) 8 Melchior W . Mittl, Mindelheim, Bayern, 3 Frundsbergstrasse, Germany

October 1961

As the editors of Privatr Press Books are contiliually anxious to make the annual bibliography as comprehensive as possible, they would welcome even the briefest details of European presses from any member.

Two recent books from the St Albert's Press of the English Carmelite Fathers (and the last books to be printed at Llandeilo, South Wales) are Nymph, in thy Orisons, poems by Wrenne jar ma^^,^ and In the Woods by Henry Williamson.lo Miss Jarman belonged to the generation which grew up after the First World War and played an active part in the Second. Thus, as a poet, she is deeply conscious of the dangers and fascinations of death. Although she died eight years ago, poems Lke The Holocaust seem vividly up to date to those who live today in the constant shadow of nuclear destruction.

And saw, nor street nor wall nor plinth nor proud fqade, Nor living grass nor plant nor hedge nor trees,

But a charred desert where a pure wind played, Innocently as the primordial breeze.

These lines have a sinister (and perhaps prophetic) ring. In the Woods, which Henry Williamson wrote in 1943, describes a journey

in 1941 from his farm in Norfolk to North Devon. He had the lease of some scrub-oak woodland in the West Country but had never cut any timber; and the lease was shortly due to expire. With the help of a lorry-driver friend and his girl - and despite the fact that it was at that time illegal to travel more than 30 miles without a special permit -Williamson acquired sufficient petrol for the trip and off they went. After sundry adventures (all described in exhaustive detail) the wood was eventually cut and sold, realising a net profit of E25. The edition, which is limited to 1000 copies, is set in Baskerville types, very well printed, and bound in paper covers.

91 Fr Brocard Sewell, Aylesford Priory, Maidstone, Kent (16s) lo Fr Brocard Sewell (10s 6d)

SEBAST'IAN D'ORSAI LTD RARE & SECONDHAND BOOKS

19th CENTURY Books and Pamphlets o n all subjects

PRINTS AND MAPS OIL PAINTINGS ANTIQUES

81 KING STREET, LEICESTER Tel.: 218 19

126 October 1961

BOOK T R A D E CHANGES The publishers of the Directory ofDealers in Secondhand and Antiquarian Books in the British Isles have been informed of the following changes since the 1960-62 edition was published. They will, of course, be glad to learn of any others so that they can be included in subsequent lists. (The number preceding each entry indicates the section in the directory.)

Deletions

32. Henry Hynian, Harpenden, Herts. 48. Pelican Bookshops Ltd., South Croydon, Surrey. 48. Arthur Slade, Kingston, Surrey. 49. Corner Bookshop, Redhill, Surrey. 49. V. H. Williams, Redhill, Surrey. 50. C. W. Nettleton, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.

Additions

39. Susil Gupta, 12 Blakehall Crescent, London, E.II. (also at 22-3~ G&ff Street, Calcutta 4, India). TN: WANstead 8526. Private premises; appoint- ment necessary. Large stock. Spec. : Oriental. Frequent lists.

41. Victor E. Neuburg, 13 Linden Road, London, N.Io. TN.: TUDor 5046. Private premises. Very small antiq. stock. Spec.: Social history, freethought, chapbooks, street ballads. Lists occasionally, free.

48. Bookworm Bookshop, 22 North Street, Leatherhead, Surrey. Est. 1951. TN.: Leatherhead 4082. New and sec. stock. Spec.: motor manuals. BA.

51. R . M. Silvester, 2 Station Road, Birchington-on-Sea, Kent. TN.: Thanet 41524. Office premises. Small sec. stock; also antiques and estate agent, etc.

Amendments

2. Harcourt Books, Dublin, name and address changed, now Museum Bookshop, 35 Kildare Street, Dublin 2, TN.: D u b h 65550.

23. Frank Hammond, Birmingham, now at 63 Birmingham Road, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.

34, Castle Bookshop (Mr. A. B. Doncaster), from Museurn Street, Colchester, now at 37 North Hill, Colchester, Essex, TN.: 77520.

36. Raymond Tranfield,from 31 Hart Street, Henley, now at 3a Wharfe Lane, Hedey-on-Thames, Oxon. (postal business only).

3 8. A. D. ~ i l l ey from The Green, Twickmharn, now at "Dimora", Castle Road, Saltwood, Near Hythe, Kent. TN.: Hythe 67858.

38. The Cromweu Bookshop (Mr. S. A. Maher),from Montague Road, Houns- low, now at 19 Station Road, Egham, Surrey. TN.: Egham 2150.

42. H. Baron,from Christchurch Avenue, N. W.6, now at 136 Chatsworth Road, London, N.W.2. TN. : WILlesden 203s.

43. C. E. ~alkeld, change ofproprietor and name, now The Old Bookshop, 70 Dulwich Village, London, s.E.21. Prop.: Mrs. Freda A. Macaulay.

44. John Harkness, from 15 Elystan Street, S. W.3, now at 16za Sloane Street, Chelsea, London, S.W.I.

October 1961 127

46. Lloyds Books, from Surrey Street, W.C.2, now at 9 Moreland Buildings, Mdlbank, London, S.W.I. TN. : TATe 0400.

46. Malcolm Gardner, from Earnshaw Street, W.C.2, now at Old Oasthouse, Otford, Sevenoaks, Kent.

54. Edward H. Carlson, change of street number, now at 3 Burrows Way, Northam, Bideford, Devon. Private premises: appointment necessary.

5 5 . E. W. Hooper, frowi Stonehouse, Plymouth, now at 2 Thurlestone Court, Dartmouth, Devon.

61. G. Burman Lowe, frowi Fairlight, Hustings, Sussex, now at St. Margaret's Cross, The Moor, Hawkhurst, Kent. TN.: Hawkhurst 3355.

The name of John Roberts Press is well

known to collectors of fine editions

and privately printed books. Their pro-

ductions range from the twenty-guinea

magnificence of a folio 'Song of Songs'

to the more modest charm of 'Twelve

by Eight', recently published by the Private Libraries Association.

Many bibliophiles cause small books

to be privately printed, so to clothe

some favoured item in worthy typo-

graphical dress. They may cost little

more than a good Christmas card -

though there is, of course, no limit at

the opposite end of the scale.

Those contemplating the production

of a book or booklet 'printed for their

friends' may expect interested co- t

operation from John Roberts Press Ltd,

14 Clerkenwell Green, London ECI. October 1961