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PRIYADHARSHINI S
SUPERCOMPUTERS
OVERVIEW
The term is commonly applied to the fastest high-performance systems in existence at the time of their construction
Typically multi core Housed in large clean rooms with high air
flow to permit cooling Used to solve problems that are too
massive for standard computers
HISTORY First supercomputer built by Seymour Cray in
Control Data Corporation (CDC) in 1957 CDC 1604 one of the first computers to replace
vacuum tubes with transistors IBM responded with IBM 7030 (or Stretch) in 1961 In 1964, Cray’s CDC 6600 replaced Stretch as the
fastest computer on earth with 3 million floating-point operations per second (FLOPS)
The term supercomputer coined to describe CDC 6600
Cray-1 introduced in 1976, was the first successful implementation of vector processing (can operate on pairs of lists of numbers)
Cray was also one of the pioneers of multiprocessing, implemented in Cray X-MP introduced in 1982
W. Daniel Hillis, a graduate student at MIT eliminated the single CPU in favor of decentralized controls in 1983
Hillis’s CM-1(Connection Machine), introduced in 1985 utilized 65,536 inexpensive one-bit processors, grouped 16 to a chip, to achieve several billion FLOPS
Currently, there are supercomputers that exceed 1000 TFLOPS; the first having been built by IBM in 2008
FEATURES More than one CPU necessitated by physical
limits of circuit technology
Large storage capacity
Very fast input/output capability
Cryogenic fluids are used for cooling
Price tag ranges from $500,000 to millions of dollars
Linux and Unix are the most commonly used operating systems
Fortran is the language most preferred for scientific programming
ARCHITECTURE Most supercomputers are clusters of MIMD
multiprocessors, each processor of which is SIMD
A SIMD processor executes the same instruction on more than one set of data at the same time
MIMD is employed to achieve parallelism, by using a number of processors that function asynchronously and independently
APPLICATIONS
fluid dynamics weather patterns seismic activity prediction nuclear explosion dynamics human genome sequencing credit card transaction processing design and testing of modern aircraft molecular modeling cryptology
Supercomputers are used to perform the most compute-intensive tasks of modern times
First computer to defeat a world champion!!
Garry Kasparov
Deep Blue
In February 1996, IBM’s Deep Blue defeated grandmaster Garry Kasparov. It was then assigned to predict the weather in Atlanta, Georgia, during the 1996 Summer Olympic Games
MANUFACTURERS IBM Aspen Systems SGI Cray Research Compaq Hewlett-Packard Thinking Machines Cray Computer Corporation Control Data Corporation
Cray-1
IBM Roadrunner
REFERENCES
http://www.infoweblinks.com/content/supercomputers.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer
http://www.britannica.com
http://www.cisl.ucar.edu/computers/gallery/index.jsp