PRNG

• PRNG

https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Common Lisp Other types

1 Common Lisp has a built-in pseudo-random number generator (PRNG).

Random state objects represent reusable sources of pseudo-random numbers, allowing the user to seed

the PRNG or cause it to replay a sequence.


Hardware random number generator

1 Hardware random number generators are often relatively slow,

that is they produce a limited number of random bits per second. In order to increase the data rate,

they are often used to generate the "seed" for a faster cryptographic PRNG, which then generates the pseudorandom output sequence.


Hardware random number generator - Cryptography

1 Because the sequence of numbers produced by a PRNG is predictable, data encrypted with pseudorandom numbers is potentially vulnerable to

cryptanalysis


Hardware random number generator - Physical phenomena without quantum-random properties

1 When several such sources are combined carefully (as in, for

example, the Yarrow algorithm or Fortuna CSPRNGs), enough entropy can be collected for the creation of

cryptographic keys and nonces, though generally at restricted rates


Hardware random number generator - PRNG with periodically refreshed random key

1 Other designs use what are believed to be true random bits as the key for a high

quality block cipher algorithm, taking the encrypted output as the random bit

stream. Care must be taken in these cases to select an appropriate block mode,

however. In some implementations, the PRNG is run for a limited number of digits,

while the hardware generating device produces a new seed.


Hardware random number generator - Using observed events

1 Software engineers without true random number generators often try to develop them by measuring physical events available to the software. An example is measuring the time

between user keystrokes, and then taking the least significant bit (or two or three) of the count as a random digit. A similar approach

measures task-scheduling, network hits, disk-head seek times and other internal events. One Microsoft design includes a very long list of such

internal values (see the CSPRNG article).


Block cipher - Relation to other cryptographic primitives

1 Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators (CSPRNGs) can be built

using block ciphers.


Cryptographic hash function - Use in building other cryptographic primitives

1 Pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) can be built using hash

functions. This is done by combining a (secret) random seed with a

counter and hashing it.


RSA BSAFE - Dual_EC_DRBG backdoor

1 The cryptographic community had been aware that Dual_EC_DRBG was

a very poor CSPRNG since shortly after the specification was posted in 2005, and by 2007 it had become

apparent that the CSPRNG seemed to be designed to contain a hidden backdoor for NSA, usable only by

NSA via a secret key


Intel Active Management Technology - Intel AMT security technologies and methodologies

1 * Pseudo-random number generator

(PRNG) which generates session keys


Intel vPro - Technologies and methodologies

1 * A pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) in the firmware of the AMT PC, which generates high-quality

session keys for secure communication.


Stream cipher - Security

1 Some applications using the stream cipher RC4 are attackable because of weaknesses in RC4's key setup routine; new applications

should either avoid RC4 or make sure all keys are unique and ideally related key|unrelated (such as generated by a well-

seeded Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator|CSPRNG or a cryptographic hash function) and that

the first bytes of the keystream are discarded.


Stream cipher - Trivia

1 * United States National Security Agency documents sometimes use

the term 'combiner-type algorithms', referring to algorithms that use some function to combine a pseudorandom

number generator (PRNG) with a plaintext stream.


Adult industry - Sociological objections

1 Additionally, some researchers claim that pornography causes unequivocal harm to society by increasing rates of sexual

assault,Malamuth, Neil M.: Do Sexually Violent Media Indirectly Contribute to Antisocial Behavior?,

[http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/C/K/W/], page 10 a line of research which has been critiqued in The effects of

Pornography: An International Perspective on external validity grounds,[http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/pornograp

hy/prngrphy_ovrvw.html The effects of Pornography: An International Perspective] while others claim there is a

correlation between pornography and a decrease of sex crimes.[http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/BIB/DIAM/effects_pornography.htm The Effects of Pornography: An International

Perspective] University of Hawaii Porn 101: Eroticism, Pornography, and the First Amendment: Milton Diamond Ph.D.


Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator

1 A 'cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator'

('CSPRNG') is a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) with

properties that make it suitable for use in cryptography.



1 A CSPRNG can stretch the available entropy

over more bits.



1 Note also the usage 'CPRNG' (cryptographic pseudo-random number

generator).


Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator - Requirements

1 The requirements of an ordinary PRNG are also satisfied by a

cryptographically secure PRNG, but the reverse is not true. CSPRNG

requirements fall into two groups: first, that they pass statistical

randomness tests; and secondly, that they hold up well under serious

attack, even when part of their initial or running state becomes available

to an attacker.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 *Every CSPRNG should satisfy the next-bit test



1 *Every CSPRNG should withstand state compromise extensions. In the event that

part or all of its state has been revealed (or guessed correctly), it should be impossible

to reconstruct the stream of random numbers prior to the revelation.

Additionally, if there is an entropy input while running, it should be infeasible to use

knowledge of the input's state to predict future conditions of the CSPRNG state.



1 :: Example: If the CSPRNG under consideration produces output by

computing bits of pi|π in sequence, starting from some unknown point in

the binary expansion, it may well satisfy the next-bit test and thus be statistically random, as π appears to

be a random sequence



1 Second, for most PRNGs, when their state has been revealed, all past

random numbers can be retrodicted, allowing an attacker to read all past messages, as well as future ones.


Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator - Designs

1 In the discussion below, CSPRNG designs are divided into three

classes: 1) those based on cryptographic primitives such as

ciphers and cryptographic hashes, 2) those based upon mathematical

problems thought to be hard, and 3) special-purpose designs


Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator - Designs based on cryptographic primitives

1 Obviously, the period will be 2n for an n-bit block cipher; equally

obviously, the initial values (i.e., key (cryptography)|key and plaintext)

must not become known to an attacker, however good this CSPRNG

construction might be



1 * A cryptographically secure cryptographic hash function|hash of a

counter might also act as a good CSPRNG in some cases. In this case, it is also necessary that the initial value of

this counter is random and secret. However, there has been little study of these algorithms for use in this manner, and at least some authors warn against

this use.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 * Most stream ciphers work by generating a pseudorandom stream of bits that are combined (almost always XOR cipher|XORed) with the plaintext; running the cipher on a counter will return a new

pseudorandom stream, possibly with a longer period. The cipher is only secure if the original stream is a good CSPRNG (this

is not always the case: see RC4 cipher). Again, the initial state must be kept secret.


Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator - Special designs

1 There are a number of practical PRNGs that have been designed to

be cryptographically secure, including


Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator - Special designs

1 *the Fortuna (PRNG)|Fortuna algorithm, the successor to Yarrow, which does not attempt to evaluate

the entropic quality of its inputs.


Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator - Standards

1 * [http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-90A/SP800-90A.pdf NIST SP 800-90A]:

This standard has three uncontroversial CSPRNGs named Hash_DRBG,

HMAC_DRBG, and CTR_DRBG; and a PRNG named Dual_EC_DRBG which has been

shown to not be cryptographically secure and probably has a Kleptography|

kleptographic NSA backdoor.


Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator - NSA backdoor in the Dual_EC_DRBG PRNG

1 Both papers report that, as independent security experts long

suspected, the NSA has been introducing weaknesses into CSPRNG

standard 800-90; this being confirmed for the first time by one of the top secret documents leaked to the Guardian by Edward Snowden


Rolling code - Techniques

1 * Common PRNG (Pseudo Random Number Generator) mdash;

preferably Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator|cryptographically secure mdash; in

both transmitter and receiver


Random number generation

1 However, carefully designed cryptographically secure

computationally based methods of generating random numbers do

exist, such as those based on the Yarrow algorithm and the Fortuna

(PRNG) and others.


Random number generation - True random numbers vs. pseudo-random numbers

1 Carefully designed and implemented pseudo-random number generators can even be certified for security-

critical cryptographic purposes, as is the case with the yarrow algorithm

and fortuna (PRNG)


Random number generation - Computational methods

1 Pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) are algorithms that can

automatically create long runs of numbers with good random properties but eventually

the sequence repeats (or the memory usage grows without bound). The string of

values generated by such algorithms is generally determined by a fixed number called a 'seed.' One of the most common

PRNG is the linear congruential generator, which uses the recurrence


RSA (security firm) - Alleged NSA Dual_EC_DRBG backdoor

1 The standard did also not fix the unrelated (to the backdoor) problem

that the CSPRNG was slightly predictable, which Gjøsteen had pointed out earlier in 2006, and

which lead Gjøsteen to call Dual_EC_DRBG not cryptographically

sound


RSA (security firm) - Alleged NSA Dual_EC_DRBG backdoor

1 On , Reuters' Joseph Menn reported that NSA secretly paid RSA Security

$10 million in 2004 to set Dual_EC_DRBG as the default

CSPRNG in BSAFE


Microsoft CryptoAPI - Cryptography API: Next Generation

1 CNG also replaces the default PRNG with CTR_DRBG using AES as the block cipher, because the earlier RNG which is defined in the now

superseded FIPS 186-2 is based on either Data Encryption Standard|DES

or SHA-1, both which have been broken. CTR_DRBG is one of the two

algorithms in NIST SP 800-90 endorsed by Schneier, the other

being Hash_DRBG.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Niels Ferguson

1 In 1999, Niels Ferguson, together with Bruce Schneier and John Kelsey

(cryptanalyst)|John Kelsey, developed the Yarrow algorithm random number

generator. Yarrow was later developed by Niels Ferguson and Bruce Schneier into the Fortuna (PRNG)|Fortuna random number

generator.


Block ciphers - Relation to other cryptographic primitives

1 * Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators (CSPRNGs) can be built using block

ciphers.[http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-90A/SP800-90A.pdf

NIST Special Publication 800-90A Recommendation for Random

Number Generation Using Deterministic Random Bit

Generators]https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

FileVault - Master passwords and recovery keys

1 When FileVault 2 is enabled whilst the system is running: the system creates and displays a recovery key for the computer, and optionally offers the user to store the key with Apple. The 120 bit recovery key is encoded with all letters and numbers 1 through 9, and read from /dev/random,

and therefore relies on the security of the PRNG used in OS X. During a cryptanalysis in 2012, this mechanism was found safe.


Dual EC DRBG

1 'Dual Elliptic Curve Deterministic Random Bit Generator' ('Dual_EC_DRBG') is a

claimed cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG)

standardized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), ANSI, and ISO. Dual_EC_DRBG is based on the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP)

and is one of the four CSPRNGs standardized in NIST SP 800-90A.


Dual EC DRBG

1 The alleged backdoor would allow NSA to decrypt for example Transport

Layer Security|SSL/TLS encryption which used Dual_EC_DRBG as a

CSPRNG


Dual EC DRBG - Security

1 Brown works for Certicom, the main owner of elliptic curve cryptography

patents, so there may be a conflict of interest in promoting an EC CSPRNG.


Dual EC DRBG - Security

1 The alleged NSA backdoor would allow the attacker to determine the internal state of the random number generator from looking at the output

from a single round (32 bytes); all future output of the random number

generator can then easily be calculated, until the CSPRNG is

reseeded with an external source of randomness


Dual EC DRBG - Standardization and implementations

1 The low truncation was in 2006 shown by Gjøsteen to make the RNG predictable and therefore unusable

as a CSPRNG, even if Q had not been chosen to contain a back door



1 In 2013, after the New York Times reported that Dual_EC_DRBG

contained a backdoor by the NSA, RSA Security said they had not been

aware of any backdoor when they made the deal with NSA, and told

their customers to switch CSPRNG.



1 OpenSSL did not use Dual_EC_DRBG as the default CSPRNG, and it was

discovered in 2013 that a bug made the OpenSSL implementation of Dual_EC_DRBG non-functioning, meaning that no one could have

been using it.



1 RSA Security had kept Dual_EC_DRBG as the default

CSPRNG in BSAFE even after the wider cryptographic community became aware of the potential

backdoor in 2007, but there does not seem to have been a general

awareness of BSAFE's usage of Dual_EC_DRBG as a user option in

the communityhttps://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Dual EC DRBG - Software and hardware which contained the possible backdoor

1 A list of products which have had their CSPRNG-implementation FIPS 140-2 validated is

available at http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/STM/cavp/documents/drbg/drbgval.html ; The validated CSPRNGs are listed in the Description/Notes field. Note that even if Dual_EC_DRBG is listed as validated, it may not have been enabled by default. Many

implementations come from a renamed copy of a library implementation.

http://veridicalsystems.com/blog/secure-or-compliant-pick-one/


Dual EC DRBG - Software and hardware which contained the possible backdoor

1 Bruce Schneier has pointed out that even if not enabled by default, having a backdoored CSPRNG

implemented as an option can make it easier for NSA to spy on targets:


One-time pad

1 There is some ambiguity to the term because some authors use the terms

Vernam cipher and one-time pad synonymously, while others refer to

any additive stream cipher as a Vernam cipher, including those based

on a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator

(CSPRNG).


Dd (Unix) - Disk wipe

1 (The PRNG behind /dev/urandom may be slower than libc's.) On most relatively modern drives, zeroing the drive will render any data it contains

permanently irrecoverable.


Lp (Unix)

1 While similar in name and function, it is a different program from Plan 9 from Bell Labs|Plan 9's lp, fellow UNIX-like BSD's lpr, or MS-DOS's LPT#Interfaces|LPT. The LPRng

project provides lp as a wrapper to the lpr command.


Lpr

1 It is also the standard name for the printer command in the

LPRng project


Crypto-anarchism - Cryptography and law

1 Technologies enabling this sort of rapidly rekeyed encryption include public-key cryptography, Hardware

random number generator|hardware PRNGs, perfect forward secrecy, and

opportunistic encryption


Fluhrer, Mantin and Shamir attack - The attack

1 With certain IVs, an Alice and Bob|attacker knowing the first byte of the

keystream and the first m bytes of the key can derive the (m+1)th byte of the key due to a weakness in the

PRNG used to generate the keystream


List of algorithms - Cryptography

1 ** Fortuna (PRNG)|Fortuna, intended as an improvement

on Yarrow algorithm


Anti-pornography - Harm-based views

1 Some researchers claim that pornography causes unequivocal harm to society by increasing rates of sexual assault,Malamuth,

Neil M.: Do Sexually Violent Media Indirectly Contribute to Antisocial Behavior?, [http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/C/K/W/],

page 10 a line of research which has been critiqued in The effects of Pornography: An International

Perspective.[http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/pornography/prngrphy_ovrvw.html The effects of Pornography: An International Perspective] In contradiction to this, other researchers claim that there is a correlation between

pornography and a decrease of sex crimes.[http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/BIB/DIAM/effects_pornography.htm The

Effects of Pornography: An International Perspective] University of Hawaii Porn 101: Eroticism, Pornography, and the First

Amendment: Milton Diamond Ph.D.


Greg Stein

1 Stein most recently worked as an engineering manager at Google, where he helped launch

Google's [http://code.google.com/hosting open-source hosting platform]. Stein publicly announced his departure from Google via his

blog on July 29, 2008.[http://prng.blogspot.com/ Greg Stein's Blog] Prior to Google, he worked for Oracle

Corporation, eShop, Microsoft, CollabNet, and as an independent developer.


Slot machines - Random number generators

1 All modern machines are designed using pseudo random number generators (PRNGs), which are constantly generating a sequence of simulated random numbers, at a rate of

hundreds or perhaps thousands per second. As soon as the Play button is pressed, the

most recent random number is used to determine the result. This means that the

result varies depending on exactly when the game is played. A fraction of a second earlier

or later, and the result would be different.


Slot machines - Random number generators

1 Having access to the PRNG code and seed values


Applications of randomness - Cryptography

1 Such random number generators are called cryptographically secure

pseudo-random number generators, and several have been implemented

(for example, the /dev/urandom device available on most Unixes, the Yarrow algorithm|Yarrow and Fortuna (PRNG)|Fortuna designs, server, and

ATT Bell Laboratories truerand)


Pseudorandom number generator

1 The PRNG-generated sequence is not truly random, because it is

completely determined by a relatively small set of initial values,

called the PRNG's random seed|seed (which may include truly random

values)



1 PRNGs are central in applications such as simulations (e.g. for the Monte Carlo method), electronic games (e.g. for

procedural generation), and cryptography. Cryptographic applications require the

output not to be predictable from earlier outputs, and more Cryptographically

secure pseudorandom number generator|elaborate algorithms, which do not inherit the linearity of simpler PRNGs, are needed.



1 Good statistical properties are a central requirement for the output of a PRNG. In general, careful mathematical analysis is

required to have any confidence that a PRNG generates numbers that are sufficiently close to random to suit the intended use. John von

Neumann cautioned about the misinterpretation of a PRNG as a truly random

generator, and joked that Anyone who considers arithmetical methods of producing random digits is, of course, in a state of sin.


Pseudorandom number generator - Periodicity

1 However, since the length of the period potentially doubles with each bit of state added, it is easy to build PRNGs with periods long enough for

many practical applications.



1 Although PRNGs will repeat their results after they reach the end of their period, a repeated result does not imply that the end of the period has been reached, since its internal state may be larger than its output;

this is particularly obvious with PRNGs with a 1-bit output.



1 The size of its period is an important factor in the cryptographic suitability

of a PRNG, but not the only one.


Pseudorandom number generator - Potential problems with deterministic generators

1 In practice, the output from many common PRNGs exhibit artifact

(error)|artifacts which cause them to fail statistical pattern-detection tests.

These include:



1 Defects exhibited by flawed PRNGs range from unnoticeable (and unknown) to very obvious. An

example was the RANDU random number algorithm used for decades

on mainframe computers. It was seriously flawed, but its inadequacy

went undetected for a very long time.



1 In many fields, much research work prior to the 21st century that relied on random selection or on Monte

Carlo Method|Monte Carlo simulations, or in other ways relied

on PRNGs, is much less reliable than it might have been as a result of

using poor-quality PRNGs.Press et al



1 The first PRNG to avoid major problems and still run fairly fast was

the Mersenne Twister (discussed below), which was published in 1998. Other high-quality PRNGs have since

been developed.


Pseudorandom number generator - Generators based on linear recurrences

1 In the second half of the 20th century, the standard class of algorithms used for PRNGs

comprised linear congruential generators. The quality of LCGs was known to be inadequate, but better methods were unavailable. Press etal. (2007) described the result thus: If all scientific papers whose results are in doubt

because of [LCGs and related] were to disappear from library shelves, there would be

a gap on each shelf about as big as your fist.Press etal. (2007) §7.1


Pseudorandom number generator - Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators

1 In general, years of review may be required before an algorithm can be certified as a

CSPRNG.



1 Some classes of CSPRNGs include

the following:



1 * PRNGs that have been designed specifically to be cryptographically

secure, such as Microsoft's Cryptographic Application

Programming Interface function CryptGenRandom, the Yarrow

algorithm (incorporated in Mac OS X and FreeBSD), and Fortuna (PRNG)|

Fortuna.


Pseudorandom number generator - Early approaches

1 An early computer-based PRNG, suggested by John von Neumann in

1946, is known as the middle-square method


Pseudorandom number generator - Non-uniform generators

1 Numbers selected from a non-uniform probability distribution can

be generated using a Uniform distribution (continuous)|uniform

distribution PRNG and a function that relates the two distributions.


Pseudorandom number generator - Non-uniform generators

1 \operatorname^(x) with an ideal uniform PRNG with range (0, 1) as

input x would produce a sequence of (positive only) values with a

Gaussian distribution; however


Key generation

1 PRNGs that use system entropy to Random seed|seed data generally produce better results, since this makes the initial conditions of the PRNG much more difficult for an

attacker to guess


Rule 30 - Structure and properties

1 Stephen Wolfram proposed using its center column as a pseudorandom

number generator (PRNG); it passes many standard tests for randomness,

and Wolfram uses this rule in the Mathematica product for creating

random integers


Lamport signature - Short private key

1 Note a cryptographically secure hash (or at least whose output is not

XORed with the seed) can not be used instead of CSPRNG because signing a message would reveal

additional random values from the private key


Lamport signature - Short private key

1 In the same manner a single key can be used together with a CSPRNG to

create many Lamport keys. Preferably then some kind of random access CSPRNG should be used, such

as Blum Blum Shub|BBS.


Lamport signature - Short keys and signature

1 Winternitz signature compression reduces the size of the private key

and public key by slightly less than a factor of the 2*\text , and half that

factor for the signature. The computation increases by slightly

more than a factor of (2^\text )/(\text ). A cryptographically secure hash suffices instead of the requirement

for a CSPRNG.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Linear congruential generator - Comparison with other PRNGs

1 A Linear feedback shift register|Linear Feedback Shift Register PRNG can be implemented with essentially

the same amount of memory and produces a stream of pseudorandom

numbers with better randomness qualities when considering streams

of bits, albeit with a bit more computation.


List of Puerto Ricans - Military

1 * 'Emilio Díaz Colón', Major General, U.S. Army; PRNGDíaz-Colón is the first Superintendent of

the Puerto Rican Police who once served as the Adjutant General of the Puerto Rican National

Guard.[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43657273/ns/world_news-americas/t/puerto-rico-

chooses-soldier-next-police-chief/ Puerto Rico chooses soldier for next police

chief][http://www.noticel.com/noticia/106958/fortuno-designa-al-nuevo-superintendente.html

Noticentro]


BlackBerry Internet Service - Intelligence agency access

1 The BlackBerry software includes support for the Dual_EC_DRBG CSPRNG algorithm,

which due to being probably backdoor (computing)|backdoored by NSA, NIST

strongly recommends no longer be used. BlackBerry Ltd. has however not issued an advisory to its customers, because they do

not consider the probable backdoor a vulnerability. BlackBerry Ltd. also owns US

patent 2007189527, which covers the technical design of the backdoor.


Online casinos - Virtual casino games

1 PRNGs use a set of mathematical instructions known as an algorithm to generate a long stream of numbers

that give the impression of true randomness


Online casinos - Virtual casino games

1 When implemented correctly, a PRNG algorithm such as the Mersenne

Twister will ensure that the games are both fair and unpredictable


Chiptune - Overview

1 Common waveform generator configurations usually included two

or three simple waveforms and often a single pseudo-random-noise

generator (PRNG)


Fort Allen, Puerto Rico - History

1 * 1985: The Puerto Rico National Guard Language Center 'PRNGLC' relocated to Fort

Allen.


Fort Allen, Puerto Rico - History

1 * 2011: The Fort Allen Armed Forces Reserve Center 'AFRC' was inaugurated and dedicated

posthumously to the 6th Puerto Rico Adjutant General|Adjutant General of

the Puerto Rico National Guard 'PRNG' and founder of the Language Center at Fort Allen, Major General Salvador M. Padilla Escabi|Salvador

Padilla Escabi.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Fort Allen, Puerto Rico - Armed Forces Reserve Center

1 This facility was dedicated posthumously to 6th Adjutant

General of the Puerto Rico National Guard PRNG and founder of the

Language Center at Fort Allen, Major General Salvador Padilla Escabi.


Licchavi (kingdom) - Bhadgaon

1 Bhadgaon was a small village called Khoprn (Sanskrit Khoprngrama) along

the main trade route. This is the precursor to Bhaktapur.


Entropy (computing) - Weaknesses

1 Because Entropy is always needed when producing cryptographic keys, and because

security agencies around the world are mandated by laws like

Communications_Assistance_for_Law_Enforcement_Act|CALEA etc to eavesdrop on

foreigners, it's common practice for them to surreptitiously or procedurally modify PRNG implementations to return entropy that they at least partially control (usually through the

use of asymmetric elliptic cryptography)


Entropy (computing) - Security

1 In some cases a Hacker (computer security)|cracker (malicious attacker) can guess some bits of entropy from

the output of a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG), and this

happens when not enough entropy is introduced into the

PRNG.[http://osdir.com/ml/encryption.general/2005-01/msg00074.html Re:

entropy depletion (was: SSL/TLS passive sniffing)], 2005


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