349

accelerating methods 133ACF (average capacity factor) 159ACI (annual capital investment) or AI

(annual investment) 229, 293, 295ACHL [average customer hours lost (per

event)] 289, 290active failure 94, 263adequacy indices 86ADLC (average duration of load

curtailments) 87, 99, 107annuity method 135A posteriori test 33AR (autoregression) 30ARMV (autoregression moving average) 30ATC (available transfer capability) 5autocorrelation function 29

benefi t/cost analysis 139, 232, 251BCR (benefi t/cost ratio) 12, 139, 295, 302binomial distribution 310breaker stuck condition 95bus load model 45, 46

CRF (capital return factor) 129, 131, 229cash fl ow 127, 128, 141CBM (capacity benefi t margin) 5CBR (cost/benefi t ratio) 296, 305CDF (customer damage function) 17, 91,

92CEA (Canadian Electricity Association) 165,

169central moments 55CI (capital investment) 295CHL (customer hours lost) 285, 289, 290

INDEX

coeffi cient of variance 317conditional probability 116, 310conductance 152, 154constriction factor approach 70contingency analysis 72contingency ranking 75continuation power fl ow 76correction step 78correlation 42, 101correlation coeffi cient 43, 314correlation matrix 43cost components 124covariance 314covariance matrix 43CRCI (combined relative contribution index)

296, 297crossover 66cumulant 55current carrying capacity 157, 158

DC power fl ow 52declining balance method 133defuzzifi cation 196delivery point 171delivery point indices 171, 172, 175depreciable life 132depreciation 131depreciation rate 133, 134, 135discount rate 125DPUI (delivery point unreliability index)

173, 289, 290

EAIC (equivalent annual investment cost) 143

Probabilistic Transmission System Planning, by Wenyuan LiCopyright © 2011 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

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350 INDEX

EAOUC (equivalent annual operation and unreliability cost) 143

EAV (equivalent annual value) 138ECDTIR (expected cost damage due to

transient instability risk) 119economic life 132, 143EDC (expected damage cost) 88, 242, 294EDLC (expected duration of load

curtailments) 87EDNS (expected demand not supplied) 88EENS (expected energy not supplied) 12, 88,

98, 106, 198, 204, 294EFLC (expected frequency of load

curtailments) 87, 99, 106ELCAVI (expected load curtailment to avoid

voltage instability) 114end value factor 127, 129, 130, 131ENLC (expected number of load

curtailments) 87, 204EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) 45equipment life 132equipment outage indices 164, 167, 169equipment parameters 150equipment ratings 155equivalence 327ETC (existing transmission commitment) 5exponential distribution 311

FACTS (fl exible AC transmission system) 2, 80

fast decoupled method 51fault probability models 115FFBPNN (feedforward backpropagation

neural network) 34fi tness function 65FOR (forced outage rate) 167F-test 25fuzziness 181fuzzy matrix 327fuzzy models 182, 183, 185,186fuzzy numbers 323fuzzy relations 326fuzzy sets 321

GA (genetic algorithm) 64

hidden layers 34HVDC (high-voltage direct current) 2, 4, 80,

216–224, 247–254

IDC (interest during construction) 124IEAR (interruption energy assessment rate)

89IIRR (incremental internal rate of return)

140IRC (incremental reliability cost) 266IRI (incremental reliability index) 13inertia weight approach 70infl ation rate 126input layer 34intersection 309interval estimation 315inverse transform method 317investment cost 124IPM (interior point method) 60IPP (independent power producer) 2, 5,

177IRR (internal rate of return) 140

K-mean clustering 37, 39kurtosis 54

labeled bus set approach 96LCF (load coincidence factor) 161, 230learning process 36linear regression 22load clustering 37load forecast 22, 32load forecast equation 32loading capacity 159, 160LOLE (loss of load expectation) 13

MA (moving average) 30maintenance outage 94Markov equations 333mathematical expectation 313maximum likelihood estimation 314membership function 184, 185, 186, 190,

198, 204, 325, 326membership function grade 184minimum cutset 261, 264, 333, 336minimum load curtailment model 104Monte Carlo method 55Monte Carlo simulation 316MTTF (mean time to failure) 101, 330MTTR (mean time to repair) 101, 330multistate model 101multistep load model 37mutation 67

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INDEX 351

N-1 criterion 4, 12NBPV (net benefi t present value) 139nearness coeffi cient 40NERC (North American Electric Reliability

Corporation) 3, 161neural network forecast 34Newton-Raphson method 50nominal interest rate 126nonlinear regression 26nonsequential sampling 102normal distribution 311

OD (outage duration) 165OF (outage frequency) 166OLTC (on-load tap changer) 108, 109, 276,

278–280OMA (operation, maintenance and

administration) 12operation cost 124OPF (optimal power fl ow) 16, 57outage modes 94output layer 34overlapping failure 263

parallel network 332passive failure 94, 263physical lifetime 132PLC (probability of load curtailments) 86,

98, 106, 198, 204point estimation method 54power fl ow 50prediction step 77present value 127, 229present value factor 129, 130, 131present value method 125probabilistic cost criteria 12probabilistic economic analysis 17probabilistic power fl ow 53probabilistic reliability evaluation 14, 85probabilistic time series 28probabilistic transient stability 114probabilistic voltage stability 107PSI (probability of system instability) 89PSO (particle swarm optimization) 69PTI (probability of transient instability)

119PST (purchase and service taxes) 124PVI (probability of voltage instability) 113PVTC (present value of total cost) 137

RCBR (relative CBR) 294, 296, 297random-number generator 317randomness 181RAS (remedial action scheme) 5, 89,

118raw moments 55reactance 151, 153, 155real interest rate 126recombination 66reduced Jacobian matrix 78refl exivity 40, 327regression coeffi cients 23, 24regression equation 22regression forecast 25reinsertion 67reliability evaluation method 217reliability functions 329reliability indices 86reliability worth indices 88repairable component 330resemblance 40, 327resistance 150, 153, 154RI (risk index) 89risk premium rate 126risky real interest rate 126RUIVR (relative UIVR) 294, 296, 297

salvage value 132, 143sample covariance 315sample mean 315sample variance 315SARI (system average restoration index)

173security indices 89selection 65sequential sampling 103series network 331sigmoid function 34single-circuit supply system 283SFF (sinking fund factor) 130, 131skewness 54SPS (special protection system) 5, 89, 118,

119stationary time series 29standard deviation 313STATCOM (static synchronous

compensator) 4state enumeration technique 95statistical test 23

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352 INDEX

straight-line method 132susceptance 151, 153, 155SVC (static VAR compensator) 4symmetry 40, 327system operation limits 161

TEAC (total equivalent annual cost) 144technical lifetime 132TCI (total capital investment) 293total year number method 134transient instability risk 118transient stability 80transitivity 41, 327TRM (transmission reliability margin) 5T-SAIDI [system average interruption

duration index (for transmission systems)] 13, 172, 289, 290

T-SAIFI [(system average interruption frequency index (for transmission systems)) 13, 172

TTC (total transfer capability) 5t-test 24two-state model 101

UIC (unit interruption cost) 12, 88, 90, 301UIRV (unit incremental reliability value) 293unavailability 167, 241uncertainty 42, 100, 181union 310unreliability cost 125

variance 313variance of sample mean 316voltage collapse point 78voltage instability risk 113voltage stability 76

WAMS (wide-area measurement system) 2, 5WECC (Western Electricity Coordinating

Council) 161Weibull distribution 240, 312WRI (weighted reliability index) 292WTA (willingness to accept) 91WTP (willingness to pay) 91

ZIP(impedance, current and power) model 45

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