Problem Solving 2.pptx

8/10/2019 Problem Solving 2.pptx

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PART 2:

PROBLEM SOLVING


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MUHAMMAD ISHA ISMAIL

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this session, students should be

able to:

1. Definethe term problem solving.

2. Explainthe steps involved in problem solving.

3. Describevarious problem solving tools with

exampleshow to use the tools.

4. Create a problem and Applythe steps in

problem solving to solve the problem.


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Contents

Definition of Problem Solving

Steps in Problem Solving

Problem Solving Tools

References


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Problem Solving

What is problem solving?

- A systematic approach to defining the problem

and creating a possible solutions.

- The process of transforming the description of

a problem into the solution by using knowledge

of the problem domain and use appropriate

problem solving strategies, techniques, and

tools.


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Steps in Problem Solving

Analyse the Problem

Develop a Plan

Implement the Plan

Evaluate the outcome 5

4

3

2

Define the Problem 1

PROBLEM SOLVED

Iftheproblemi

snt

so

lved


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Step 1: Define the problem.

- The first step in problem solving is to defineprecisely the problem that you want to solve.

- Think through the key facts about the problem,

and gather any relevant information.

- It is a good idea to be able to look at the

problem from the perspective of multiple people.

- This can be accomplished through selectinga group that will look at and define the problem

from their perspectives.


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Step 1: Define the problem (contd)

- Engineers solve problems by creating new

products, systems, or environments.

- Before creating something, it is very important to

define the problem. Otherwise, you might build

something only to find that it does not meet theoriginal goal.

- To define your problem, answer each of these

questions: What is the problem or need?

Who has the problem or need?

Why is it important to solve?


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Step 2: Analyse the problem.

- To act most effectively, at the root of theproblem, you should analyse its causes and

prioritize the most important factors.

- Acting on those critical causal factors will solvemost of the problem.

- The following are some of the principal tools

that enable you to analyse and prioritize theroot causes of identified problems and to assist

in problem-solving activities.


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Problem Solving Tools

- They are many tools that could be used toanalyse the problem.

- Some of them are:

1. Cause-and-effect diagram (Ishikawa orFishbone diagram)

2. Flowchart

3. Histogram

4. T-chart

5. Brainstorming


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Cause-and-effect diagram (Ishikawa

or Fishbone diagram)

- A diagram that presents a systematicrepresentation of the relationship between the

effect (result) and affecting factors (causes).

- Solving a problem in a scientific manner requiresclarification of a cause and effect relationship,

where the effect varies according to factors.

- To obtain a good work result, you must identifythe effects of various factors and develop

measures to improve the result accordingly.


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or Fishbone diagram) (contd)Example1

Mechanism of

Copying Machine

Quality of

Copying Paper

User SurroundingEnvironment

Smudges on the

copied surface

Internal devices not

working smoothly

Malfunction of

the roller

Printing toolightly

Too thin

Folded

Running out

of stock

Dampened

Keyboard handlingerror

Error in selecting a

scale of reduction

Error in

placement ofpaper (setting

its face up)

Error in

selecting

shading

Deterioration of

performance due

to hightemperatures

Nicotine-

stained

Dirt on theglass

surface

DustManyC

opyingErrors!

Mechanism of

Copying Machine

Quality of

Copying Paper

User SurroundingEnvironment

Smudges on the

copied surface

Internal devices not

working smoothly

Malfunction of

the roller

Printing toolightly

Too thin

Folded

Running out

of stock

Dampened

Keyboard handlingerror

Error in selecting a

scale of reduction

Error in

placement ofpaper (setting

its face up)

Error in

selecting

shading

Deterioration of

performance due

to hightemperatures

Nicotine-

stained

Dirt on theglass

surface

DustManyC

opyingErrors!


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or Fishbone diagram) (contd)

Example 2


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or Fishbone diagram) (contd)


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Flowchart

- A flow chart is a graphical representation of a

process by a different symbols and contains a

short description of the process step.

- They illustrate the flow of an activity or process

from beginning to end.

- Flowcharts are used in analysing, designing,

documenting or managing a process or

program in various fields.


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Flowchart (contd)

The standard symbols generally used are:SYMBOL DEFINITION

Processsteps.

Decisions, or branches inthe process.

Connectorswhich act asjump nodes from one

showing where the processstarts and stops.

Process flow direction.


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Flowchart (contd)

Example 1


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Flowchart (contd)

Example 2


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Histogram

- A histogram is a bar chart mainly used to show

the frequency of certain activities.

- In a histogram, the horizontal axis signifies

some quality being measured, while the vertical

axis measures frequency.

- It is similar to a Bar Chart, but a histogram

groups numbers into ranges.


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Histogram

Example 1


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Histogram

Example 2


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T-chart

- T-Chart (also known as weighted decision making

method) is an organizational tool that is designed to

place information into two separate columns.

- The purpose of the two columns is to enable group

compare various ideas and, in the end, make betterdecisions.

- Topics can include anything that can be cleanly divided

into two. For example, evaluating the pros and cons of

a major decision is a common use of T-Charts.

- Other opposing views that work well include facts vs.

opinions, advantages and disadvantages or strengths

and weaknesses.


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T-chart example (contd)

- This example weighs the pros and cons of buying

a new car to replace an old car.

- The weighted pros and cons are purely examples;

they are not in any way suggestions of how youshould make such a decision.

- the decision-making criteria depend on our own

personal situations and preferences and yourcriteria and weighting will change according to

time, situation, and probably your mood too.


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T-chart example (contd)

Should I replace my old car with a new one?

pros (for - advantages) score cons (against - disadvantages) score

better comfort 3 cost outlay will mean making sacrifices 5

lower fuel costs 3 higher insurance 3

lower servicing costs 4 time and hassle to choose and buy it 2

better for family use 3 disposal or sale of old car 2

better reliability 5big decisions like this scare and upset

me4

it'll be a load off my mind 2

total 6 pros 20 total 5 cons 16


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T-chart (contd)

- Use whatever scoring method you want to. The

example shows low scores but you can score

each item up to 10, or 20 or 100, whatever

makes sense to you personally.


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Brainstorming

- Brainstorming is a technique for generatinguseful ideas through open discussion among

team members.

- It works by focusing on a problem, and thendeliberately coming up with as many

deliberately unusual solutions as possible and

by pushing the ideas as far as possible- Brainstorming is not appropriate for testing an

idea; it is used to generate ideas


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Brainstorming (contd)

- There are four basic rules in brainstorming:

1. No criticism: Criticism of ideas are withheld during thebrainstorming session as the purpose is on generating variedand unusual ideals and extending or adding to these ideas.Criticism is reserved for the evaluation stage of the process.This allows the members to feel comfortable with the idea of

generating unusual ideas.2. Welcome unusual ideas: Unusual ideas are welcomed as it is

normally easier to "tame down" than to "tame up" as newways of thinking and looking at the world may provide bettersolutions.

3. Quantity Wanted: The greater the number of ideas generated,the greater the chance of producing a radical and effectivesolution.

4. Combine and improve ideas: Not only are a variety of idealswanted, but also ways to combine ideas in order to make them

better.


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Brainstorming (contd)

Brainstorming steps:

Gather the participants from as wide a range of disciplines

with as broad a range of experience as possible. This brings

many more creative ideas to the session.

Write down a brief description of the problem - the leadershould take control of the session, initially defining the

problem to be solved with any criteria that must be met, and

then keeping the session on course.

Write down all the solutions that come to mind. Do NOTinterpret the idea.

Once all the solutions have been written down, evaluate the

list to determine the best action to correct the problem.


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Step 3: Develop a plan.

- Once the solution has been selected, developsan action plan outlining how to implement the

solution.

- The plan should include action steps forimplementation, responsibilitiesfor specific

steps, target completion dates, and an

evaluation plan, including timelines.


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Step 4: Implement the plan.

- Once a plan of action has finished, we can startexecuting the plan.

- During this step, it must be supervised and

monitored to ensure that the plan is followedaccurately, implementing corrective action

when necessary.


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Step 5: Evaluate the outcome.

- The final step is to evaluate to outcome of the

executed plan. It is important to measure and

analyse its success.

- This tells you whether the solution has beeneffective in solving the problem and how useful

it will be in solving similar problems in the

future.


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References

Short, P. & Greer, J. (2002). Leadership in empowered schools: Themes from innovative efforts. Upper

Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

St. Croix River Education District (n.d.). Problem solving model. Retrieved on March 8, 2010, from:

http://www.scred.k12.mn.us/School/Index.cfm/go:site.Page/Page:29/Area:8/index.html

Zimmerman, J. (2006). Why some teachers resist change and what principals can do about it. NASSP

Bulletin 90(3), 238-249.


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Exercise

1. Defineterm problem solving

2. Listand Explain the steps in problem

solving.

3. Stateand Describefive tools that could

be use to analyse the problem. Provide

example to support your answer.

4. Create one example of problem andApplyproblem solving steps to solved the

problem.


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Problem Solving 2.pptx