PROCEDURE Helps us to do / make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions. (memberi petunjuk tentang cara melakukan atau membuat sesuatu melalui serangkaian tindakan atau langkah) For example: - step by step to operate a computer - step by step to make a tiramisu cake PROCEDURE GENERIC STRUCTURE (KERANGKA KARANGAN) 1. Title ( judul ) 2. Goal ( tujuan ) 3. Materials and equipment needed ( bahan dan peralatan yang dibutuhkan ) 4. Steps ( langkah-langkah ) LANGUAGE FEATURES (bentuk bahasa) UUSE IMPERATIVES (menggunakan kata perintah) IINCLUDE TECHNICAL TERMS (menggunakan istilah tehnis) UUSE WORDS THAT TELL THE READER HOW, WHEN, AND WHERE TO PERFORM THE TASK contoh Technical Terms Firstand then . ..next.After that... And dont forget to . Remember to .. Finally. HOW TO MAKE A LIST TITLE / GOAL A strip of paper, a pair of scissors, a ballpoint, a friend and a writing folder. Materials And equipment needed First, cut a strip of paper and then read the idea for this weeks list. Next, write your own list. And dont forget to read your list to a friend. Finally, when youre done, put your list into your writing folder. Steps IMPERATIVES (KATA PERINTAH) TECHNICAL TERMS (ISTILAH TEHNIS) O t h e r e x a m p l e s Title / Goal Playing a CD Material / Equipment Steps Title / Goal Making a Phone Call Material / Equipment Steps Title / Goal Making Instant Noodle Material / Equipment Steps Title / Goal Frying an Egg Material / Equipment Steps BICYCLE REPAIR Fixing A Flat Tire Equipment: As shown in the photo on the right, you dont need many tools to repair a flat tire. Shown, from left to right: get a pump, a spare tube and tire levers. Id also recommend carrying a patch kit, which comes in handy if you get back-to-back flats. And, get the full-on kit, rather than the so-called glue less kit because the regular patch kits fix the tube as good as new. Also, the longer the pump is, the easier it will be to inflate the tire. If you must get a mini because thats all you can carry or mount on your particular frame, be sure to test it before buying to ensure that it does the job (some minis require way too much pumping). Open the brake: As soon as you get that sinking feeling or hear the hiss of escaping air, let your ride partners know you have a flat (so they wont disappear over the horizon) and stop. If its a rear flat, shift onto the smallest rear cog. The first step in wheel removal is opening the brake (photos), which makes it easier to get the wheel out. Open sidepull brakes by fully rotating the little lever on the brake upwards (a). Open linear-pulls (also called V-brakes) by lifting the end of the noodle out of its holder (b). Some sidepulls are opened by pressing a button on the lever. Look for this if theres no lever on the brake. Open cantilever brakes (these feature a cable that runs over the top of the tire) by lifting the cable end on one side out of its holder. Remove the wheel: Open the quick release (or loosen the axle nuts) on the wheel with the flat and lift the bike to remove the wheel. To extract rear wheels, it helps to pull the derailleur back slightly to clear the axle parts as the wheel passes through (main photo). For fronts, youll probably need to hold one side of the quick release and turn the other counterclockwise to create clearance to get past the wheel-retention tabs on the fork (inset photo). Remove the tire and tube: Remove the valve cap (not shown) and nut (sometimes found on Presta valves: inset photo). For Presta valves, unscrew the tip (inset photo) and press down to let all the air out. For Schraders, poke the end of your tire lever into the valve to release all the air. Starting directly opposite the valve, wiggle a tire lever beneath the tire edge (called the bead) and pry down to lift. If possible, hook the lever on a spoke (many levers are made to do this), or hold it in place. Place another lever about 6 inches away from the first and pry here (main photo). Continue with your third lever until you can get one side of the tire off. Then reach inside and extract the tube. Pull the other side of the tire off the rim or pry it off with your levers. Inspect the tire: Its important to find whatever caused the flat and remove it. If you dont, the sharp item might still be in the tire where itll just pop your new tube. To find it, remove your glove (or use a rag), and run it around inside the tire in both directions (photo). If something sharp is still stuck in your tire, itll snag the glove. Remove it. If you cant find anything, it probably got knocked out during the disassembly procedure. Install the tube & tire: 4 Easy Steps 1. Inflate the new tube just enough to round it out and remove any wrinkles, and place it inside the tire. Stand the wheel up (rest it against your shins) with the valve hole on top and hold the tire/tube over the wheel so that the valve is on top (inset photo). 2. Place the valve partway into the hole and simultaneously push the part of the tire bead thats at the valve and closest to your legs onto the rim. With both hands moving downward away from the valve, finish working the bottom tire bead (the one closest to your legs) onto the wheel all the way around. If it wont fit onto the rim, check that the valve is inside the tire, not trapped beneath the bead. Youll find step 3 under the photo to the right. 3. With one bead in place, tuck the tube fully inside the tire and on top of the rim, which will cause the other bead to rest flush against the rim. Work this bead on, starting at the valve as you did with the first. You may have to push the valve into the tire to provide clearance for the bead. Once youve got it started, work your hands away from the valve pressing the bead onto the rim around the wheel. 4. With a few inches of bead left to pop onto the rim, the tire will resist. Let all the air out. Crouch and rest the wheel on your knee to have something to push against. Now, hold the bead in place with one hand and with your stronger hand, push down to roll the stubborn section onto the rim with the heel of your hand (main photo). But dont try to pop it on all at once. Install an inch at a time, moving your hand along until youve fully installed the tire. Got it? Way to go!! Inflate and seat the tire: Place your pump on the valve and inflate the tire. To prevent valve damage, brace it by wrapping a finger behind a spoke (photo left) so youre pushing against your hand, not the valve. Inflate the tire until its just firm (not fully inflated). At this point, inspect the tire to make sure its seated, which means that its sitting correctly on the rim. If the tube gets trapped beneath a bead (photo top), inflating further may blow the tire and tube off the rim! Theres a bead line on the side of the tire (photo bottom) that should be equidistant from the rim all the way around on both sides of the tire. If its not, or if you see a section of tube peeking out from under the rim, let the air out, work the tube back into place, reinflate partway and check the tire again. When its seated correctly, inflate it fully. Install the valve nut (if your tube uses one) and cap finger tight (overtightening the valve nut can damage the tube and make it difficult to loosen it when you need to fix a flat). Reinstall the wheel in the frame, close the brake quick release or reattach the noodle or cable and youre ready to ride!