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PROCEEDINGS International Workshop on Sustainable Management of Lowland for Rice Production Banjarmasin, 27-28 September 2012
INDONESIAN AGENCY FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
2013
PROCEEDINGS International Workshop on Sustainable Management of Lowland for Rice Production Banjarmasin, 27-28 September 2012
EDITORS:
Edi Husen (Chair) Dedi Nursyamsi (Member)
Muhammad Noor (Member)
Arifin Fahmi (Member)
Irawan (Member)
I G.P. Wigena (Member)
MANAGING EDITOR
Widhya Adhy
Wahid Noegroho
Published in 2013:
Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development Ministry of
Agriculture
Jl. Ragunan 29. Pasar Minggu
Jakarta Selatan 12540. Indonesia
Telp (021) 7806202
Fax (021) 7800644
e-mail: [email protected]
www.litbang.deptan.go.id
Funded by DIPA Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa TA 2013
ISBN 978-602-8977-65-4
i
FOREWORD
In Indonesia, there are about 33.4 million ha of wetlands, 9.5 million ha of which are
suitable for agriculture. Approximately 5 million out of 9.5 million ha of the land have
been reclaimed and used by farmers, government, and private sectors for crop production,
such as in Sumatera and Kalimantan. This wetland becomes more important in the future
as an alternative land for food production due to an increase growth of human population
and accelerated reduction of fertile land. However, the uniqueness of wetland properties,
its utilization for agriculture requires a proper management to ensure the sustainability of
the ecosystem and productivity of the land for crop production.
So far, a lots of learning and experience gained from the development of wetland areas.
For example, today we see a large and growing number of cities such as Palembang,
Banjarmasin, Palangkaraya, Pontianak, Pekanbaru, and Jambi was originally developed
from wetlands, which previously flooded during rainy season. Some provinces such as
South Kalimantan, Jambi, West Kalimantan, and South Sumatera, their sources of food
supply, especially rice, were produced from wetlands. Likewise for other crops, especially
coconut, oil palm and rubber, were also cultivated extensively in wetlands. This shows a
significant contribution of wetland to the development of the region with a strong base in
agriculture, especially for food security and farmer’s livelihoods.
In the future, swamplands will be a basis for the development of agriculture, especially
foodcrop, because of the difficulties in finding fertile land and the increase demand for
food supply. The potential use of swamp land is huge, both in terms of coverage areas and
its capacity and opportunity to increase the productivity of existing land, primarily
through increasing cropping index. Stagnation of swampland development in recent years,
in addition to a low adoption of technological and social aspects, also due to the issues
related to resource diversity and climate change. The productivity of rice in the
swampland is still relatively low (2 to 3 t dry grain ha-1
), whereas the productivity in some
areas with good management can reach 5 to 7 t dry grain ha-1
.
Based on the issues, the papers in this proceedings illustrate the important of wetland for
future food production and the potential use of various appropriate technology innovations
to overcome the complexity of contraints in developing wetlands. The papers presented
and discussed in the workshop are the results of research and development as well as the
concept and experience of researchers from various research institutions and academia, as
well as a success story associated with wetlands management in Indonesia, Vietnam, and
Africa.
Upon completion of the preparation of these proceedings, I thank to all those who
contributed and participated in the organization of workshops, and particularly to the hard
work and creativity of the editorial team.
Hopefully this proceedings is useful for all of us.
Director General of IAARD,
Haryono
iii
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
FOREWORD ....................................................................................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................... iii
WELCOME ADDRESS ...................................................................................... vii
KEYNOTE SPEECH .......................................................................................... ix
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................... xiii
MAIN PAPERS
1. Tidal Swamp for Future Food Support in Facing of Climate Change
Muhrizal Sarwani, Mohammad Noor and Edi Husen. ................................... 1
2. Opportunities and Uniqueness of Suitable Lowland Bio-Physics for
Sustainable Rice Production
Bart Schultz .................................................................................................... 13
3. Flood and Tidal Inundation in The Context of Climate Change and Sea
Water Level Rise and Proposed Adaptation Measures in the Mekong Delta
To Quang Toan and Tang Duc Thang ............................................................ 27
4. Strategy of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Lowland
Management for Poverty Alleviation
Lala M. Kolopaking and Mohammad Iqbal ................................................... 39
SUPPORT PAPERS
5. Application of Azolla Pinnata Enhanced Soil N, P, K, and Rice Yield
A. Arivin Rivaie, Soni Isnaini, and Maryati ................................................... 61
6. Raising Corn Technology on Peat Land at Gambut Mutiara Village, Riau
Province
Isdijanto Ar-Riza dan D. Nazemi .................................................................... 67
7. Carbon and Methane Emission at Acid Sulphate Soil of Tidal Swampland
Nurita, M. Alwi, and Y. Raihana .................................................................... 75
8. Mineralisation of Reclaimed Peats for Agriculture: Effects of Lime and
Nitrogen Application
Akhmad R. Saidy ............................................................................................ 87
9. Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth and
Controlling Sheath Blight Diseases at Transplanting Stage on Tidal
Swamps
Ismed Setya Budi, Mariana, Ismed Fachruzi, and Fachrur Rozy ................... 97
iv
Page
10. Does Rice Straw Application Reduce Iron Concentration and Increase Rice
Yield in Acid Sulphate Soil
Arifin Fahmi and Muhrizal Sarwani ............................................................... 107
11. Emission of Methane and Carbon Dioxide at Management of Organic
Matter on Acid Sulphate Soil under Laboratory Experiment
Wahida Annisa, A. Maas, B. Purwanto, and J. Widada ................................. 115
12. Performance of Some Rice Varieties on Acid Sulphate Soils
Andi Wijaya, Yakup Parto, Imelda Marpaung, and Siti Nurul Aidil Fitri ...... 129
13. Pests at Fresh Swamp and Tidal Lowland of South Sumatra
Khodijah, Siti Herlinda, Chandra Irsan, Yulia Pujiastuti, Rosdah Thalib,
and Tumarlan Thamrin .................................................................................. 137
14. Potential of Indigenous Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria from Fresh-Water
Inceptisols to Increase Soluble P
Nuni Gofar, Hary Widjayanti, and Ni Luh Putu Sri Ratmini ......................... 145
15. Predatory Arthropods on Paddy Field of Fresh Swamp Applied by
Mycoinsecticide and Synthetic Insecticide
Siti Herlinda, David Afriansyah Putra, Chandra Irsan, Yulia Pujiastuti, and
Rosdah Thalib ................................................................................................ 155
16. Preliminary Study of Water Availability Related to Impact of Climate
Change (Case Study: Tanjung Api-Api Port Area, Banyuasin Valley)
Yunan Hamdani, Budhi Setiawan, Dwi Setyawan, and Azhar K. Affandi ...... 165
17. PUGAM: A Specific Fertilizer for Peat Land to reduce Carbon Emission
and Increase Soil Productivity
I G.M. Subiksa ................................................................................................ 175
18. Rice Farming Systems in South Sumatra Tidal Swamp Areas: Problems and
Feed Back Based on Farmer’s Point of Views
Yoyo Soelaeman, Maswar, and Umi Haryati .................................................. 183
19. Sample Preparation for Peat Material Analysis
Masganti ......................................................................................................... 197
20. Technical Approach of Erosion and Sedimentation on Canal (Case Study in
Delta Telang I, Banyuasin, South Sumatra Province)
Achmad Syarifudin, Momon Sodik Imanudin, Arie S. Moerwanto,
Muhammad Yazid, and FX Suryadi ................................................................ 203
21. The Improvement of Idle Peatland Productivity for Paddy through Organic
amelioration
Eni Maftu’ah, Linda Indrayati, dan Mukhlis .................................................. 213
22. Identification of Lowland Irrigation Condition on Irrigation Network
Krueng Aceh and Krueng Jreu in Aceh Besar Deddy Erfandi ................................................................................................ 223
v
Page
23. Optimal Water Sharing for Sustainable Water Resource Utilization by
Applying Intermittent Irrigation and SRI in Paddy Field: Case Study of
Cicatih-Cimandiri Watershed, West Java
Popi Rejekiningrum and Budi I. Setiawan ...................................................... 231
24. Vulnerability Analysis of Flooding in Residential Areas at Sub River
Watershed Borang, Palembang City (Case Study: Sangkuriang Indah
Residential)
Ilmiaty R.S., Susanto R.H., Setiawan B. , FX Suryadi, and Anggrayeni S. ...... 247
25. Utilization Of “Purun Tikus” (Eleocharis Dulcis) To Control The White
Stem Borer In Tidal Swampland
M. Thamrin, S. Asikin, M.A. Susanti and Mahrita Willis ................................ 265
26. The Effect of Hermetic Storage to Preserve Grain Quality in Tidal Lowland,
South Sumatra
Rudy Soehendi, Martin Gummert, Syahri, Renny Utami Somantri, Budi
Raharjo, and Sri Harnanik ............................................................................. 275
27. Conservation Soil Tillage at Rice Culture in Acid Sulphate Soil
R. Smith Simatupang and Nurita .................................................................... 287
28. Relationship between Soil Chemical Properties and Emission of CO2 and
CH4 of Guludan at Surjan Systems in Acid Sulphate Soil
Ani Susilawati and Bambang Hendro Sunarminto ......................................... 299
29. Utilization of Lowlands Swamp for Rice Field in Accordance with Fisheries
and Animal Husbandry (Case Study in Pampangan, South Sumatra
Province, Indonesia)
Dina Muthmainnah, Zulkifli Dahlan, Robiyanto H. Susanto, Abdul Karim
Gaffar, and Dwi Putro Priadi ........................................................................ 307
30. Water Use Efficiency Improvement of Lowland Rice Based on Carbon
Eficient Farming (CEF) in Sukamandi
Umi Haryati and Yoyo Soelaeman ................................................................. 315
31. The Regional of Water Quality Distribution of Peat Swamp Lowland Jambi
Muhammad Naswir, Susila Arita, Marsi, and Salni ....................................... 337
32. The Nutrients Quality of Fiber Palm With Ammoniation-Fermentation
Ali A.I.M., S. Sandi, Muhakka, and Riswandi ................................................. 351
33. Financial Analysis of Citrus Farming on Sorjan System at Tidal Swampland
Yanti Rina D. and Dedi Nursyamsi ................................................................ 357
34. Technology of Iron Toxicity Control on Rice at Acid Sulfate Soils of Tidal
Swamplands
Izhar Khairullah and Muhrizal Sarwani ......................................................... 369
vi
Page
35. The Potency of Indigenous Rice Cropping System in Conserving the
Natural Enemies of Pest (Predators and Parasitoids) in Back Swampland,
South Kalimantan
Helda Orbani Rosa, Mariana, and Dewi Fitriyanti ....................................... 383
36. Vulnerability the Quality Improvement of Giant Freshwater Prawns
Postlarvae (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in Swamp Media with Addition
Sodium during the Acclimatization
Ferdinand Hukama Taqwa, Ade Dwi Sasanti, A.K. Gaffar, and Yuri Amiro
Hitosi .............................................................................................................. 389
SCHEDULE OF THE PROGRAM ................................................................... 395
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ................................................................................. 397
vii
WELCOME ADDRESS
DIRECTOR GENERAL OF INDONESIAN AGENCY OF AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
International Workshop on Sustainable Management
of Lowland for Rice Production
Banjarmasin, 27 - 28 September 2012
Honorable:
Minister for Research and Technology
Vice-Minister of Agriculture
Governor of South Kalimantan
Honorable speakers from UNESCO, Hokkaido University, CIRAD and the
Mekong Delta Research and Development Center
Ladies and gentlemen, workshop participants
Assalamualaikum Warohmatullah Wabarkatuh
Good Morning
First of all, we pray to GOD the Almighty for all the blessings and grace we got, so that
we are able to be present here in International Workshop on Sustainable Management of
Lowland for Rice Production with theme "Lowland for food sufficiency in the global
climate change”.
Honorable Minister, Vice Minister, Governor and all the participants,
Lowland such as swamplands have long been exploited and developed, either by farmers
or by the government and has contributed significantly to national food production.
Based on the available technology and innovation and the potential that can be developed
in the future, we believe that the lowland have potency and strategically as one of the
national barns. In addition, several other issues such as the challenge of the increasing
need for food, while overshadowed by the conversion and degradation of arable land as
well as global warming, lowland is no longer positioned as an alternative resource, but it
has been our hope.
Indonesia alone has the potential to swamp land suitable for farming about 10 million
hectares of the total area of 33.43 million hectares.
However, the newly developed approximately 5 million hectares with production
performance around 600-900.000 tons/year. Productivity can be achieved in the
swampland is between 3-4 t/ha. If optimized to achieve 5-6 t/ha and with increased
viii
cropping intensity, this land can contribute significant additional production. Our
Projections using the lowland of 10 provinces (1 M hectares) with optimization through
increased cropping intensity (IP) and the utilization of abandoned land can be contributed
additional 3.5 million tons of paddy rice per year. In addition, approximately 35% where
the transmigration site swamplands covering 84 Housing Units (UPT) in Kalimantan, 201
in Sumatra and 19 unit in Sulawesi strongly associated with the development of
community development or poverty alleviation.
This workshop will discuss some fundamental related to the development and
management of swamplands, opportunities and uniqueness of swamplands, climate
change, innovative technology of swamplands management, indigenous knowledge in
managing swamplands and various social economic aspects for swampland development.
Besides that, the results of research and development as well as the experiences of the
experts on lowland management will be presented among others by UNESCO-the
Netherland, Hokkaido Univ, Japan, UNSRI, IPB, Unlam and IARRD. There will also be
presented the successes story of the manager or the agency that manage the lowland
(Regent Barito Kuala, Regent Banyuasin, Dr. To Quang Toan (DMDRC, Vietnam), and
Dr. Lidon (CIRAD, Africa). Also, poster presentation will be display during this
international workshop which will attended by almost 150 peoples as academician,
researcher, practicion, decision making from outside and inside of Indonesia. In addition,
participants were also invited to see the success of our lowland in Terantang village,
Barito Kuala district, about 15 km from Banjarmasin, in the side River Barito. The area
has been reclaimed during the 1980s and developed the water system in 1994, which is
now a center for the rice and oranges production in South Kalimantan.
Participants,
On this occasion, I thank you to the Minister of Research and Technology and Vice
Minister of Agriculture to present here at this important workshop and giving key speech,
and we do hope our vice Minister will officially opened the workshop.
Enjoy the workshop while feeling the atmosphere of the lowland in the city of
Banjarmasin. Thank you for your attention.
Wassalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Barakatuh.
Director General of IAARD,
Haryono
ix
KEYNOTE SPEECH
VICE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE OF THE REPUBLIC
OF INDONESIA
International Workshop on Sustainable Management
of Lowland for Ric e Production
Banjarmasin, 27 - 28 September 2012
Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Good morning, my best wishes for all of us
Ladies and Gentlemen,
In Indonesia, a land clearing of swamp area has been started since 1969 in conjunction
with the Transmigration Program. But long before that, traditional farmers have already
done it in several areas. The opening of swamp land by Indonesian government was based
on the success of the Banjar tribe in Borneo and Bugis tribe in coastal area of Sumatra in
utilization of swamp area for agriculture. About 3 million ha of swamp area have been
opened by the society organizations for cultivation of rice, coconut, and rubber.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
So far, a lots of learning and experience gained from the development of swampland
areas. For example, today we see a large and growing number of cities was originally
developed from swamplands, which previously flooded during rainy season. Palembang,
Banjarmasin, Palangkaraya, Pontianak, Pekanbaru, and Jambi is a great example of the
growing cities with a background of swamp land. In addition, some provinces such as
South Kalimantan, Jambi, West Kalimantan, and South Sumatera, their sources of food
supply, especially rice, were produced from swamp areas.
Likewise for other crops, especially coconut, oil palm and rubber, were also cultivated
extensively in swamplands. This shows a significant contribution of swampland to the
development of the region with a strong base in agriculture, especially for food security
and farmer’s livelihoods.
The success of farmers in the use of swampland has disproved the opinions of Western
scientists, in particular Dutch stating that swamplands are unsuitable for cultivation.
However, we also never forget the failure experience in the past, especially in developing
of one million ha of peatlands in 1999. The key of failure is related to the unproperly
planning and development of the model, which is less attention to the environmental
aspects and sustainability of resources. But this failure should be used for learning
x
experience in the development of swamp in the future, particularly in supporting food
security.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
In the future, swamplands will be a basis for the development of agriculture, especially
foodcrop, because of the difficulty of finding fertile land and the demand for food
continues to increase.
The potential use of swamp land is huge, both in terms of coverage areas and its capacity
and opportunity to increase the productivity of existing land, primarily through increasing
cropping index (IP). Stagnation of swamp land development in recent years, in addition to
a low adoption of technological and social aspects, also due to the issues related to
resource diversity (biodiversity) and climate change. These issues make us anxiousness
for a while in developing swamplands for agriculture.
Currently, at least 1.2 million ha of swamp land is used for rice production every year
yielded range from 1.0 to 1.5 million tonnes of grain/year. The productivity of rice in the
swampland is still relatively low, i.e. 2 to 3 t dray grain/ha, whereas the productivity in
some areas with good management can reach 5 to 7 t dry grain/ha.
Therefore, the productivity of existing swampland is still potential to be improved by
technological innovation and increasing cropping index (IP). In addition, at certain
conditions, such as under an extreme climate-related drought (El-Nino), more swamp
lands are potentially used for crop production, particularly swampy marsh.
On the other side of the seasonal pattern of rice production in swamplands generally
"contradictory" to the rice field, particularly in Java. At a minimum production (off
season) in Java, it is the peak production in swamplands. This condition, the swamp areas
become a buffer or safety of national food security and potentially as food barn, especially
in challenging of the climate change issues.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Swamp land is part of wetland agroecosystem, meaning that it is dependent on the
upstream (terrestrial) and will have an impact on the downstream (river water, lake).
Besides having roles in food production the swamplands is also very important for
environmental functions. Thus, swamp land management must be integrated with the
environmental management.
Technological innovation in managing of swamp land, rice cultivation in this area and
farmer’s experience in utilization of swamp land are more than enough. However, some
consideration and attention are worth to be noted, such as: (1) characterization and
identification of the development area for transfer of technology, (2) the availability of
facilities and infrastructure of the water system (water gates, ponds), road for farming and
xi
agricultural machinery (tractors, etc.), (3) institutional farmers and capital, (4) the
accessibility to inputs (seeds, fertilizers, medicines), and (5) market and price guarantees.
To improve farmer welfare, it requires the integration of rice with annual crops
(horticulture, plantations), with fish, or with livestock that is now being developed.
Integration of rice with citrus and vegetables increased farmers' income to be about 5-6
times compared with just rice alone.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Based on the issues, this workshop is very important. The discussion and attention needs
to be addressed to the use of appropriate technology or innovation to overcome the
complexity of swamplands for agriculture. The holistic discussions and approaches are
required to resolve the problems by considering various aspects. It means that the package
of technology to be developed on swamplands should be comprehensive and multi-
purpose.
I hope the workshop today can raise a variety of learning and experience to acquire a
thought, ideas and reliable and comprehensive strategies in managing and utilizing of
swamplands. The description presented on the properties of swamp resources including
land, water, climate, and crop as well as land management will provide an overview that
swamplands are complex and site-specific, thereby it is important to be investigated in
detail before being selected as agricultural land in a wide sense.
Finally, the expectation that SWAMP AS A FOOD BARN IN GLOBAL CLIMATE
CHANGE or Lowland for food sufficiency in the global climate change could become a
reality.
Billahittaufiq wal hidayah, Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.
Vice Minister of Agriculture,
Rusman Heriawan
xiii
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
International Workshop on Sustainable Management
of Lowland for Rice Production
Banjarmasin, 27 - 28 September 2012
International Workshop on Sustainable Management of Lowland for Rice Production on
27-28 September 2012 in Banjarmasin, was officially opened by the Vice Minister of
Agriculture, attended by around 200 participants from various ministries, Universities,
local government and foreign participants from the Netherland, France, Japan and
Vietnam.
This workshop highlights several important conclusions and recommendations as follows:
1. The role of tidal swamp is very strategic as SE Asian rice bowl. This land can buffer
the low production of irrigated rice production areas during the dry season. Despite
fragile land condition, marginal soil fertility, and environmental risks that may arise,
the scarcity of more suitable lands positions the high population density SE Asia to
utilizing this marginal land.
2. From about 33 Mha Indonesian wetland, about 9.5 Mha is considered suitable and
around 5 Mha has been developed for agricultural development.
3. Rice yield of the wetland is relatively low of about 1-4 ton/ha. The yield level and
production can potentially be increased to 5-8 ton/ha through water and soil
management practices and variety improvement.
4. Further expansion of agriculture to these lands must be done very selectively and
cautiously as not to repeat the failure of the notorious 1 Mha ex Mega Rice Project.
The use of peatswamp poses local problems in the forms of peat subsidence, acid
sulphate problem, and disappearance of its role to mitigate floods and droughts. High
potential emissions, which threatens both the national and global environment must
also be fully considered.
5. Several supporting factors are prerequisites in developing tidal swamp areas for rice
production, including: (1) technological innovation, especially on land management,
water management, adaptive-high yielding varieties; (2) water regulation
infrastructure; and (3) improved accessibility to the agricultural areas and to market,
and (4) warranty of market demands.
6. The cases in Vietnam, West Africa and Japan have exemplified the best management
practices for lowland rice cultivation. Water management through avoidance of salt
intrusion effects and development of adaptive variety have been the main key
xiv
management practices of rice cultivation in the Mekong Delta to feed the Vietnamese
people as well as for export. Japan was in an era of emphasizing the development of
high quality and high yielding varieties supported by soil management practices. In
recent years, however, Japan put more emphasis on soil management and
environmental aspects supported by research on development of adaptive, high quality
and high yielding varieties. High yielding varieties actively absorb nutrients from the
planting to maturing stage, while the traditional varieties actively absorb nutrients until
grain tillering stage only. In Western Africa the emphasis is on water distribution to
meet crop requirement.
7. The workshop has emphasized the importance of farmers’ participation in technology
adaptation at farmer level. Socio-economic and cultural systems are also emphasized
as key factors in the sustainable management of lowland for rice production.
8. Research institutions and universities, in collaboration with the central and local
government play a very strategic role in technology development to improve the
synergy between the national strategy, local government priority and farmers’ needs.
CONTRIBUTION OF ENDOPHYTIC MICROBES IN INCREASING THE PADDY GROWTH AND CONTROLLING SHEATH BLIGHT DISEASES AT TRANSPLANTING STAGE ON TIDAL SWAMPS*)
Ismed Setya Budi, Mariana, Ismed Fachruzi, and Fachrur Rozy Lecturer, Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University. Jl. A. Yani Po Box 1028. Banjarbaru-South Kalimantan. Phone: +6281933753340. Email: [email protected]
Abstract. Tidal swamps are mostly cultivated with local paddy varieties and one of the plant diseases that are very crucial in transplanting stage (taradak, ampak, and lacak) is soil borne pathogen. The research was conducted on tidal swamps type B in Barito Kuala, South Kalimantan. It was M & M arranged in split plot design with the combination of endophytic microbe and transplanting stage application time as the treatments. Endophytic microbes formulation consisted of Trichoderma viride PS-2.1, Nonpathogenic Fusarium PS-1.5, and Pseudomonas fluorescens PS-4.8. Combination application of endophytic microbes and transplanting stage on tidal swamps could decrease the disease intensity of sheath blight, as about 49.39 to 93.25%. Endophyte could also be able to stimulate the plant growth that was indicated by the addition of plant height around 2.05 to 24.00 cm, the addition of rice grain weight as 0.7 to 9.3 g 1,000 grains-1, and the addition of seed weight as about 0.3-1.2 kg. The result of soil analysis before and after applications the endophyte showed that there was an increase in soil fertility with the element addition of N, P, K, and pH.
Keywords: Endophyte, rice sheath blight, tidal swamps
INTRODUCTION
Sheath blight is one of the most important diseases that attacks paddy cultivated in tidal swamps of South Kalimantan. In the field, diseases intensity always increases because of the difficulty to control them under flooded condition (Budi and Mariana 2009). So, it takes a certain control method, which is more space effective, efficient, and safe to the environment.
Thus, the use of specific biological agents should be done immediately because of consumer demand on synthetic chemicals free products. On biological control, R. solani can be parasitized by mycoparasites such as Gliocladium spp., Trichoderma spp., and Verticillium biguttatum Gams (Van den Boogert 1996). The fungus V. biguttatum is a mycoparasite with biological activity against the important soil borne pathogen.
*) This paper is also published in Special Edition of Indonesian Soil and Agroclimate Journal
9
97
Budi et al.
According to Howell and Stipanovic (1995), the growth of R. solani on the cotton plant can be controlled by seed treatment using Gliocladium virens. Antagonists, of nonpathogenic fusarium strains, which are isolated from supressif soil, have a capability to reduce the disruption caused by fusarium wilt in some plants (Nel et al. 2006). While the bacterium Pseudomonas capacia, P. fluorescens, and P. gladio are also able to control the growth of P. solanacearum causing wilt on tomato. Other bacteria such as Bacillus mesentericus, B. megaterium, B. mycoides, and Erwinia sp. also act as biological control of wilt disease in several plants (Hartman et al. 1992).
The use of specific biological agents that have had a coevolution will be able to stimulate the development of harmful plant rhizosphere microorganisms (von Alten et al. 1993), and this can always be isolated more than one kind of antagonist (Budi and Mariana 2009). Therefore, it is needed to select the best combination of antagonists that can be better protecting plants against various pathogen disorders.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This experiment was carried out on tidal swamplands of B type of Karang Indah Village, Barito Kuala District, and South Kalimantan Province during dry session 2009/2010. The experiment employed split plot design to determine the effects of treatments and the differences between treatments were tested using DMRT at 5% level.
Isolation and Mass Production of Endophytic Agents
Plant samples were taken from healthy plants on the infested area of paddy. Isolation of endophyte was done on the stem of plants and the rhizosphere zone. Isolation was based on Homby methods (Fokkema et al. 1959) and continued with dilution plate method (10-4 to 10-6). Each isolate of Pseudomonas fluorescens group was then tested according to Dhingra & Sinclair method (1995).
Inhibition Ability and Sinergism Test of Endophytic Fungi and Rhizosphere Bacteria Against R. solani on In Vitro Condition
Tests were carried out on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) in a petri dish by growing isolates that existed in pairs, then performed measurements to see the growth inhibition by using the formula of Fokhema (Fokhema et al. 1959):
98
Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth
I = (r1 -r2) (r1) -1x100
description:
I is the percentage of inhibition r1 is the radius of A colony that grows in the opposite direction to B r2 is the radius of A colony that grows in the direction of B
Isolates that have the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogens in pairs test were then performed to determine the best combination of paire disolates.
In-Vivo Test of Endophytic Hitting Ability on Sheath Blight Disease
In-vivo test was conducted in field experiment (split plot design). Endophytic inoculation performed straw at one month before seedling. While the application of antagonists was conducted on soil one week before transplanting stage and also at the time of planting by soaking seeds for 24 hours at 10-4 per ml spore suspension. Observations were carried out three weeks later in transplanting stage (local terms are: taradak, ampak, and lacak) by counting the number of plants with wilt or sheath blight symptoms and measuring plant height, seed and grain weights. Effect of differences between treatments was determined using DMRT at 5% level.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect on Disease Intensity and Plant Height
The results of analysis variance showed that there were significant treatment effects as shown in the Table 1 and Figure 1, i.e. disease intensity and plant height. In the taradak stage, treatment effect of T. viride + P. fluorescens, T. viride + FNP, FNP + P. fluorescens, T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens was not significantly different to the disease intensity, but there was a significant difference on plant height. The treatment giving the best effect on plant height was T. viride + FNP.
In the ampak stage, there were no different effects to diseases intensity between T. viride + P. fluorescens and FNP + P. fluorescens. However, they had effect differences with T. viride + FNP and T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens. While the T. viride + FNP and T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens had a different effect. At ampak stage, there were no different influences between T. viride + P. fluorescens and FNP + P. fluorescens on disease intensity. However, they were different effects with T. viride + FNP and T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens.
While the T. viride + FNP and T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens showed a different effect. The best treatment suppressing the disease intensity was FNP + P. fluorescens
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(smallest intensity, 7.28%). Effect of treatment on the ampak stage to plant height showed differences between T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens and T. viridae + P. fluorescens. T. viridae + FNP. Treatment of T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens gave higest effect on plant height (53.40 cm).
On the lacak stage, T. viride + P. fluorescens treatment showed the lowest disease intensity. This treatment had no effect differences with FNP + P. fluorescens and T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens, but they had effect difference with T. viride + FNP. At T. viride + P. fluorescens treatments performed smallest effect on disease intensity (5.00%). There was no significantly difference between T. viride + FNP and T. viride + FNP + P. Fluorescens treatments, but the both had significantly differences with others. T. viride + FNP and T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens performed best effect on plant height (75.74 and 72.29 cm).
Table 1. Effects of treatment on disease intensity and plant height on three transplanting stages
Treatments
Transplanting stage on tidal swamps Taradak Ampak Lacak
Symptom Plant height
Symptom Plant height
Symptom Plant height Inten-
sity Reduc-
tion Intensity Reduc-tion
Inten-sity
Reduc-tion
Control 29.50 c 0.00 18.25 a 46,00 d 0.00 37.20 a 75.12 c 0.00 45.57 a T. viride + P. fluorescens
8.73 a 70.41 24.15 b 10,40 a 77.39 44.17 b 5.00 a 93.34 64.15 b
T. viride + FNP 11.36 a 51.32 29.74 c 18.42 b 60.00 46.12 b 21.18 b 71.81 75.74 c FNP + P. fluorescens
9.28 a 68.54 21.40 ab 7,28 a 84.17 50.72 bc 10.00 a 86.69 50.12 ab
T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens
10.10 a 65.76 25.29 b 23,28 c 49.39 53.40 c 6.47 a 91.39 72.29 c
** Within column, means values followed by different letters are significantly different (P<0.01; LSD test).
In general, all three phases of the reduction in disease intensity ranged between 49.39 and 93.34%, while the addition of plant height ranged between 2.05 and 24.00 cm (Guetsky et al. 2001). Two biocontrol agents, Pichia guilermondii and Bacillus mycoides, were tested separately and together for suppression of Botrytis cinerea on strawberry leaves. The biocontrol agents significantly inhibited spore germination, lesion formation, and lesion development. The mixture of B. mycoides and P. guilermondii suppressed B. cinerea effectively (80 to 99.8% control). Thus, application of both biocontrol agents resulted in better suppression of B. cinerea, and also reduced the variability of disease control. Application of more than one biocontrol agents is suggested as a reliable means of reducing the variability and increasing the reliability of biological control.
The effects of treatment were to decrease disease intensity and to increase plant height. The microbes had the capability to induce plant resistance to disease; therefore they produced chemicals that triggered plant defence response. Yedida et al. (1999) reported that Trichoderma penetrates epidermis and outer cortex strengthens it. This was
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due to deposition of newly formed barriers. These typical host reactions were found beyond the sites of potential fungal penetration. Wall apposition contained large amounts of callose and infiltrations of cellulose. The wall-bound chitin in Trichoderma hyphae was preserved, even when the hyphae had undergone substansial disorganization. Biochemical analyses revealed that inoculation with Trichoderma initiated increased peroxidase and chitinase activities within 48 and 72 hours, respectively. Nonpathogenic fusarium can induce systemic resistance in plant when invade host plant species before the pathogen (Kaur et al. 2010).
Figure 1. The disease intensity and plant height after application at transplanting stage
Other mechanisms in the control of plant pathogens by antagonistic microbes are parasitism, antibiosis, and competition of site and nutrients. Trichoderma spp. can compete with other microorganism for key exudates from seed that stimulate germination of propagules of plant pathogenic fungi in soil (Harman et al. 2004).
It has been known that some microbes such as Trichoderma spp. and P. fluorescens can promote plant growth. Shanmugalah et al. (2009) reported that Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens were able to promote cotton plant growth such as root length, shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight, and vigour index. In this research, the microbes promoted plant height, grain and seed weights, however, in grain and seed weights, there were just some treatments significantly different to control (Table 2).
Fuchs et al. (1997), Nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain Fo47 controls the incidence of Fusarium wilt. Four bioassays in which a strain of the pathogen F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Fo47 were not in direct contact and were developed to evaluate whether Fo47 could induce resistance to Fusarium wilt in tomato plants. Inoculation with Fo47 increased chitinase, b-1, 3-glucanase, and b-1, 4-glucosidase activities in plants, confirming the ability of Fo47 to induce resistance in tomato. Microbe nonpathogenic strain of F. oxysporum can induce resistance to Fusarium wilt in tomato plants.
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As shown in Table 2 and Figure 2, the best combination treatment to reduce disease intensity and increase plant height is T4P1 (smallest intensity of 10.8% and plant height of 172.2 cm). While the best treatment for the increased weight of grain is T4P4 (the heaviest of 30.2 g 1,000 grain-1) and to increase the seed weight is T4P1 (the heaviest of 3.6 g/1,000 seed). In general, increased grain and seed weights, each ranging between 0.7 and 9.3 g 1,000 grains-1, and between 0.3 and 1.2 g.
Table 2. Effect of treatment on diseases intensity, plant height, grain weight, and seed weight on tidal swamp type B
Treatmen Diseases intensity (%)
Plant height (cm)
Grain weight (g) Seed weight (kg)
K 62.4 d 125.7 a 20.9 ab 2.4 a
T1 P1 19.2 b 160.8 bc 23.7 b 2.6 ab P2 28.1 bc 157.6 bc 21.8 ab 2.8 b P3 21.2 bc 159.0 bc 22.9 ab 2.8 b
T2 P1 20.3 bc 162.6 c 22.8 ab 3.0 bc P2 22.7 bc 158.4 bc 22.1 ab 2.7 ab P3 18.7 bc 165.5 c 27.5 bc 3.2 c
T3 P1 20.5 bc 167.5 c 21.6 ab 2.8 b P2 23.3 bc 159.9 bc 19.9 a 2.4 a P3 13.4 ab 167.3 c 23.6 b 3.0 bc
T4 P1 10.8 a 172.2 d 28.4 bc 3.6 d P2 17.5 b 168.9 c 27.3 bc 2.7 ab P3 12.4 a 169.5 c 30.2 c 3.1 c
Mean values followed by the different letters are significantly different from each other (P<0.05) according DMRT T1 = Combination T. viride PS-2.1 and P. fluorescens PS-4.8 T2 = Combination T. viride PS-2.1 and FNP PS-1.5 T3 = Combination FNPPS-1.5 and P. fluorescens PS-4.8 T4 = Combination T. viride PS-2.1 and FNP PS-1.5 and P. fluorescens PS-4.8 P1 = Application endophytic at straw one month before planting P2 = Application by soaking seeds for 24 hours before planting P3 = Combination P1 + P2 K = Control
Figure 2. Effect of treatment on disease intensity, plant height, grain and seed weights
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Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth
Effect of Microbes on Soil Nutrients and Soil pH
The microbe enhances nutrient and pH soil as shown in Table 3 dan Figure 3. This occurs because the fungi and bacteria as decomposers of organic material. Thus, the organic material decompose into compost so that enrich the soil and available to plants. Thus, the organic material decompose into compost so that enrich the soil and nutrients are available to plants. In addition, microbe and organic composting material change soil pH becomes more alkaline so the nutrients become available to plants. This finding is in agreement with Yan et al. (1996) who found increases in soil pH with glucose addition due to the decarboxylation of functional groups and aminization of nitrogen compounds. This contributes to plant growth.
The combined activity was due to the summation of biocontrol mechanisms of both agents. The modes of action of the biocontrol agents were elucidated and the relative quantitative contribution of each mechanism to suppression of Botrytis cinerea was estimated using multiple regressions with dummy variables. The improvement in control efficacy achieved by introducing one or more mechanisms at a time was calculated. Pichia guilermondii competed with Botrytis cinerea for glucose, sucrose, adenine, histidine, and folic acid (Guetsky et al. 2002).
Table 3. Effect of microbes on soil nutrient and pH
Treatment Soil nutrient analysis
Before treatment After treatment N P K pH N P K pH
Control 0.546 0.021 0.352 3.97 0.533 0.020 0.366 5.72 T. viride PS-2.1 + P. fluorescens PS-4.8
0.546 0.021 0.352 3.97 0.956 0.026 0.485 7.50
T. viride PS-2.1 + FNP PS-1.5
0.546 0.021 0.352 3.97 0.984 0.024 0.383 7.39
FNPPS-1.5 + P. fluorescens PS-4.8
0.546 0.021 0.352 3.97 0.979 0.036 0.399 7.60
T. viride PS-2.1 + FNPPS-1.5 +P. fluorescens PS-4.8
0.546 0.021 0.352 3.97 1.002 0.023 0.457 7.42
Table 3 and Figure 3 show that treatments to elevate the content of N, P, and K. The increase in N after treatment ranged from 0.410 (T. viride + P. fluorescens) and 0.456 (T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens). While the increase in Pranged was between 0.002 (T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens) and 0.015 (FNP + P.fluorescens). At K, the increase ranged from 0.383 (T. viride + FNP) and 0.485 (T. viride +FNP+ P. fluorescens). For pH, the increase ranged from3.42 (T. viride + FNP) and 3.63 (P. fluorescens + FNP). So, does an increasedue to treatment, but not the best hikes on just one treatment.
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Paddy residues can be a source of organic material for the growth of rice plants in the field. Residues contains a high cellulose and decomposition process takes time, but with the activity of the microbial decomposition of running fast. Decomposition into mono sacchari decompounds, CO2, and other organic acids (Rao 1994)
Soil acidity and pH affects the availability of nutrients, because in general the acid soils nutrients less available, at neutral pH of nutrients available to plants. While the tidal swamps on South Kalimantan in general is acidic. So this treatment helps increase the acidity of the soil to be neutral. In general, availability of nutrients can help increase plant resistance to disease and plant growth. According to Harman (2006), Trichoderma sp. pasplant symbionts capable of being able to control some of the root and leaf disease resistance mechanisms affected and directly attacking pathogens and changing the composition of microflora roots.
Figure 3. The results of chemical analysis of soil before and after formulation applications in tidal swamps
Contribution of pH available to plants on tidal swamps in South Kalimantan in general is acidic and availability of nutrients can help increase plant resistance to disease and plant growth. Maurhofer et al. (1998), of salicylic acid induces systemic acquired resistance in tobacco. pchA and pchB, which encode for the biosynthesis of salicylic acid in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These constructs were introduced into two root-colonizing strains of P. fluorescens and significantly improved its ability to induce systemic resistance in tobacco against tobacco necrosis virus. Lewis et al. (1998), Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium virens to produce achlamydospores actively growing hyphae of the biocontrol fungi within a 2- to 3-day period under no special aseptic conditions. G. virens and T. hamatum applied to soilless mix at a rate of 1.5% (wt/wt) reduced damping-off of eggplant caused by Rhizoctonia solani. The inhibition of pathogen spread significantly reduced the post emergence damping-off of cucumber, eggplant, and pepper seedlings.
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Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth
Trichoderma effect on plants, and the presence of local and systemic resistance affected. These fungi colonize the root epidermi sand outer cortex and secrete bioactive molecules that cause the formation of cell walls from Trichoderma thalus. At the same time, the plant transcript to meandproteome changes, so will spur resistance of plants, increasing plant growth and increase nutrient absorption (Harman 2006).
CONCLUSION
Application of microbes used in this study shows that they have a good effect, which reduces the intensity of the sheat blight disease, stimulated plant height, grain weight, and seed weight. Microbes also have the effect of soil fertility, which is made of N, P, and K increased and available to plants. In addition the research also showed that an increase in soil pH. However, there is no single best combination for each parameter measured. Thus, this treatment can be applied to tidal swamp rice field by considering the best treatments. This result combination isolate has important practical implications for biocontrol of paddy on tidal swamps diseases under commercial.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank the Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of National Education for financial support through the Competitive Grant on 2009-2010.
REFERENCES
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Kaur, R., J. Kaur, and R.S. Singh. 2010. Nonpathogenic Fusarium as a biological control agent. Plant Pathology Journal 9(3): 79-91.
Kwok, O.C.H., P.C. Gahy, H.A.J. Hoitink, and G.A. Kuter. 1987. Interactions between bacteria and Trichoderma hamatum in suppression of Rhizoctonia damping-off in bark compost media. Phytopathology 77:1206-1212.
Lewis, J.A., R.P. Larkin, and D.L. Rogers. 1998. A formulation of Trichoderma and Gliocladium to reduce damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani and saprophytic growth of the pathogen in soilless mix. Plant Dis. 82:501-506.
Lewis, J.A. and G.C. Papavizas. 1991. Biocontrol of cotton damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani in the field with formulations of Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium virens. Crop Prot. 10:396-402.
Maurhofer, M., C. Reimmann, P. Schmidli-Sacherer, S. Heeb, D. Haas, and G. Défago. 1998. Salicylic acid biosynthetic genes expressed in Pseudomonas fluorescens strain P3 improve the induction of systemic resistance in tobacco against tobacco necrosis virus. Phytopathology 88:678-684.
Mao, W., J.A. Lewis, P.K. Hebbar, and R.D. Lumsden. 1997. Seed treatment with a fungal ora bacterial antagonist for reducing corn damping-off caused by species of Pythium and Fusarium. Plant Dis. 81:450-454.
Nel, B., C. Steinberg, N. Labuschagne, and A. Vilioen. 2006. The potential of non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and other biological control organisms for suppressing fusarium wilt of banana. Plant Pathol. Journal 1(55):217-223.
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395
SCHEDULE OF THE PROGRAM
DAY-1, Thursday, 27 September 2012, Rattan Inn Hotel, Banjarmasin
Time Session Speaker Moderator/ Secretary
08.00-08.30 Registration Committee
08.30-08.40 Welcoming address Governor of South
Kalimantan
08.40-09.00 Opening Speech DG of IAARD
09.00-10.00 Opening ceremony and Keynote
Speech
Vice Minister of
Agriculture of Indonesia
10.00-10.15 Coffee break
10.15-11.00 Keynote speech II Minister of Research and
Technology of Indonesia
Plenary presentation (I and II))
11.00-11.30 Tidal Swamp for Future Food
Support in Facing of Climate
Change
Dr. Muhrizal Sarwani Dr. Iding Chaidir/ Ir.
Anny Mulyani, MS
11.30-12.00 Opportunities and Uniqueness of
Suitable Lowland Bio-Physics for
Sustainable Rice Production
Prof. Bart Schultz
12.00-12.30 Discussion
12.30-13.30 Lunch
Plenary presentation (III to V)
13.30-14.00 New Concept on High Rice
Production by Increasing Soil
Fertility
Prof. Mitsuru OSAKI Prof. Dr. Fahmuddin
Agus/Dr. Edi Husen,
MSc
14.00-14.30 Integrated Lowland Development
and Management to Increase
National Food (Rice) Production
Prof. Robiyanto
14.30-15.00 Discussion
15.00-15.20 Coffee Break
396
Time Session Speaker Moderator/ Secretary
Success Story (I to II)
15.20-15.40 Success Story of Tidal Swamp
Farming System in Barito Kuala,
South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Barito Kuala Regent Prof. Dr. Lutfi Fatah
Arsyad /
Dr. M. Noor
15.40-16.00 Success Story of Tidal Swamp
Farming System in Banyuasin,
South Sumatera, Indonesia
Banyuasin Regent
16.00-16.30 Discussion
16.30-16.50 Success story of Lowland
Development and Management in
the Mekong Delta and Planning
for Water Resources Management
for Sustainable Agricultural
Cultivation Adapting to Climate
Change and Sea Level Rise
MSc. To Quang Toan Dr. Kasdi Subagyono/Dr.
Izhar Khairullah
16.50-17.10 Success story of Lowland
Management in Africa
Dr. Bruno Lidon
17.10-17.40 Discussion
17.40-19.00 Break and praying
19.00-21.00 Dinner Hosted by DG of IAARD
DAY-2, Friday, 28 September 2012, Rattan Inn Hotel, Banjarmasin
Plenary Presentation (V–VII)
08.30-09.00 Strategy of Climate Change
Mitigation in Wetland
Management for Poverty
Alleviation
Prof. Lala Kolopaking Dr. Trip Alihamsyah/
Dr. Sri Rochayati, MSc
09.00-09.30 Sociological aspect of the
development of Tidal Swamp in
Kalimantan
Dr. Taufik Hidayat
09.30-10.00 Discussion
10.00-10.15 Coffee break
10.15-10.45 Conclusion Dr. Kasdi Subagyono
10.45-11.30 Closing remarks and ceremony DG of IAARD
11.30-14.00 Lunch and praying
14.00-17.00 Field trip to Karang Buah Village,
Belawang Sub District, Barito
Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan
Province
Committee
17.00 Return to Hotel Committee
397
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Nr. Name Institution
1. A. Arivin R. Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Maluku
2. A. Wihardjaka Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian
3. A.A.N.B. Kamandalu Balai Penelitian Teknologi Pertanian Bali
4. Achmad Syarifudin Universitas Sriwijaya
5. Afrizal Malik Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Papua
6. Agung Hendriadi Balai Pengelola Alih Teknologi Pertanian
7. Agus Supriyo Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Kalsel
8. Ai Dariah Balai Penelitian Tanah
9. Akhmad M. Pemerintah Kabupaten Batola
10. Ali Pramono Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian
11. Andi Wijaya Universitas Sriwijaya
12. Anny Mulyani Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian
13. Arif Budiman Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa
14. Arifin Fahmi Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa
15. Aris Pramudia Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi
16. Asmawati Ahmad Balai Penelitian Tanah
17. Astu Unadi Balai Besar Mekanisme Pertanian
18. Bahtiar Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sulawesi Utara
19. Bakti Nur I. Universitas Lambung Mangkurat
20. Bart Schultz United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
21. Basriman Dinas Pertanian dan Hortikultura Riau
22. Bruno Lidon French Agricultural Research Centre for International
Development
23. Dedi Heriyanto Dinas Pertanian Tanjab Barat
24. Dedi Nursyamsi Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa
25. Dedi Sugandi Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bengkulu
26. Desianto Budi Dewan Riset Nasional
27. Dewi Novia -
28. Diah Setyorini Balai Penelitian Tanah
29. Didi Ardi S. Balai Penelitian Tanah
30. Didik Harnowo Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Jawa Timur
31. Didik Suprihatno -
32. Dina Muthmainah Universitas Sriwijaya
33. Dwi Pratomo Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Nusa Tenggara
Barat
34. E.S. Harsanti Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian
35. Eddy Makruf Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bengkulu
398
Nr. Name Institution
36. Edi Husen Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian
37. Edi Santoso Balai Penelitian Tanah
38. Eleonora Runtunuwu Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi
39. Ellia Dariah Dewan Riset Nasional
40. Enday Kusnendar Dewan Riset Nasional
41. Eny Rachmawati Universitas Lambung Mangkurat
42. Erna Suryani Balai Penelitian Tanah
43. Erni Susanti Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi
44. Eviati Balai Penelitian Tanah
45. Fadlullah Ramadhani Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi
46. Fahmuddin Agus Balai Penelitian Tanah
47. Faizen O.B. Banyuasin
48. Farid H. Baktir Pusat Perpustakaan dan Penyebaran Teknologi Pertanian
49. Fastiyanti Pupuk Kalimantan Timur
50. Ferdinan H.T. Universitas Sriwijaya
51. Ferdinand Pusat Unggulan Riset-Pengembangan Lahan Suboptimal
52. Fitriani Malik Pupuk Kalimantan Timur
53. Ganjar Jayanto Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi
54. H. Naedy Rustam Dinas Pertanian dan Peternakan P. Pisau
55. Hakim Metro TV
56. Handewi P. Saliem Pusat Analisis Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian
57. Haris Syahbuddin Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi
58. Harmanto Balai Besar Mekanisme Pertanian
59. Haryono Badan Litbang Pertanian
60. Haryono Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi
61. Hasil Sembiring Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan
62. Helmi Hadi Universitas Sriwijaya
63. Hendri Dinas Pertanian dan Hortikultura Riau
64. Hendri Sosiawan Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi
65. Herdis Dewan Riset Nasional
66. Herman Subagjo -
67. Herry Sastramihardja Balai Penelitian Tanah
68. I G.P. Wigena Balai Penelitian Tanah
69. Ibrahim Adamy Balai Penelitian Tanah
70. Iding Chaidir Dewan Riset Nasional
71. Indya Dewi Universitas Lambung Mangkurat
72. Irawan Balai Penelitian Tanah
73. Irsal Las Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian
74. Ismed Setya Budi Universitas Lambung Mangkurat
399
Nr. Name Institution
75. Iswari Balai Besar Litbang Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya
Genetik Pertanian
76. Izhar Khairullah Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa
77. Joko Purnomo Balai Penelitian Tanah
78. Karden Mulya Balai Besar Litbang Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya
Genetik Pertanian
79. Kasdi Subagyono Badan Litbang Pertanian
80. Keichi Hayashi International Rice Research Institute
81. Khairil Anwar Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa
82. Kharmila Sari Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi
83. Khodijah Universitas Sriwijaya
84. Kurmen Sudarman Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi
85. Ladiyani Retno W. Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi
86. Lala Kolopaking Institut Pertanian Bogor
87. Le Istiqlal Amien Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi
88. M. Hidayanto Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Kalimantan Timur
89. M. Najib Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa
90. M. Naswir Universitas Sriwijaya
91. M. Noor Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa
92. M. Risanta Trans 7
93. M. Yasin Sahri Banyuasin
94. Made J. Mejaya Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi
95. Madian Banyuasin
96. Mariana Universitas Lambung Mangkurat
97. Marsi Universitas Sriwijaya
98. Masganti Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Riau
99. Mastur Balai Penelitian Tanaman Baku dan Serat
100. Maswar Balai Penelitian Tanah
101. Mitsuru Osaki Jepang
102. Muhrizal Sarwani Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian
103. Mulyadi Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian
104. Nani Heryani Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi
105. Nanik R. Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian
106. Neneng L. Nurida Balai Penelitian Tanah
107. Nuni Gofar Pusat Unggulan Riset-Pengembangan Lahan Suboptimal
108. Nurjaman Balai Pengelola Alih Teknologi Pertanian
109. Nurjaya Balai Penelitian Tanah
110. Nyoman Adijaya Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bali
111. Oyok Sumardja Balai Penelitian Tanah
112. P. Gerly Dewan Riset Nasional
400
Nr. Name Institution
113. Paidi Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian
114. Poniman Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian
115. Popi Rejekiningrum Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi
116. Priatna Sasmita Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi
117. Prihasto Setyanto Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian
118. R.S. Simatupang Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa
119. Rahmah TV One
120. Reini S. Ilmiyati Universitas Sriwijaya
121. Risfaheri Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bangka Belitung
122. Robert Asnawi Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Lampung
123. Robiyanto H. Susanto Universitas Sriwijaya
124. Rosdah Thalib Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian
125. Rudy Soehendi Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sumatera Selatan
126. Saefoel Bachri Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian
127. Sahat M.P. Kemeterian Ristek dan Teknologi
128. Said Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Daerah
129. Sakri Widhianto Dewan Riset Nasional
130. Samharinto Universitas Lambung Mangkurat
131. Selly Salma Balai Penelitian Tanah
132. Setyono H. Adi Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi
133. Sidik Hadi Tala’ohu Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi
134. Siti Herlinda Universitas Sriwijaya
135. Siti Nurul A.F. Universitas Sriwijaya
136. Soeharsono Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sulawesi Tenggara
137. Sri Purniyanti Balai Pengelola Alih Tekmologi Pertanian
138. Sri Rochayati Balai Penelitian Tanah
139. Subowo Balai Penelitian Tanah
140. Sudarto Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian
141. Suharsih Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian
142. Sumarni Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian
143. Supiandi Sabiham Institut Pertanian Bogor
144. Susilawati Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Kalimantan Tengah
145. Taufik Hidayat Universitas Lambung Mangkurat
146. Taufiq Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sulawesi Tengggara
147. Ten Umaiyah TVRI Kalimantan Selatan
148. To Quang Toan Vietnam
149. Tri Sudaryono Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Jawa Tengah
150. Tri Windari -
401
Nr. Name Institution
151. Trip Alihamsyah Balai Besar Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi
Pertanian
152. Tumarlan Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sumatera Selatan
153. Udiansyah -
154. Umi Haryati Balai Penelitian Tanah
155. Wahyu Wibawa Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bengkulu
156. Wasidin Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian
157. Widyantoro Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi
158. Wiwik Hartatik Balai Penelitian Tanah
159. Y. Hamdani Universitas Sriwijaya
160. Yandy Saden BPLR Kalteng
161. Yanti Rina Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa
162. Yayan Apriyana Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi
163. Yoyo Soelaeman Balai Penelitian Tanah
164. Yuliantoro B. Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi
165. Yunan Hamdani Universitas Sriwijaya
166. Zaenal Soedjais Dewan Riset Nasional
167. Zainal Ilmi Badan Koordinasi Penyuluhan Kalimantan Selatan
168. Zulkifli Zaini Forum Komunikasi Profesor Riset