productivity pptx.pptx

8/10/2019 productivity pptx.pptx

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WORK STUDY

&

ERGONOMICS

For productive workplaces

*People *Job *Environment


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Work Study :

A generic term for techniques, which are

used in the examination of human work in allits contexts

Objectives:

- The elimination of unnecessary work,

- The design of methods and procedures

- most effective

- require the least effort- suited to the person who uses them.


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Work study

MethodsStudy

Methods improvement

Ergonomics

Workmeasurement


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Method study :

Improve

Reduce

Standardize

Objectives :

Systematic recording and critical examination

of existing and proposed ways of doing work

and developing an easier and economical

method


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Procedure:

1. Select- the job /field of study

In Consideration with:

(a) Economical Factors

-Operations having bottlenecks

-Operations done repetitively

-Operations having a great amount of

manual work and material handling

.


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(b) Human Factors -co-operation of people

Resistance:

- The fear of unemployment

- The fear of reduction in wages

- The fear of increased work load

(c) Technical Factors -To improve the

method of work

ex: a worker feels that speed of the

machine can be increased by X tool. But the

capacity of the machine may not permitincreased speed


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2. Record- All the details about the

existing method

Charts and diagrams used in recording:

(a) Operation process chart:

All the operations and inspections are

recorded

(b) process chart: Motions of both Right hand

and Left hand chart is recorded

independently

(c)String diagram: The movements of

workers are recorded using a string in a

diagram drawn to scale


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(d)Flow process chart

-Man type

-Material type

-Equipment type

(e)Flow diagram: This is drawn to suitable scale.

Path of flow of material in the shop is recorded

(f) Multiple activity chart: Activities of a group of

workers doing a single job or

the activities of a single worker operating a

number of machines are recorded


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Activities of a stenographer in preparation of a

letter are recorded in the flow process chart


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An example of operation process chart: process

of manufacture of electric motor is shown


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Example of a two-handed process chart


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Study of movement of

machinist

Movement from raw

material to finished goods


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3. Examine- the recorded facts critically

The following factors are questioned:

PurposeTo eliminate the activity, ifpossible

PlaceTo combine or re-arrange the

activities

Sequenceof operations

Personworking

MeansTo simplify the activity

By doing this,

Unwanted activities can be eliminated

Number of activities can be combined or

re-arranged

Method can be simplified

All these steps will reduce production time


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4. Develop- A better method..

The answer to the questions given belowwill result in the development of abetter method:

PurposeWhat should be done?

PlaceWhere should it be done?SequenceWhen should it be done?

PersonWho should do it?

MeansHow should it be done?


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6. Install- the most difficult stage

It consists of :

(a) Gaining acceptance of the change by

supervisor

(b) Getting approval of management

(c) Gaining the acceptance of change by

workers and trade unions(d) Giving training to operators in the new

method

(e) To be in close contact with the progress

of the job until it is satisfactorily executed


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7. Maintain the new method

HOW? Any defects should be rectified in time by

the work study personnel

Periodical review should be made

Reactions and suggestions from workers and

supervisors must be noted

The differences between the new written

standard practice and the actual practice are

analysed and rectified


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Work Measurement:

A technique to establish the time required for a

qualified worker to carry out a specified job

at a defined level of performance

Uses:

To compare the efficiency of alternate

methodsBasis for wage incentive schemes

Determine the requirement of men and

machine

Helps in better production control

Helps to control the cost of productionHelps to plan the workload of man and

machine


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(a) Selection of jobUnder the following situations, a job is

selected for time study:1. A new job, new component or a new

operation

2. When new time standard is required

3. To check the correctness of the existing

time standard4. When the cost of operation is found to be

high

5. When two methods are to be compared

1) Stop Watch Time Study:make use of a stop

watch for measuring the time

Procedure for conducting stop watchtime study:


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(b) Record

The following information are recorded:

About the product, machine, equipment About the working conditions

(c)Break down operation into elements

This is done for easy observation and accurate

measurement

The elements are grouped as constant element,

variable element, occasional element, human

element, machine element etc and analyse


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(g)Calculate the basic time

Basic time is calculated by applying rating factor

(h)Determine the allowance

Allowance is an extra to basic time

(i)Compile the standard timeThe standard time is the sum of basic time andallowances. The standard time is also known as

allowed time


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2) PRODUCTION STUDY - To check

accuracy of the original time study

-This study is done to find the time delay

due to occasional elements. These elementsmay occur at irregular intervals

Example: Tool grinding, setting tools etc

There are chances of missing

these elements in the stopwatch time study

Production study is

conducted for a longer period -

at least for half a day or one

shift


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3)Work sampling -the ratio of the delaytime and working time to the total time of an

activity is found out

Large number of observations are made over a

period of time of one or group of machines,

processes or workers

Each observation records what is happening

at that instant and the percentage ofobservations recorded for a particular activity

Or delay, is a measure of the percentage of

time during which that activities delay occurs

This study is applied to:

1. Long cycle operations

2. Activities where time study is not possible


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4) Synthesis from standard data

Many operators in an industry have

several common elements

Example: starting the machine,stopping the machine etc.. These

elements are called constant

elements

Time for some elements vary

proportionately with the speed,feed, length of cut etc. in machining

operation. These elements are

known as variable elements

Measurement technique to work out standard

time for a job by totaling the elemental times

already obtained from previous time studies


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Few well-known systems using this concept

are:1. M.T.M. : Method Time Measurement

2. W.F.S. : Work Factor System

3. M.T.A. : Motion Time Analysis

4. D.M.T. : Dimensional Motion Times

5. B.M.T. : Basic Motion Times

5) PREDETERMINED MOTION TIME

SYSTEM (PMTS)

Technique where by times, established are

used to build up the time for a job at adefined level of performance


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6) ANALYTICAL ESTIMATING

To determine the time values for jobs either

by using the synthetic data or on the basic of

the past experience of the estimator when nosynthetic or standard data is available


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Ergonomics :

Both work study and Ergonomics

are complementary and try to

fit the job to the workers;

however Ergonomics adequately

takes care of factors governing

physical and mental strains

Scientific study of the relationship between

man and his working environments

Ergons =work and Nomos =Natural laws


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Principles of ergonomics:

1. Work in neutral postures

Your posture provides a good starting point for

evaluating the tasks that you do. The bestpositions in which to work are those thatkeep the body in neutral

2. Reduce excessive forceExcessive force on your joints can create apotential for fatigue and injury. One has to

identify specific instances of excessive force

and think of ways to make improvements

3.Keep everything in easy reach

This deals with keeping things within easy

reach. It helps to evaluate a task from this

specific perspective


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4.Work at proper heightsDo most work at elbow height

A good rule of thumb is that most work should

be done at about elbow height, whether sitting

or standing

5.Reduce excessive motionsOne of the simplest ways to reduce manual

repetitions is to use power tools whenever

possible

6.Minimize fatigue and static loadHolding the same position for a period of time is

known as static load. It creates fatigue and

discomfort and can interfere with work

7.Provide clearanceEquipment should be built and tasks should be

set up so that nothing blocks your view


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8.Minimize pressure pointsA good example of this is squeezing hard onto a

tool, like a pair of pliers. Adding a cushioned

grip and contouring the handles to fit your

hand makes this problem better

9.Move, exercise and stretchIf you sit for long periods, you need to shift

postures:

Adjust the seat up and down throughout the day.Move, stretch, and change positions often

10.Maintain a comfortable environmentEx: lighting issues.One good way to solve lighting

problems is by using a small light right at yourwork that you can orient and adjust to fit your

needs


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Good and Bad

Ergonomics


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Applications of ergonomics:

1) The working environment

It includes considerations regarding light,climatic conditions, noise, smokes, fumes,

etc., which affect the health and efficiency of

a worker

Provisions:-Day light should be reinforced with artificial

lights, depending upon the nature of work

The environment should be well-ventilated and

comfortable

Dust and fume collectors should preferably be

attached

Glares and reflections coming from glazed and

polished surfaces should be avoided

Excessive contrast, owing of colour or badly

located windows, etc., should be eluded


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2)Work place layout:

If the eyes are used to

select material the

latter should be kept

as far as possible in anarea where the eyes

can locate them

without turning the

head.

Depending on the work done by each hand there

should be a supply of the same materials or parts for

each hand

S t d k l l t


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Suggested work place layout

A work place layout with different areas and

typical dimensions

It shows the left hand covering the maximumworking area and the right hand covering the

normal working area.


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Last thank u slide

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productivity pptx.pptx