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Prof. dr. Marija Todorovic Prof. dr. Marija Todorovic
DERES - DIVISION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Serbia
[email protected], [email protected]@EUnet.yu, [email protected]/dereswww.rcub.bg.ac.yu/deres
2006 62006 6thth November November
E N E R G Y S U P P L Y
MICRO AND DISTRIBUTED GENERATIONMICRO AND DISTRIBUTED GENERATIONAND TRIGENERATION IAND TRIGENERATION I
AIM OF THIS LECTURE
Introduction to the relevant definitions and aspects of the combined heat & power (CHP), micromicro and and distributed generationdistributed generation and and trigenerationtrigeneration for all for all
UNESCO E-Learning target groupsUNESCO E-Learning target groups,
Its aim is to provide an understanding of power generation technologies and to show how “waste” heat from electric generation process can be used for:
heating and/or cooling to increase systems integral energy efficiency, to reduce operating costs and the need for new electric utility construction, as well as to reduce the load on electric transmission systems.
It is an introduction to the Fundamentals of CHP Systems, Engineering Issues, Benefits and Barriers to CHP’s broader utilisation, Micro and Distributed Generation – Cogeneration and Trigeneration, Examples of implementation
ACRONYMSACRONYMS
Combined Heat & Power (CHP)
Buildings Cooling, Heating & Power (BCHP)
CHP for Buildings (CHPB)
Integrated Energy Systems (IES)
Total Energy Systems (TES)
Trigeneration Systems (Trigen)
CHP for Industry
Cogeneration
Micro - CHP Systems Technologies
What is CHP - Cogeneration - HP Production
Why Consider CHP
What is Trigeneration
CHP Characteristics of Good Applications
CHP Barriers
CHP Managing Overview & Services
COMBINED HEAT & POWER (CHP) - COMBINED HEAT & POWER (CHP) - MICRO AND MICRO AND DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND TRIGENERATIONDISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND TRIGENERATION
Micro Combined Heat and Power or MicroCHP is an extension of the well established idea of COGENERATION
to the single/multi family home or small office building
Engine Cooling Waterr- / -Oil
Heat Exchanger
Natural Gas
Air
Grid
Electrical
Exhaust Gas Heat Exchanger
Exhaust Gas
Peak Load Boiler
84 °C
90 °C
< 120 °C
70 °C
79 °C 82 °C
Final Heat User
V = f(T).
V = f(P).
Thermostat
Kathalyst
Lubricant Oil
Combined Heat and Power Productioon
What is CHPWhat is CHP
Combined Heat and Power
– Cooling, Heating & Power – Total energy systems – Cogeneration / trigeneration – Energy recycling
It is an Integrated System that:
– Supplies electrical or mechanical power – Uses thermal output for space or water heating, cooling,
dehumidification, or process heat – Is located at or near user – Can serve a single facility or district energy system – Can range in size from a few kW to 100+MW
How CHP Saves Energy
Electrical efficiency fuelee QQ
Heat efficiency fuelheatheat QQ
Overall efficiency fuelheatetot QQQ /)(
(also called “Cogeneration efficiency or “Total efficiency)
Power-to-Heat Ratio heate QQ /
Where is:Qe – Gross electrical output, kWeQheat – Usefull heat output, kWthQfuel – Fuel energy input (based on Net Caloric
Value (Lower Heating Value: LHV)), kWth
58,0200
8036
85,0
100
5530
Separate Production of Electricy and Heat
POWER PLANT Fuel 100 Electricity 36
BOILER Fuel 100 Heat 80
Total Efficiency: 0,58
Cogeneration
POWER and HEATFuel 100
Electricity 30 and Heat 55
Total efficiency: 0,85
CHP System Sizes (Terminology)
TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES
Micro CHP systems are currently based on several different technologies
Internal combustion engines
Stirling engines
Steam engines
Microturbines
Fuel cells
Engine Cooling Waterr- / -Oil
Heat Exchanger
Natural Gas
Air
Grid
Electrical
Exhaust Gas Heat Exchanger
Exhaust Gas
Peak Load Boiler
84 °C
90 °C
< 120 °C
70 °C
79 °C 82 °C
Final Heat User
V = f(T).
V = f(P).
Thermostat
Kathalyst
Lubricant Oil
Combined Heat and Power Productioon
Vapour compression cooling mashine
Condenser
Evaporator
ExpansionCompressor
Power
Q0
QK
Concentrated
Expans.Valve
dilutesolution
pump
Wapor Steam
Wasserdampf
Wasser
Air ConditioninigPlant
Evaporator To back cooling
From back cooling
Condenser
Abwärme
Absorber
Heat
Trigen BlockGenerator
Absorptions refrigeration plant
Cooling
Absorptions- cooling plant
Engine watercooling- / -oilHeat Exchanger
Electricity
3-Way-catalyst
Natural Gas
Air Exhaust Gas-Heat
Exchanger
Exhaust
Gas
Trigeneration Module
Heat-Storage
CoolEnergy-Storage
TRIGENERATION Power-Heat-Cool-Coupling
Absorption Cooling „fueled“ by the Heat
34 %
13% Losses
53 %
Electricity
Heat
38 % Kälte
Gas
100 %100 %
el= 35 %
th= 55 %
AbsorptionCooling Plant
ref = 71 %
6 °C / 12 °C
POWER – HEAT – COOL - COUPLING
Primaryenergy121 %
Primaryenergy100 %
Separated Production
Power-Heat-Cooling-Coupling
Heating 53 %
el= 36 %
el= 35 %
th= 55 %
38% Cooling
77 %
Losses
Losses
13 %
Compressioncooling-mashine
Absorbtioncooling
plant
38% Cooling
34 % Eliectricity
34 % Electricity
9 %Electricity
KKM = 4
AKA = 0,71
POWER – HEAT – COOL - COUPLING
Safety cooling
Back cooling
Natural Gas
ElectricityTrigenBlock
Heating in Winter
Absorber
Electrical Grid
Supermarket/Office building/Hospital
HeatStorage
Cool-Storage
Power – Electr. Grid – Heat – Cooling - Coupling
Back Cooling
Oil for heating
Natural Gas Supply
Natural Gas Supply
Safety cooling
Electrical Grid
Energy Supply and
Saving
TrigenBlock Boiler
Supermarket/Office Building/Hospital
Power – Electr. Grid – Heat – Cooling - Coupling
The environmental damage caused by the use of energy coupled with advances in technology has led to a change in the view of the building as an energy system.
Technologies such as photovoltaic facades, fuel cells, ducted wind turbines and cogeneration allow a building to produce clean energy for own needs – heating/cooling/electr.
Raised best performance related issues, matching demand and supplied heat and power, optimization (design & control) of the interaction of the EG (DEG) with HVAC/technical systems in transient conditions.
The answer to most of these questions requires some form of integrated building design and systems simulation.
THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT MAJOR CONSUMER OF HEAT AND MAJOR CONSUMER OF HEAT AND
ELECTRICITYELECTRICITY
MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF SMALLSCALE EMBEDDED GENERATION
SYSTEMS
Advances in heat and power production lead to a revolution in buildings perception as an energy system.The addition of heat and power production increases buildings complexity and new design issues must be addressed:– integration of DEG with traditional systems;– optimal demand and supply matching; – demand side management and its impact on environmental
performance; – interaction of the DEG system with the local electricity
network, etc.
Small-scale CHP installation analysis
Sustainable Research Sustainable Research BuildingBuildingNottingham UniversityNottingham University
5.5 kW el, 12.5 kW th5.5 kW el, 12.5 kW thMax 83oC water outMax 83oC water out
CHP contribution:
- 30% electrical load- 23% heating load
CHP benefits (Feb-May 05):
- 7,000 kWh primary fuel savings- 1,450 kg CO2 savings
Optimisation:
- 2 units running simultaneously
ELECTRICAL POWER COOL USEFUL HEAT
TRIGENERATIONTRIGENERATION STATE OF THE ARTSTATE OF THE ART
Existing installations: - medium to large-scale- Prime movers: Internal Conmbustion engines and
turbines- Cooling: absorption chillers
Challenges in small-scale applications- Cooling technology?- Costs?- Fuel and emissions?
TESTING, SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS TESTING, SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS
OF A SMALL-SCALE TRIGENERATIONOF A SMALL-SCALE TRIGENERATIONDesigners need simulation tools to help answer
questions relating to building environmental performance.
For the development of integrated EG schemes, building simulation tools must evolve to facilitate all aspects of DEG systems modeling:
- EG components, electrical power flow, demand and supply control algorithms, etc. - To assess the interactions between an EG system
and all other components of a building, modeling, must be undertaken in an integrated manner.
MODELING AND SIMULATION MODELING AND SIMULATION
Simulation – modeling tools
have evolved to assist in the design and assessment of
building performance, particularly in:
- low energy building design,
- modeling of active and passive solar systems,
- modeling natural ventilation systems
- daylighting and effects of saving technologies
- modeling of modern, building integrated heat and
power sources such as photovoltaics and fuel cells.
Evaluation of benefits of CHP installation
Optimisation:
Interaction CHP/Building’s heating system
Trigen Heat/Power/Cooling capacities ratios•
Outcomes: Trigen offers
Significant primary fuel savings
CO2 emissions reductions
However, payback period can be/very long! ?
Future work: Improve component efficiencies - COP
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION MICRO SCALE DEG AND TRIGENERATION
CHP FOR INDUSTRY - THE CONCEPT THE IOWA ETHANOL INDUSTRY
Improved Reliability
Lower Energy Costs
Better Power Quality
Lower Emissions (including CO2)
Conserve Natural Resources
ResourcesResources
Support Grid Infrastructure
– Defer Costly Grid Upgrades
– Price Stability
Facilitates Deployment of New
Clean Energy Technologies
Enhances Competition
CHP FOR HIGH ENERGY USERS
Example Ethanol Facility
–Thermal»75–80% Energy Costs are Natural Gas - Steam Production - Dryers»» $10 Million/Year
–Electrical»~ $2.5 Million/Year»3.5 to 4.5 MWe Load => 30 to 40 Million kWh/Yea
–Process Can Use all the Thermal Produced»Expect Between 4,300 and 5,300 lbs/hour per Installed MWe
CHP AT AN ETHANOL FACILITY?CHP AT AN ETHANOL FACILITY?
Both Thermal and Electric Reliability Very Important–Lose Batch–Several Hours to Restart
Electric Reliability–Grid Backs Up CHP System–CHP System Backs up Grid
Thermal Reliability–CHP System Provides Part of Thermal Load–Boilers Sized to Provide All of Thermal Load
Reliability In Design–Systems Need to be Designed to Do This!
CHP AT AN IDUSTRIAL FACILITY?
Long Hours (7/24/365)
Availability of Fuels Other than Natural Gas
–Coal
–Biofuels
–Waste Water or Land Fill Gas
Saves Energy
–Efficiencies Upwards of 85% because of
High Thermal Use and Value
Reduces Energy Costs
TYPICAL INDUSTRIAL CHP SYSTEM
RELIABLE CHP TECHNOLOGIES
Electric Generation Equipment
Gas Turbines and Engines, Reciprocating Engines and Steam Turbines
RELIABLE CHP TECHNOLOGIES
Heat Recovery Systems- Steam and Hot Water
- Exhaust Gases
Absorption Chillers Desiccant Dehumidification
Northern Power supplied a hybrid solar PV / microturbine standalone power system for a new PEMEX natural gas production platform. The Lankahuasa-1 platform, an innovative tripod design is the first offshore site deployed as part of PEMEX’s strategic gas initiative program, tapping the newly discovered gas reserves southeast of Tampico in Mexico.
High Energy Use
Coincident Needs for Electrical and Thermal Energy
Cost of Buying Electric Power from the Grid Relative to the Cost of Fuel
Installed Cost Differential Between a Conventional System and a CHP System
KEY FACTORS FOR CHP INDUSTRIAL KEY FACTORS FOR CHP INDUSTRIAL ATTRACTIVENESSATTRACTIVENESS
Aging Electric Transmission and Distribution Systems
– Difficult to Site New Lines
– Capacity Constrained
– Costly to Maintain
Rising Concerns Over
– Blackouts/Brownouts
– Power Supply Constraints
– Electricity Prices
WHY THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEG WHY THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEG ARE IN GROWTH?ARE IN GROWTH?
MAIN IMPEDIMENTS TO CHPMAIN IMPEDIMENTS TO CHP
High First CostDiscourages Investment Despite Life Cycle Benefits
Assessing CHP Value (Beyond Energy Cost Reduction)Hard to Identify, Quantify, and Allocate Among Parties
Stakeholder ApathyLack Lack of Incentive for Facility Managers and
Engineering Firms to Try Something DifferentToo Few Case Studies
Inconsistent, Hard to Find, and Often Incomplete in Financial DetailsPermitting Process
Sometimes Long, Cumbersome, and Costly
Electric Utility Response / InterconnectionOften Times Ambivalent at Best, Hostile at Worse -
Inconsistent Standards, Complex Process, Network Issues and
Unpredictable or High CostsNatural Gas Prices / Volatility
Creates Uncertainty in Energy CostsUtility Tariffs
Standby Charges and General Rate DesignLack of Familiarity
With CHP Technologies, Concepts, and Environmental Benefits
Electric Restructuring Creates Uncertainty and a “Wait and See” Attitude
Ultimately this should lead to creating an environment that enables DER to succeed.
DECENTTRALISED GENERATION
CHP : cleaner, cheaper and CHP : cleaner, cheaper and competitivecompetitive
Storage
Photovoltaics power plant
Windpowerplant House with domestic CHP
Powerqualitydevice
Storage
Central power station
House
FactoryCommercial
building
Local CHP plant
Storage
Storage
Powerqualitydevice
FlowControl
Transmission Network
Distribution Network
YesterdayTomorrow: distributed/ on-site generation with fully integrated network management
Central power station
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
WITH HIGH PENETRATION OF WITH HIGH PENETRATION OF
RENEWABLE ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCESSOURCES
Distributed Generation (DG) is growing in
popularity to meet urban, rural, and diverse
customer loads. Integrating the various
Distributed Generation technologies into a
power system in efforts to improve reliability
vary for each application.
Distributed generation a new trend in the generation of heat and electrical power, or Distributed Energy Resources (DER) concept permits "consumers" who are generating heat or electricity for their own needs (hydrogen station and microgeneration) to send surplus electrical power back into the power-grid so known as net metering - or share excess heat via a distributed heating grid. Distributed generation systems with (CHP) systems can be very efficient, using up to 90% of the potential energy in the fuel they consume. CHP can also save a lot of money and fuel. Estimates are that CHP has the potential to reduce the energy usage of the USA by up to 40%. A cluster of distributed generation installations is view as a Virtual power plant.Even if the term "distributed generation" is quite well established, terms like distributed power, distributed energy, distributed energy resources, embedded generation, decentralized power, dispersed generation, and onsite generation can also be found in the literature. Although some of those terms may be used with a different meaning, typically they exactly refer to distributed generation.
DEG energy resources are wind, solar, biomass, fuel cells, gas microturbines, hydrogen, combined heat and power (CHP), and hybrid power systems.
DEG technologies maturity coincided with energy deregulation, creating a fertile environment for DEG projects
General benefits of building’s DEG applications: Overall load reduction Energy independence Standby/backup power Peak shaving Net energy sales Combined heat and power Grid support Premium power for sensitive applications
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION OFFICE BUILDINGSDISTRIBUTED GENERATION OFFICE BUILDINGS
DEG can be more efficient than central power, but it must not be environmentally clean.
DEG does encompass renewable energy systems that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but it also includes generators that burn fossil fuels, particularly natural gas and diesel.
DEG environmental impact depend on the fuel kind.
Central power loses 73 percent of total input energy before it reaches the consumer (65 percent in heat loss at the generator plus eight percent lost in transmission).
DG electricity travels a shorter distance, so are losses during transmission. Furthermore, these smaller generators tend to be more efficient as the new technologies and site-appropriate equipment systems.
Solar turbine and 5.2 MW
cogeneration plantArden Realty USA
SOME UTILITY BENEFITS OF SOME UTILITY BENEFITS OF USING DEGUSING DEG
Dispatchable peak demand reduction
Maximum use of standby capacity through safe
parallel operation with the utility grid
Cost-effective solution consistent with least cost
planning emphasis
Improved system load factor
Enhanced voltage stability and avoided line losses
during heavy-load conditions
Improved customer relations
CUSTOMER BENEFITS AND FORCES OF DEGCUSTOMER BENEFITS AND FORCES OF DEG
Bill reductionReliability improvementPower Quality (PQ) improvementCustomer partnerships
Customer ForcesRestructuring and evolving regulation drivecustomers to be more proactive and informed about energy purchases and investments.
Increasing need for differentiated energy services, – reliability – quality
Cogeneration/thermal - “green” energy
TECHNOLOGY FORCESTECHNOLOGY FORCES
Smaller, More Modular Generation
Shifting Economies of Scale equipment
manufacturing versus central generation
Improving Efficiencies of Smaller
Technologies
More Flexible “Optimizable” Solutions
Many Improvements Driven by Significant
Technology Push in Automotive Sector
BARRIERSTechnical - addressable with traditional technology based RD&D– DR technologies
– technical evaluation techniques & tools
Institutional - requires covering new, mostly nontechnical ground
– business/management theories
– new regulatory structures
– new standards
Fundamentals of Combined Heat and Power Systems
Introduction to DG and CHP; Prime Mover Technologies; Thermal Loads for CHP; Generators and Electrical and Utility Interconnections; Heat Recovery Technologies;Commercial and Industrial Applications; Application Opportunities; Financial Evaluation; Design Project Management
Engineering Issues in Combined Heat and Power Systems
Prime Mover Cycles, Efficiencies, and Thermodynamics; Thermal Technologies and Interconnection Design-Commercial;
Thermal Technologies and Interconnection Design-Industrial; Economic Analysis Techniques;Economic Analysis Software Training; Case Study Exercises;
THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES is a scholarly peer-reviewed archival Journal.
It publishes experimental, theoretical and applied results in both science and engineering for distributed energy resources in electrical grids.
A thorough peer-review of each paper is performed by at least two independent experts for the special
topics addressed.
Contact and Call for Papers:ISET e.V.Editorial [email protected]://www.der-journal.org/
