Professional Skills in Computer Science - Handoutscgi.csc.liv.ac.uk/~ullrich/COMP110/notes/lect17.pdf · Ullrich Hustadt COMP110 Professional Skills in Computer Science L17 { 20

Professional Skills in Computer ScienceLecture 17: Bibliographies and Referencing (3)

Ullrich Hustadt

Department of Computer ScienceSchool of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Computer Science

University of Liverpool

Ullrich Hustadt COMP110 Professional Skills in Computer Science L17 – 1

References Bibliography styles Reference manager Citing

Contents

1 ReferencesMore examples

2 Bibliography stylesOrdinal numberAuthor-DateAbbreviation

3 Reference manager

4 Citing

Relevant learning outcome:

1 To effectively communicate in writing and orally


References Bibliography styles Reference manager Citing More examples

More Examples

Bad:JAVA, JAVA, JAVA by Ralph Morelli in 2006

Good:R. Morelli and R. Walde: Java, Java, Java: Object-Oriented ProblemSolving, 3rd edition. Prentice Hall, 2006.



More Examples

Bad:Marco Dorigo and Thomas Stutzle, Ant Colony Optimization.

Good:Marco Dorigo and Thomas Stutzle: Ant Colony Optimization.Bradford Book, 2004.



More Examples

Bad:Marco Dorigo, Gianni Di Caro, Michael Samples, Ant Algorithms, thirdinternational workshop, Ant 2002, Brussels, Belgium, September 2002,Proceedings.

Good:Marco Dorigo, Gianni Di Caro, and Michael Samples, editors: AntAlgorithms: Third International Workshop, ANTS 2002, Brussels,Belgium, September 12–14, 2002, Proceedings. Lecture Notes inComputer Science 2463. Springer, 2002.



More Examples

Bad:http://www.cut-the-knot.org/blue/Stern.shtml

Good:Alexander Bogomolny: Stern-Brocot Tree. Interactive MathematicsMiscellany and Puzzles, 31 October 2016.http://www.cut-the-knot.org/blue/Stern.shtml

[accessed 31 October 2016].


http://www.cut-the-knot.org/blue/Stern.shtml

http://www.cut-the-knot.org/blue/Stern.shtml

References Bibliography styles Reference manager Citing Ordinal number Author-Date Abbreviation

Bibliography styles

• A bibliography style determines

• how references are presented; what is the order of references within a bibliography

what is the order of information within a referencewhat fonts are used for which informationwhat punctuation marks are used to separate bits of informationhow citations identify the corresponding reference

• how citations are presented; what information is in a citation

what does a citation look likewhere is a citation placed typographically

• The three main classes of bibliography styles are:1 Ordinal Number2 Author-Date3 Abbreviation

We look at a prototypical style within each class (the COMP110 style)



Styles: Ordinal Number

• Sources listed in the bibliography are sorted according to some ordering,typically based on the authors’ names, and numbered consecutively

• A single citation is given by a number, cross-referencing thebibliography, enclosed in square brackets

• A list of citations is enclosed in a single pair of square brackets and thenumbers are separated by commas

Example:Key techniques for utilising temporal logic specifications have been investigated,including verification via proof [3] and verification via model-checking [1,2].

Bibliography

1. E. Clarke, O. Grumberg, and D. A. Peled: Model Checking. MIT Press, 2000.2. K. L. McMillan: Symbolic Model Checking. Kluwer, 1993.3. M. Vardi and P. Wolper: Reasoning about infinite computations.

Information and Computation 115:1–37, 1994.



Styles: Author-Date (1)

• Sources in the reference list are arranged alphabetically bythe authors’ surnames (phone book order);

• where there is more than one work by the same authors, they are arrangedby year of publication, starting with the earliest;

• where there is more than one work with the same authors and date, a letteris added to the year of publication to distinguish them

• The year of publication typically immediately follows the list of authors

Example:

Bibliography

E. Clarke, O. Grumberg, and D. A. Peled (2000). Model Checking. MIT Press.K. L. McMillan (1993). Symbolic Model Checking. Kluwer.M. Vardi and P. Wolper (1994). Reasoning about infinite computations.

Information and Computation 115:1–37.




• Sources in the reference list are arranged alphabetically bythe authors’ surnames (phone book order);

• where there is more than one work by the same authors, they are arrangedby year of publication, starting with the earliest;

• where there is more than one work with the same authors and date, a letteris added to the year of publication to distinguish them

• The year of publication typically immediately follows the list of authors

Example:

Bibliography

P. Wolper (1996a). Where is the Algorithmic Support? ACM Computing Surveys28(4):58.

P. Wolper (1996b). The Meaning of “Formal”. ACM Computing Surveys28(4):127.




• A single citation is given by the authors’ names and the year enclosed inparentheses unless the authors’ names are part of the sentence

Example of quoting:

The following is an extract from (Wolper, 1996a):

Consider, for instance, the issue of compositionality in proofsystems for concurrency. I am not going to argue thatcompositionality is undesirable, but that achieving it withoutalgorithmic support (in a broad sense) is easy and mostly useless.

Example of citing:

While Wolper (1996a) states that he does not argue that compositionalityin proof systems for concurrency is undesirable, he claims that achieving itwithout algorithmic support is mostly useless.




• A citation is given by the authors’ names and the year enclosed inparentheses unless the authors’ names are already part of the sentence,in which case only the year is enclosed in parentheses

• A list of citations is enclosed in a single pair of parentheses andcitations are separated by semicolons

Examples:Recent work (Wolper, 1996a; Peters, 2010) stresses the importance ofalgorithmic support for formal methods.

Wolper (1996a; b) stresses the importance of algorithmic support forformal methods.

The completion procedure may fail in general, but has been extended to arefutationally complete theorem prover (Lankford, 1975; Hsiang andRusinowitch, 1987; Bachmair, Dershowitz and Plaisted, 1989).Completion procedures for conditional equations have been described byKounalis and Rusinowitch (1988), and by Ganzinger (1987; 1990).



Styles: Abbreviation (1)

• Combination of elements of ordinal number style and author-date style

• Each source in the bibliography is given a short, unique identifier(abbreviation) based on authors’ names and year of publication, withadditional letters to disambiguate duplicate abbreviations

Example:

Bibliography

[CGP00] E. Clarke, O. Grumberg, and D. A. Peled. Model Checking.MIT Press, 2000.

[vdG94] R. A. van der Goot. Strategies for modal resolution. Master’s thesis,Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, 1994.

[Wol96a] P. Wolper. Where is the Algorithmic Support? ACM ComputingSurvey 28(4):58, 1996.

[Wol96b] P. Wolper. The Meaning of “Formal”. ACM Computint Survey28(4):127, 1996.



Styles: Abbreviation (2)

• Citations in the text are given as (lists of) abbreviationscross-referencing the bibliography, again enclosed in square brackets

Examples:Key techniques for utilising temporal logic specifications have been investigated,including verification via proof [VW94] and verification via model-checking[CGP00,McM93].

Recent work [Wol96a, Pet10] stresses the importance of algorithmic support forformal methods.

Wolper in [Wol96a,Wol96b] stresses the importance of algorithmic support forformal methods.

The completion procedure may fail in general, but has been extended to a

refutationally complete theorem prover [Lan75,HR87,BDP89]. Completion

procedures for conditional equations have been described by Kounalis and

Rusinowitch [KR88], and by Ganzinger [Gan87,Gan90].



Organising references

• There are myriads of styles for references and bibliographies

• You should maintain information on your sources in a ‘neutral’ format

• Ideally, you should use a tool which

• supports such a ‘neutral’ format

• allows to add, delete, modify bibliographic information for documents

• allows to search for documents

• interacts with your word processor/text editor

• generates a list of references in any desired style

• Examples of such systems are

• EndNote http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/research/endnote.html

• Refworks http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/research/refworks.html

• Zotero http://www.zotero.org/

Zotero was covered in a COMP110 practical


http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/research/endnote.html

http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/research/refworks.html

http://www.zotero.org/


Organising references

• Tools like Zotero help you to maintain a large set ofbibliographic information

• They ease the burden of referencing and generating lists of referencesaccording to a specific style

• If no specific style is requested, then providing all the necessaryinformation about each of your sources in a consistent wayis the most important aspect of a bibliography

• Beware that the way you formulate sentences which include referencesdepends on the class of bibliography style; changing to a different class later is time-consuming and error-prone



Citing: Rules of Thumb (Zobel 2004)

• If you discuss a paper in detail or note some particular contribution itmakes, it must be cited and referenced

• Claims, statements of fact, discussions of previous work should besupported by citations and references, if not supported by your currentwork

This does include references to your own work if previously published

But: Do not cite to support common knowledge;do not end every sentence with a reference

• Attribute work correctly, in particular, when relying on secondarysources

Bad: According to Dawson (1981), stable graphs have been shown tobe closed

Good: According to Kelly (1959; as stated in Dawson, 1981), stablegraphs are closed



Placing citations

• Place citations in sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear whichmaterial has come from which source or sources

• Use signposting/transitions to indicate whether several sentencescontain material from the same source or from different sources

• If a whole paragraph is based on a single source or single list of sources,give the citations early in the paragraph; do not simply add a list of citations at the end of the paragraph

Example:

Jones (1985) found that positioning influences ventilation. In hisstudy of 20 cases, he used two methods to . . . . However, his findingswere later contradicted by the work of Karcher (1987) andAtley (1989) who used much larger samples to demonstrate that . . .



Placing citations

With respect to placing a citation within a sentence,this can either be done

• idea-focused:Close to the idea, for example, at the end of the first sentence orpart of the sentence explaining the idea

Examples:

Key techniques for utilising temporal logic specifications have beeninvestigated, including verification via proof [1] and verification viamodel-checking [2,3].

In general, formal verification of software-based systems is anundecidable problem (Turing, 1936).

• author/source-focused:Immediately after the names of the authors or mention of the source



Placing citations

With respect to placing a citation within a sentence,this can be done

• idea-focused:Close to the idea, for example, at the end of the first sentence orpart of the sentence explaining the idea

• author/source-focused:Immediately after the names of the authors or mention of the source

Examples:

Wolper (1996a) and Peters (2010) stress the importance ofalgorithmic support for formal methods.

Wolper [4] and Peters [5] stress the importance of algorithmicsupport for formal methods.

Wolper [Wol96a] and Peters [Pet10] stress the importance ofalgorithmic support for formal methods.



Placing citations: Common mistakes

• A citation in ordinal-number style never starts a sentence

Wrong: [9] Disaster rescue is a serious social issue.

Correct: Disaster rescue is a serious social issue [9].

• In most Computer Science publications a citation never comes after apunctuation mark except for quotations

Wrong: 2-on-2 teams of autonomous mobile robots play games in arectangular field color-coded in shades of grey. [9]

Correct: 2-on-2 teams of autonomous mobile robots play games in arectangular field colour-coded in shades of gray [9].

• In ordinal-number style a list of citations is a comma-separated list ofnumbers enclosed in one pair of square brackets

Wrong: The humanoid soccer robots are fully autonomous [5][9].

Correct: The humanoid soccer robots are fully autonomous [5,9].



Placing citations: Common mistakes

• A citation never occurs in a section heading

Wrong: Section 5. The History of RoboCup [9]

Wrong: Section 5. The History of RoboCup (Henry, 2006)

• Beware of the differences between ordinal-number style and author-datestyle

Wrong: [11,12] stresses the importance of algorithmic support forformal methods.

Correct: Wolper [11,12] stresses the importance of algorithmic supportfor formal methods.

Correct: Wolper (1996a; 1996b) stresses the importance of algorithmicsupport for formal methods.



Placing citations: Correct use

Examples of correct use of author-date style:

While Wolper (1996a) does not argue that compositionality in proofsystems for concurrency is undesirable, he claims that achieving it withoutalgorithmic support is mostly useless.

Recent work (Wolper, 1996a; Peters, 2010) stresses the importance ofalgorithmic support for formal methods.

Wolper (1996a;b) stresses the importance of algorithmic support forformal methods.

The completion procedure may fail in general, but has been extended to arefutationally complete theorem prover (Lankford, 1975; Hsiang andRusinowitch, 1987).

Completion procedures for conditional equations have been described byKounalis and Rusinowitch (1988), and by Ganzinger (1987; 1990).



Further reading

• For more on references and citations see

J. Zobel:Writing for Computer Science.Springer, 2004.HCL 378.962.Z81Chapter 2; see index for further information


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Professional Skills in Computer Science - Handoutscgi.csc.liv.ac.uk/~ullrich/COMP110/notes/lect17.pdf · Ullrich Hustadt COMP110 Professional Skills in Computer Science L17 { 20