Professional Social Work

S.Rengasamy. Introduction to Professional Social Work

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Principles, Philosophy, Ethics & History ofProfessional Social Work

ProfessionDefinitionA professional is a worker required to possess a large body of knowledge derived from extensive academic study (usually tertiary = University), with the training almost always formalized.

Professions are at least to a degree self-regulating, in that they control the training and evaluation processes that admit new persons to the field, and in judging whether the work done by their members is up to standard. This differs from other kinds of work where regulation (if considered necessary) is imposed by the state, or where official quality standards are often lacking.

Typically a professional provides a service (in exchange for payment or salary), in accordance with established protocols for licensing, ethics, procedures, standards of service and training / certification.

The above definitions were echoed by economist and sociologist Max Weber, who noted that professions are defined by the power to exclude and control admission to the profession, as well as by the development of a particular vocabulary specific to the occupation, and at least somewhat incomprehensible to outsiders.

Professions Vs Trades/Crafts In narrow usage, not all expertise is considered a profession. Although sometimes referred to as professions, such occupations as

skilled construction work are more generally thought of as trades or crafts. The completion of an apprenticeship is generally associated with skilled labor or trades such as carpenter, electrician, plumber, and other similar occupations. A related (though not always valid) distinction would be that a professional does mainly mental or administrative work, as opposed to engaging in physical work. Many companies include the word professional in their company name to signify the quality of their workmanship or service. (e.g., Finance Managers).

Profession: An occupation whose core element is work based upon the mastery of a complex body of knowledge and skills. It is a vocation in which knowledge of some department of science or learning or the practice of an art founded upon it is used in the service of others. Its members are governed by codes of ethics and profess a commitment to competence, integrity and morality, altruism, and the promotion of the public good within their domain. These commitments form the basis of a social contract between a profession and society, which in return grants the profession a monopoly over the use of its knowledge base, the right to considerable autonomy in

Historical trends Charity and help is a characteristic of all societies Many civilisations have a strong emphasis on authority and

social order through loyalty to family, community and traditional structures

Medieval Europe: poverty and charity !600s, 1700s: Renaissance, Reformation, some state assistance Late 1800s, early 1900s: States responsible for social help

(Idealism) Mid-1900s: welfare states (post-war, post-depression) Late 1900s: Economic pressure on state responsibility:

managerialist, neo-conservative response Sources of UK social work Church, charity, dependence, public disorder Church adapts to industrialisation, urbanisation Municipalisation and the local bureaucratic elite Reform, rescue and secularisation Main origins: Poor Law Insurance, working-class mutual help Charity Organisation Movement Settlements Emergence of social work > casework, group work, community

work Depression, war, welfare states, cold war Neoconservative, rationalist, managerialist policies


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practice and the privilege of self-regulation. Professions and their members are accountable to those served and to society.

The term profession derives from the Latin: "to swear (an oath)". The oath referred to dictates adherence to ethical standards, which invariably include practitioner/client confidentiality, truthfulness, and the striving to be an expert in one's calling, all three of these being practiced above all for the benefit of the client. There is also a stipulation about upholding the good name of the profession.

The term profession thus refers to an occupation, vocation or high-status career, usually involving prolonged academic training, formal qualifications and membership of a professional or regulatory body. Professions involve the application of specialized knowledge of a subject, field, or science to fee-paying clientele. It is axiomatic that "professional activity involves systematic knowledge and proficiency. "Professions are usually regulated by professional bodies that may set examinations of competence, act as a licensing authority for practitioners, and enforce adherence to an ethical code of practice.Contents

1 Examples of the professions2 Formation of a profession3 Regulations4 Autonomy5 Status and prestige6 Power7 History8 Gender inequality9 Racial inequality10 Characteristics of a profession

Examples of the professionsProfessions include, for example: Dentists, Doctors/Surgeons, Lawyers, Accountants, Vets, Pharmacists, Engineers, Teachers, Diplomats, Software Engineers, Commissioned Officers, Professors, Clergy, Town & Transport Planners, Architects, Pilots, Physical Therapists, Librarians, Social Workers, and some other specialized technical occupations.

Formation of a professionA profession arises when any trade or occupation transforms itself through "the development of formal qualifications based upon education and examinations, the emergence of regulatory bodies with powers to admit and discipline members, and some degree of monopoly rights."

The process by which a profession arises from a trade or occupation is often termed professionalization and has been described as one, "starting with the establishment of the activity as a full-time occupation, progressing through the establishment of training schools and university links, the formation of a professional organization, and the struggle to gain legal support for exclusion, and culminating with the formation of a formal code of ethics."

RegulationRegulation enforced by statute distinguishes a profession from other occupations represented by trade groups who aspire to professional status for their members. In all countries, professions have their regulatory or professional bodies, whose function is to define, promote, oversee, support and regulate the affairs of its members. For some professions there may be several such bodies.

AutonomyProfessions tend to be autonomous, which means they have a high degree of control of their own affairs: "professionals are autonomous insofar as they can make independent judgments about their work"


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Status and prestigeProfessions enjoy a high social status, regard and esteem conferred upon them by society. This high esteem arises primarily from the higher social function of their work, which is regarded as vital to society as a whole and thus of having a special and valuable nature. All professions involve technical, specialized and highly skilled work often referred to as "professional expertise." Training for this work involves obtaining degrees and professional qualifications without which entry to the profession is barred (occupational closure). Training also requires regular updating of skills through continuing education.

PowerAll professions have power. This power is used to control its own members, and also its area of expertise and interests. A profession tends to dominate, police and protect its area of expertise and the conduct of its members, and exercises a dominating influence over its entire field which means that professions can act monopolist, rebuffing competition from ancillary trades and occupations, as well as subordinating and controlling lesser but related trades. A profession is characterised by the power and high prestige it has in society as a whole. It is the power, prestige and value that society confers upon a profession that more clearly defines it. This is why Judges, Lawyers, Clerics, and Medical personnel enjoy this high social status and are regarded as true professionals.

How professions evolve The main milestones which mark an occupation being identified as a profession are: 1. It became a full-time occupation; 2. Establishment of training school; 3. Establishment of university department; 4. Establishment of local association; 5. Establishment of national association; 6. Introducing codes of professional ethics; 7. Establishment State licensing laws.

The ranking of established professions in the United States based on the above milestones shows Medicine first, followed by Law, Dentistry, Civil Engineering, Logistics, Architecture and Accounting. With the rise of technology and occupational specialization in the 19th century, other bodies began to claim professional status: Pharmacy, Logistics, Veterinary Medicine, Nursing, Teaching, Librarianship, Optometry and Social Work, all of which could claim to be professions by 1900 using these milestones.

Although professions enjoy high status and public prestige, all professionals do not earn the same high salaries. There are hidden inequalities even within professions.

Gender inequality & Racial inequalityThere is a long-standing and well-documented male domination of all professions, even though this has weakened over the last forty years or so. For example, well-qualified women rarely get the same pay as men.

Characteristics of a Profession The list of characteristics that follows is extensive, but does not claim to include every characteristic that has ever been attributed to professions, nor do all of these features apply to every profession:

Attributes of a profession1. There should be tested body of knowledge, consisting of techniques and methods communicable through an educational discipline which should not only be academic but practical in nature2. Standards for training, jobs and services should be set up. 3. There should be a sense of belonging, group consciousness and and responsibilities, professional ethics for every professional. 4. Profession should provide the professional with continued occupation.5. it should be responsive to public interest and work towards social ends.6. the goals should be the welfare of the people, improved human relations, built on understanding and tolerance Paul Chowdhry p.23


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Characteristics of Social Work1 It is a helping activity, designed to give assistance in respect of problems that prevent individuals, families, groups and communities from achieving a minimum desirable standard of social and economic well being2 It is a social activity, carried out notfor personal profit3 It is a liaison activity, through whichdisadvantaged individuals, families, groups and communities are linked to or enabled to access resources to meet their needs

Paul Chowdhry p.21-22

1. Skill based on theoretical knowledge:2. Professional association:3. Extensive period of education & Institutional training:4. Testing of competence:5. Licensed practitioners:6. Work autonomy:7. Code of professional conduct or ethics:8. Self-regulation:9. Public service and altruism:10. Exclusion, monopoly and legal recognition:11. Control of remuneration and advertising:12. High status and rewards:13. Individual clients:14. Middle-class occupations:15. Male-dominated:16. Offer reassurance:17. Ritual:18. Legitimacy:19. Inaccessible body of knowledge:20. Indeterminacy of knowledge:21. Mobility:

The Emergence of Social Work as a Profession

Social Work emerged as a professional activity during the late 19th century. Its roots lie in early social welfare activities, charity organization movement and the settlement house movement.

Early Social Welfare organizations.New York Society for the Prevention of Pauperism (1818)Association for Improving the Conditions of the Poor(1840)Various Child Saving Organizations American Social Science Association (1865) ------ Conference of Charities (1874) ------ National Conference on Charities and Correction (1879). National Conference on Charities and Corrections composed of State Bo

Charity Organization Societies.Founded by a priest, S. Humphreys Gurteen, in 1877, expanded throughout USA, within a short period by popularizing the techniques of investigation

and registration of the poor to eradicate pauperism. Its method of scientific charity necessitatedvocational preparation of charity workers (Friendly Visitors). The demand for trained workers led to the gradual replacement of volunteers with professional staff.Mary Richmond(1861-1928) a prominent leader in COS was instrumental in shaping the course of social work profession by writing books “Social Diagnosis” (1917) “What is Social Case Work” (1922)NewYork COS began its own publication and founded the first School of Social Work (now the Columbia School of Social Work). Many identify the COS’s responses to individuals’ needs as the genesis of social case work. Interest in understanding the family relationship, utilization of “natural helping networks”, emphasis on personal responsibility (Later translated to self determination) and concern for accountability in service delivery are some of the COS’s enduring contributions to social work.

Settlement House Movement The settlement house movement began in London .. Samuel Barnett founded Toynbee Hall .. university students lived there with the poor families.


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Stanton Coit established the Neighborhood Guild of NewYork City in USAJane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr established Chicago Hull House (1889) Settlement house movement combined social Advocacy and social services. Milestones in Professionalization

1915 Flexner, A. Is Social Work a profession? Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction

1929 American Association of Social Workers’ Milford Conference examined social work’s generic nature

1951 Hollis & Taylor report examined social worker’s role in professional practice.1957 Greenwood re-examined the professional status of social work 1958 Social workers formed a definition of Social Work1961 Bartlett analyzed social work by fields of practice1969 Social workers applied general systems theory to social work 1970 Bartlett explicated the common base of social work practice1977 Professionals examined social work’s purpose and objectives1981 NASW developed a working statement on social work purpose

The rise of Professional Organizations National Social Workers Exchange & Bureau of Occupations American Association of Medical Social Workers National Association of School Social Workers American Association of Psychiatric Social Workers American Association of Social WorkersAmerican Association of Group Workers Association for the Study of Community Organization Social Work Research Group All these merged into one NASW

19111918191919261921193619461949

National Association of Social Workers 1955National Association of Black Social Workers National Association of Puerto Rican Social Service Workers National Indian Social Workers Association North American Association of Christians in Social Work National Federation of Societies of for Clinical Social WorkSociety for Social Work Administrators in Health Care National Association of Oncology Social Workers Various groups representing Women’s Rights, Gay & Lesbian issuesAmerican Association of Schools of Social Work National Association of Schools of Social Administration Merged into CSWE

1919

Council on Social Work Education 1952

Types of theory Formal theory Informal theoryTheories of what social work is Nature and purposes of

welfareMoral, political cultural objectives

Theories of how to do social work

Theories of practice Induction from particular situations

Theories of the client world Social science theories Use of experience and general social meanings


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NASW Code of Ethics—Summary of Principles

I. The Social Worker's Conduct and Comportment as a Social WorkerA. Propriety — The social worker should maintain high standards of personal conduct in the capacity or identity of social worker.B. Competence and Professional Development —The social worker should strive to become and remain proficient in professional practice and the performance of professional functions.C. Service — The social worker should regard as primary the service obligation of the social work profession.D. Integrity — The social worker should act in accordance with the highest standards of professional integrity.E. Scholarship and Research — The social worker engaged in study and research should be guided by the conventions of scholarly inquiry.II. The Social Worker's Ethical Responsibility to

ClientsF. Primacy of Client's Interests — The social worker's primary responsibility is to clients.G. Rights and Prerogatives of Clients — The social worker should make every effort to foster maximum self-determination on the part of the clients.H. Confidentiality and Privacy — The social worker should respect the privacy of clients and hold in confidence all information obtained in the course of professional service.I. Fees — When setting fees, the social worker should ensure that they are fair, reasonable, considerate, and commensurate with the service performed and with due regard for the client's ability to pay.III. The Social Worker's Ethical Responsibility to ColleaguesJ. Respect, Fairness, and Courtesy — The social worker should treat colleagues with respect, courtesy, fairness, and good faith.K. Dealing with Colleague's Clients — The social worker has the responsibility to relate to the clients of colleagues with full professional consideration.IV. The Social Worker's Ethical Responsibility to Employers and Employing OrganizationsL. Commitments to Employing Organizations — The social worker should adhere to commitments made to the employing organizations.V. The Social Worker's Ethical Responsibility to the Social Work ProfessionM. Maintaining the Integrity of the Profession — The social worker should uphold and advance the values, ethics, knowledge, and mission of the profession.N. Community Service — The social worker should assist the profession in making social services available to the general public.O. Development of Knowledge — The social worker should take responsibility for identifying, developing, and fully utilizing knowledge for professional practice.VI. The Social Worker's Ethical Responsibility to SocietyP. Promoting the General Welfare — The social worker should promote the general welfare of society. NASW Code of Ethics, 1980. National Association of Social Workers, Inc.


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Indian ValuesThe Bhakti movement’s value of humanism, every individual has inherent worth and dignitySocialistic values of equality and legal, judicial, social and economic justice for satisfaction of basic human needs, sharing of natural resources and access to essential servicesSarvodaya’s values of Swarajya and Lokniti, that is people have to govern themselves in order to obtain equity and justice.Solidarity with the marginalised peoples, recognizing that marginalised people need to be empoweredSee also TISS SW Ethical frame work

Professional Values, Ethics and Principles

Value:Values are the implicit and explicit ideas about what we cherish as ideal or preferable. Values shape our beliefs and attitudes and in turn our beliefs and attitudes shape our values. Values make us emotionally positive or negative about a situation.

Value system is complex networks of values that people develop either individually or collectively. Normally a value within a value system is congruent or internally consistent.. but one should aware that some conflicts exist within the value system.

For ex. All people are equal Vs only people who work productively is worthwhile … these values reveal inconsistency. Poverty is the result of laziness Vs One cannot accumulate wealth if he /she is honest Ethics:

The study of how people ought to act in order to be moral.A moral code that guides the conduct of a group of professionals (such as medical doctors).The branch of philosophy that defines what is right for the individual and for society and establishes the nature of obligations, or duties, that people owe themselves and one another.

The word ethics is derived from the Greek word ethos,which means "character," and from the Latin word mores,which means "customs." In modern society, it defines how individuals, business professionals, and corporations choose to interact with one another.

Values are the implicit and explicit ideas about whatpeople consider good, ethics relates to what people consider correct or right. Ethics generates standards that direct one’s conduct. Social work ethics are behavioralexpectations or preferences that are associated with social

work responsibility.

Professional ethics = upholding moral obligations + complying the standards of practice 1. Historical shift in the focus of values – from morality of individual clients to morality of

professionalbehaviore.g. People were poor because they refused to profit by abundant opportunities to improve their condition. To be destitute to the point of having to ask for relief was to be guilty of a defect in character – thriftless ness and immorality.It was settlement house movement and the Great economic depression changed our perception that it is economic and social problems rather than individual inadequacies contribute to human sufferings.


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Besides social work profession’s commitment during the formation of profession – commitment to quality of life, social justice, human dignity and worth – inclusion of value sets like equality, social justice, freeing of life styles, rightful access to social resources and liberation of self powers are also evidentIn social work literature values are explained and listed using different phrases with an underlying

uniformity.

Herbert Bisno has classified values / philosophy in to different headings(The terms Values & Philosophy are used interchangeably) 1. Values / philosophy relating to individual. 2. Values / philosophy relating to problem 3. Values / philosophy relating to relationship. 4. Values / philosophy relating to social agency 5. Values / philosophy relating to social work practice

1. Values / philosophy relating to individual. Social work believes that human suffering is undesirable and should be

prevented or at least alleviated whenever possible. Human behavior is the result of interaction between the biological

organism and its environment. Family relationship is of primary importance in the early development of the individual. Though humans are moral being at birth, they tend to act irrationally also. Inherent dignity and worth of human beings, inherent and inalienable right of human beings to

choose and achieve his own destiny

2. Values / philosophy relating to problem There is a serious political, economic and social maladjustment in every culture. Evolutionary type of reform is both possible and desirable. i.e. incremental development

Social workers believe in the possibility of the intelligent direction of social change and hence there is a need for social planning.

Appreciating the multi dimensionality of the problem and its multiple consequences

3. Values / philosophy relating to relationship. Social Work rejects the doctrine of laissez faire and survival among the fittest. The rich and the powerful are not necessarily “fit” , while the poor / weak are not necessarily unfit. In social work “socialized individuals” are preferred to “rugged individualism” A major responsibility for the members rests with the community.

Principles of Personal EthicsPersonal ethics might also be called morality, since they reflect general expectations of any person in any society, acting in any capacity. These are the principles we try to instill in our children, and expect of one another without needing to articulate the expectation or formalize it in any way.Principles of Personal Ethics include:

Concern for the well-being of others Respect for the autonomy of others Trustworthiness & honesty

Willing compliance with the law (with the exception of civil disobedience) Basic justice; being fair

Refusing to take unfair advantage Benevolence: doing good Preventing harmPrinciples of Professional EthicsIndividuals acting in a professional capacity take on an additional burden of ethical responsibility. For example, professional associations have codes of ethics that prescribe required behavior within the context of a professional practice such as medicine, law, accounting, or engineering. These written codes provide rules of conduct and standards of behavior based on the principles of Professional Ethics, which include:

Impartiality; objectivity Openness; full disclosure Confidentiality Due diligence / duty of care

Fidelity to professional responsibilitiesAvoiding potential or apparent conflict of interest Even when not written into a code, principles of professional ethics are usually expected of people in business, employees, volunteers, elected representatives and so on.


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Accepting the clients / situation as it is and working at a pace convenient for them 4. Values / philosophy relating to social agency Social work agencies are basically resources to solve human problems5. Values / philosophy relating to social work practice Social work has a functionally dualistic approach. It attempts to solve individual problems and at the

same time simultaneously attempt to modify the social and institutional framework in required direction.

Social work services should be provided by professionally trained workers in both public and private agencies.

Social work accepts democracy as the fundamental ordering of the society. Knowledge, skill, ethical standards etc

Social Work Values, Knowledge & SkillsValues / philosophy Foundational Knowledge Requisite Skills Respect for diversityNon judgmentalismConfidentialityEthical Conduct Professional comportmentAccess to resources Dignity & Worth Self determination Social Justice

Philosophy of Social Work Theories of human behaviorCultural diversity Social welfare history Family dynamics Group dynamics Service delivery system Human systems Fields of practice Self knowledge

Thinking critically Building relationshipsEmpowering processPractice methods Analyzing policies Effective communicationEthnic confidenceComputer literacyResearch Social planning Crisis intervention Time management

Difference between Social and Professional relationshipDifference between Social and Professional relationship

Social Relationship Professional RelationshipDuration Open ended Ends when the problem is solved Time Not limited Limited according to the problem Place Home, Club, Worship places, Cinema Office or Institutions Focus Mutual satisfaction of range of needs –

emotional, social, intellectual, aestheticsFocus on client’s needs, problem solving

Role relationship Mutual Helper and helped


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Core values of Social Work (NASW, IFSW, CSWE) 1. Respect individuals’ worth and dignity, encourage mutual participation, demonstrate acceptance, uphold confidentiality, express honesty and handle conflict responsibly.2. Encourage individuals’ active participation in the helping relationship and uphold their right to make their own decisions. 3. Assist clients in securing resources needed to enhance their social functioning.4. Ensure that social institutions are humane and responsive to human needs.5. Accept and appreciate diverse populations 6. Hold themselves accountable for ethical conduct, quality of their work and continuous professional development. (Brenda Dubois, Social Work An Empowering Profession pp118 -142)

Principles of Social Work

PrinciplesA fundamental, well-settled accepted tenets. A basic truth or undisputed doctrine; a given proposition that is clear and does not need to be proved. It is basically a hypothesis, an assumption so adequately tested by observation / experience / experiment may be used as a guide for action, or as a means of understanding. Konapka (1958), Clarke (1947), Cohen (1958), Friedlander (1958), Perlman (1976) Piccard (1988), Morales & Sheafor (1998) explained about Social Work Principles.

Social Workers transform the abstract values of the profession into principles for practice. Then they translate these principles into concrete actions in specific situations. E.g. Social Work Value Social Work Principle Positive manifestation Potential effect Respect individuals worth and dignity

Principle of individualization

Affirm individuality Appreciate diversity

Affirm personhood

Uphold confidentiality Principle of confidentiality Respecting privacy Creating trust

Principles of Social Work 1. Principle of Acceptance 2. Principle of Individualization 3. Principle of Purposeful Expression of Feeling /

Social Work Values1 Social workers believe in inherent worth and dignity of the individual 2 Each person has an inherent capacity and drive toward change which can make life more

fulfilling3 Each person has responsibility for himself and his fellow human beings 4 People need to belong5 There are human needs common to each person, yet each person is unique and different feom

others 6 Society must provide opportunities for growth and development that will allow each person to

realize his full potential 7 Society must provide resources and services to help people to meet their needs to avoid such

problems as hunger, inadequate education, discrimination, illness without care and inaequate housing

8 Peole must have equal opportunity to participate in the molding of society 9 People should be treated with respect and dignity, should have maximum opportunity to

determine theeir lives, should be urged and helped to interact with other people to build a society responsive to the needs of everyone and should be recognized as unique individuals rather than put into sterotypes because of some particular characteristic or life experience

Armando Morales & Bradford W.Sheafor 1987


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Principle of Meaningful Relationship / Principle of Controlled Emotional Involvement / Empathy 4. Principle of Non Judgmental Attitude 5. Principle of Objectivity 6. Principle of Self Determination 7. Principle of Confidentiality 8. Principle of Accountability 9. Principle of Access to Resources Besides this, some authors also mentioned Principle of Communication Principle of Social FunctioningThe concept of social functioning involves two sub concepts – task and coping. Tasks implies demands made upon people by various life situations. These demands may pertain to issue of daily living, family life, entry into the world of work or inability to do so, marriage and divorce, management of health, illness, finances and so on. The concept of coping ‘emphasizes the relative mastery of the tasks in the situation. Principle of Tuning BehaviorPrinciple of Social Learning

1. Principle of Acceptance.

Acceptance originate from Greek word “agape” which means “love which descends to misery, ugliness and guilt in order to elevate..the love is critical and is able to transform what it loves..this love (acceptance is not charity) is not charity which is an escape from the demands of critical love …acceptance penetrates to the inner selves of others and affirms their humanity

2. Principle of Individualization Social Workers by their training develop a generalized understanding of people, their problems and their environment. If one applies this to all it may lead to bias, prejudice, labeling, stereotyping and ignoring the beauty of diversity and uniqueness. This principle emphasis that client (group / Community) have a right “to be individuals and be treated not as a human being but as this human being with personal differences…and this transformed into “start where the client / group /community is”

3. Principle of Purposeful Expression of Feeling / Principle of Meaningful Relationship / Principle of Controlled Emotional Involvement … Principle of Empathy

3. Purposeful Expression of Feeling Social workers have to go beyond the content of just the facts to uncover feelings that underlie these facts. By listening attentively, asking relevant questions and demonstrating tolerance and non judgmentalism social workers encourage clients to share their feelings …to relieve pressure or tension.. a cathartic or cleansing experience that enable clients to put their situation in perspective.

EmpathyPutting oneself into the psychological frame of reference of another, so that the other person’s feeling, thinking, and acting are understood and to some extent predictable. A desirable trust-building characteristic of a helping profession. It is embodied in the sincere statement, “I understand how you feel.” Empathy is different from sympathy in that to be empathetic one understands how the person feels rather than actually experiencing those feelings, as in sympathy.

How we call a person with little or no empathy?Any one with a high level of the trait of narcissism (an inflated self-esteem, a sense of superiority and a feeling of entitlement) generally has little empathy or sympathy for others.


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Controlled Emotional InvolvementControlled emotional involvement is in no sense a “hardening” process. It is rather a mellowing process which serves to steady and temper our emotional responses. Over identification with clients impedes objectivity and neutrality.

Meaningful RelationshipMeaningful relationship begins by demonstrating the interests in client.

4. Principle of Non Judgmental Attitude Non judgementalism presumes acceptance. Nonjudgmental social work excludes assigning guilt or innocence, or degree of client responsibility for causation of the problems or needs but it does include making evaluative judgments about the attitudes and standards or actions of the client. Nonjudgementalism signifies social workers’ non blaming attitudes and behaviors…not judging clients as good or bad, or worthy or unworthy.

5. Principle of Objectivity It is closely related to non judgementalism

6. Principle of Self Determination Positively it means having freedom to make mistakes as well as to act wisely. Negatively not being coerced or manipulated. Self determination acknowledges that sound growth emanates from within.

7. Principle of Confidentiality Confidential means private or secret; something treated with trust, resulting in a feeling of security that information will not be disclosed to other parties. An example is the confidentiality of conversations and records between attorney and client.

8. Principle of Accountability 9. Principle of Access to Resources

Principles of Social Work1 It is essential that problems do exist and that there is no stigma attached to any maladjusted

person 2 Many problems arise out of environment and circumstances over which an individual has no

control.3 A solution can be sought to every problem, because of the belief that conditions can be

created to help the maladjusted persons to adjust to the environment.4 Individual / community is to be helped to help himself / themselves. His / their participation is

necessary. A social worker should act as an agent to enlist peoples’ support for programs. 5 Total personality of the individual is to be studied in order to help him.6 Total needs of the individual, group, or community are to be taken into consideration while

trying to help them.7 Relationship is the key-note of all types of work.8 Self help programs require the use of local resources, in terms of humans, money and

material, so that dependence on outside help could be minimized, if not avoided.9 People in need should be helped by placing them back in the community rather than sending

them to institutions except in case of mental, social, physical and emotional maladjustments which require specialized treatment.

10 Apart from treatment of social problems, social work should also evolve ways and means of providing preventive services, like public health and social security programs

Introduction to Social Work - Paul Chowdhry –p22


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Promote social justice

through social policy

Improve the social

service deliverynet work

Link client system with

needed resources

Enchance social

functioning

P u rp o s e / G o a l s o f

S o c i a l Wo rk

Objectives of Social WorkObjectives of Social Work

Bro

wn

1. To provide people physical help 2. TO help them in adjustment3. To solve their psychological problems4. To make available the opportunities to the weaker sections for raising their standard of living

Frie

dla

nd

er

1. Bringing change in painful social situations2. Development of constructive forces 3. Providing opportunities for experimenting democratic and humanistic behaviour

Wit

mer

1. To give assistance to individuals in removing difficulties which they face in utilizing the society’s resources

2. Utilization of community resources for their welfare

ES

CA

P –

UN

1. Social Work seeks to see and assist individuals, families and groups in relation to many social & economic forces by which they are affected

1. Social Work seeks to perform an integrating function for which no other provision is made in contemporary society

2. Social Work seeks to maximize the resources available in the community by promoting social well being

Purpose / Goals of Social Work

The NASW “Working Statement on Purpose” defines the unifying purpose or mission of social work as “promoting or restoring a mutually beneficial interaction between individuals and society in order to improve the quality of life for everyone”

In response to the mission of the profession, social workers strengthen human functioning and enhance the effectiveness of the structures in society that provide resources and opportunities for citizens. Social workers strive to release human power so that individuals can actualize their potential and contribute to the well being of society. Social workers at the same time initiate activities that release the social power that creates changes in society that in turn create changes in social policies, social institutions and other social structures in the society.

The dual focus of social work on people and their social environment raises questions about the interconnections between private troubles and public issues. Social work acknowledges that private troubles and public issues intersect.

The cumulative effects of personal troubles are public issues. Likewise, individuals feel the repecussions of public issues personally as private troubles.


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Values vs. Ethics Values are the implicit and

explicit ideas about what we cherish as ideal or preferable values determines which goals and actions we evaluate as “good”. Our values shapes our beliefs and attitude and vise versa.

Ethics relates to what people consider correct or right ethics generates standards that direct one’s conduct. Ethics represents “values in action”

How Values Influence Practice Influence forming of relationships Influence views of situations Influence selection of options Diversity often signals value differences

Strengths and Needs The mission of social work profession as well as the statements of its goals and objectives implicitly concern human needs and human strengths. Human needs are the substance of the social work profession – the impetus for social work activities. Human strengths are the building blocks of social work practice – the source of energy for developing solutions.

Evolving Ethics for Social Work PracticeHistorical Periods of the Code The Code has evolved over time.– Morality Period-Late 20th Century– Values Period-Appeared 1950’s– Ethical Theory & Decision-Making Period-Early 1980’s– Ethical Standards & Risk Management Period-1996 to current

History of the Social Work Professional Code of Ethics•1919-First attempt at drafting a Code for the profession of Social Work-Mary Richmond credited in form of an “Experiential” Code•1947—American Association of Social Workers created first formal code for the profession•NASW-Established as the professional association for social workers in 1955 and adopts the first Code five years later in 1960 as the “guide” to the everyday professional conduct of social workers in the profession•Revised Five Times Since Its Creation•1979—More comprehensive than first and useful for resolving ethical conflicts,•1989—Eliminated Standards that prohibited the solicitation of clients to a private practice because of a consent agreement with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and in recognition of client self-determination,•1993—Added Standards pertaining to Dual/Multiple Relationships and to impaired social workers, •1996—Modified numerous areas of the Code and made it more comprehensive•2001—Clarified Language around the areas of Privacy & Confidentiality

Purpose of the Code for Today’s Practice–“Guide” Practitioners in resolving ethical dilemmas that arise in practice–Protect the public from incompetent –To Protect the Public–To Describe the Responsibilities & Expectations of Social Workers to their Clients, Colleagues, Employers and the Society–To Assist the Social Worker in Developing Ethical Problem and Decision Making Skills as well as Develop Strategies to Address the Ethical Dilemma.–To Summarize the Social Work Profession’s Mission and Core Values

Code of Ethics Professional Sections– “Preamble”-summarizes the social work profession's mission and core values– “Purpose”-provides an overview of Code’s main functions and a brief guide for dealing with ethical issues or dilemmas in social work practice– “Principles”-presents broad ethical principles, based on social work’s core values, that inform social work practice–“Standards”-includes specific ethical standards to guide social workers’ conduct and to provide a basis for adjudication


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Universal Declaration of Human Rights ALL HUMAN BEINGS ARE BORN FREE AND

EQUAL IN DIGNITY AND RIGHTS. Protection of life Right to equality Right to autonomy Right to a decent quality of life Right to privacyDecember 10, 1948 30 Articles http://www.un.org

Professional Code vs. State Licensure Regulations Code applies to all degreed professionals within the field of practice Code is regulated by professional association Code incorporates values, principles and standards Code has the highest level of practice expectation Code is directed towards the professional State Regulations only apply to those who are

licensed within their jurisdiction State Regulations are minimum standards of practice State Regulations are directed at protecting the public or consumer of the service

Identify Ethical Dilemmas Review the Following Situational Questions– Am I having a conflict with my practice around the issue of the Law?– Am I having a conflict with my practice around the issue of My Own Personal Views?– Am I having a conflict with my practice around a Section of the Code of Ethics?– Am I having a conflict with my practice which has a lot of Gray Area?

Steps for Ethical Problem Solving1. Determine - - Is there a conflict of values, or rights, or professional responsibilities?2. Identify - - What meanings and limitations are typically attached to these competing values?3. Rank - - What reasons can you provide for prioritizing one competing value/principle over another?4. Develop - - Have you conferred with clients and colleagues, as appropriate, about the potential risks and consequences of alternative courses of action?5. Implement - - How will you make use of core social work skills such as sensitive communication, skillful negotiation, and cultural competence?6. Reflect - - How would you evaluate the consequences of this process for those involved: client (s); professional (s); and agency (ies)?

Case Scenario #1In the course of treatment of a coworker’s former client, a social worker learns that the client and her former therapist were sexually involved during the same time that they had engaged in a professional relationship. The clients report that she has not told others in the agency about the relationship. The social worker would like to discuss the issue with her supervisor and the client’s former therapist-lover. The client prefers that the social worker not discuss this matter with her former therapist or with supervisory staff at the agency.

Scenario Commentary #1Competing Values:– Client’s right to Self-Determination– Therapist unethical behavior with client– Agency’s integrity


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Case Scenario #2A substance abuse treatment social worker who works with a client who has lost her license to drive after a recent arrest for driving while intoxicated sees the client drive to the agency for her session. During the counseling session, the social worker comes to believe that the client is under the influence of alcohol. The client shares with her social worker her frustration over her need to drive to work and other essential places as justification for her decision to occasionally drive without her license.

Scenario Commentary #2The standard exceptions to confidentiality include disclosure of information shared by a client when it is necessary to prevent serious, foreseeable, and imminent harm to a client or other identifiable person or when laws, such as mandatory laws to report child abuse, require disclosure without a client’s consent. A social worker should be knowledgeable about or obtain proper consultation about relevant laws and regulations concerning disclosure. One might argue that the loss of one’s driver’s

permit-unlikely as a consequence of a first offense-constitutes a dangerous situation and holds the possibility of harm to the client or an innocent other.

Following international organizations provide the basic leadership for the globalization of social work.International Federation of Social Workers (ifsw)International Association of Schools of Social Work (iassw)Council on Social Work Education (cswe)

THE PURPOSE OF FORMULATION OF GLOBAL QUALIFYING STANDARDS Protect the “consumers'” or “clients” of social services;Take account of the impact of globalization on social work curricula and social work practice:Facilitate articulation across universities on a global level;Facilitate the movement of social workers from country to another;Drew a distinction between social workers and non-social workers;Benchmark national standards against international standards;Facilitate partnerships and international student and staff exchange programs;

NASW Ethical Standards1.Social workers’ ethical responsibilities to clients2.Social workers’ ethical responsibilities to colleagues3.Social workers’ ethical responsibilities in practice settings4.Social workers’ ethical responsibilities as professionals5.Social workers’ ethical responsibilities to the social work profession, and 6.Social workers’ ethical responsibilities to the broader societyNASW Ethical Principles1. Service: SWer’s primary goal is to help people in need and to address social problems2. Social Justice: SWers challenge social injustice3. Dignity and Worth of the Person: SWers respect the inherent dignity and worth of the person4. Importance of Human Relationships: SWers recognize the central importance of human

relationships.5. Integrity: SWers behave in a trustworthy manner.6. Competence: SWers practice within their areas of competence and develop and enhance their

professional expertise. NASW Social Work Practice Principlesa. Empathyb. Individualization: Affirms each client’s unique and distinctive characteristicsc. Non-judgmentalism: Maintains unbiased attitudes toward clientsd. Objectivity: Promotes professional caring, concerns, and commitment in working with clients


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Ethical Principles and Values Hierarchies Loewenberg & Dolgoff Ethical Principles Screen Loewenberg, F.M. & Dolgoff, R. (2000). Ethical Decisions for Social Work Practice (6th ed.).To be used when an applicable code of ethics does not provide specific rules Principle of the protection of life Principle of equality and inequality Principle of autonomy and freedom Principle of least harm Principle of quality of life Principle of privacy and confidentiality

Principle of truthfulness and full disclosure

Social Work Values Hierarchy Reamer, F.G. (1999). Social Work Values and Ethics (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press Rules against basic harm to an individuals survival take precedence over rules against harms such

as lying or revealing confidential information or threats to additive goods; An individual's right to basic well-being takes precedence over another individual's right to self

determination; An individual's right to self-determination takes precedence over his or her right to basic well-

being; The obligation to obey laws, rules and regulations to which one has voluntarily and freely

consented ordinarily overrides one's right to engage voluntarily and freely in a manner that conflicts with these;

Individuals' rights to well-being may override laws, rules, regulations and arrangements of voluntary associations in cases of conflict;

The obligation to prevent basic harms and to promote public goods such as housing, education and public assistance overrides the right to complete control over one's property.

Medical Model Principles Hierarchy Beauchamp, T.L. and Childress, J.F. (1989). Principles of Biomedical Ethics. Respect for autonomy; Nonmaleficence - do no harm; Beneficence - actively pursue the welfare of others; Justice - allocation of resources, fairness, need

Professional Boundaries A social worker shall not become involved in a client’s personal affairs that are not relevant to the

service being provided A social worker shall not exploit the relationship with a client for personal benefit, gain or

gratification The social worker shall distinguish between actions and statements made as a private citizen and

actions and statements as a social worker The social worker shall not have a sexual relationship with a client or client’s relatives The social worker shall not have a business relationship with a client? Hugging a client, and going to lunch with a client


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Social Work Levels of Intervention

IndividualsMembers of Families & GroupsFormal GroupsComplex OrganizationsCommunitiesSociety

Social Work Intervention

34

1

2

56

Social Work Levels of Intervention 1

Members of Families& Groups

IndividualsSocial Work Intervention

Intervention at the Micro Level

1

2

2


Intervention at the Midlevel

34

Formal Groups

Complex Organizations

3

Intervention at the Macro Level


Society

Communities

5

6

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4

Determinants of Social FunctioningIndividuals Families &

Groups Groups Organizat-

ions Community Society World

community Genetics Prenatal Health Nutrition Developme-tal Disability DisablingCondition Health Personality MentalHealth Life Experiences Coping CapacitySelf

Concept Income / Assets Age Life Style Cultural Heritage EthnicityDevelopmen

tal Stage MotivationCognitive level

Size Composition Unity Communica- tion Rules Roles Values Relationship

Patterns Natural Support Systems Socio economic level Functional Capacity Kinship networks Multi generational patterns

Size Focus / purpose Past history together DevelopmentalStage Communicatio-n pattern Decision making style Overt / covert goals Interpersonalrelationship Divergence in individual

goals & group goals

Norms / values of group Leadership roles Length of time group will

meet Manner of managing

conflicts

Bureaucracy Personnel Management Membershiproles Governance Organizationalbehavior Administrativefunctions Socialization Committee structure Group cohesion Conflict resolution style Mission of purpose Day to day operations Decision making process

Housing Transportation Economy Availability ofjobs Educationalresources Standard of living Cultural diversity Diversity of life style Environmentalstress Availability ofresources Support networks Relative social class Urban / rural nature

Technology Social values Social class Stratification InstitutionsAlienation Economic cycles Social Policy Government The“isms”Prejudice Demographictrends Pop culture Laws & legislation

Hunger World poverty Foos shortage Ecology World health Space exploration Human rights Population base Political climate Energy Power & authoity base Threat of war International


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DECLARATION OF ETHICS FOR PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL WORKERS IN INDIA(Developed by Tata Institute of Social Sciences)

Preamble The Declaration of Ethics for Professional Social Workers is intended to serve as a guide to the

members of the social work profession, who have obtained minimally a bachelor's degree in social workand, thus, base their work on recognized knowledge, philosophy and skills. The Declaration is rooted in the contemporary social reality which has a historical background and in the framework of humanistic values, based on the intrinsic worth of all human and non-human life.

The Bhakti movement promoted the value of humanism, that is, every individual has inherent worth and dignity, irrespective of attributes and achievements. Every person, therefore, has an innate capability to run his/her own life. Democracy emphasizes participatory process in the decision making of an entity and accountability of that entity to its members.

Socialism has promoted the values of equality and legal, judicial, social and economic justice for satisfaction of basic human needs, sharing of natural resources and access to essential services. While equality highlighted non-hierarchy and non-discrimination based on equal worth of every person, the growing value of equity emphasizes recognition of differences, diversity and pluralism.

The ideology of Sarvodaya has emphasized the values of Swarajya and Lokniti, that is people have to govern themselves in order to obtain equity and justice. This ideology accepts that people are knowledgeable about their situation and the ways to manage them, given the necessary resources. It acknowledges that they have the right to plan their own destinies and determine their life styles. It appreciates that local solutions must be congruent with local resource realities.

The social work profession is committed to solidarity with the marginalized peoples. The basic human rights are very often violated for people, who lack economic, physical, mental, social and/or

Need for EthicsEthical behavior is necessary for a society to function in an orderly manner. The need for ethics in society is sufficiently important that many commonly held ethical values are incorporated into lawsWhy People Act UnethicallyThe person’s ethical standards are different from those of society as a wholeThe person chooses to act selfishly.A Person Chooses to Act Selfishly – ExamplePerson A finds a briefcase containing important papers and Rs10, 000.He tosses the briefcase and keeps the money.He brags to his friends about his good fortune.This action probably differs from most of society.Person B faces the same situation but responds differently.He keeps the money but leaves the briefcaseHe tells nobody and spends the money.He has violated his own ethical standards and chose to act selfishly.Resolve ethical dilemmas using an ethical framework.Ethical DilemmasAn ethical dilemma is a situation a person faces in which a decision must be made about appropriate behavior.Rationalizing Unethical BehaviorEverybody does it If it’s legal, it’s ethical. Likelihood of discovery and consequences


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emotional resources. Lack of resources lead to powerlessness and, thereby marginalization of people by the social, economic and political systems. Marginalized people are vulnerable to deprivation and exploitation by those who yield power as they have control over resources.

The profession recognizes that marginalized people need to be empowered so that they themselves play a dominant role for their development and welfare. Empowerment is the process of gaining control over self as well as the resources which determine power. This process aims at reforming the nature and direction of the systemic forces which marginalize the powerless. Systemic change is an imperative for redistributive justice.

The Declaration provides general ethical principles to guide conduct of professional social workers with respect to self and the profession, work with the marginalized and other people in need, the society and the state, co-workers and employing organizations and social work education and research. In its practical application, the entire Declaration and its spirit are of importance, and must be viewed holistically, rather than considering a particular ethical principle in isolation. This also implies that the application of ethical principles must be judged within the context in which they are being considered.

Declaration of Ethics for Professional Social Workers Value Framework As a professional social worker, I pledge to promote the following values in myself, in the profession and in the society. 1. I pledge to perceive people as having inherent worth and dignity, irrespective of their attributes and achievements and having the capability of continuing development; and I pledge to perceive myself and other people as part of nature, needing to live in harmony with other non-human existence.

2. I pledge to work towards the overall well-being of all people in the spirit of Sarvodaya, through the achievement of the following goals:


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Equity, non-hierarchy and non-discrimination of human groups in terms of race, religion, tribe, language, regional origin, gender, sexual orientation and other such factors, and condemning segregation / apartheid / discrimination among them; Social, economic, political and legal justice, ensuring satisfaction of basic needs and integrity and security, universal access to essential resources and protective safeguards for the marginalized people; and People-centered development, in the spirit of Swarajya and democracy from micro- to macro-levels, where people participate to determine their life styles and goals for development.

3. I pledge to work with people, guided by the following values: Solidarity and partnership with the marginalized people; and Peaceful and non-violent approaches in the spirit of Ahimsa for resolving conflicts with self, others and the environment.

Ethical Responsibility to Self and the Profession As the first essential to social work practice, I shall constantly seek an

understanding of myself and change my attitudes and prejudices which may affect my work. I shall be sensitive to and respect the feelings and thinking of

others, understands behaviors, avoid stereotypes and recognizeindividuality in every person.

I accept with humility and openness, the need to learn and shall imbibe the spirit of inquiry to constantly update my knowledge base and intervention strategies.

I shall gear my practice upon relevant knowledge and in the changing socioeconomic, geographical and cultural context.

I shall use my knowledge, power and status as a professional, for the well-being of all and not misuse these for personal gains.

I shall intervene into the personal affairs of another individual only with his/her consent, except when I must act to prevent injury to him/her or to others, in accordance with the legal provisions.

In order to ensure credibility and integrity of the social work profession, I shall constantly review it and work towards its

development.

I shall work to promote networking among social work professionals, other professionals and like-minded individuals and organizations, at the micro- and macro-levels, to work towards people-centered development.

I shall work towards developing and strengthening of professional associations, which are means for development of the profession.

I shall facilitate development of the new entrants to the profession.

Ethical Responsibility to the Marginalized and Other People in Need My primary professional response and accountability are to the marginalized and other people in need I work with. My commitment and professional stand shall be with them. I shall empathize with people's marginalization and thereby respect and give credence/value to

their life experiences. I shall work towards changing the systemic and contextual forces which marginalize people,

on behalf of and in partnership with them.

The Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) was established in 1936, as the Sir Dorabji Tata Graduate School of Social Work. The first school of social work in India, the TISS was a pioneering effort, characteristic of the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust (SDTT). Its establishment was the result of the decision of the Trustees of the SDTT to accept Dr. Clifford Manshardt’s vision of a post-graduate school of social work of national stature that would engage in a continuous study of Indian social issues and problems and impart education in social work to meet the emerging need for trained human power. This subsequently influenced the direction of social work education and social research in India.


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I shall respect people's right for self-determination, and shall ensure that they themselves play an active role in relation to the course of action to be taken about their life situation.

I shall nurture a relationship of partnership with people that promote mutual reflection on our lifesituation and our development.

I shall facilitate people's access to opportunities and resources and empower them for work towards their stated goal.

I shall share with people, accurate and relevant information regarding the extent and nature of help available to them, that is, opportunities, rights, strengths, limitations and risks associated with the intervention offered.

I shall enable and encourage people to work with other individuals, organizations and groups, when such collaboration is in the best interest of the well-being for all.

I shall obtain people's consent before recording or permitting third party observation of their activities after informing them about its purpose and utility.

I shall keep confidential; all matters shared by them, and shall inform them fully about the limits of privileged communication in a given situation.

I shall facilitate people's access to official records concerning them, if asked by them. While doing so, I shall take due care to protect the confidence of others covered by these records.

I shall ensure that payment for services by people, if necessary, are fair and commensurate with the intervention provided, and within the capacity for such payment of the people served.

When I perceive the need to withdraw from the helping process, I shall give consideration to all factors in the situation and shall take care to minimize possible adverse effects on the people.

When I anticipate discontinuation of my intervention, I shall notify them promptly and seek transfer, referral or continuation of service, with consideration to their needs and preferences.

I shall not pursue a relationship or use any coercive means to continue services, which the people served wish to terminate, and shall offer suggestions or alternative help that they can avail of.

Ethical Responsibility to the Society and the State It is my ethical responsibility to promote implementation of the Fundamental Rights and the

Directive Principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution. I shall work towards a society and a state that promotes equity, justice, Ahimsa, Swarajya

and Lokniti. I shall advocate changes in social systems and the State policies and legislation to promote

the above values. I shall encourage informed participation by the people in shaping State policies, legislation,

and programs. I shall respond and offer my professional services in events of emergencies at micro- and

macro-levels.

Ethical Responsibility to Co-Workers and Employing OrganizationsIt is my ethical responsibility to respect the inherent worth and dignity of all my co-workers, that include social workers, other professionals, auxiliary workers, volunteers and all those involved in the development process, within and across organizations

I shall cooperate with my co-workers towards development, accepting and respecting our personal and professional differences.

I shall contribute to the process of collective reflection and democratic decision-making when working as a team.

I shall acknowledge my co-workers' attributes and achievements and will be willing to learn from them. I shall respect confidences shared by my co-workers in the course of their professional

relationships and transactions. I shall promote a practice of mutual evaluation with co-workers for our professional

development. When I am an employer or supervisor to my co-workers, I shall ensure clarity of goals in delegation of

roles and responsibilities, provide opportunities for growth, give them due credits and jointly review their performance on the basis of goals and clearly enunciate criteria.


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I shall act to promote humanistic values and ethical practices in my employing organization’s policies and practices.

I shall ensure that the organization’s resources are used judiciously and for the purpose they are intended.

I shall periodically monitor and evaluate the organization’s policies and programs by maintaining records, self reflection on people's feedback and feedback from the co-workers.

Ethical Responsibility to Social Work Education and Research When teaching and training, it is my ethical responsibility to be conversant with the learners' needs, readiness and goals. I shall keep my knowledge update about social work and the subjects I teach through field experience,

reading and training. While teaching and training I shall impart knowledge, inculcate attitudes and develop skills within the

value framework of the profession. I shall recognize the importance of partnership between practitioners and educators for the purpose of

social work education and training. I shall develop a nurturing relationship with students, encouraging openness and self study and

facilitating sharing and discussions in a learning situation. I shall, whenever possible, undertake demonstration of people-centered field action projects for the

purpose of research and documentation, training and replication. I shall share the knowledge I gain with other social work educators and practitioners. I shall contribute to the knowledge base of social work education through my practice wisdom,

documentation as well as research. I shall expose the students to the professional associations and orient them about their role in

developing and strengthening them. When carrying out a research, I shall carefully select the topic for research considering its possible

consequences for human beings within the value framework of the profession and towards the goals of people-centered development.

I shall consider the informants of my research as my co-partners in understanding the phenomenon. I shall, therefore, share my research objectives with them and get their informed and voluntary consent, respect their knowledge and attitude about their life situation, and share/interpret the findings with them.

I shall not cause them inadvertent physical or mental discomfort, distress or harm, through my research.

I shall protect the confidentiality of the information shared by them and use the findings for their benefit, by revising policies and programs concerning them.

I shall provide information services to them, as and when necessary, during the process of data collection.

I shall acknowledge in my paper, the published as well as unpublished material and personal discussions that have directly influenced my paper.

Background of the Declaration This `Declaration of Ethics for Professional Social Workers' has been prepared by the Social Work Educators' Forum (SWEF) at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences. The SWEF is a forum for social work educators at the Institute to undertake meetings and activities with a goal to strengthen social work profession and education. In the meetings scheduled by the SWEF in 1991, a need was felt to formulate a document on ethics for professional social workers. An initial draft prepared by a sub-committee was discussed and revised through several in-house meetings. The draft was also circulated for feedback at the National Workshop on Social Work Practice and Education held in May 1993 and discussed at a Workshop in February 1995 along with the members of the faculty of the College of Social Work at Nirmala Niketan and the members of the Bombay Association of Trained Social Workers. It was also sent to some senior social work educators. Feedback obtained from all are incorporated in this Sixth Draft.


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Foundation of Social Work Practice in India

Religio Philosophical Foundation Though social work is not practiced in its present form, serving the people and helping the needy has been considered almost a moral duty to everyone. In this regard several prescriptions are also laid down for the individuals to follow. Traditionally social work in India is more person based and not institution based. Religio philosophical foundation of social work in India is better understood to the following three major titles.

1. Social welfare during Vedic Period 2. Hinduism and the philosophy of social welfare. 3. Buddhism and the philosophy of social welfare.4. Jainism and the philosophy of Social Welfare

1. Social welfare during Vedic Period The Vedas are the scriptures derived from the Vedic period (c. 1500-700 BC)

Communitarian (a social order in which individuals are bound together by common values that foster close communal bonds. A model of political organization that stresses ties of affection, kinship, and a sense of common purpose and tradition, as opposed to the meager morality of contractual ties entered into between a loose conglomeration of individuals) republics existed during the early Vedic period. In communitarian social order the whole business of helping people in need was everybody’s business mainly handles in a collective way. Thus every body was client and agent both an different occasions and for different purposes. In early days of Indian civilization both social life and social welfare were almost inseparable

2.Hinduism and the philosophy of social welfare. According to Hindu philosophy human beings should revere, respect and love all, because, God, the supreme being pervades all and immanent in all things and beings. The goal of life is to realize the self, which is nothing but GOD, for this one needs to rise into higher

spheres of thinking, feeling and acting and help others to achieve the same.The rules and regulation prescribed to achieve self realization are known as Manushya Dharmas. It is

elaborated as yamas (actions to be avoided) and niyamas (actions to be followed)These virtues are enriched by the additional virtues of Dana, Daya and Kshanthi Dana: it is understood as charity in the form of alms giving to the deserving.Daya means compassion to all Kshanthi patience and forgiveness The popular Hindu saying expresses Janata Seva is Janardana Seva. The service of man is the service of God. Janata Seva means helping the people. Serving his fellow human beings is an instrument to realize Self – God or Janardana. The reward for Janata Seva is the enlargement of the self.

At later days, Mary Richmond, a social work pioneer, while explaining the underlying philosophy of social work, mentioned about wider self. The concept of wider self match the Hindu concept of larger or greater self.

“Stand up, be bold, be strong. Take the whole responsibility on your own shoulders, and know that you are the creator of your own destiny. All the strength and succor you want is within yourselves. Therefore, make your own future.” - Swami Vivekananda


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3. Buddhism and the philosophy of social welfare.By the performance of acts of punna (punyam) and the avoidance of acts (pavam) of papa one contributes to social welfare while gradually transforming oneself in such a way that noble qualities of mind conducive to produce the maturity and insight that bring full liberation of the mind could sooner or later be attained. Until such time as one attains the final liberation, acts of punna protect a person from falling into unhappy rebirths and furnishes one with all the desirable material conditions of living. Buddhism provides a great incentive to believers by emphasizing the effects of punna_deeds to engage in acts of social welfare. The concept of punna is connected with the doctrines of kamma and rebirth. These

doctrines appeal to the concern of everyone with one's own interest and have the effect of preventing people who have faith in them to avoid engaging in any conduct that is productive of suffering to others and encouraging them to do positive good to others which is productive of beneficial effects to themselves.

It is to be noted that the Buddhist notion of social welfare is wider than a purely mundane notion in such a way that it includes an awareness of the material needs that are necessary for the promotion of social welfare. The welfare of people can be promoted only when all their needs are adequately fulfilled. Humanist psychologists have pointed out that human beings have a hierarchy of needs. xv They do not attain their real humanity unless certain higher and uniquely human needs are also satisfied. Buddhism can fully agree with that view, for Buddhism recognizes the necessity to attend to the basic material needs of man not as an end in itself, but as a means to an end which is much higher than that. The greatest happiness that a human being can attain by becoming entirely free from the corruptions of mind is considered in Buddhism as the highest in the hierarchy of human needs 4. Jainism and the philosophy of social welfare.Jains believe that all living beings possess a soul, and therefore great care and awareness is required in going about one's business in the world. Jainism is a religion in which all life is considered worthy of respect and it emphasizes this equality of all life, advocating the protection of even the smallest creatures. This goes as far as the life of a fly. A major characteristic of Jain belief is the emphasis on the consequences of not only physical but also mental behaviors.

Yama and NiyamaYama is a "moral restraint" or rule for living virtuously. Ten yamas are codified in numerous scriptures, including the Hatha Yoga Pradipika compiled by Yogi Swatmarama, while Patanjali lists five yamas, and five niyamas (disciplines) in the Yoga Sutra.The ten traditional yamas are: Ahimsa: Nonviolence. Abstinence from injury, or harm to any living creature in thought, word, or deed. This is the "main" Yama. The other nine are there in support of its accomplishment.Satya: Truthfulness in word and thought (in conformity with the facts).Asteya: No stealing, no coveting, no entering into debt.Brahmacharya: Divine conduct, continence, celibate when single, faithful when married.Kshama: Patience, releasing time, functioning in the now.Dhriti: Steadfastness, overcoming non-perseverance, fear, and indecision; seeing each task through to completion.Daya: Compassion; conquering callous, cruel and insensitive feelings toward all beings.Arjava: Honesty, straightforwardness, renouncing deception and wrongdoing.Mitahara: Moderate appetite, neither eating too much nor too little; nor consuming meat, fish, shellfish, fowl or eggs.Shaucha: Purity, avoidance of impurity in body, mind and speech.Patanjali's five yamas, or moral restraints, are ahimsa (non-injury), satya (truthfulness), asteya (non-stealing), brahmacharya (continence or chastity) and aparagriha (abstinence from avarice). He also lists five niyamas, or disciplines, which include shauca (purity), samtosha (contentment), tapas (asceticism), svadhyaya (study), and ishvara-pranidhana (devotion to the Lord).


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5.IslamIslam is the name of a religion founded by Muhammad in ancient Arabia in the 7th century. People who follow Islam are called Muslims. They believe in only one God, That God is called Allah, which is the Arabic phrase for "the (only) God". Islam has more followers than Roman Catholicism with 1.3 billion followers which makes it the worlds largest religion dating today. It is also the fastest growing religion in the world.

The Five Pillars of IslamThere are five things that Muslims should do. They are called "The Five Pillars of Islam".1. Faith: The Testimony (al-Shaada in Arabic) is the Muslim belief that there is no god but Allah Himself, and that Muhammad is His messenger.2. Prayer: Muslims pray five times at special times of the day.[2]3. Charity: Muslims who have money must give alms (Zakah or Zakat in Arabic) to help poor Muslims in the local community.4. Fasting: Muslims fast during Ramadan, They do not eat or drink from sunrise till sunset for one lunar month.

5. Hajj (Pilgrimage): Muslims in general who can afford or who have made the Hajj must buy an animal according to the Islamic criteria to sacrifice and cook as food or give away to the poor, if they have the money for it.

6.ChristianityChristianity is a faith based on the believed life and teaching of Jesus. Christians believe by faith that

all who sin (disobey God) even once wouldn't go to heaven, even if they did good things, so God gave His own Son, Jesus, to die, so that Christians can "substitute" Jesus' sinless life for themselves. Christians believe that no matter how many sins or how much evil a person has done, they will still go to heaven by taking Jesus as a substitute for his/her own sin. It is a unique religion in the sense that the believer's good or bad deeds do not determine their eternal salvation. Rather, it is the sinless life of Jesus and the sacrificial death of Jesus that is the way to heaven. Thus, Jesus is their "Savior" and they are "saved" by Him, and not because of anything they did on their own.

Charity - Showing love for peopleThe word "Charity" gets its roots form the Latin word "caritas", meaning love. In 1 Peter 4:8a (King James Version), Peter writes; "And above all things have fervent "charity" among yourselves." Simply put, this verse says that a Christian is to have complete love to each other. And in Mark 12:31b (King James Version) Jesus, when asked what was the greatest commandment, replied that first is to love the Lord, "And the second is like, namely this, Thou shalt "love" thy neighbor as thyself. There is none other commandment greater than these." So in Jesus' own words, it is vital to the Christian belief, that a Christian, have Charity (or love), to each other.


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Contributions of Ancient Indian Kings to Social Welfare

Ashoka, the Great As the third emperor of the Mauryan dynasty, Ashoka was born in the year 304 B.C. His greatest achievements were spreading Buddhism throughout his empire and beyond. He set up an ideal government for his people and conquered many lands, expanding his kingdom.H. G. Wells wrote of Ashoka:In the history of the world there have been thousands of kings and emperors who called themselves 'their highnesses,' 'their

majesties,' and 'their exalted majesties' and so on. They shone for a brief moment, and as quickly disappeared. But Ashoka shines and shines brightly like a bright star, even unto this day.

Kanishka Kanishka was a king of the Kushan Empire in Central Asia, ruling an empire extending to large parts of India in the 2nd century of the common era, famous for his military, political, and spiritual achievements. His main capital was at Peshawar (Purushpura) in northwestern Pakistan, with regional capitals at the location of the modern city of Taxila in Pakistan, Begram in Afghanistan and Mathura in India.

Gupta Chandra Gupta

Ghatotkacha (c. 280–319) AD, had a son named Chandra Gupta. In a breakthrough deal, Chandra Gupta was married to a Lichchhavi—the main power in Magadha. With a dowry of the kingdom of Magadha (capital Pataliputra) i, conquering much of maghadaѕ, Prayaga and Saketa. He established a realm stretching from the Ganga River (Ganges River) to Prayaga (modern-day Allahabad) by 321.

Sultanate The Delhi Sultanate refers to the many Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1206 to 1526. Several Turkic and Pashtun ("Afghan") dynasties ruled from Delhi: the Mamluk dynasty (1206-90), the Khilji dynasty (1290-1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1413), the Sayyid dynasty (1414-51), and

the Lodhi dynasty (1451-1526). In 1526 the Delhi Sultanate was absorbed by the emerging Mughal Empire.

Deccan sultanatesThe Deccan sultanates were five Muslim-ruled late medieval kingdoms–-Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar, and Berar of south-central India. The Deccan sultanates were located on the Deccan Plateau, between the Krishna River and the Vindhya Range. These kingdoms became independent during the breakup of the Bahmani Sultanate. In 1490, Ahmadnagar declared independence, followed by Bijapur and Berar in the same year. Golkonda became independent in 1518 and Bidar in 1528. In 1510, Bijapur repulsed an invasion by the

Portuguese against the city of Goa, but lost it later that year.


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Mughal Rule India in the 16th century had numerous unpopular rulers, both Muslim and Hindu, with an absence of common bodies of laws or institutions. External developments also played a role in the rise of the Mughal Empire. The circumnavigation of Africa by the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama in 1498 allowed Europeans to challenge Arab control of the trading routes between Europe and Asia. In Central Asia and Afghanistan, shifts in power pushed Babur of Ferghana (in present-day Uzbekistan) southward, first to Kabul and then to India. The Mughal Empire lasted for more than three centuries. The Mughal Empire was one of the largest centralized states in pre modern history and was the precursor to the British Indian Empire.

International Federation of Social WorkersHistoryThe International Federation of Social Workers is a successor to the International Permanent

Secretariat of Social Workers, which was founded in Paris in 1928 and was active until the outbreak of World War II. It was not until 1950, at the time of the International Conference of Social Work in Paris, that the decision was made to create the International Federation of Social Workers, an international organization of professional social workers.

The original agreement was that the IFSW would come into being when seven national organizations agreed to become members. After much preliminary work, the Federation was finally founded in 1956 at the time of the meeting of the International Conference on Social Welfare in Munich, Germany.

Aims of the IFSWThe Constitution of the IFSW provides that the aims shall be: to promote social work as a profession through international co-operation,

especially regarding professional values, standards, ethics, human rights, recognition, training and working conditions;

to promote the establishment of national organizations of social workers or professional unions for social workers and when needed national coordinatingbodies (collectively "Social Work Organizations") where they do not exist;

to support Social Work Organizations in promoting the participation of social workers in social planning and the formulation of social policies, nationally and internationally, the recognition of social work, the enhancement of social work training and the values and professional standards of social work.

In order to achieve these Aims the Federation shall: encourage co-operation between social workers of all countries; provide means for discussion and the exchange of ideas and experience through meetings,

study visits, research projects, exchanges, publications and other methods of communication; Establish and maintain relationships with, and present and promote the views of Social Work

Organizations and their members to international organizations relevant to social development and welfare.


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The International Association of Schools of Social Work

IASSW, is the worldwide association of schools of social work, other tertiary level social work educational programs, and social work educators. The IASSW promotes the development of social work education throughout the world, develops standards to enhance quality of social work education, encourages international exchange, provides forums for sharing social work research and scholarship, and promotes human rights and social development through policy and advocacy activities. IASSW holds consultative status with the United Nations and participates as an NGO in UN activities in Geneva, Vienna and New York. Through its work at the UN and with other international organizations, IASSW represents social work education at the international level.

The office of IASSW is located in the office of the President, Abye Tasse at Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. IASSW is governed by the Board of Directors under a Constitution approved by the biennial General Assembly. The mission of the association emphasizes the promotion of world wide excellence in social work education and

engagement of a community of social work educators in international exchange of information and expertise.

IASSW carries out its purposes through: • A biennial conference of social work educators, the IASSW Congress • Publication of a newsletter • Representation at the United Nations • Co-sponsorship, with IFSW and ICSW of the journal International Social Work • Activities of Committees and Task Forces • Funding of small cross-national projects in social work education

Important recent policy documents include the Definition of Social Work; Global Standards for Social Work Education and Training; and Ethics in Social Work: Statement of Principles (all developed with the International Federation of Social Workers).

IASSW was founded in 1928 at the First International Conference of Social Work, held in Paris. It was initially comprised of 51 schools, mostly in Europe, and was known as the International Committee. Revitalized after World War II, the organization expanded its membership to include a wider

range of countries and was renamed the International Association of Schools of Social Work. The association has member schools in all parts of the world; 5 regional organizations in Africa; Asia and the Pacific; Europe; Latin America; and North America and the Caribbean are affiliated with the IASSW and represented on the Board of Directors.

Membership is open to tertiary level social work schools, individual social work educators, and others specifically interested in social work education.

The Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB) is the association of boards that regulate social work. ASWB develops and maintains the social work licensing examination used across the country and in several Canadian provinces, and is a central resource for information on the legal regulation of social work. Through the association, social work boards can share information and work together. ASWB is also

available to help individual social workers and social work students with questions they may have about licensing and the social work examinations.


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National Association of Professional Social Workers in India

Aim: To advance excellence in education, training and practice of professional social work through -

Education, Research, Training, Networking, Advocacy, Resource Development Objectives Increase awareness about social work

profession at various levels Promote the highest professional standards

and ethics in the practice of professional social work

Advance the knowledge and practice base of social work interventions that enhance quality

of life and a standard of living of persons, their family and environment. Faster communication and foster support among professional social workers. Promote social change, empowerment and liberation of people to enhance their well-being adhering

to a principles of human rights and social justice. Promote research, action and other forms of continuing education for knowledge up- gradation of

members. Advocate for programs and policies to meet the needs of social work fraternity and its various

clientele groups.

INDIA - Social Work Today

1. Social Work TodaySocial work in India today has lost direction. This is not new. Many have talked about social work being in crisis for over thirty years now. The starting point for this Manifesto, however, is that the ‘crisis of social work’ can no longer be tolerated. We need to find more effective ways of resisting the dominant trends within social work and map ways forward for a new engaged practice.

Many of us entered social work – and many still do – out of a commitment to social justice or, at the very least, to bring about positive change in people’s lives. Yet increasingly the scope for doing so is curtailed. Instead, our work is shaped by managerializm, by the fragmentation of services, by financial restrictions and lack of resources, by increased bureaucracy and work-loads, by the domination of care-management approaches with their associated performance indicators and by the increased use of the private sector. While these trends have long been present in state social work, they now dominate the day-to-day work of front line social workers and


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shape the welfare services that are offered to clients. The effect has been to increase the distance between managers and front line workers on the one hand, and between workers and service users on the other. The main concern of too many social work managers today is the control of budgets rather than the welfare of service users, while worker-client relationships are increasingly characterized by control and supervision rather than care.

Unless the fundamental direction of social work changes, then neither a new social work degree nor new bodies such as the Social Care Councils will do anything to improve the current situation. These are no more than ‘technical fixes’ for deep-rooted problems. So attempts by individual local authorities to alleviate the staffing crisis by offering cash incentives – the so-called ‘golden hellos’ –simply move the problem around.

In the absence of an organized response to these trends, people understandably react in different individual ways. Some social workers may leave the profession, but for many this is not an option. Some workers have found ways within their workplaces to occupy spaces where they can practice a more rounded social work – in the voluntary sector, for example, or in more specialist projects - but this option is not available to most. Even in the voluntary sector the trends are increasingly mirroring the managerialist pattern of the statutory agencies.

And yet, the need for a social work committed to social justice and challenging poverty and discrimination is greater than ever. In our view, this remains a project that is worth defending. More than any other welfare state profession, social work seeks to understand the links between ‘public issues’ and ‘private troubles’ and seeks to address both. It is for this reason that many who hold power and influence in our society would be delighted to see a demoralized and defeated social work, a social work that is incapable of drawing attention to the miseries and difficulties which beset so many in our society. This alone makes social work worth fighting for.

The current degraded status of social work as a profession is inextricably related to the status and standing of those we work with. Social work clients are amongst some of the most vulnerable and impoverished in our society, and have benefited least from New Labor’s social welfare reforms. In fact, under New Labor we have witnessed not only greater levels of material inequality, but also an intensified demonisation of asylum seekers, young people and poor families, the very groups that social workers engage with. Too often today social workers are often doing little more than supervis-ing the deterioration of people’s lives.

So in opposition to those who would be happy to see a defeated and silenced social work occupation, we are seeking a social work that has prevention at its heart and recognizes the value of collective approaches. At the same time we also recognize that good casework has also suffered as a result of the trends referred to above. We are looking to a social work that can contribute to shaping a different kind of social policy agenda, based on our understanding of the struggles experienced by clients in addressing a range of emotional, social and material problems and the strengths they bring to these struggles.

2.An ethical career The enduring crisis of social work in India has taught us many things. It has brought us to a state of affairs that nobody in their right mind could possibly view as acceptable. It has taught us that there can be no return to a past of professional arrogance and that progressive change must involve users and all front line workers. As agents of change senior managers have had their day. It has reminded us that budget dominated welfare systems are cruel and destructive of human well-being. The casualties are everywhere in the social work system amongst clients and users and social workers. These years of turmoil have highlighted that social work has to be defined not by its function for the state but by its value base. Above all it has been a stark lesson in the need for collective organization, both to defend a vision of social work based on social justice and also to defend the working conditions that make that possible.

As we noted at the start of this Manifesto, in the past many people entered social work because it seemed to offer a way of earning a living that did not involve oppressing or exploiting people, but on


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the contrary could contribute, even in a small way, to social change. It was, in other words, an ethical career. That potential for social change has all but been squeezed out of social work by the drives towards marketization and managerialism that have characterized the last decade and a half. Yet overwhelmingly it is still the case that people enter social work not to be care-managers or rationers of services or dispensers of community punishment but rather to make a positive contribution to the lives of poor and oppressed people. If it is the widening gap between promise and reality that breeds much of the current anger and frustration amongst social workers, it is also the awareness that social work could be much more than it is at present that leads many of us to hang on in there.

We note that the organization People and Planet includes social work within its ‘Ethical Careers Service’. If that progressive promise is to be realized even in part, then we need to coalesce and organize around a shared vision of what a genuinely anti-oppressive social work might be like.

This Manifesto is a small contribution towards the process of developing that vision and that organization.

PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS OF SOCIAL WORK IN INDIAProfessional training in social work in India was initiated by Dr. Clifford Manshardt, an American protestant missionary. He came to India in 1925 through the American Marathi mission, a Protestant Christian organization. This organization worked in slum communities of Bombay and founded the Nagapada Neighborhood House in 1926, headed by Dr.Clifford Manshardt as its first Director. The agency was similar to Settlement House in its objective and activities. It was located in an area, which had many social problems including poverty, gambling and prostitution. Such problems were the result of the fast changing social structure, which had weakened the family bond and community togetherness. Manshardt mooted the idea of developing a school of social work to meet the need fortrained manpower to work in Indian conditions. With financing from the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust, the first school founded in 1936 was known as Sir Dorabji Graduate School of Social Work later renamed as Tata Institute of Social Sciences in 1944.

Since then, Social work education in India has spawned seven decades during which it has attracted a large number of youth to pursue a formal degree in Social Work, develop human service values andwork for the betterment of society. The journey has not been without its fair share of bumps and jerks, but challenging and exciting, nevertheless. The problems these trained social workers confront are common in Indian subcontinent. In order to ensure excellence in education, training and practice of professional social work, we need very active professional associations. Though India has fairly a long history of social work education as compared to other South Asian countries, professional associations were formed much later in order to play huge proactive roles. Our existing associations are yet to get permanent affiliation or membership in International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW). As professionals we have a responsibility for making professional organizations vibrant. In past, we had several associations such as

Labor Welfare Officers‟ Association, Probation Officers‟ Association, Association of Alumni of Schools of Social Work in India, etc. There are few regional level associations as well, such as, BombayAssociation of Trained Social Workers (BATSW), Maharashtra Association of Social Work Educators (MATSWE), Karnataka Association of Professional Social Workers (KAPSW), Professional Social Workers Forum, Chennai (PSWFC), etc. The ambit of their activities rarely reaches beyond local level meetings, seminars and they do not have much say or authority at the national level. The professional bodies of social workers that function at the national level are mainly three, namely, ASSWI, ISPSW and NAPSWI. Associations of Schools of Social Work in India (ASSWI) ASSWI was established in 1959 at Baroda. It is a professional organization engaged in the promotion of standards of social work education in the country. It has represented the profession by taking up social issues and concerns related to social work education at the national level since the early sixties. This association is functioning through its elected executive committee. Most of the members of ASSWI are from Schools of Social Work/Departments of Social Work which were established during the second half of the 20th century.


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The Indian Society of Professional Social Work (ISPSW)The Indian Society of Professional Social Work (ISPSW) is the oldest association of professional social workers in India. It has been geared towards the goal of Empowering Society for Social Development. The Society was formerly known as Indian Society of Psychiatric Social Work. It was established in the year 1970 by Dr. R.K.Upadhyaya and his staff of the Dept of Psychiatric Social Work, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi. The present name of the Society was considered in the year 1988, because of an increased representation of the trainers, practitioners and researchers of all specialization of Social Work. The association primarily focuses on uniting the professional social workers to debate, discuss and develop conceptual frameworks and feasible indigenous interventions of social work for practice in India. In order to facilitate this purpose, the Society has conducted many annual Conferences seminars and symposia on various social issues, all over India. Many of the life members of this Society are representing various reputed National and International organizations, Universities and other agencies all over the World. The Society regularly identifies and felicitates esteemed personalities from the Social Work and its related fields.

National Association of Professional Social Workers in India (NAPSWI)NAPSWI is a non profit, non- political, national level organization dedicated to the promotion of standard and status of social work profession in India. The association received legal status as a society under the Society Registration Act XXI of 1860 on 9th September 2005. This national association comprises social work institutions, schools and departments, educators, practitioners as well as students from every state in the country. Senior citizens are also provided membership. NAPSWI intends to fulfill the twin purpose of promoting the social work profession across the country with the aim of improving the quality of services in the social welfare and social development sectors on one hand and to protect interests of social work professionals on the other hand. NAPSWI aims to advance excellence in education, training and practice of professional social work through -Education, Research, Training, Networking, Advocacy and Resource Development. Objectives of NAPSWI are as follows:

Increase awareness about social work profession at various levels; Promote the highest professional standards and ethics in the practice of professional social work; Advance the knowledge and practice base of social work interventions that enhance quality of life

and standard of living of persons, their family and environment; Faster communication and support among professional social workers;

Promote social change, empowerment and liberation of people to enhance their well being adhering to the principles of human rights and social justice;Promote research, action and other forms of continuing education for knowledge up- gradation of members; and Advocate for programs and policies to meet the needs of social work fraternity and its various clientele groups.

With the launching of social work program by dint of Open and Distance Learning in India through IGNOU, a new chapter has been opened for professional social workers in the Indian sub-continent since 2004.This initiative of IGNOU has taken social work education to the door steps of the un-reached in far flung areas i.e. from Kashmir to Campbell Bay in Andaman and Nicobar Islands and all the states in the North-East. There is flexible admission procedures adopted by IGNOU: any one having the required entry qualification can pursue social work education at Bachelors, Masters and Doctoral level without restrictions on age, place of residence and occupational status. The Annual National Seminar being organized by IGNOU in collaboration with NAPSWI is a meeting place for professional social work educators, practitioners and students from any state and union territory in the country. This annual event is gaining momentum with the support of ASSWI, several universities and international organizations.


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Critical Social Work /Radical Social Work

Critical social work is the application of social work to address social injustices, as opposed to focusing on individual people's problems. Critical theories explain social problems as arising from

various forms of oppression. This theory is like all social work theories, in that it is made up of a polyglot of theories from across the the humanities and sciences, borrowing from many different schools of thought.

IntroductionSocial workers have an ethical commitment to working to

overcome inequality and oppression. For radical social workers this implies working towards the transformation of capitalist society towards building social arrangements which are more compatible with these commitments. Mullaly & Keating (1991) suggest three schools of radical thought corresponding to three versions of socialist analysis; social democracy,

Revolutionary Marxism and evolutionary Marxism. However they work in institutional contexts which paradoxically implicates them in maintaining capitalist functions. Social work theories havethree possible aims, as identified by Rojek et al (1983). These are:

The progressive position. Social work is seen as a catalyst for social change. Social workers work with the oppressed and marginalised and so are in a good position to harness class resistance to capitalism and transform society into a more social democracy or socialist state. ( Bailey & Brake, 1975[2], Galper, 1975, Simpkin, 1979, Ginsberg, 1979)

The reproductive position. Social work seen as an indispensable tool of the capitalist social order. It’s function is to produce and maintain the capitalist state machine and to ensure working class subordination. Social workers are the ‘soft cops’ of the capitalist state machine. (Althusser, 1971, Poulantzas, 1975, Muller & Neususs, 1978)

The contradictory position. Social work can undermine capitalism and class society. While it acts as an instrument of class control it can simultaneously create the conditions for the overthrow of capitalist social relations. (Corrigan & Leonard, Phillipson, 1979, Bolger, 1981)

HistoryCritical social work is heavily influenced by Marxism, the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory and by the earlier approach of Radical social work, which was focused on class oppression. Critical social work evolved from this to oppose all forms of oppression. Several writers helped codify radical social work, such as Jeffry Galper (1975) and Harold Throssell (1975). They were building on the views expounded by earlier social workers such as Octavia Hill, Jane Addams & Bertha Reynolds, who had at various points over the previous 200 years sought to make social work & charity more focused on structural forces.

Focus of critical social workMajor themes that critical social work seeks to address are:Poverty, unemployment and social exclusionRacism and other forms of discriminationInadequacies in housing, health care and educationCrime and social unrest (although it should be noted that the critical approach would be more focused on the structural causes than the behaviour itself)Abuse and exploitation

Sub-theories of critical social workAs critical social work grew out of radical social work, it split into various different theories. They are listed below, with a selection of writers who have influenced the theory.

1 Introducción2 History3 Focus of critical social work4 Sub-theories of critical social work5 Dialectic explanations of free will6 Practice models


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Structural social work theory ( Ann Davis, Maurice Moreau, Robert Mullaly)Anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive social work theory (Neil Thompson, Dalrymple & Burke)Post- colonial social work theory (Linda Briskman)New structural social work theory (Robert Mullaly)Critical social work theory (Jan Fook, Karen Healy)

Dialectic explanations of free willWhile critical social work has a strong commitment to structural change, it does not discount the role of free will. Critical analysis in social work looks at competing forces such as the capitalist economic system, the welfare state or human free will as all affecting individual choices. Therefore, according to critical theory the aim of social work is to emancipate people from oppression and allow individual liberty to prevail.

“A dialectical approach to social work avoids the simplistic linear cause-effect notion of historical materialism and the naïve romanticism associated with the notion of totally free human will." (Mullaly and Keating, 1991).

"Dialectical analysis helps to illuminate the complex interplay between people and the world around them and to indicate the role of social work within society” (Mullaly, 2007:241)

Practice modelsSome of the practice theories that critical social work utilises include:Working collectivelyBuilding cooperation and consciousnessHelping people to understand the social consequences of the market systemHelping people deal collectively with social problems rather than individualising themMaking alliances with working class organisations and recognise social workers as ‘workers’ themselves

Documents

Professional Social Work