Professor George OliverDefense Institute for International Legal Studies

CHANGING NATURE OF SECURITY IN THE 21st CENTURY

End of Colonialism

End of the Cold War

Global Terrorism

Failed States IndexFund for Peace and Council on Foreign Relations

RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT

&

PEACEBUILDINGwith a focus on Liberia

UN SECRETARY GENERALSTrygve Lie (Norway) Term of Office: 1946-1952

Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden) Term of Office: 1953-1961

U Thant (Myanmar) Term of Office: 1961-1971

Kurt Waldheim (Austria) Term of Office: 1972-1981

Javier Perez de Cuellar (Peru) Term of Office: 1982-1991

Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt) Term of Office: 1992-1996

Kofi A. Annan (Ghana) Term of Office: 1997-2006

Ban Ki-moon (Republic of Korea) Term of Office 2006-

Kofi A. Annan (Ghana)

Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt)

An Agenda for Peace

First ideas come from UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali in 1992

Introduces the term peace building

Concept revised in 1995 with greater expansion on peace building

“…implementation of post-conflict peace-building can,however, be complicated.”

Agenda for Peace, 1995

Kofi Annan – UNSYG 1996-2005

We the Peoples: The Role of the UN in the 21st Century (2000)

Responsibility to Protect (2001)A More Secure World (2004)In Larger Freedoms (2005)Millennium Summit (2005)

From a More Secure World: Our shared Responsibility

By 2015Half the number of people living on less than $1 per day All children receive primary educationReduce by ¾ maternal mortality rate and by 2/3 under five mortality rateReverse the trend of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

By 2020Improve lives of 100 million slum dwellers

Plus multiple other general goals.

Responsibility to Protect“R2P”

In 1999 and 2000, the UN Secretary General called on nations to respond to international threats – stimulated by failures in Somalia, Bosnia, Rwanda and Kosovo

“…if humanitarian intervention is, indeed, an unacceptable assault on sovereignty, how should we respond to Rwanda, Srebrenica – to gross and systemic violations of human rights that affect every precept of our common humanity?” UN Secretary General Kofi Annan

Responsibility to Protect“A new approach”Responsibility to PreventResponsibility to ReactResponsibility to RebuildMilitary Interventions

2005 Millennium SummitUN RES 60/1

Heads of State convened at UN HQ from 14-16 Sep 2005 to mark the 60th anniversary of the United Nations

Reaffirmed commitment to Millennium GoalsConfirmed UN Charter is sufficient to deal with threats

to international peace and security (chapter VII)Endorsed the role of peacekeeping and peacebuildingEstablished the peacebuilding commission, fund and

support office

• Endorsed R2P – each state must protect its population, the international community can help states, but that failing may act under Chapter VII of the Charter (para 138 and 139)

UN SYG BAN KI MOONGeneral Assembly Report – Implementing R2P

UN Secretary General Report leading to 2010 Millennium SummitReaffirms the UN’s commitment to para 138 and 139 of Millennium Summit 2005Clearly demonstrates a commitment to R2PLays out the pillars of R2P

General Pillars of R2P1. The Primacy of the STATE responsibility to protect

civilians2. International assistance and capacity-building to provide

the STATE capability to protect civilians (peacebuilding)3. Timely and decisive intervention should the STATE fail in

its responsibility (pillar 1)

Focused on Four crimes: genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity

2010 Millennium SummitA/65/1

Committed to achieving Millennium Development Goals, but more needs to be done.

Peace and security, development, and human rights are the pillars of the United States system.

Goals redefined

See Millennium Goals Website: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/

5. Improve maternal health6. Combat HIV/AIDS &

others7. Environmental

sustainability8. Global Partnership for

Development

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

2. Achieve universal primary education

3. Promote gender equality4. Reduce child mortality

UN SECURITY COUNCILResolution 1674

Reaffirms UNSCR resolutions 1265 and 1296.Recalls that deliberately targeting civilians

and other protected persons as such in situations of armed conflict is a flagrant violation of international humanitarian law.

Reaffirms provisions of paragraphs 138 and 139 of World Summit regarding the protection of populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity.

States (parties to the conflict) bear primary responsibility to respect human rights and protect civilians caught up in armed conflict

Encourages senior leaders in UN peacekeeping missions to protect civilians and keep the UN Security Council informed – i.e. UN SYG Reports

Asks Secretary General to submit a report on Protection Of Civilians NLT May 2012Essentially a warning to States that they have a responsibility to protect civilians or the UNSC

will act.

Involves a range of measures targeted to

reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing

into conflict by strengthening national

capacities at all levels and lay the

foundation for sustainable peace

and developmentUN Peacekeeping: Principles and Guidelines, 2008 reviewed 2010

“Peacebuilding is primarily a national challenge and responsibility.”

UN Peacebuilding an Orientation, Sept 2010

Security Council Resolution 1645General Assembly Resolution 60/180

20 Dec 2005

UN Peacebuilding Commission Mission – marshal resources and advise on integrated strategies for post conflict recovery – reconstruction, institution building, sustainable development.

To bring together all relevant actors to marshal resources and to advise on the proposed integrated strategies for post conflict peacebuilding and recover;

To help ensure predictable financing for early recovery activities and sustained financial investment over the medium to long-term;

To develop best practices on issues in collaboration with political, security, humanitarian and development actors.

United Nations Peacebuilding Fund

(PBF) Funds available as of Dec 2011 = $418 million of which $300 million committed to projects

Goal is to raise and spend $100 million from 2011-2013

As of Dec 2011 206 projects approved (118 closed) reaching 22 countries

Window I - Immediate Response Facility (IRF)Window II - Peacebuilding & Recovery Facility (PRF)

Information from: Fifth Consolidated Annual Progress Report on Activities Implemented under the Peacebuilding Fund 31 May 2012

Peacebuilding and Recovery Facility (PRF) Target Areas

Thematic Area 1: Support the implementation of peace agreements and political dialogue

Thematic Area 2: Promote coexistence and peaceful resolution of conflict

Thematic Area 3: Revitalize the economy and generate immediate peace dividends

Thematic Area 4: Establish or re-establish essential administrative services and related human and technical capacities6

1: Support the implementation of peace agreements and political dialogue 2: Promote coexistence and peaceful resolution of conflict 3: Revitalize the economy and generate immediate peace dividends 4: Establish or re-establish essential administrative services and related human and technical capacities6

Information from: Fifth Consolidated Annual Progress Report on Activities Implemented under the Peacebuilding Fund 31 May 2012

25

PeacebuildingIn Liberia2003-2012

Peacebuilding in LiberiaAdded to Peacebuilding Agenda in 2007PBF Liberia Priority Plan was completed in

2008, revised in March 2009 and identified three priority areas: fostering national reconciliation and conflict management

(Thematic Area 2), identifying critical interventions that promote peace and resolve

(Thematic Areas 1, 2 and 3), strengthening state capacity for peace consolidation (Thematic

Area 4).

30 projects approved (31 Dec 2011) – $26.7 million

LIBYA

Key elements of UNSCR 1973Acting under Chapter VII and Chapter VIIIImmediate Cease FireProtection of CiviliansEstablishes no fly zoneArms embargoFreezes assetsEstablishes panel of

experts

CANADEMEstablished in 1996, CANADEM is a non-

profit agency dedicated to advancing international peace and security through the rostering, rapid mobilization, and mission management of experts committed to international service.

Maintains roster of over 15,000 experienced Canadian and international experts.

Supports UN missions and Canadian efforts in peacebuilding.

Australian Civilian CorpsThe Australian Civilian Corps is a deployable

civilian capability that provides rapid help to developing countries affected by natural disaster or conflict.

It is a group of civilian specialists experienced in disaster recovery, stabilisation and post-conflict recovery, who are able to be deployed quickly.

Whole of government approach – managed by AUSAID.

The ACC has over 200 members on its register and this is expected to reach 500 by 2014.

European Peacebuilding Liaison OfficeThe European Peacebuilding Liaison Office (EPLO)

is the platform of European NGOs, networks of NGOs and think tanks active in the field of peacebuilding,

Share an interest in promoting sustainable peacebuilding policies among decision-makers in the European Union

Mission -EPLO’s mission is to influence European decision-makers to take a more active and effective approach in securing peace and non-violent forms of conflict resolution in all regions of the world

U.S. Department of StateBureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations

Created by Presidential policy in 2005

Interagency teams to support their tasking:Active Response Corps (ARC) – 250 peopleStandby Response Corps (SRC)- 300 peopleCivilian Reserve Corps (CRC) – (not established)

Ten teams already deployed around the world (Liberia, Sudan, Chad, Kosovo, Iraq, Afghanistan, Lebanon, Nepal, Cuba, and Haiti)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbkSRLYSojo&feature=player_embedded#!

Paul Collier’s Approach to Nation Building

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvW4yugCPZo

R2P and Peacebuilding Summary

Changing the focus on security to human security will change how the UN sees conflicts in the future

R2P is gaining in acceptance – question, how will the international community respond to various crises?

Peacebuilding is gaining momentumPeacekeeping and Peacebuilding are the

public faces of the United Nations and are closely linked.