Professor Sanjoy Bandopadhya Ustad Alauddin Khan Professor of Instrumental Music Rabindra Bharati...
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A Overview of Major Research Approaches Professor Sanjoy Bandopadhya Ustad Alauddin Khan Professor of Instrumental Music Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
Professor Sanjoy Bandopadhya Ustad Alauddin Khan Professor of Instrumental Music Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
Professor Sanjoy Bandopadhya Ustad Alauddin Khan Professor of
Instrumental Music Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
Slide 2
Premises in Logic Deductive Logic Inductive Logic Empirical
Research
Slide 3
In logic, an argument is a set of one or more declarative
sentences (or "propositions") known as the premises along with
another declarative sentence (or "proposition") known as the
conclusion. Example: MA program is taught in universities.
[Premise] M.A. program is taught at Rabindra Bharati [Premise]
Rabindra Bharati is a university [Conclusion]
Slide 4
Deductive reasoning, also called deductive logic, is reasoning
which constructs or evaluates deductive arguments. Deductive
arguments are attempts to show that a conclusion necessarily
follows from a set of premises or hypotheses. A deductive argument
is valid if the conclusion does follow necessarily from the
premises, i.e., if the conclusion must be true provided that the
premises are true. A deductive argument is sound if it is valid and
its premises are true. Deductive arguments are valid or invalid,
sound or unsound, but are never false nor true.
Slide 5
Deductive reasoning is a method of gaining knowledge. An
example of a deductive argument: 1. All men are mortal 2. Socrates
is a man 3. Therefore, Socrates is mortal The first premise states
that all objects classified as "men" have the attribute "mortal".
The second premise states that "Socrates" is classified as a man a
member of the set "men". The conclusion states that "Socrates" must
be mortal because he inherits this attribute from his
classification as a man.
Slide 6
Law of detachment The law of detachment is the first form of
deductive reasoning. A single conditional statement is made, and
then a hypothesis (P) is stated. The conclusion (Q) is deduced from
the hypothesis and the statement. The most basic form is listed
below: 1. P Q 2. P (Hypothesis stated) 3. Q (Conclusion given) We
can conclude Q from P by using the law of detachment from deductive
reasoning.[1] However, if the conclusion (Q) is given instead of
the hypothesis (P) then there is no valid conclusion. The following
is an example of an argument using the law of detachment in the
form of an If-then statement: 1. If m A>90, then A is an obtuse
angle. 2. m A=120. 3. A is an obtuse angle. Since the measurement
of angle A is greater than 90 degrees, we can deduce by that
statement alone that A is an obtuse angle.
Slide 7
Law of syllogism The law of syllogism takes two conditional
statements and forms a conclusion by combining the hypothesis of
one statement with the conclusion of another. The following is an
example: 1. If Rupa is sick, then she will be absent from school.
2. If Rupa is absent, then she will miss her class-work. 3. If Rupa
is sick, then she will miss her class-work. We deduced the solution
by combining the hypothesis of the first problem with the
conclusion of the second statement.
Slide 8
Deductive arguments are generally evaluated in terms of their
validity and soundness. An argument is valid if it is impossible
for its premises to be true while its conclusion is false. In other
words, the conclusion must be true if the premises, whatever they
may be, are true. An argument can be valid even though the premises
are false. An argument is sound if it is valid and the premises are
true.
Slide 9
Empirical research is a way of gaining knowledge by means of
direct observation or experience. Empirical evidence (the record of
one's direct observations or experiences) can be analyzed
quantitatively or qualitatively. Through quantifying the evidence
or making sense of it in qualitative form, a researcher can answer
empirical questions, which should be clearly defined and answerable
with the evidence collected (usually called data). Many researchers
combine qualitative and quantitative forms of analysis to better
answer questions which cannot be studied in laboratory settings,
particularly in the social sciences and in education.
Slide 10
Quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical
investigation of social phenomena via statistical, mathematical or
computational techniques. The objective of quantitative research is
to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or
hypotheses pertaining to phenomena. The process of measurement is
central to quantitative research because it provides the
fundamental connection between empirical observation and
mathematical expression of quantitative relationships.
Slide 11
Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in- depth
understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such
behavior. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of
decision making, not just what, where, when. This method is widely
adapted in Social Science, Ethnology, Music and other disciplines.
Mix method may be used to solve certain Research Problems. Mix
method will involve different research methods.
Slide 12
Qualitative Research Method [or Mixed Method] is widely used in
music researches so the followup discussion will focus on the
general areas of Qualitative Research Method.
Slide 13
Qualitative researchers may use different approaches in
collecting data. interviews and group discussions, observation and
reflection field notes, various texts, pictures, and other
materials. This may also include narratology, storytelling, and so
on. There may be many other alternative methods, some of them will
be discussed in later lectures. An example may Ground Theory that
is a different approach.
Slide 14
Ethnographic Research, used for investigating cultures by
collecting and describing data that is intended to help in the
development of a theory. This method is also called
ethno-methodology or "methodology of the people". An example of
applied ethnographic research, is the study of a particular culture
and their understanding of the role of a particular disease in
their cultural framework.
Slide 15
Historical Research, allows one to discuss past and present
events in the context of the present condition, and allows one to
reflect and provide possible answers to current issues and
problems. Historical research helps us in answering questions such
as: Where have we come from, where are we, who are we now and where
are we going?
Slide 16
Grounded Theory, is an inductive type of research, based or
grounded in the observations or data from which it was developed;
it uses a variety of data sources, including quantitative data,
review of records, interviews, observation and surveys.
Slide 17
Phenomenology, describes the subjective reality of an event, as
perceived by the study population; it is the study of a
phenomenon.
Slide 18
Interpretive techniques The most common analysis of qualitative
data is observer impression. That is, expert or bystander observers
examine the data, interpret it via forming an impression and report
their impression in a structured and sometimes quantitative
form.
Slide 19
Coding is an interpretive technique that both organizes the
data and provides a means to introduce the interpretations of it
into certain quantitative methods. Most coding requires the analyst
to read the data and demarcate segments within it. Each segment is
labeled with a code usually a word or short phrase that suggests
how the associated data segments inform the research objectives.
When coding is complete, the analyst prepares reports via a mix of:
summarizing the prevalence of codes, discussing similarities and
differences in related codes across distinct original
sources/contexts, or comparing the relationship between one or more
codes.
Slide 20
Contemporary qualitative data analyses are sometimes supported
by computer programs, termed Computer Assisted Qualitative Data
Analysis Software. These programs do not supplant the interpretive
nature of coding but rather are aimed at enhancing the analysts
efficiency at data storage/retrieval and at applying the codes to
the data. Many programs offer efficiencies in editing and revising
coding, which allow for work sharing, peer review, and recursive
examination of data.
Slide 21
Some qualitative datasets are analyzed without coding. A common
method here is recursive abstraction, where datasets are
summarized, those summaries are then further summarized, and so on.
The end result is a more compact summary that would have been
difficult to accurately discern without the preceding steps of
distillation.
Slide 22
Some techniques rely on leveraging computers to scan and sort
large sets of qualitative data. At their most basic level,
mechanical techniques rely on counting words, phrases, or
coincidences of tokens within the data. Often referred to as
content analysis, the output from these techniques is amenable to
many advanced statistical analyses.
Slide 23
A central issue in qualitative research is validity (also known
as credibility and/or dependability). There are many different ways
of establishing validity, like auditability, confirmability, etc.
[details will be taken up at a later time]