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N E W M I C H I G A N E C P E C 2
S U P E RF I N A L
ECPE EXAM PREPARATION
2
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the publisher.
NEW MICHIGAN ECPE C2SUPER FINAL
ECPE EXAM PREPARATION
Writing TeamGeorge Andreadis
Peter PappasSarah Yu
Maria Ioannou
ISBN 978-9963-710-33-1
Super Course SystemAegaleo 1
2057 StrovolosNicosia, Cyprus
3
AUTHOR'S NOTE .......................................................................... 4
EXAM FACTS ................................................................................. 5
SECTION 1 GCVR
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 1 ........................................................ 8
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 2 ...................................................... 16
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 3 ...................................................... 24
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 4 ...................................................... 32
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 5 ...................................................... 40
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 6 ...................................................... 48
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 7 ...................................................... 56
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 8 ...................................................... 64
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 9 ...................................................... 72
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 10 .................................................... 80
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 11 .................................................... 88
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 12 .................................................... 96
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 13 .................................................. 104
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 14 .................................................. 112
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 15 .................................................. 120
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 16 .................................................. 128
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 17 .................................................. 136
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 18 .................................................. 144
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 19 .................................................. 152
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 20 .................................................. 160
SECTION 2 WRITING
DISCURSIVE ESSAYS ............................................................... 168
OPINION ESSAYS ..................................................................... 173
FOR & AGAINST ESSAYS ......................................................... 177
SUGGESTING SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM ESSAYS ............. 180
DESCRIPTIVE ESSAYS ............................................................. 183
ESSAY 1: the importance of the past ......................................... 184
ESSAY 2: teenage issues ........................................................... 186
ESSAY 3: the media ................................................................... 188
ESSAY 4: human relations ......................................................... 190
ESSAY 5: employment ............................................................... 192
ESSAY 6: education ................................................................... 194
ESSAY 7: advertising ................................................................. 196
ESSAY 8: planet Earth ................................................................ 198
Recently Encountered Exam Writing Topics .......................... 200
SECTION 3 LISTENING
EVALUATION LISTENING TEST 1 ........................................... 202
EVALUATION LISTENING TEST 2 ........................................... 206
EVALUATION LISTENING TEST 3 ........................................... 210
EVALUATION LISTENING TEST 4 ........................................... 214
EVALUATION LISTENING TEST 5 ........................................... 218
EVALUATION LISTENING TEST 6 ........................................... 222
EVALUATION LISTENING TEST 7 ........................................... 226
EVALUATION LISTENING TEST 8 ........................................... 230
EVALUATION LISTENING TEST 9 ........................................... 234
EVALUATION LISTENING TEST 10 ......................................... 238
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 1 (B1) .......................................... 242
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 2 (B2) .......................................... 247
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 3 (B3) .......................................... 252
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 4 (B4) .......................................... 257
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 5 (B5) .......................................... 262
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 6 (B6) .......................................... 267
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 7 (B7) .......................................... 272
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 8 (B8) .......................................... 277
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 9 (B9) .......................................... 282
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 10 (B10) ...................................... 287
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 11 (C1) ........................................ 292
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 12 (C2) ........................................ 297
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 13 (C3) ........................................ 302
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 14 (C4) ........................................ 307
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 15 (C5) ........................................ 312
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 16 (C6) ........................................ 317
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 17 (C7) ........................................ 322
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 18 (C8) ........................................ 327
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 19 (C9) ........................................ 332
PRACTICE LISTENING TEST 20 (C10) ...................................... 337
SECTION 4 SPEAKING
SPEAKING TEST FORMAT ....................................................... 343
SPEAKING SCORING RUBRIC ................................................. 344
INTERVIEW PREPARATION ..................................................... 346
USEFUL LANGUAGE ................................................................. 347
ANALYZING THE SPEAKING TEST FORMAT .......................... 348
MODEL SPEAKING TEST .......................................................... 349
SPEAKING TEST 1 .................................................................... 351
SPEAKING TEST 2 .................................................................... 353
SPEAKING TEST 3 .................................................................... 355
SPEAKING TEST 4 .................................................................... 357
SPEAKING TEST 5 .................................................................... 359
SPEAKING TEST 6 .................................................................... 361
SECTION 5 EXTRA GCVR
PRACTICE TEST 1 ..................................................................... 364
PRACTICE TEST 1 (KEY) .......................................................... 372
PRACTICE TEST 2 ..................................................................... 380
PRACTICE TEST 2 (KEY) ........................................................... 388
ECPE FINAL GLOSSARY .......................................................... 396
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
PAGE
4
This publication has been prepared in keeping with the University of Michigan’s requirements for the
Certificate of Proficiency. Its purpose is to offer all candidates a tool with which to consolidate, evaluate
and perfect all the skills required at this level. Emphasis has been placed on the understanding of the
organizational features of written text as well as grammatical and pragmatic knowledge of English,
particularly knowledge about expected vocabulary and grammar in certain contexts.
The authors have taken great care to prepare the most challenging and comprehensive publication
available to date, both in choice of subject and skills required. Through detailed analysis of recent
examinations, the latest developments and trends in all aspects of the examination have been
accounted for. Contemporary topics are provided to keep learners at the forefront of language use
and cultural context, permitting them to be proficient language users.
The publication comprises 5 sections:
Authors’ Note
SECTION 1 20 GCVR Practice Examinations
Includes 20 GCVR Practice Examinations that take account of the latest trends in the ECPE curriculum. Particular focus has been placed on the increased complexity of grammatical items that has recently been observed.
SECTION 2 Writing
Includes 33 pages of essential guidance for the candidate so as to assist him in addressing the topic appropriately. Moreover, this section helps the candidate develop the presented topic in an organized way with the appropriate acknowledgement of topic complexity. Emphasis is also placed on how to communicate ideas clearly with accuracy of form. Example essays are presented throughout the section so as to ensure the candidate is aware of topic development, the use of varied syntactic structures and appropriate vocabulary. Finally, it also includes 20 recently encountered exam writing topics.
SECTION 3 Listening
Includes 10 Evaluation Listening Tests and 20 Practice Listening Tests. The former build up the required listening skills and the latter consolidate and perfect them. All the types of listening items are covered: those based on short conversational exchanges, those based on questions, and those based on extended talks on different topics.
SECTION 4 Speaking
Includes comprehensive preparation for the New Format Speaking Test and 6 Complete Practice Speaking Tests. It provides a detailed analysis of the Speaking Test Format, a complete Model Speaking Test, essential useful expressions for all stages of the exam and valuable guidelines for the teacher.
SECTION 5 Extra 2 GCVR Practice Examinations
Includes an additional 2 GCVR Practice Examinations to be used as mock exams or in the candidate’s concluding preparation for the ECPE.
5
Exam FactsThe Certificate of Proficiency constitutes an official certification of knowledge of the English language at an advanced
level. It is awarded by the University of Michigan, one of the leading U.S. universities in the field of linguistic research, with
long-term experience in the establishment and development of a broad range of English language examinations. The
University of Michigan’s Certificate of Proficiency is officially recognized by the Greek state as a language certification
and by the private sector as a certification of knowledge of the English language.
The examination for the University of Michigan’s Certificate of Proficiency has been specially designed for candidates
who have reached a high level of English and have exceptionally well developed abilities in all four language skills. The
content and degree of difficulty of the examination correspond to the language skills and abilities required of a university
level adult. The exam content is set each year by the English Language Institute of the University of Michigan.
Breakdown of Final Examination
Assessment principles of the ECPE:
• Three section bands, High Pass, Pass, and Low Pass, are considered passing section levels. Two section bands,
Borderline Fail and Fail, are considered failing section levels.
• Candidates who pass all four sections of the exam always pass the ECPE.
• Examinees who pass three sections with a Low Pass (or higher) and receive no less than a Borderline Fail in one
section will be awarded an ECPE certificate.
ECPE Final Examination 2 hours 45 minutes – 3 hours
1. Writing.
30 minutes. Candidates choose between two topics for their essay.
2. Listening.
35 - 40 minutes. 50 questions.
3. Grammar, Cloze, Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension.
75 minutes. 120 questions.
4. Speaking.
25-35 minutes. Face to face oral interaction between two candidates
and two examiners.
8
1. Bob Dylan expanded the vocabulary of popular music politics and literary influences into his lyrics. a. by incorporating c. when he incorporated social socially b. incorporating the d. having socially social incorporating
2. Many motorists have embraced these new parking meters, but confusing. a. others say they’re enough c. some say they’re too b. say they’re too much d. say they’re not very
3. Mike has quickly established himself the National Football League’s most valued players. a. to be one of c. as one of b. as d. to be
4. “Between , I think this task is way too difficult to complete. a. me and you c. you and me b. you and I d. I and you 5. Janine’s parents died when she was just a baby, so I family she ever had. a. was all the c. was the whole b. have the whole d. have all the
6. Danielle would still be our best defender an accident. a. if she didn’t have c. if she hadn’t b. had she not had d. hadn’t she had 7. The estranged husband desperately tried to get his message across, without success. a. despite c. however b. even though d. albeit 8. at summer camp will help them tremendously. a. That what the kids learnt c. What the kids learnt b. Learnt the kids that d. That the kids learnt
9. This community diverged from a simple hunting and gathering one a complex pattern of social organization. a. with a demonstration of c. from demonstrating b. to demonstrate d. to one demonstrating
10. We’re running late and I haven’t decided take with me yet. a. what should I c. whether to b. what to d. that to
11. Despite many sophisticated techniques, the simple magnifying glass and gut tools for unmasking fake paintings. a. instinct remains c. instinct remain the best the best b. instinctive remain d. instinctively remains the best the best
12. I had no choice but to the task I had been assigned. a. have Kay to finish c. have Kay finish b. have got Kay finish d. get Kay finish
13. are poised to change the face of the construction industry in the coming years. a. Designing buildings c. Buildings environmentally environmentally designed b. Environmentally d. Designed environmental designed buildings buildings 14. “Was Mary any help with your assignment?” “Actually, me extra reference material was very useful.” a. that she gives c. she was giving b. her giving d. she gave
15. Unfortunately, Christopher failed to win a place in the 1000 meter race because he stamina. a. is lack of c. is lack b. has lack of d. lacks
16. If the firefighters had come earlier, the trapped man . a. should have survived c. might have survived b. would have been survived d. could be survived
17. The endless parade of on television has made today’s young girls obsessed with their bodies. a. celebrities enhancing c. surgically-enhanced surgically celebrities b. surgical celebrities d. enhanced surgically enhanced celebrities
18. Digital technology’s been around for many years, but our firm has been kind up. a. to slow of picking it c. too slowly to pick it b. of slowly in picking d. of slow to pick it
19. that Mr. Jones is planning to run for governor this year. a. Word is it c. Word has it b. Word has d. The words are
20. An inspiring speaker, Reverend Jackson always manages to the best in his congregation. a. bring up c. bring out b. bring over d. bring across
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 1GRAMMAR
9
Grammar Score: .........../40
21. Since I’ve spent most of my life in Canada, is what
I’m most comfortable with.
a. French language c. the French
b. these French d. French
22. “Where did you find this old thing?”
“My husband stumbled out the attic.”
a. on it when clearing c. it while he cleared
b. it on while he was d. on it when was he
clearing clearing
23. There’s so much smoke in this room that breathe.
a. hardly can’t I c. hardly I can
b. I can hardly d. I can’t hardly
24. “Didn’t you buy anything at the mall today?”
“No, the dress had been sold.”
a. which I have liked c. that liked to me
b. I liked d. which liked me
25. I’m not surprised that Dave’s not feeling well; he was
eating at the fair this morning.
a. the one ice-cream c. another ice-cream
after the other after another
b. one ice-cream d. after one ice-cream
after another another
26. “This writer’s earlier novels are excellent.”
“That’s no surprise. her most recent one.”
a. So is c. Also is
b. As well d. Is too
27. Why should I throw the milk away? It .
a. isn’t smelling so badly c. isn’t smelling so bad
b. doesn’t smell so bad d. doesn’t smell so badly
28. Philadelphia’s new playmaker has scored over 40 points
his eight games this season.
a. of seven from c. out of seven from
b. from seven of d. in seven of
29. “Did you have a good day at the office today?”
“No. I had to attend a(n) board meeting all
afternoon.”
a. uninteresting c. uninterested
b. disinterested d. disinterest
30. A painting is only a fake if it aims to fool someone into
believing it is the real thing; it’s just a copy.
a. provided c. or
b. otherwise d. unless
31. You didn’t know that it wasn’t until the late 1960s on the surface of the moon, did you? a. that man walked c. did man walk b. man he walked d. that man had walked
32. My father is no good at gardening, so he prefers . a. to have done it c. having done it b. have it done d. to have it done
33. Astronomers have proven that the planets in our solar system were subjected to meteoric bombardment than is the case today. a. a much more intense c. a very intense b. an intensive d. a more intensively
34. I find it difficult working for others because I my own business. a. would always have c. was used to having b. have always had d. have always been having
35. The company spokesman played down the product’s problems, to safety regulations. a. claiming it c. having claimed conform conforming b. and claimed its d. claiming it conforming conforms 36. Homelessness is a condition a person does not have a permanent place of residence. a. in that c. that b. for which d. in which
37. Before you leave, check that you have my e-mail address you can send me some photographs. a. so that c. so as b. in order for d. so as for
38. political ambitions, corporate career and family to care for, Jane has no time for socializing. a. What with her c. There’s her b. It’s not only her d. That’s just her
39. If I’m not mistaken, the man the cigar was one of the robbers. a. smoking c. he is smoking b. that he is smoking d. will smoke
40. Since the early 1980s, the field of cinematography in digital technology. a. have been c. have been deeply immersing deeply immersed b. has been d. has been deeply immersing deeply immersed
10
A worsening drought in the Amazon basin has prompted Brazil to (41) on its military to begin distributing supplies and medicine to tens of thousands of people stranded by the dramatic drop in water levels. Low river levels are (42) boats - for many the only (43) of transport - from using the Amazon safely, leaving communities depending on government airlifts for their survival.
Big ships have also been left (44) in the world’s second-largest river and millions of fish are rotting in the sun. The air force has been distributing water-purifying chemicals to (45) the threat of disease from water supplies contaminated by the dead fish.
Witnesses say rivers and lakes have dried up completely, (46) behind miles of sand and mud. Environmental campaign group Greenpeace has blamed deforestation and global warming (47) the drought. It quoted scientists as claiming that the burning of forests has raised temperatures in the Amazon, preventing the (48) of clouds.
Brazilian government meteorologists, (49) , have said the drought is the result of unusually high temperatures in the Atlantic Ocean, (50) have also been linked to devastating hurricanes.
The back of the human eye, called the retina, contains cells
known as photoreceptors. Much human blindness is due to
retina disease or photoreceptor destruction, and once sight
is (51) for either of these two reasons, it cannot be
(52) .
Until recently, experts had thought there were only two
types of photoreceptors - rods and cones. But experiments
on mice, which have had both of these (53) , reveal
that other cells also have (54) form of light response.
Scientists have found how to make eye cells (55) to
light by activating a protein called melanopsin, and have thus
(56) new ways to treat some forms of blindness.
The researchers are now working with engineers to
(57) prosthetic retinas that might help people with sight
disorders see more clearly. In addition, the current research
suggests (58) possible line of therapy. It is possible
that melanopsin genes could be (59) into intact cells in
diseased retinas, turning them into functional photoreceptors.
(60) , making cells in the eye responsive to light is no
cure for blindness and the resulting ‘vision’ may be little more
than black and white light sensitivity.
CLOZE 1
CLOZE 2
41. a. take c. hold b. call d. carry
42. a. removing c. distracting b. protecting d. preventing
43. a. way c. chance b. means d. type
44. a. stranded c. thereby b. alone d. dependent
45. a. disappear c. contradict b. counter d. dispose
46. a. just c. leaving b. changing d. but
47. a. for c. about b. in d. on
48. a. growth c. increase b. possibility d. formation
49. a. however c. even b. who d. hence
50. a. they c. which b. but d. though
51. a. missing c. lost b. declined d. spoiled
52. a. restored c. responsive b. replaced d. reformed
53. a. reduced c. receptors b. destroyed d. decreased
54. a. the c. any b. no d. some
55. a. due c. correspond b. sensitive d. exposed
56. a. formed c. discovered b. proved d. accepted
57. a. offer c. contain b. develop d. discover
58. a. some c. one b. that d. another
59. a. inserted c. included b. contained d. entered
60. a. However c. Therefore b. Indeed d. Besides
This passage is about the Amazon.
This passage is about retina research.
Cloze Score: .........../20
11
61. The Dutch was by far the largest group at the medical conference. a. contingency b. dispatch c. contingent d. franchise
62. The president was on both sides by his devoted bodyguards. a. led b. flanked c. followed d. surrounded
63. Jack Spillane is known to be golfer who never misses a game. a. an avaricious b. a virtuous c. a varied d. an avid
64. Our physics teacher us to listen to what she had to say about our test results. a. compelled b. imposed c. expelled d. repelled
65. Due to the lack of space, the campers rolled the blankets tightly to make a bundle. a. solid b. complete c. compact d. stable
66. The murderer was in the alley for quite a while before he attacked his victim. a. lazing b. limping c. lurching d. lurking
67. Three esteemed artists to create the intricate mural in the entrance of the town hall. a. elucidated b. consolidated c. collaborated d. elaborated
68. The accused man celebrated after he was and set free. a. exonerated b. exorcised c. condemned d. commuted
69. The movie had a effect on him - he couldn’t get it off his mind all day. a. partial b. profound c. trivial d. superficial
70. The organizers said they had sold out, but Marcy somehow to get tickets for tonight’s rock concert. a. contrived b. deprived c. drenched d. repented
71. Don’t wear your denim jacket as the dress at that stylish restaurant are fairly formal. a. convulsions b. conversions c. conventions d. convents
72. The smell of freshly baked bread memories of Marie’s childhood home. a. evaded b. evolved c. evoked d. evicted
73. My husband was when I told him I had lost my job and told me not to worry. a. unhappy b. unrepentant c. unruly d. unruffled
74. Kate felt uneasy as there was definitely something about his proposal. a. dubious b. deliberate c. circuitous d. casual
75. Jason’s ambition is to be a
famous basketball player one day.
a. consoling
b. consuming
c. consummate
d. complete
76. Dawn when we broke the
news to her that her father was in
hospital.
a. broke down
b. fell through
c. came apart
d. broke up
77. The trial was so as to allow
the defense attorney to prepare a
better case.
a. adjourned
b. announced
c. attended
d. opened
78. It is customary for a judge to be
in a black robe.
a. regaled
b. attended
c. attired
d. retired
79. I’m afraid that you will have to
consult Dr. Smith - dermatology is
not in my .
a. place
b. knowledge
c. domain
d. kingdom
80. The police detectives caught the
cat burglar while he was
trying to crack the safe.
a. red-handed
b. out of hand
c. open-handed
d. hands down
VOCABULARY
δυσάρεστο ενδεχόμενο αποστολή
τμήμα ομάδας / αντιπροσωπείαπρονομιακό δικαίωμα πώλησης αγαθών σε κάποια περιοχή
καθοδηγώτοποθετώ εκατέρωθεν
(επ)ακολουθώπεριτριγυρίζω
πλεονέκτης, αχόρταγοςενάρετοςποικίλος
ενθουσιώδης, φανατικός
(εξ)αναγκάζω, εξωθώεπιβάλλω
αποβάλλω, διώχνωαπωθώ
στερεός, συμπαγήςολοκληρωμένος, πλήρηςσυμπαγής, συμπτυγμένος
σταθερός, ευσταθής
τεμπελιάζωκουτσαίνωτρεκλίζω
καραδοκώ, παραμονεύω
διευκρινίζω, αποσαφηνίζωεδραιώνω, παγιώνω
συνεργάζομαιαναπτύσσω λεπτομερώς
απαλλάσσωεξορκίζω
αποδοκιμάζω, καταδικάζωπηγαινοέρχομαι με
συγκοινωνιακό μέσο
προκατειλλημένος / τμηματικόςβαθύς, βαθυστόχαστος
ασήμαντοςεπιφανειακός
μηχανεύομαι, καταφέρνωστερώ
μουσκεύω, μουλιάζωμετανιώνω
σύσπαση, σπασμός μετατροπή / προσηλυτισμός
εθιμοτυπία, τύποιγυναικείο μοναστήρι
αποφεύγω, υπεκφεύγωαναπτύσσομαι, εξελίσσομαι
ξυπνώ στη μνήμηκάνω έξωση ενοικιαστή
δυστυχισμένοςαμετανόητος
ανυπάκουος, απείθαρχοςατάραχος, ήρεμος
ύποπτος, αμφίβολοςσκόπιμος, εσκεμμένος
έμμεσος, πλάγιοςανεπίσημος, πρόχειρος
παρηγορητικός
διακαής
ολοκληρωμένος, τέλειος
ολοκληρωμένος, πλήρης
χαλώ, καταρρέω
αποτυγχάνω, ναυαγώ
καταρρέω, διαλύομαι
διαλύω σχέση
αναβάλλω, αναστέλλω
ανακοινώνω
παρεβρίσκομαι, παρακολουθώ
ανοίγω, κάνω εγκαίνια
διασκεδάζω
παρεβρίσκομαι, παρακολουθώ
ενδεδυμένος
στη σύνταξη
έκφ. δεν είναι η θέση μου να
γνώση
τομέας
βασίλειο
στα πράσα, επ’αυτοφώρω
εκτός ελέγχου
ανοιχτοχέρης
με ευκολία
12
Vocabulary Score: .........../40
81. The agile mountain goats the
cliff in no time at all.
a. asserted
b. absconded
c. assented
d. ascended
82. The tickets for this Broadway
production were more expensive
than I had .
a. persevered
b. anticipated
c. evaluated
d. premeditated
83. The embarrassed little girl looked
on as her parents boasted
about her intelligence.
a. inconsolably
b. bashfully
c. enviously
d. fruitlessly
84. Although the mediators to
end the trade dispute, no
agreement was reached.
a. ameliorated
b. endeavored
c. amended
d. enticed
85. Cathy’s such a - I don’t know
why we ever invite her to our parties.
a. wild card
b. dark horse
c. wet blanket
d. dead weight
86. The rude old man to the front
of the line, bumping into everyone.
a. purged
b. merged
c. surged
d. barged
87. Borrowing Marie’s notes my
chances of success and I did very
well in my exams.
a. enhanced
b. embellished
c. construed
d. deployed
88. Drinking instant coffee in the morning unfortunately puts me on all day. a. stilts b. plugs c. pit b. edge
89. My young son was by the strange language around him as soon as we crossed the border into Italy. a. muffled b. raffled c. baffled d. shuffled
90. Macy didn’t want to be distressed, so she her eyes from the scene of the accident. a. converted b. reversed c. averted d. reverted
91. Michelle is a(n) worker who always takes great care not to make any mistakes. a. conducive b. honorable c. meticulous d. careless
92. That traditional English pub was pretty and - I really enjoyed visiting it. a. quaint b. run-down c. derisory d. dilapidated
93. Sally hadn’t studied at all and was about taking her forthcoming geography test. a. comprehensive b. incoherent c. apprehensive d. convoluted
94. It will take a lot of in order not to offend Freda at the premier performance tomorrow. a. brain b. tact c. sensibility d. austerity
95. Mrs. Jenson’s plan to open a chain
of cosmetics stores with a partner is
a(n) venture.
a. squalid
b. perilous
c. expunged
d. irate
96. The three brothers are always
arguing about something, but the
bad feelings soon .
a. get over
b. blow off
c. go down
d. blow over
97. My youngest son has always
to become a successful composer.
a. aspired
b. expired
c. conspired
d. inspired
98. The journalist what the
government spokesman had said,
causing a terrible misunderstanding.
a. disapproved
b. distilled
c. distorted
d. distended
99. Unfortunately, the project was a(n)
failure and it will not receive
further state funding.
a. out and out
b. down and out
c. up and up
d. off the beaten track
100. It would be my honor to introduce
you to Mr. Harriet, an old
from my political days.
a. feud
b. grievance
c. adversary
d. notary
ισχυρίζομαι, υποστηρίζω
“το σκάω”, φυγοδικώ
συγκατατίθεμαι
ανέρχομαι, αναρριχώμαι
εμμένω, επιμένω
προσδοκώ, προβλέπω
αποτιμώ, αξιολογώ
προμελετώ, προσχεδιάζω
απαρηγόρητα
ντροπαλά, συνεσταλμένα
ζηλόφθονα
αναποτελεσματικά, άκαρπα
βελτιώνω, καλυτερεύω
πασχίζω, καταβάλλω προσπάθεια
διορθώνω / τροποποιώ
δελεάζω
μπαλαντέρ
κρυφό ταλέντο
που χαλάει το κέφι της παρέας
απόβαρο, βάρος, φορτίο
εξαγνίζω, καθαρίζω
συγχωνεύω, -ομαι
κινούμαι κατά κύματα, "κατακλύζω"
εισβάλλω, ενσκήπτω
ενισχύω, βελτιώνω
ομορφαίνω, διακοσμώ
ερμηνεύω
παρατάσσομαι / εκμεταλλεύομαι
πλήρως
ξυλοπόδαροβύσμα, πρίζα
λάκκος(be on ~) σε έξαψη, με τεντωμένα νεύρα
κουκουλώνω / καταπνίγω (ήχο)βάζω σε λαχνό
προκαλώ σύγχυση/αμηχανίασέρνω τα πόδια μου /
ανακατεύω (τράπουλα)
μετατρέπωαντιστρέφω
αποστρέφω, αποτρέπωεπανέρχομαι, επιστρέφω
πρόσφορος, που βοηθά σε εξέλιξηέντιμος, αξιέπαινος
διεξοδικός, σχολαστικόςαπρόσεκτος, ατημέλητος
γραφικός (για τοπία) φθαρμένος, σε κακή κατάσταση
γελοίος, ασήμαντος φθαρμένος, ρημαγμένος,
ερειπωμένος
αναλυτικός, περιεκτικός ασυνάρτητος, χωρίς συνοχή ανήσυχος, θορυβημένος
ελικοειδής / περίπλοκος
εγκέφαλοςδιακριτικότητα, τακτ
ευαισθησία, αισθαντικότηταηθική αυστηρότητα
ελεεινός, ποταπός
επικίνδυνος
διεγραμμένος, σβησμένος
εξοργισμένος
ξεπερνώ (δύσκολη κατάσταση)
ακυρώνω σχέδια χωρίς προειδοποίηση
μειώνομαι / καταδικάζομαι
καταλαγιάζω
φιλοδοξώ, εποφθαλμιώ
λήγω (για προθεσμία)
συνομωτώ
εμπνέω
αποδοκιμάζω
αποστάζω, διυλίζω
διαστρεβλώνω, παραμορφώνω
διαστέλλω, -ομαι, πρήζω, -ομαι
τελείως, ολότελα
ξοφλημένος, άνεργος κι απένταρος
ανερχόμενος, σε ανοδική πορεία
απόμερος /
καθόλου πολυσύχναστος
βεντέτα
παράπονο, αδικία
αντίπαλος
συμβολαιογράφος
13
The world beneath the ocean waves remains a
great frontier whose rewards could be enormous: oil
and mineral wealth to rival Alaska’s North Slope and
California’s Gold Rush streams; scientific discoveries
that could change our view of how the planet and its
life-forms evolved. Natural substances found deep
within the ocean could even yield new medicines and
new classes of industrial chemicals.
Getting there, though, forces explorers to cope
with an environment just as perilous as outer space.
Unaided, humans can’t dive much more than 10 ft.
before increasing pressure starts causing pain in the
inner ear, sinuses and lungs. Frigid subsurface water
rapidly sucks away body heat. And even the most
capacious of lungs can’t hold a breath for more than
two or three minutes.
For these reasons, the modern age of deep-sea
exploration had to wait for two key technological
developments: engineer Otis Barton’s bathysphere -
essentially a deep-diving tethered steel ball - and the
invention of scuba in the 1940s by Jacques Cousteau
and Emile Gagnan. Barton’s bathysphere could
only go straight down and straight back up again,
but a Swiss engineer, Auguste Piccard, solved the
mobility problem with the first true submersible. His
vessel called a bathyscaphe, consisted of a spherical
watertight cabin suspended below a buoyant gasoline-
filled pontoon.
In 1960, Piccard’s Trieste took a U.S. Navy
Lieutenant, Don Walsh, and Piccard’s son, Jacques,
35,800 ft. down beneath the Pacific to the Challenger
Deep in the Mariana Trench. After its success, the
number of submersibles expanded dramatically.
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute’s longtime
workhorse, the three-person Alvin, was launched in
1964. The first tethered robots, the so-called remotely
operated vehicles, or ROVs, were developed several
years later. The result was a remarkable period of
underwater discovery that transformed biology,
geology and oceanography. Today scientists view the
deep sea as an area constantly reformed by tectonic
and volcanic activity and filled with exotic life-forms,
many of whose properties have yet to be explored.
READING 1
101. The world of the ocean as described by the writer...
a. must have gold equal to that found in California.
b. could make us form a different view of the planet.
c. has some potentially beneficial substances for
man.
d. could establish new territorial borders.
102. According to the passage, divers today...
a. experience low temperatures because of the cold
water.
b. can’t yet face the dangers of the ocean.
c. may even experience a rise in blood pressure.
d. have breathing problems.
103. How did Picard’s invention improve on that of
Barton?
a. It was completely submersible.
b. It allowed for improved scuba diving.
c. It allowed occupants to move in more than two
directions.
d. It was round and could accommodate people.
104. What do Alvin and ROVs have in common?
a. They are both a kind of underwater robot.
b. They are both attached to a surface vessel in some
way.
c. They both allow for more extensive underwater
exploration.
d. They both embarked on their maiden voyage in
the Mariana Trench.
105. Which of the following is NOT true, according to the
text?
a. With new developments in diving, scientists are
able to study the ocean more thoroughly.
b. Scientists now have a deeper understanding of the
earth’s structure and how it changes.
c. The ocean still has many undiscovered properties.
d. Underwater eruptions have little bearing on the
formation of the ocean floor.
101
102
103
104
105
14
106. Who or what was responsible for bringing the remains of the “Iceman” to the public eye? a. a sharp-eyed tourist b. policemen performing their duty c. a curious looking visitor to the region d. a series of funny mistakes
107. What was the most striking thing about the Stone Age wanderer? a. his remains were thawing b. his remains were spotted with age c. the fine state of his remains d. most of his remains were stolen by onlookers
108. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the events taking place after the discovery? a. The authorities did not act appropriately. b. Onlookers attempted to strip the body. c. The German tourist took possession of the body and gave it to Konrad Spindler. d. The body was at the disposal of experts for five whole days.
Helmut Simon, a German tourist, first spotted the remarkably preserved remains of the Stone Age wanderer who came to be called the “Iceman” in a melting glacier high in the Alps in 1991. A comedy of errors followed. Firstly, Austrian policemen tried to prize the body from the ice with a jackhammer and then curiosity seekers snitched fragments of his garments. Five days later, the find was finally brought to Konrad Spindler, head of the Innsbruck Institute for Prehistory, who exclaimed that he thought it was perhaps what his colleague, Howard Carter, experienced when he opened the tomb of Tutankhamen and gazed into the face of the Pharaoh.
Who was the “Iceman”? Radio-carbon dating established his age at approximately 5,300 years, by far the most ancient human being ever found virtually intact. He stood 5 ft. 2in. tall - short even in his day - and weighed around 110
lbs. Well prepared for the Alpine chill, he wore an unlined fur robe, whip-stitched together in a mosaic-like pattern, under a woven grass cape. His shoes were made of leather and his axe blade was nearly pure copper. He bore a fur quiver laden with a dozen incomplete arrows, two of which were primed for shooting, with flint points and feathers. His bow was made of yew and he was also armed with a tiny, wooden-handled flint dagger; he carried a net of grass and a stone-and-linden tool probably used to sharpen points.
Yet, for all his sophisticated gear, the Neolithic wanderer was behind the times. While his mountain people still hunted and gathered, far more advanced civilizations were flourishing elsewhere. In the “Iceman’s” day, Alpine Europe lagged far behind Africa, the Middle East and South America in agriculture, commerce and transportation, while in Sumeria, man had just discovered the wheel.
READING 2
109. When Konrad Spindler received the “Iceman’s” remains, he... a. expressed his objection to the delay. b. was under the impression the remains were those of a pharaoh. c. consulted with his colleague Howard Carter. d. was certain scientists in similar conditions shared his emotions.
110. After inspecting the find, scientists reached the conclusion that the “Iceman”... a. had plaited grass to make a cap. b. had been appropriately attired. c. had been the most sophisticated man of his period. d. had been armed for heavy battle.
The formerly radical notion that birds descended from dinosaurs - or may even be dinosaurs, the only living branch of the family that ruled the earth eons ago - has got stronger and stronger since paleontologists first started taking it seriously in the 1970s. Remarkable similarities in bone structure between dinosaurs and birds were the first clue. Then came evidence, thanks to a series of astonishing discoveries in China’s Liaoning province in the late 1990s, that some dinosaurs may have borne feathers. But a few scientists still argued that the link was weak, claiming that the bone similarities could be a coincidence. And possibly those primitive structures visible in some fossils were feathers – but possibly not. One had to use his imagination to see them.
However, this was all soon to change. The find of a spectacularly preserved fossil of a juvenile dromaeosaur by a team of paleontologists from the Chinese Academy
of Geological Sciences and New York City’s American Museum of Natural History, may be the long-sought link. “It has things that are undeniably feathers,” exulted Richard Prum of the University of Kansas Natural History Museum, an expert on the evolution of feathers. “But it is clearly a small, vicious theropod, similar to the velociraptors that chased the children around the kitchen in Jurassic Park.”
In fact, this small relative of Tyrannosaurus rex, dating from 124 million to 147 million years ago, had no fewer than three different types of feathers. The head sported a thick, fuzzy mat of short, hollow fibers, while the shoulders and torso had extremely fine plume-like fibers up to 2 inches long. The backs of its arms and legs were draped in multiple filaments arranged in a classic herringbone pattern around a central stem. Even the theropod’s tail was covered with feathers, with a fan, or tuft at the end.
READING 3
106
108
109
107
110
111
111
112
113
114
115
15
111. The passage implies that paleontologists... a. became earnestly involved in paleontology in the 1970’s. b. have begun to accept a once extreme idea. c. are reaching ambivalent conclusions in their research. d. only started looking for more clues in the 1970’s.
112. The evidence found in the 1990’s, ... a. proved that dinosaurs gave birth to feathery offspring. b. showed similarities between the bone structures of birds and dinosaurs. c. was partly based on imagination. d. did not unite the experts in their convictions.
113. What was Richard Prum’s view of the 2001 discovery? It... a. convinced him that some dinosaurs bore feathers. b. disappointed him that the fossil was so young. c. led him to assume that the dromaeosaur had feathers. d. surprised him that a theropod could have been so vicious.
It’s one of the most enduring stories of unsuspecting discovery: four young French boys out playing in nature in September 1940, near Lascaux in the Dordogne region, decide to explore a hole in the ground one of them has recently found. They toss stones in the hole, determine it is deep and set out to explore it. Once inside, they are amazed to see gigantic, vivid paintings of animals covering the walls. The four boys bring their schoolteacher back to the cave. Stunned, he contacts Abbé Henri Breuil, France’s foremost pre-historian, who pronounces them authentic. Already, word of mouth is bringing droves of tourists to the cave. There, they are dazzled to find cavern after cavern covered with paintings - some 200 painted and drawn animals and symbols, along with nearly 1,500 engravings.
This splendid bestiary still has the power to amaze - although it was almost lost owing to careless maintenance. Over the years, as the cave was opened to tourists, the paintings gradually faded under artificial light, then were invaded by algae and bacteria. Hence, the cave was closed to visitors in 1963, while today’s tourists visit a replica.
When scientists first reported the discovery of the paintings in 1941, they cited French authorities in dating them at 30,000 B.C. More recently, radio-carbon dating has established they date back to 15,000 B.C. They are the work of early men called the Magdalenians, after La Madeleine, the site of a rock-center shelter where signs of their culture were first found. The artists apparently stood on scaffolding to reach the ceiling as holes for wooden poles have been found in the walls. The painters mixed their colors on the spot, and an abundance of mixing tools has been found at other nearby sites. In all, there are some 200 caves in southwest Europe alone featuring Paleolithic art, but the caverns at Lascaux remain the most impressive.
READING 4
116. The story behind the discovery of the Lascaux caves is one that... a. had an unpremeditated beginning. b. was contrived by the boys and their schoolteacher. c. represented the ingenuity of the group’s systematic exploration. d. details four boys’ outing on a lake in the Dordogne area.
117. When the boys’ schoolteacher was taken to the caves, he... a. was adamant the paintings were authentic. b. felt rather uncomfortable in their presence. c. was amazed by what he observed. d. brought too many tourists with him.
118. Just after the caves were made public knowledge, their visitors found... a. more portrayals than they expected to. b. an abundance of imprints and symbols of other races. c. 1,500 tented sketches of wildlife. d. many painted symbols alluding to aquatic life forms.
119. Why was the cave closed in 1963? a. Many visitors had defaced the paintings. b. The paintings were becoming damaged. c. A replica was eventually opened to the public. d. The paintings generated bacteria and germs.
120. What do we know about the early artists’ methods? They... a. used a spotted design to paint wildlife. b. weren't able to reach the roofs of the caves. c. used scaffolding poles to decorate the walls of the caves. d. combined different pigments to attain the desired effect.
114. The discovery showed that the dromaeosaur... a. did not have only one kind of feather. b. had a variety of different colored feathers. c. had two kinds of feathers. d. bore thinner feathers on its head compared to its torso.
115. The passage explicitly states that the theropod... a. fanned itself with its tail. b. had a bone-like design on its arms. c. had a bunch of feathers at the tip of his tail. d. had the same plumage all along its tail.
Reading Score: .........../20 TOTAL G+C+V+R = ............../120
116
118
119
117
120
16
1. We’ll be happy to offer the new employee our assistance she need it. a. should c. in the case b. in any event d. unless
2. “Shall we visit the zoo or take a walk in the park?” “ is fine with me.” a. Both of them c. Either one b. One another d. Or one or the other
3. This beautiful handmade watch was handed to me by my grandfather. a. in c. down b. over d. through
4. The athlete compete in national events, he competes in international ones too. a. just doesn’t c. just does b. does just d. doesn’t just
5. Although our hotel is quite isolated, guests are from abroad. a. the most c. our most b. most of our d. the most of our
6. “Would you like to help me organize a surprise birthday party for your father?” “ !” a. Would I never c. I would ever b. Would I ever d. I would never
7. As a talented piano player, Jake is also an excellent composer. a. much as being c. much as he is b. well as he is d. well as being
8. earlier, more of your old classmates would have come to the reunion. a. Provided they have c. Had they been informed been informed b. Having been informed d. Were they to have informed
9. I really detest it when Mr. Hodgson speaks to me my boss. a. as if he were c. as though he b. only if he were d. like he is
10. He didn’t manage to see any of his old friends back in his hometown despite so. a. of wishing to do c. wishing to doing b. he’d wished to do d. his wish to do
11. Strange sound, I’m going to Alaska on vacation
this year.
a. though it has to c. though it may
b. as it may be d. as it is to
12. “Have you packed your suitcase?”
“That’s one thing off my chest. Fortunately, I last
night.”
a. got it done c. have got it done
b. had done it d. was doing it
13. When Peter heard he had eventually been hired, he was
with joy.
a. come over c. besides him
b. aside himself d. beside himself
14. Her parents are upset the midterm exams.
a. that she fail c. about her failing
b. for her to fail d. for her failure of
15. Look at your dad in this photo; bald?
a. he had always been c. did he always use to be
b. was he always being d. would he always be
16. The old mill at the river has been turned a huge
shopping center.
a. in c. up
b. down d. into
17. In spite of , Sarah’s still kept her job.
a. so doing c. that she did
b. what she did d. she did it
18. In some countries juvenile offenders are made
community service rather than go to prison.
a. have done c. to do
b. to have done d. do
19. In this hospital ward, Paul is the more dedicated doctor
.
a. of both c. out of two
b. of the two d. of two
20. Linda’s been working here for almost ten years so she
a lot about the job.
a. was really known c. really must know
b. is really knowing d. knows really
PRACTICE EXAMINATION 2GRAMMAR
17
21. Normally, we don’t allow pets in the hotel, but I suppose
a kitten won’t be a problem.
a. your bringing c. for your bringing
b. to bring d. that you bring
22. When Peter went to the job interview, he was
accompanied his mother.
a. from c. by
b. with d. on
23. You should have told him the truth right from the start;
telling him now .
a. is no use c. it’s no use
b. there’s no point d. it’s no point
24. We are moving out of this apartment or not!
a. should you like c. either you like it
b. whether it likes to you d. whether you like it
25. “She is an excellent actress!”
“You again!”
a. can say that c. may say it
b. say it d. say that
26. being a good student, Jenny failed her entrance
exam.
a. Even if c. However
b. Despite d. Regardless
27. Extreme should be used when the truck is being
operated.
a. cautious c. cautioned
b. cautiously d. caution
28. seeing the police, the fugitive ran into the alley.
a. From c. At
b. On d. When
29. on time for lunch, you would have had some of
your mother’s carrot cake.
a. But for having been c. Were you to be
b. Were you to have been d. Hadn’t you been
30. I’d much sooner you practice on your guitar
right now.
a. hadn’t c. won’t
b. didn’t d. weren’t
31. The kids got up early this morning because they
wanted to go .
a. cycling c. to cycling
b. for the cycling d. for cycling
32. I have no idea why my boss got so angry; all I did
was him for some time off.
a. to asking c. having asked
b. asking d. ask
33. I strongly suggest Trevor with this project before
attempting to tackle the next one.
a. have finished c. having finished
b. to finish d. finish
34. The new employee’s personal problems are
he can’t concentrate on his work.
a. such serious c. very serious
b. too serious d. so serious
35. “How was the film last night?”
“Rarely such a well-directed film!”
a. did I see c. have I seen
b. I had seen d. saw I
36. I didn’t see your father enter the building, but I saw
the car across the street.
a. him to park c. he is parked
b. him parking d. his parking
37. The new train compartment’s bunk beds are 30
centimeters the existing ones.
a. as wide as those of c. wider than those of
b. wider than of d. as wide as
38. The new employee unfortunately fell of the boss’
expectations.
a. short c. shorter
b. shortly d. shortest
39. Herbert doesn’t talk to your friends from abroad because
he’s prejudiced foreigners.
a. on c. from
b. against d. about
40. Jim and I together every morning before
he moved home.
a. would jog c. were jogging
b. would have jogged d. used to jogging
Grammar Score: .........../40
18
The advertising industry spends $12 billion every year on ads aimed at children, (41) young audiences with persuasive messages. According to studies, the average child is exposed to more than 40,000 TV commercials a year. And ads are even (42) children in schools - with corporate-sponsored educational materials and product placements in students’ textbooks.
There’s obviously been a (43) in the way our society thinks of children. Not long ago, they were regarded as vulnerable beings that needed to be nurtured; however, today they are (44) an economic resource that must be exploited.
Children aren’t hard to exploit as they (45) to trust adults even when they shouldn’t. They don’t understand the notion of intent to sell and frequently believe advertising messages. Marketers know this, and take advantage of the fact that children don’t (46) the motives behind advertising or realize that the products advertised may not be (47) for them.
Nevertheless, this does not trouble advertisers and marketers. If they have any qualms, they (48) a good job of repressing them. They believe that (49) they can make the child a brand-loyal consumer at an early age, they can (50) the child for years to come.
University researchers have taken samples from a
preserved dodo specimen in an (51) to uncover the
extinct bird’s family tree. They worked with the British Natural
History Museum to collect and study (52) material from
a large number of specimens: a preserved dodo, the extinct
solitaire bird, and 35 kinds of living pigeons and doves. Their
analysis (53) the dodo and the solitaire to be close
relatives with the Nicobar pigeon, their nearest living relative.
The dodo lived on Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. It was
a flightless bird, bigger than a turkey. By 1681, all dodos
had been (54) by hungry sailors. The solitaire, which
(55) a bit like a dodo, had gone the same way by 1800.
By extracting short pieces of the dodo’s DNA and (56)
these with the DNA of living birds, the scientists were able to
deduce when the dodo evolved away from its (57) into
a separate entity.
The scientists can now (58) assume that the dodo
developed its distinctive appearance and features as a
(59) of its geographical isolation. They are now
convinced that it separated from the solitaire about 25 million
years ago, long before Mauritius (60) an island.
CLOZE 1
CLOZE 2
41. a. associating c. exposing b. spreading d. bombarding
42. a. reaching c. getting b. viewing d. aiming
43. a. gap c. transfer b. shift d. move
44. a. regarded c. viewed b. thought d. considered
45. a. turn c. tend b. respond d. appeal
46. a. grasp c. believe b. deny d. control
47. a. enough c. good b. available d. responsible
48. a. do c. get b. have d. make
49. a. when c. if b. only d. once
50. a. contact c. arrange b. own d. conform
51. a. attempt c. intention b. order d. assistance
52. a. living c. extinct b. raw d. genetic
53. a. advises c. involves b. shows d. recommends
54. a. disappeared c. vanished b. killed d. extinct
55. a. appeared c. existed b. looked d. seemed
56. a. studying c. comparing b. researching d. combining
57. a. relatives c. species b. island d. independence
58. a. surely c. hardly b. highly d. safely
59. a. means c. result b. factor d. reason
60. a. discovered c. became b. developed d. transformed
This passage is about advertising.
This passage is about the dodo.
Cloze Score: .........../20
19
61. Because of our limited facilities, we
have to the number of
students visiting the library.
a. annihilate
b. restrict
c. agitate
d. constrict
62. Please stop in my affairs and
mind your own business!
a. involving
b. irritating
c. concerning
d. meddling
63. The new rules can’t be
before they are tried and tested.
a. incited
b. acquired
c. stimulated
d. implemented
64. Mrs. Smith gave a short speech
after lunch to express her for
the retirement gift.
a. appreciation
b. apportionment
c. apprehension
d. appeasement
65. The blasting from the quarry
through the rural town.
a. reverberated
b. ricocheted
c. vibrated
d. shuddered
66. Many of the farmer’s chickens were
killed by a dog.
a. nomadic
b. vagrant
c. stray
d. fugitive
67. Peter owns a very business,
so he is quite wealthy.
a. influential
b. affiliated
c. lucrative
d. insolvent
68. There is usually a between
family members that can’t be
broken.
a. chain
b. knot
c. loop
d. bond
69. After a long afternoon sightseeing,
we returned to our hotel at .
a. tusk
b. lawn
c. dusk
d. dawn
70. So as to be more competitive, the
textile companies in this area have
formed a .
a. collusion
b. consideration
c. consortium
d. conglomeration
71. Their plans have been postponed
due to lack of funding.
a. indecisively
b. incompetently
c. indefinitely
d. indelibly
72. The acclaimed author’s new novel
will be in the autumn.
a. freed
b. liberated
c. discharged
d. released
73. I people who pretend to
know everything.
a. disapprove
b. imbibe
c. detest
d. ignite
74. Sandra is raising her two children
and taking care of her father.
a. lush
b. invalid
c. hindered
d. elder
75. The clay pot stood balanced
on the edge of the ledge.
a. haphazardly
b. formidably
c. precariously
d. negligibly
76. As a talent scout, Barry the
country looking for promising
young basketball players.
a. coerces
b. scours
c. fascinates
d. traverses
77. Your great grandmother’s antique
vase was sold at for over
2,000 dollars.
a. auction
b. yield
c. allowance
d. benefit
78. All teenagers are to the
subtle advertising messages they
see on television.
a. attested
b. paramount
c. susceptible
d. objected
79. The hotel manager decided to
distribute the food to a
nearby orphanage.
a. remnant
b. infatuated
c. residue
d. surplus
80. The pill you gave me made me so
that I fell asleep.
a. immune
b. hilarious
c. drowsy
d. lenient
VOCABULARY
αφανίζω, εξολοθρεύω
περιορίζω
(ανα)ταράσσω
(περι)σφίγγω
εμπλέκω, παρασύρω
εξάπτω, εξαγριώνω
αφορώ
ανακατεύομαι, χώνω
τη μύτη μου
εξωθώ, υποκινώ
αποκτώ
διεγείρω, εξάπτω
θέτω σε εφαρμογή
ευγνωμοσύνη, εκτίμηση
καταμερισμός
φόβος, ανησυχία / σύλληψη
κατευνασμός
αντηχώ, αντιλαλώ
εξοστρακισμός (για βλήματα)
δονώ, -ούμαι
ανατριχιάζω / τρέμω
νομαδικός
περιπλανώμενος
αδέσποτος (για ζώο)
φυγάς
που έχει επιρροή
αδελφοποιημένος
επικερδής
χρεοκοπημένος
αλυσίδα
κόμπος
θηλιά
δεσμός
χαυλιόδοντας
γρασίδι, γκαζόν
σούρουπο, δειλινό
αυγή
συμπαιγνία
μελέτη, εξέταση
κοινοπραξία
συνονθύλευμα /
κοινοπραξία επιχειρήσεων
αναποφάσιστα
ανίκανα, ανεπαρκώς
επ’αόριστον
ανεξίτηλα
(απ)ελευθερώνω
(απ)ελευθερώνω
απαλλάσσω / απολύω
(απ)ελευθερώνω / κυκλοφορώ
(για βιβλίο κλπ)
αποδοκιμάζω
ρουφώ / εισπνέω
απεχθάνομαι, αντιπαθώ
αναφλέγω, -ομαι
πλούσιος, πολυτελής
ανήμπορος
παρεμποδισμένος
γεροντότερος
ανοργάνωτα
τρομερά, φοβερά
με επισφαλή τρόπο
ασήμαντα, μηδαμινά
(κατ)αναγκάζω
διατρέχω αναζητώντας
σαγηνεύω, γοητεύω
διασχίζω
πλειστηριασμός, δημοπρασία
σοδειά
επίδομα / χαρτζιλίκι
(οικονομικό) επίδομα
επιβεβαιωμένος
ύψιστος
επιρρεπής, ευεπηρέαστος
αντιτιθέμενος, εναντιωμένος
υπόλειμμα
ξετρελαμένος, καταγοητευμένος
υπόλοιπο, ό,τι απομένει
πλεονάζων, παραπανήσιος
με ανοσία
ξεκαρδιστικός
νυσταγμένος, γλαρωμένος
επιεικής
20
81. We could just the ship on
the horizon.
a. disguise
b. discern
c. dislodge
d. distinct
82. Gavin has trouble making ends
meet on such salary.
a. a countless
b. an ample
c. a vast
d. a meager
83. “Can I use your computer for my
project?”
“Sure! But please be careful not to
any of my files.”
a. detract
b. withdraw
c. tamper
d. delete
84. What a child! One would
think she was an adult the way
she acts.
a. precarious
b. premature
c. premeditated
d. precocious
85. You will have to pay off your car
loan in twenty four, monthly .
a. insurances
b. installations
c. installments
d. interests
86. If you drink a glass of water, your
may just stop.
a. hiccups
b. hints
c. hoards
d. homage
87. The vegetation allowed
many birds to find shelter in the
nature reserve.
a. lash
b. lust
c. lush
d. leash
88. The new printer was not with
our software, so we had to return it.
a. compatible
b. conscientious
c. complacent
d. competent
89. Members of Parliament were unable
to reach a on the issue of the
capital punishment.
a. conduct
b. milestone
c. contract
d. consensus
90. When we asked Amber if she knew
where Mary was, she
ignorance.
a. ruminated
b. mimicked
c. feigned
d. inflicted
91. The police suspect that was
the cause of the fire.
a. arson
b. aspiration
c. arsenal
d. array
92. Passengers are kindly requested to
from smoking in the aircraft.
a. prevent
b. distract
c. refrain
d. proceed
93. I’ll never forget the details of that
day; they are in my mind.
a. scratched
b. carved
c. etched
d. curbed
94. “And then John got really mad.”
“He probably doesn’t appreciate
such jokes.”
a. prolific
b. primitive
c. crude
d. savage
95. A of wind blew my hat away
while I was walking up the stairs.
a. gusto
b. gust
c. gutter
d. gut
96. May considers those who
against immigrants to be narrow-
minded and conservative.
a. disgruntle
b. disregard
c. discriminate
d. disinfect
97. In many European countries, much
of a store’s is displayed
outside.
a. clientele
b. merchandise
c. conversion
d. avarice
98. The invitation arrived ; three
days after the seminar was held.
a. belatedly
b. awkwardly
c. genially
d. perpetually
99. I had a that you would be
late for the appointment.
a. hunt
b. hurdle
c. hump
d. hunch
100. For justice to be served, a trial
must be fair and .
a. impromptu
b. impartial
c. congenial
d. prosperous
Vocabulary Score: .........../40
μεταμφιέζω
διακρίνω
αποσπώ, αποκολλώ
ευδιάκριτος
αμέτρητος
ευρύχωρος, επαρκής
απέραντος, τεράστιος
ανεπαρκής, ισχνός
αφαιρώ, μειώνω
αποσύρω
σκαλίζω, νοθεύω
διαγράφω
επισφαλής , αβέβαιος
πρώιμος, πρόωρος
προμελετημένος
μικρομέγαλος
ασφάλεια, ασφάλιση
εγκατάσταση
(χρηματική) δόση
τόκος
λόξυγγας
υπαινιγμός / υπόδειξη
αποταμίευση / οικονομίες
φόρος τιμής
μαστίγιο
πόθος
πολύβλαστος
λουρί (σκύλου)
συμβατός
ευσυνείδητος, φιλότιμος
ευησυχασμένος
ικανός
διαγωγή / χειρισμός
“ορόσημο”, ιστορική καμπή
(έγγραφο) συμβόλαιο
αμοιβαία συναίνεση
στοχάζομαι
μιμούμαι
υποκρίνομαι, προσποιούμαι
προξενώ, πλήττω
εμπρησμός
φιλοδοξία, επιδίωξη
οπλοστάσιο
παράταξη, σειρά / συλλογή,
ποικιλία
αποτρέπω
αποσπώ την προσοχή
αποφεύγω
προχωρώ, συνεχίζω
γρατζουνίζω
χαράσσω, λαξεύω
χαραγμένος στη μνήμη μου
χαλιναγωγώ, ελέγχω
καρπερός, γόνιμος
πρωτόγονος
άξεστος / ακατέργαστος
άγριος, πρωτόγονος
απόλαυση
ριπή (ανέμου)
υδρορροή, λούκι
έντερο, σπλάχνο
δυσαρεστώ
αγνοώ, αψηφώ
κάνω διακρίσεις
απολυμαίνω
πελατεία, σύνολο πελατών
εμπόρευμα
μετατροπή / κατάχρηση
πλεονεξία
καθυστερημένα
άβολα / αδέξια
καλοσυνάτα, εγκάρδια
αδιάκοπα, συνεχώς
κυνήγι
(κινητό) εμπόδιο
καμπούρα
προαίσθημα
αυτοσχέδιος, πρόχειρος
αμερόληπτος, απροκάλυπτος
ευχάριστος, συμπαθητικός
που ευημερεί / ευνοϊκός
21
READING 1
The adult human liver normally weighs between 1.3 -
3.0 kilograms, and is a soft, pinkish-brown “boomerang
shaped” organ. It is the second largest organ (the largest
organ being the skin) and the largest gland within the
human body. Its anatomical position in the body is
immediately under the diaphragm on the right side of the
upper abdomen. The liver lies on the right of the stomach
and makes a kind of bed for the gallbladder. The liver is
supplied by two main blood vessels on its right lobe: the
hepatic artery and the portal vein, which brings venous
blood from the spleen, pancreas, and small intestines, so
that the liver can process the nutrients and byproducts of
food digestion.
The liver is among the few internal human organs
capable of natural regeneration of lost tissue; as little as
25% of remaining liver can regenerate into a whole liver
again. This is predominantly due to the hepatocytes acting
as unipotential stem cells (i.e. a single hepatocyte can
divide into two hepatocyte daughter cells).
Apart from a patch where it connects to the diaphragm,
the liver is covered entirely by a thin, double-layered
membrane that reduces friction against other organs.
In the growing fetus, a major source of blood to the
liver is the umbilical vein which supplies nutrients to the
growing fetus. The umbilical vein enters the abdomen at
the umbilicus, and passes upward along the free margin
of the falciform ligament of the liver to the inferior surface
of the liver. There it joins with the left branch of the portal
vein. In the fetus, the liver is developing throughout normal
gestation, and does not perform the normal filtration of the
infant liver. The liver does not perform digestive processes
because the fetus does not consume meals directly, but
receives nourishment from the mother via the placenta.
The fetal liver releases some blood stem cells that migrate
to the fetal thymus, so initially the lymphocytes, called T-
cells, are created from fetal liver stem cells. Once the fetus
is delivered, the formation of blood stem cells in infants
shifts to the red bone marrow.
101. The liver is...
a. oval in shape.
b. to the right of the diaphragm.
c. underneath another organ.
d. slightly lighter than the largest organ.
102. What allows the liver to regenerate itself?
a. It receives blood from two main sources.
b. It has cells which can break into two cells.
c. Unipotential cells behave like another type of cell.
d. Hepatocytes process nutrients, thereby
producing more cells.
103. The double-layered membrane...
a. allows the liver to process substances.
b. protects the liver from potential damage from
other organs.
c. is a thin layer which completely covers the liver.
d. functions better because of its connection to the
diaphragm.
104. In the fetus, the liver...
a. receives food from the mother.
b. seems to perform no useful function.
c. fulfils a specific function only until the baby is
born.
d. functions much in the same way as it would in an
adult.
105. What is true of the umbilical vein?
a. It carries nutrients from the developing fetus.
b. The blood it carries flows into the portal vein.
c. It assists the undeveloped liver in digesting food.
d. It does not actually pass through the fetus.
101
102
103
104
105
22
READING 2
READING 3
Forbes magazine has just published its annual list of billionaires on the planet, reminding us once again how much easier it is to count the extremely rich than the extremely poor. The latest list includes 587 billionaires - up by 111 from last year. Their total wealth comes to more than $1.9 trillion. Meanwhile, of course, the net worth of the 587 poorest people on Earth is, to a certainty $0. It would be worth sitting down with a calculator on a long rainy afternoon and figuring out how many of the world’s poorest people it would take to equal the wealth of these 587 billionaires.
A list like this is packed with trivia – if only trivia didn’t seem like such an undersized word when talking about billionaires. On its web site, Forbes makes it possible to search the list by industry, residence, marital status, etc. But there are so many other ways to analyze a list like this. It would be useful to be able to search by charitable giving,
value of art collection, criminal record and something that might be called privacy quotient - a category that would surely be won by the reclusive Vance brothers, who own an enormous chain of German supermarkets. It would be interesting to be able to analyze the list by political giving, political leanings and tax payments. No point analyzing for serendipity, of course, since wealth on this scale implies plenty of that, whatever else it may imply.
The most surprising name on the list is that of J.K.Rowling, the author of the Harry Potter books. The tale of her economic life since the 1997 publication of the first book in the series simply out-Potters Potter. True, she comes in near the end of the list, at $1 billion. But it’s a proud day for writers everywhere nonetheless. At least that’s the tone in which these billionaires are presented by Forbes, as if they were graduates of a rather striking high school. Our hopes and dreams go with them, or so the list seems to suggest.
Nietzsche is considered to be one of the greatest modern philosophers, most famous for his ideas concerning the “will to power”. The concept of the “will to power” in Nietzsche’s thought has had many interpretations, most notoriously its misappropriation by the Nazis, which amounts to its characterization as a “desire for and of power” (“power” here specifically denoting the more limited concept of “dominance”). To understand the will to power, one must first of all take into account Nietzsche’s background and criticism of Arthur Schopenhauer. Schopenhauer posited a “will to live,” in which living things were motivated by sustaining and developing their own lives. Nietzsche instead posited a will to power, a significant point of contrast to Schopenhauer’s idea, in which living things are not just driven by the mere need to stay alive, but in fact by a greater need to wield and use power, to grow, to expend their strength, and, possibly, to subsume other “wills” in the process. Thus, Nietzsche regarded such a “will to live” as secondary to the primary “will to power”. Henceforth, he opposed himself to Darwinism, as he contested the validity of the concept of “adaptation”, which he considered a mere “will to live”.
Nietzsche perhaps developed the will to power concept furthest with regard to living organisms, and it is there that the concept is perhaps more inviting to understand by way of analogy. There the will to power is taken as an animal’s most fundamental instinct or drive, even more fundamental than the act of self-preservation; the latter is but a resulting phenomenon of the former.
trivia = , reclusive = , serendipity =
106. How did the Nazis interpret Nietzsche’s “will to power”? a. as an extension of Schopenhauer’s philosophy b. as way to survive c. not correctly d. in a way that allowed them to justify defeat
107. What is the connection between Schopenhauer’s “will to live” and Nietzsche’s “will to power”? a. The latter was a development of the former. b. There is very little connection. c. They are in opposition. d. The former was a response the latter.
108. According to Nietzsche, what motivates us? a. a need to live b. a need to be more powerful c. the desire to develop d. a tendency to be defeated by other wills
109. What was Nietzsche’s opinion of Darwinism? a. He had mixed feelings about it. b. He agreed that humans must adapt. c. He disagreed that adaptation was simply a “will to live’. d. He believed it was weak, and thus untrue.
110. According to Nietzsche, self-preservation... a. is the most basic human act. b. is at the root of human society. c. comes from the will to power. d. is a human weakness.
ασήμαντα πράγματα ερημίτης / μοναχικός εύνοια / τύχη
111
112
113
114
107
108
109
110
106
23
116. The author is interested in other cuisines because they are... a. tangible products of different cultures. b. artistic endeavors in their own right. c. appreciated by all travelers. d. a way of understanding a country’s policies.
117. The author suggests that female cooks... a. were incapable of attaining a professional status. b. have been undervalued. c. deceived the culinary world by posing as men. d. cannot compete with male chefs.
118. What does the writer say about 19th century cuisine? a. It is too complicated to be comprehended by laymen. b. It was developed by famous cooks. c. It strives to create a certain image. d. It developed from the royal classes.
119. The precision demanded by traditional, non- European cuisines results from... a. careful measurements. b. fresh local produce. c. pleasure in entertaining. d. necessity to feed many mouths.
120. The author argues that elaborate cuisines are a result of... a. world-wide trade. b. luxuries such as spices. c. a plentiful supply of foodstuffs. d. the availability of leisure for all classes.
subtle =
culinary =
READING 4
Reading Score: .........../20
TOTAL G+C+V+R = ............../120
Cuisine and probably also music are the most accessible parts of a culture and, at the same time, the most resistant to outside influence. They are the first points of real physical contact with a different society. Part of knowing how to travel is to have an appreciation for other cuisines as this is still one of the rare ways in which people of different backgrounds can learn easily from each other.
Cuisine is an art which (discounting a handful of outstanding professionals) has always been developed by amateurs or, to be more precise, by professionals who have never been recognized as such because they were women. Perhaps most of the European cuisine of the leisured classes of the nineteenth century is so unnecessarily complicated and pretentious because it was elaborated by the great chefs. Elsewhere, even the most subtle cuisines, whether aristocratic or popular in origin, are relatively simple apart from a few dishes.
The art of cooking calls for a little patience, organization and precision: that customary precision of traditional societies that seems so vague in quantified terms. It derives from an interest in the taste of food and the sheer delight of satisfying the guest. The final, and probably most important requirement, is that one must cook with natural, wholesome ingredients.
The search for provisions, from indispensable staples to the luxury of spices, has shaped the development of human societies. Through the ages, the problems of food, whether of sheer necessity or of idle indulgence, have led to conflicts, growth, trade and the discovery of the New World. All this time most of the world has been short of food, and will continue to be so. The culinary heritage of the world, in the sense of haute cuisine, is, however, the product of abundance.
114. What are we told about the Vance brothers? a. They shun publicity. b. They invented the phrase ‘privacy quotient’. c. They are sociable. d. They are reckless.
115. How does the author feel about the Forbes list? a. He approves of the list. b. He deems it worthy of further analysis. c. He satirizes it. d. He wishes it included his name.
111. What creates a paradox with the use of the word “trivia” in paragraph 2? a. the size of the word to describe the list b. the meaning of the word and the amount of money referred to c. the bizarre sound of the word when describing billionaires d. the meaning of the word when related to the size of the population
112. What is offered on Forbe’s website? a. information about the charity donations from billionaires b. the net worth of the rest of the global population c. the possibility of a more in-depth study of the billionaires d. the assets owned by these people
113. Why does the writer say it would be useful to search the list under ‘criminal record’ in paragraph two? a. He imagines all billionaires have committed the crime of serendipity. b. He believes that the billionaires steal valuable art. c. He suspects they have not paid their taxes. d. He thinks some billionaires may have acquired their wealth illegally.
ανεπαίσθητος / απλός
μαγειρικός
116
117
118
119
119
120