PROFILE OF SURFACE WATER RESOURCES IN STUDY REGION

57

CHAPTER III

PROFILE OF SURFACE WATER RESOURCES IN

STUDY REGION

3.1 INTRODUCTION

India possesses 5 per cent of the World’s total water resources.

According to K. L .Rao; there are about 10360 rivers of at least 1.6 km length

each with average annual flow of 1869 km3. From the geographical

perspective, only 69000 crore km3 (32 %) surface water is used, due to uneven

distribution and other hindrances (Gurjar, 2008). Availability of annual surface

water in India is 186900 crore m3. The water which is available in streams,

rivers, dams, canals, lakes, ponds and wetland is known as surface water. In

other words surface water is naturally occurred by various types of

precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to the seas and oceans,

evaporation, evapo-transpiration and percolation etc., the total quantity of water

in this system at any given time is also dependent on many other factors. Such

factors are like as storage capacity in artificial reservoirs, soils permeability,

and runoff of water and duration of rainfall as well as rate of evaporation.

Main sources of surface water in India are rivers, lakes, ponds and tanks etc.

Maharashtra has 400 rivers; the total length of these rivers is 20,000 km. The

total geographical area of the state is divided into 5 river basins, namely

Godavari, Tapi, Narmada, Krishna and West flowing rivers of the Konkan

region. The estimated average annual availability of water resources consists of

164 km3 of surface water and 20.5 km

3 of subsurface water. Water availability

in Konkan region and Narmada basin are abundant and surplus, whereas Tapi

basin shows water deficit, Godavari and Krishna basins are normal level.

Various Interstate Water Tribunal awards / agreements, decisions on water

sharing have reduced estimated available surface water resources in these river

basins for the state of Maharashtra to about 125 km3. Maharashtra has 1427

large dams and out of these 1813 irrigation projects were completed and 2817

irrigation projects are under construction (Ghate, 2010).

58

Maharashtra is one of the surface water rich states in India. The recent

scenario of availability of surface water reflects from its geographical area

(307762 km²) and from this area Maharashtra has capacity of 75 per cent

dependable yield (131562 Mm3). From that available water Maharashtra can

use only 126936 Mm3

water. On the basis of river basins Maharashtra state has

divided into five main river basins and out of them Krishna basin is second

largest basin in Maharashtra. Total Geographical area of Krishna basin

(including Bhima) is 70114 km² and 75 per cent dependable water yield is

28371 Mm3. The Krishna basin has permitted to use only 16818 Mm

3. The

other basins of Maharashtra state are west flowing rivers in Konkan, Tapi,

Narmada and Godavari.

Considering these things the upper Krishna basin has taken to study of

surface water resources. The surface water of upper Krishna basin is mostly

found into two categories and they are flowing river and artificial reservoirs.

3.2 SURFACE WATER IN RIVER BASINS

Krishna basin is divided into two major basins namely west upper

Krishna basin and east upper Krishna. Total area of upper Krishna basin is

20400 km², out of it west upper Krishna covers 15116 km² and east upper

Krishna’s coverage is 5284 km². Further west upper Krishna basin divided into

two sub-basins and these are north-west and south-west upper Krishna basin.

The east upper Krishna basin categorized in Yerala and Agrani sub-basins.

59

Table 3.1: Geographical Area in Upper Krishna Basin.

Basin

Segment District Tahsils

Geographical

Location

Area

(km2)

Satara Satara, Mahabaleshwar,

Wai, Javali, Koregaon,

Karad, Patan

Sangli Shirala, Walwa, Miraj,

Tasgaon, Khanapur

Upper Krishna

( North-West)

Kolhapur Shahuwadi, Panhala,

Hatkanangale, Shirol,

Karveer, Kagal, Radhanagri,

Bavda, Bhudargad,

Gadhinglaj, Ajara

16°2´ to 18°2´ N

73°32´ to 74°40´ E

Upper Krishna

(South-West)

Kolhapur Chandgad, Gadhinglaj,

Ajara

15°49´ to 16°15´ N

74°00´ to 74°30´ E

15116

Satara Karad, Khatav Upper Krishna

(East) Yerala Sangli Khanapur, Tasgaon, Miraj

16°55´ to 17°28´ N

74°20´ to 74°40´ E

Upper Krishna

(East) Agrani

Sangli Khanapur, Tasgaon, Miraj,

Jat, Kavtemanhkal

16°40´ to 17°28´ N

74°20´ to 75°15´ E

5284

Source: Based on Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission Report, 1999.

According to Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission Report, in

Satara district two sub-basins are distributed namely upper Krishna West

(56.91 %) and upper Krishna East (12.97 %). Sangli district is distributed into

three sub-basins of upper Krishna namely upper Krishna west (19.24 %), upper

Krishna East Yerala (30.54 %) and upper Krishna East Agrani (15.25 %).

Kolhapur district is totally covered by upper Krishna basin and divided into

sub-basins of upper Krishna West-North (74.93 %), upper Krishna West-South

(22.71 %) and Tillari (2.36 %).

River water is main source of surface water. Krishna basin has number

of tributaries and these tributaries becomes the one sub-basin, namely Krishna,

Koyana, Warana, Panchganga, Dudhganga, Vedganga and Ghatprabha on the

right bank of Krishna. The left bank of Krishna is poor drainage pattern

developed. Yerala and Agarani is the main tributary of Krishna river. Koyana,

Warana and Bhogawati rivers have average length is more than 100 km.

60

Another some tributaries of Krishna namely Venna, Panchganga, Kasari,

Kubhi, Bhogavati, Dudhganga, Vedganga, Ghatprabha, Hiryankeshi and

Tamrparni rivers course length is more than 50 km. Surface water in western

tributaries is rich in water resources in study region. But eastern sub-basin of

Krishna river namely Yerala and Agrani are observed poor in the respect of

availability of water resources.

Average Surface Water Availability in Upper Krishna Basin (Mm3)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000V

arunji

Kar

ad

Sam

doli

Arj

un

wad

Ku

rund

wad

Ter

wad

Van

dur

Bas

twad

Dad

di

Gotu

r

Hydrological S tations

Volu

me

of

Wate

r (M

m3)

Fig. 3.1

Surface water availability depends on the average rainfall in the basin.

According to Krishna Water Dispute, Maharashtra state can get 594 TMC

water for utilization from Krishna basin. In 1950-51 Government of India

declared that 1800 TMC water is available in whole Krishna river basin. But

Government of Maharashtra is not agreed with this decision. Then Central

Government appointed one commission under the Chairperson of N. D. Gulati

to count discharge of Krishna basin. As per survey it was proved that Krishna

basin has 2060 TMC water.

According to Government of Maharashtra Irrigation Department and

Central Water Commission the surface water availability in Krishna basin, near

Kurundwad station is 13330 Mm3

at Panchganga and Krishna confluence.

Average water availability in the Dudhganga river is 1062 Mm³, Vedganga

river and Hiryankeshi have 1267 Mm³ and 1230 Mm³ water availability

respectively per year. Both Hiryankeshi and Ghatprabha rivers discharge 1873

61

Mm3

water per year. Per capita water availability from Krishna basin is 899 m3

and per hectare water availability is 2600 Mm3 (Jugale, 2000).

Table 3.2: Average Surface Water Availability in Upper Krishna Basin

Hydrological

Station

Water Availability

(Mm3)

Varunji 2734

Karad 4368

Samdoli 3224

Arjunwad 7559

Kurundwad 13330

Terwad 4105

Vandur 1062

Bastwad 1267

Daddi 1873

Gotur 1230


Table 3.3: Annual Water Availability in West & East Upper Krishna Basin.

Annual Water Availability

Upper Krishna

(West)

Upper Krishna

(East)

Year

Mm3 % Mm

3 %

Total

(Mm³)

1979-80 22220 98.91 245.51 1.09 22465.51

1980-81 26814 99.93 18.69 0.07 26832.69

1981-82 23926 96.87 772.48 3.13 24698.48

1982-83 20006 99.96 7.65 0.04 20013.65

1983-84 24779 99.83 43.04 0.17 24822.04

1984-85 18949 99.78 41.63 0.22 18990.63

1985-86 18432 99.86 25.20 0.14 18457.20

1986-87 16222 99.75 40.49 0.25 16262.49

1987-88 11566 97.58 286.57 2.42 11852.57

1988-89 22492 96.57 797.97 3.43 23289.97

1989-90 17548 98.99 179.81 1.01 17727.81

1990-91 25706 99.90 25.20 0.10 25731.20

1991-92 26722 97.53 675.92 2.47 27397.92

1992-93 19318 99.95 8.78 0.05 19326.78

1993-94 21158 99.61 82.69 0.39 21240.69

Average 21057.20 99.00 216.77 1.00 21273.98


62

The table 3.3 shows spatio-temporal variation in surface water

availability in upper Krishna basin. In western part of the study region, water

availability is more than 99 per cent in Krishna NW and Krishna SW sub-basin.

In eastern part of study region, Yerala and Agarani sub-basins are highly water

deficit basins and the surface water availability is 01 per cent. From 1979 to

1994 surface water availability is varying from year to year. In 1991 - 92,

27397.92 Mm3

surface water was available in upper Krishna basin which is

highest recorded in study region and 11852.57 Mm3 lowest water availability

was recorded in 1987-88 in study region. From 1979 to 1994, in this period

annual average water availability was 21324 Mm3 (fig. 3.2).

Surface Water Availability in Upper Krishna Basin (Mm3)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

197

9- 8

0

198

0-8

1

198

1-8

2

198

2-8

3

198

3-8

4

198

4-8

5

198

5-8

6

198

6-8

7

198

7-8

8

198

8-8

9

198

9- 9

0

199

0- 9

1

199

1-9

2

199

2-9

3

199

3-9

4

Year

Wa

ter A

va

ila

bil

ity

(M

m3)

Upper Krishna (West) Upper Krishna (East)

Fig.3.2

3.3 WATER AVAILABILITY IN PROJECTS

Indian agriculture is gamble of monsoon. From ancient period, a water

supply scheme has been constructed to overcome this problem, in India. In

Tapi basin Savalda, Prakashe and Bhima basin Enamgaon projects are form

Sindhu culture (Water Irrigation Commission Report, 1999). Ancient

references are found in Yejurved and Smruti literature about lakes, canals and

tanks. Koutilya says that agriculture develops not only through rainfall but also

with the help of irrigation. In Maharashtra on each fort surface water was

63

collected and stored very skillfully in rainy season and it was utilized in dry

period. Ahamadnagar Nijam’s last Prime Minister Malikambar constructed

tank near Devgiri fort to collect rain water for further utilization. So, there is

need to store water in rainy season. From the prehistoric period dams were

constructed to store water for further utilization. Bhandara district is known as

tank district in Maharashtra. In 20th

century LokRaja Ch.Sahu Maharaj

constructed Radhanagari (Laxmi) dam on Bhogavati river for irrigation and

electricity generation.

In 1883, in Satara district Mayani dam was constructed to overcome

local shortage of water. In 1868, Kodashi weir was constructed on Krishna

river near Karad in British rule. Besides Satara district has another lake named

Kas, its stored water is supplied for drinking purpose to Satara city from British

Empire. Islampur lake was constructed (1876-1879) near Islampur town for

supply of drinking water. In 1881, there were 112 ponds available for water

storage in Kolhapur and Sangli districts and out of them three ponds namely

Rankala, Atigre and Padmale have area more than twenty five acres.

Table 3.4: Project Classification in Maharashtra

Type of Project Authority Command

Area (ha)

Storage

(Mm3)

District Council (ZP) <100 -- Minor Irrigation Projects

(Local Sector) Rural Development &

Water Conservation Department. 101 to 250

--

Minor Irrigation Projects

(State Sector) Irrigation Department 251 to 600

1

Large Minor Irrigation

Projects (State Sector) Irrigation Department. 601 to 2000

1-10

Medium Irrigation

Projects (State Sector) Irrigation Department. 2001 to 10000

10-100

Major Irrigation Projects

(State Sector) Irrigation Department. > 10000

Above

100

Source: Based on www.govmaha.inirrigationdept.

After independence, government of Maharashtra established Irrigation

Department for constructions of new dams for water storage and water

distribution for irrigation purpose. According to Government of Maharashtra,

the dams are classified as large dams and small dams depending on the height

64

of the dam. Those dams more than 15 m in height are classified as large dams

and less than 10 m in heights as small dams.

According to authority and command area, Government of Maharashtra

further classified projects into six categories. Construction and implementation

of water projects are regularized by various Government departments. The

objectives of various dam projects are different in Maharashtra state. More than

251 ha irrigation capacity projects are being developed by Government’s

irrigation department and these projects are hierarchically named as minor,

medium and major. Another Zilla Parishad, Governments Rural Development

and Water Conservation department constructed small projects having capacity

of irrigation is less than 250 ha.

3.3.1 Major Water Reservoirs in Upper Krishna Basin

Surface water is the cheapest water source for utilization for all purpose.

But surface water is not available throughout year naturally. In rainy season,

availability of surface water is maximum and the same region faces water

problem in summer season. The present scenario of water is observed in the

western region of Krishna basin where the live water flowage is about 198 days

whereas, in the zone of eastern region only 43 days of flow. So there is need to

store the flowing water in rainy season in study region. In upper Krishna basin,

dams were constructed to store water for further purpose, from historical

period.

Table 3.5: Storage of Major Water Projects (Mm3)

Name Total

Storage

Utilizable

Storage

Koyana 2797.40 2652.40

Dhom & Kanher 668.27 602.78

Warana 974.19 779.34

Radhanagri 236.79 219.97

Tulshi 96.28 91.92

Dudhganga 719.12 679.11

Total 5492.05 5025.52

Source: Annual Report of Irrigation Department Satara,

Sangli and Kolhapur Districts, 2010.

65

The physiography as well as geological structure of western upper

Krishna basin is suitable for construction of projects to store and distribute

water. From historical period to present, seven major projects are constructed

on different tributaries of Krishna river. These all projects are situated in

western Sahyadri hill ranges.

Total Storage of Major Projects in Upper

Krishna Basin (Mm3)

668.27, 12%

236.79, 4%

96.28, 2%

2797.4, 51%

974.19, 18%

719.12, 13%Koyana

Dhom &

KanherWarana

Radhanagri

Tulshi

Dudhganga

Utilizable Storage of Major Projects in

Upper Krishna Basin (Mm3)

602.78, 12%

779.34, 16%

219.97, 4%

91.92, 2%

679.11, 14%

2652.4, 52%

Koyana

Dhom &

KanherWarana

Radhanagri

Tulshi

Dudhganga

Fig. 3.3

The table 3.5 and fig. 3.3 reveals that the higher storage capacity is

recorded in Koyana project which is 2797.40 Mm3 followed that by Warana

(974.19 Mm3), Dudhganga (719.12 Mm

3), Dhom (382.27 Mm

3), Kanher

(286.00 Mm3), Radhanagari (236.79 Mm

3) and lowest observed from Tulshi

(96.28 Mm3). Out of this storage utilizable water from Koyana reservoir is

2652.40 Mm3. The Warana dam has a capacity of utilizable storage is 779.34

Mm3 and from Tulshi dam only 91.92 Mm

3 is utilizable which is lowest in

study region. The other projects have utilizable storage, Dudhganga (979.11

Mm3), 602.78 Mm

3 from Dhom and Kanher, and Radhanagari (219.97 Mm

3).

The storage and utilizable capacity of these reservoirs are varying from

one another due to the geographical condition as well as the height and length

of construction and upstream watershed area. Besides that siltation of

sediments also affects on the storage capacity.

1) Koyana Hydro Electric Project

Right in short period after independence Koyana major project work

was started near Deshmukhwadi (1961-1967) in Patan tahsil on Koyana river.

66

The Dam is 103.2 m high above the deepest foundation and its total length is

807.22 m. There are 53 monoliths of which 06 end monoliths are constructed in

masonry and the rest in rubble concrete. The spillway is centrally located and

extends from monolith No. 18 to 24 over a length of 88.70 m (Koyana Dam

Salient Features, 2011). The main aim of dam construction is to generate 1960

MW hydroelectricity in different four stages. The water from Koyana dam

should be utilized nearly 2797.40 Mm3 for to generate hydroelectricity.

After independence of India states Bombay- Poona industrial zone was

facing shortage of power in Maharashtra. That time TATA hydro system

produced and supply power to this industrial belt as well as in urban zone of

such region. The shortage of power supply creates many problems and adverse

effects on industrial production and new industrialization. To overcome these

problems, Government of Maharashtra had decided to construct Koyana project

and minimize the problems.

The dam is situated near the Guhagar – Bijapur state highway where

Koyana river takes a sudden turn to eastward, the side close to village

Deshmukhwadi and 5 km north of Helwak. Koyana project catchment area is

covered nearly 890.96 km². Dam site is laying in the heavy rainfall zone (more

than 600 cm yearly). The water storage height is above 487.68 m from western

slope of Sahyadri which is beneficial for generating hydro electricity. In

December, 1962’s a project report was sanctioned by Government of Bombay

for costing Rs. 33.22 crore for first stage of project. On the basis of this report,

Government accorded a revised administrative approval to the stage I of project

for Rs.38.28 crore in January, 1967. Length of dam at top is 792.48 m and

bottom level is 103.02 m and that time dam store capacity was 98.78 TMC at

beginning. In 2002, 1.5 m flaps have been joined to top of the spillway gate.

Present water storage capacity of Koyana dam is 105.25 TMC. Service gates

are provided centrally to let down irrigation discharge. 40 MW capacity power

house is located at the foot of the Koyana dam.

Koyana dam project site topography is favorable for hydro electric

project. Vertical drop of project is 487.68 m at Pophali 56 km from the Arabian

67

Sea between the 579 m high bed of a Koyana on the eastern side of western

ghat. Due to high altitude of topography high head is available for hydro

electric generation. Economic cost is low because of favorable site. The

Koyana hydro electric project has four stages. First and second constructed at

Pophali, generates 560 MW electricity. Third stage generates 320 MW

electricity and the used water goes to Arabian Sea. Water releases for irrigation

in to river utilize height for generate power at foot power house and generate

40 MW electricity.

Table 3.6: Salient Features of Koyana Project

Name of the Project Koyna Hydro Electric Project, Stage I & II

Name of the Dam Koyna Dam - Shivsagar

Year of Completion 1967

Purpose Hydro Electric Project partly for Irrigation

Location Deshmukhwadi, Tahsil Patan, Dist. Satara

Name of River Koyna

Catchment area 89178 km²

Average annual

rainfall (near dam site)

5000 mm

Gross Capacity 2797.4 Mm³

Height 103 m

Length 807.72 m

Source: Based on Koyana Dam Silent Features, 2011.

2) Krishna Project

In 1967, Krishna project was planned for Dhom, Kanher and Borkhal

dams laying 106286 ha area under irrigation. As per decisions of KWDT

(Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal), 29.30 TMC water can be used through

Krishna project. So, Government of Maharashtra canceled Bhorkhal dam due

to water budget. Presently Krishna project included Dhom and Kanher projects.

Dhom dam is constructed on Krishna river and the work of this dam was

started in 1970 and completed in 1977. Dhom dam’s utilizable water storage is

68

11.70 TMC. Dhom project have two branches of canal one is 59 km right bank

canal and another is 113 km left bank canal.

Kanher dam is constructed near Kanher village on Venna river in Satara

district. The work of Kanher dam was started in 1976 and completed in 1988.

Length of dam is 1955 m and height is 50.34 m. The catchment area up to dam

site is 204.61 km² submergence area is 2021.01 ha. Live storage of dam is 9.59

TMC and command area of Kanher project is 10070 ha in ICA and 31005 from

Arphal project. The Kanher-Arphal canal has two branches namely right bank

(58 km) and left bank (21 km). After crossing 21 km distance left bank canal is

known as Arphal canal and it runs up to 191 km. Out of Arphal canal 1 to 85

km command area is in Satara district and 86 to 191 km command area in

Sangli district.

Table 3.7: Krishna Project Silent Features

Location of Project

Location Kanher Dhom

Taluka Satara Wai

District Satara Satara

Name of River Venna Krishna

Location- Latitude 17°58´39´´ N 17°45´00´Ń

Longitude 73°49´04´É 73°55´00´É

Length of Dam 1955 m 2478 m

Height of Dam 50.34 m 50 m

Catchment area 204.61 km² 217.56 km²

Designed storage 286.00 Mm³ 382.32 Mm³

Power generation 4 M.W. 2M.W.

Command Area 10070 ha. (I.C.A.)

Arphal – 31005

(I.C.A.)

32925 ha

Source: Based on Dhom and Kanher Dam Salient Features, 2010.

Catchment area of Kanher dam up to dam site is 204.69 km² and 217.56

km² of Dhom dam. According to salient features 75 per cent water availability

is 435.25 Mm³ (Dhom) and 386.29 Mm³ (Kanher). Dam height of Dhom is

50.34m and Kanher has 50 m. Total water storage of Kanher dam is 286 Mm³

and Dhom dam is 382.32 Mm³. After dam construction submergence area of

69

Dhom dam is 2497 ha and for Kanher dam 1997 ha. Dhom project affects fully

13 villages and partly 19 villages population is 9213. Kanher project affects

1900 families, 7080 population from fully submerged 11 and partly 19 villages.

For canal construction 2230 ha land is acquired.

3) Warana Project

In Sangli district, Warana dam on Warana river at Chandoli village was

constructed. In 1976, the first revised administrative approval was sanctioned at

Rs. 81.97 crore and after 10 years (1986) second revised proposal sanctioned at

Rs. 288.47 crore for dam site. Third revised proposal submitted to MKVDC for

Rs. 1304.89 crore in 2007-08. Total catchment area of dam site is 301 km² and

annual average rainfall is 4500 mm. Warana catchment area yields nearly 1500

Mm³. Warana dam is earthen and length of dam is 1560 m. Top width is 12 m

and maximum height is 77 m. Maximum water level of Warana reservoir is

628.05 m from MSL and gross storage capacity is 974.188 Mm³. Live storage

is 779.35 Mm³ and dead storage is 194.86 Mm³. Annual water utilization for

various purposes is 1028.15 Mm³. For discharge 4 Nos. 12 m x 8 m size gates

are available of ogee RCC spillway. Warana dam constructed for irrigation

purpose. Gross command area by natural flow is 36586 ha and by lift irrigation

is 91515 ha in Sangli and Satara district. Water is stored fully from 2002 up to

974.19 Mm³. Left flank masonry dam accommodates irrigation and power

outlets where as right flank masonry dam is for spillway with four radial gates.

Main Warana project is proposed at Khujgaon in Shirala tahsil and total

water storage capacity is 2466.96 Mm³ and utilization capacity is 994.48 Mm³.

After construction of dam with the help of 147 km left bank canal and 195 km

right bank canal irrigated 99100 ha cropped area. For the proposed project

submerged land was 8870 ha, 20 villages from Sangli district and 17 villages

from Kolhapur district. There was the need of rehabilitations of 29283

populations so the people opposed to present site of project. Then Government

of Maharashtra changed the dam site to reduce submergence of natural and

manmade resources.

70

Warana dam has two canals, one is 70 km left bank canal. The Left bank

canal bifurcates in 27 km with the Warana conduit on Warana river. The length

of right bank canal is 117 km which starts from right side of Warana dam.

After completion of project, it will provide water for irrigation to Satara, Sangli

and Kolhapur district, including Wakurde lift irrigation scheme through which

95024 ha agricultural area comes under irrigation.

Table 3.8: Silent Features of Warana Dam

LOCATION

Warana Dam

Village and Tahsil Chandoli, Tal. Shirala.

District Sangli

HYDROLOGY

Total catchment area up to dam site 301.00 km²

Average monsoon rainfall 4500 mm

RESERVOIR

Gross Storage 974.188 Mm³

Length 1560 m

Top Width 12 m

Maximum height of Dam 77 m

By Flow By Lift Total Gross Command area

36586 91515 128101

Culturable Command area 31384 78387 109771

Annual Irrigation 22139 67885 95024

Intensity of Irrigation 86.56 per cent

Source: Based on www.kickolhapur.com

4) Dudhganga Project

Dudhganga irrigation project is multistate between Maharashtra and

Karnataka, constructed in 1999 at Asangaon on Dudhganga river. Total

catchment area of Dudhganga project up to dam site is 196 km². Annual

average rainfall is 5075 mm and yearly yield of water is 1019.40 Mm³. Top of

bund level is 649.60 m and water level is 647.06 m. Gross water storage

capacity of present project is 720.74 Mm³ and live storage is 680.73 Mm³.

71

Dead storage of Dudhganga project is 40.00 Mm³ and annual water utilization

is 767.56 Mm³.

According to interstate proposal, out of total projected volume of water

767.56 Mm³ comes from part of Maharashtra but Maharashtra have been

utilized only 654.06 Mm³ and Karnataka state utilizes 113.50 Mm³ water per

annum. Upto March 2012 government spent Rs 670.15 crore on Dudhganga

project. According to interstate agreement Maharashtra Government and

Karnataka state spent 85 per cent and 15 per cent expenditure respectively.

Water of Panchganga basin of Dudhganga project diverts 12 km by canal and

Dudhganga- Bhogavati 550 m tunnel (Gaibi Tunnel) connects Dudhganga and

Panchganga basins.

Table 3.9: Silent Feature of Dudhganga Project

LOCATION

Nalla / river Dudhganga river in Krishna basin

Village and Tahsil Asangaon, Tal. Radhanagari

District Kolhapur

HYDROLOGY


Average monsoon rainfall 5075 mm

Gross storage 719.12 Mm³

Length 1280 m

Maximum height if dam 73.08 m


Dudhganga project work was completed in 1999 and the availability of

water storage is 720.74 Mm³. After establishment of MKVDC left bank canal 1

to 31 km, 32 to 76 km and Kurundwad 1 to 26 km canal work was completed.

Right bank canal (1 to 24 km), Bidri branch (1 to 44 km) and Nidhori branch

canal (1 to 25 km) work was completed. Another canal work is in progress

stage.

5) Tulasi Project

Tulshi irrigation project is constructed on Tulshi river tributary of

Panchganga river near Burumbali in Radhanagari tahsil in Kolhapur district.

72

The lower reach of Tulshi river is suitable for water storage. The river has no

perennial flow and it is problematic to farmers to grow sugarcane cultivation

during summer season. In 1953 it was seen that existing irrigation facilities are

inadequate and only small area with private lift was irrigated. Firstly

community development authority was willing to grant for KT weirs but it had

limited scope.

Govt. of Maharashtra sanctioned Rs. 1077 lakhs in 1967 for dam and 9

KT weirs. The project consists of 1512 m long earthen dam including 198 m

masonry spillway across river Tulashi near village Burumbal, 35 km away

from Kolhapur city. Gross storage capacity of dam is 98.29 Mm³ and live

storage capacity is 91.92 Mm³. The dam included masonry spillway of 190 m

long with radial gates of 12 X 5 m size. The construction of dam was started in

1965 and completed in 1978.

Table 3.10: Silent Feature of Tulshi Project

Location

State Maharashtra

Region Western Maharashtra

District Kolhapur

Tahsil Radhanagari

Scope of the project A lift irrigation project with storage on Tulshi

river near Burumbali. Irrigating land in Tulshi

valley only.

Source Tulshi river a tributary of Panchganga in

Krishna basin.

Catchment area above dam 34.92 km²

Gross capacity of reservoir 98.29 Mm³

Maximum height of Dam 48.68 m

Length of dam 1512 m

Gross Command Area 4920 ha

Irrigable area 4720 ha


6) Radhanagari Project

Radhanagari project is constructed for irrigation as well as drinking and

generation of hydro electric power. Present project work is started in 1908

during the empire of His Highness Shrimant Chatrapati Sahu Maharaj and

completed in 1954. To construct this project actual expenditure is Rs. 246

lakhs.

73

Table 3.11: Silent Feature of Radhanagari Project

Location

Name of Project Radhanagari Hydro Electric Project

Scope Irrigation and power generation

Source River Bhogawati tributary of Panchganga in

Krishna basin

Location Fejiwade, Tal. Radhanagari Dist. Kolhapur

Catchment area 110.075 km²

Average rainfall 2900 mm

Gross capacity of

reservoir F.S.L.

236.79 Mm³

Length of dam 1143 m

Maximum height of dam 42.68 m

Gross Command 59110 ha

Culturable command 47288 ha

Irrigable command 26560 ha

Crop Pattern

Kharif Nil

Rabbi 34.45 %

Bi seasonal Nil

Perennial 65.55 %


Total length of dam is 1143 m including 795 m long masonry. The dam

is near village Fejiwade on river Bhogawati, tributary of Panchganga in

Krishna basin. The gross storage capacity of the Radhanagari is 237.22 Mm³

and live storage capacity is 220.47 Mm³ with 246.86 Mm³ annual water

utilization with KT weirs storages under this project. Downstream of the

Bhogavati and Panchganga river 13 KT weirs were constructed. Total irrigation

command area is 26560 ha. To generate electric power at dam foot 4 units of

1.2 MW each (4.8 MW) are constructed. With the five gates 40000 cusecs

discharge can be released. Besides this seven automatic gates are provided as

waste weir and discharge capacity is 10000 cusecs.

His Highness Shri. Chatrapati Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur constructed

dam to give water for irrigation by canal. But after investigation it was found

74

that canal system is very costly. Then idea came to generate hydro electricity,

irrigation and drinking water supply to Kolhapur city.

7) Urmodi Project

The river Urmodi is tributary of Krishna rises in Western Ghats in

Satara tahsil. Urmodi irrigation project is constructed to provide water to

Khatav and Man drought prone tahsils by lift system. The project work was

started in the year 1997. Firstly government sanctioned medium project of

10.84 crore in 1981. The local peoples were opposed to this project, there after

Government cancelled present proposal. Then in 1993, Govt. of Maharashtra

sanctioned another proposal of side construction of 282.14 Mm³ storage

capacity on Urmodi river near Parali village in Satara tahsil. Government of

Maharashtra approved firstly in 1993 to Rs 212.07 crore, then first improved

budget sanctioned in 2002 for Rs 867.77 crore. Again in 2010 second modified

budget of Rs 1324.14 crore. Apart from this project Government proposed to

construct another dam having water storage capacity of 8.51 Mm³.

Table 3.12: Silent Feature of Urmodi Project

Location

Village Parali

Tahsil Satara

District Satara

Name of River Urmodi (Tributary of Krishna)

Reservoir

Length of Dam 1860 m

Height of Dam 50.10 m


Gross Storage Live Storage 282.14 Mm³

273.273 Mm³

Power generation 1× 3 MW

Command Area

Gross command area GCA - 48000 ha

CCA - 37000 ha

ICA - 27750 ha

Source: Based on Silent Feature of Urmodi Project, 2010.

75

Total length of dam is 1803 m and height of dam is 50.10 m with

storage capacity is 282.62 Mm³. Total proposed irrigable land under this

project is 43870 ha. Project consists of a foot power house having one unit of 3

MW capacities. The discharge of water from 4 radial gates of size 12m × 8m

constructed. Catchment area up to dam site is 116.86 km² and submerge land

is 1849.08 ha. Construction of Urmodi dam adversely affected 14 villages

which are fully submerged and 9 villages are partly submerged.

8) Tarali Project

Tarali project is constructed on Tarali river near Dangistewadi, in Patan

tahsil of Satara district. Through lift system it provides water for irrigation for

an area of 14276 ha in Patan, Karad, Khatav & Man tahsils of Satara district.

Government of Maharashtra sanctioned Rs. 194.32 crore in 1996 for

construction of dam. It has capacity to store 166.00 Mm³ water and it included

7 KT weirs in Tarali basin. Catchment area of Tarali dam is 81.45 sq km. Yield

of 50 per cent dependable is 201.07 Mm³ and 75 per cent dependable yield is

184.76 Mm³. Due to this dam 667 ha land is submerged in which seven fully

and four partly villages are affected.

Table 3.13: Silent Features of Tarali Project Location

Location Near Dangistewadi

State Maharashtra

Region Western Maharashtra

District Satara

Tahsil Patan

River Tarali river, a right bank tributary of river Krishna,

in Krishna basin.

Maximum height of dam 1096 m

Scope of the Scheme

Scope of the Scheme An irrigation project on Tarali river near

Dangistewadi Tahsil Patan Dist. Satara with lift

for irrigating an area of 14276 ha in Patan, Karad,

Khatav & Man Tahsils of Satara district


Source: Based on Silent Features of Tarli Project, 2011.

76

9) Dhom-Balkawadi Project

For Dhom Balkavadi tunnel project on Krishna river having 115.77

Mm³ water storage capacity dam was constructed near Balkavadi village.

Utilizable water storage is 112.36 Mm³. From this project water is transfered to

Nira basin to irrigate about 1460 ha land in Bhor tahsil of Pune district. Phaltan

(17980 ha), Khandal (6060 ha) tahsils area is under command of this project in

Satara district. This project has 14.50 km left bank canal and 147 km right bank

canal.

Govt. of Maharashtra had sanctioned Rs. 261.72 crore in 1996 for this

project. Later, Krishna Khore Corporation sanctioned in 2002, first revised

proposal of Rs 475.29 crore was sanctioned. Then second revised proposal for

Rs 684.64 crore in 2009 and fourth improved proposal of Rs 848.89 crore is

sanctioned by Government of Maharashtra.

3.3.2 Medium Water Reservoirs in Upper Krishna Basin

The medium projects are categorized on the basis, those dams have been

catchment area in between 2001 to 10000 ha and water storage capacity is 10 to

100 Mm3 with height between 15 to 30 m.

The physiography of the study region is more suitable for medium water

reservoirs because of the ground height. But along with small sized catchment

area is the major obstacle in the construction of major projects as well as

capital investment, submerging area and environmental issues are the barriers

which delimit the constructions of such projects.

The above factors control the development and distribution of major

projects in the study region but scanty rainfall and daily need of water for

different purposes requires permanent source of water particularly in the

eastern part of upper Krishna basin. To overcome this condition medium

projects are best solution due to its cost benefit ratio is always high besides that

it is more ideal in small water catchment area.

77

1) Yeralwadi Medium Project

Yeralwadi medium project constructed on Yerala river tributary of left

bank of Krishna river at Yeralwadi village at 17° 31´24´´ N latitude and 74° 29´

35´´ E longitude. Administrative sanction for 2.62 crore in 1972 and in 1996

improved approval is sanctioned of 509.30 lakhs. Catchment area of dam is 766

km² with average annual rainfall is 600 mm. The dam storage capacity is 32.91

Mm3 and dead storage capacity is 13.33 Mm

3. Utilizable water storage is 19.57

Mm3 and water reserved for drinking purpose is 3.97 Mm

3. Yeralwadi medium

project is earthen dam and length is 1825 m and maximum height is 19.50 m.

Land under submergence is 729 ha. Command area of Yeralwadi dam under 31

km right bank canal is 2460 ha and with 18 km left bank canal is 1577 ha.

Table 3.14: Silent Feature of Yeralwadi Project

LOCATION

Nalla / River Yerala river tributory of Krishna

Village and Tahsil Village Yeralwadi Tal. Khatav

District Satara

HYDROLOGY

Total catchment area up to dam site 766 km²

Average monsoon rain fall 600 mm

RESERVOIR


Dead storage 13.20 Mm³

Annual utilization 19.60 Mm³

DAM

Length 1825 m

Top width 6.50 m


Irrigable command area 4037 ha

Source: Silent Features of Yeralwadi Project, 2010.

2) Ner Medium Project

Ner medium project is constructed on Yerala river in Khatav tahsil at

17° 44´ N latitude and 74° 18´ E longitude. Total catchment area up to dam site

is 154.10 km² and land under submergence is 3.25 km². Dam construction was

78

started in 1826 and completed in 1881. Gross storage of dam is 0.416 TMC and

irrigable area is 4324 ha. Dam length is 1677.26 m and height is 22.55 m.

Project cropping pattern is 2 per cent kharif and 98 per cent rabbi crops.

Table 3.15: Silent Features of Ner Project

LOCATION

Nalla / River Yerala river tributary of Krishna

Village and Tahsil Ner Tal. Khatav

District Satara

HYDROLOGY



RESERVOIR


Live Storage 11.80 Mm³

Designed Storage 11.80 Mm³


DAM

Length 1677.26 m



Source: Based on Silent Features of Ner Project, 2010.

3) Kasari Medium Project

Kasari medium project is constructed on Kasari river, tributary of

Panchganga in Krishna basin in Shahuwadi tahsil for irrigating 9458 ICA.

This project admistratively approved as medium project for Rs. 6.15 crore in

1977. The revised administrative approval is as a medium project for Rs.

28.80 crore by MKVDC Pune vides resolution No. MKVDC/MP-4/3220 dtd.

6/04/2000.

79

Table 3.16: Silent Features of Kasari Medium Project

Source: Based on Silent Features of Kasari Medium Project, 2010.

The Kasari dam is 297 m of earthen dam with 44.24 m height and storage

capacity of dam is 78.43 Mm³ and live storage capacity is 77.96 Mm³. Annual

irrigation is 9458 ha and intensity of irrigation is 77.90 per cent. For the

irrigation purposes, 14 KT weirs are constructed on Kasari river. Total

catchment area of Kasari dam is 33.28 km² up to dam site. Average annual

rainfall in catchment area of dam is 6300 mm. Annual yield as per 75 per cent

Location

Nalla / River Kasari river tributory of

Panchaganga river in Krishna basin

Village and Tahsil Village Gelewade Tal. Shahuwadi

District Kolhapur

Hydrology

Total catchment area up to dam

site

33.28 km²

Maximum monsoon rainfall 6985 mm

Minimum monsoon rain fall 5715 mm


75 % dependable annual yield 145.22 Mm³

Reservoir


Live storage 77.96 Mm³



Dam

Length 297 m

Top width 6.50 m


Command Area

Gross command area 12141 ha

Culturable command area 9995 ha


80

dependable is 145.22 Mm³. Yearly utilization of water is 89.10 Mm³. Land

under submergence is 542 ha.

4) Kadavi Medium Project

Kadavi medium irrigation project situated on Potfugi river, tributary of

Warana in Shahuwadi tahsil. Government approved for Rs 3.59 crore in 1977

and revised in 2000 for Rs 69.74 crore. The dam storage capacity is 71.24 Mm³

and live storage capacity is 70.56 Mm³ to irrigate 9219 ha land of Shahuwadi

tahsil. Irrigation intensity is 75.37 per cent with the help of nine KT weirs on

Potfugi and Kadavi river.

Table 3.17: Silent Features of Kadavi Medium Project

LOCATION

Nalla / River Potfugi river tributory of

Warana river in Krishna basin

Village and Tahsil Parale Ninai Tal. Shahuwadi

District Kolhapur

HYDROLOGY






RESERVOIR





DAM

Length 1499 m

Top width 6.50 m


COMMAND AREA


Cultivable command area 9908 ha


Source: Based Silent Features of Kadavi Medium Project, 2010.

81

Kadavi dam project is earthen dam, 1499 m long and maximum height is

36.05 m above foundation level. Average annual rainfall is 5400 mm in

catchment area as well as catchment area recorded 34.10 km² and land under

submergence (473 ha), gross command (12232 ha) and culturable command

area is 9908 ha observed in relation with Kadavi project.

5) Kumbhi Medium Project

Kumbhi medium irrigation project is constructed in Bavda tahsil on

Kumbhi river, tributary of Panchganga in Krishna basin. Present project

proposal is sanctioned in 1980 for Rs 4.60 crore revised in 1996 for 48.62

crore. This project is approved in 1981 by CWC. The catchment area of dam

up to dam site is 21.20 km² land under submergence is 502.74 ha. Maximum

rainfall in catchment area is recorded 7620 mm and average 7200 mm

minimum rainfall. Average annual rainfall in dam catchment area is 7366 mm.

Annual yield in dam area as per 75 per cent dependable is 108.60 Mm³.

The project is 887 m earthen dam with 42.58 m height. Storage capacity

of dam is 76.88 Mm³ and live storage capacity is 76.496 Mm³. Annual

availability of irrigation water for 8711 ha through lift irrigation on ten KT

weirs in Kumbhi river.

82

Table 3.18: Silent Features of Kumbhi Medium Project

Location

Nalla / River Kumbhi river 82ributary of

Panchanganga river in Krishna basin

Village and Tahsil Village Lakhamapur, Tal. Bawada.

District Kolhapur

Hydrology

Total catchment area up to dam

site

21.20 km²





Reservoir





Dam

Length 887 m

Top width 6.50 m


Command Area




Source: Based on Silent Features of Kumbhi Medium Project, 2010.

6) Chitri Medium Project

In Ajara tahsil near Rajvada village on Chitri river, Chitri medium

irrigation project was constructed for irrigating 5850 ha area of Ajra tahsil.

Administratively it was approved as a medium project of Rs 12.30 Crore in

1989. MKVDC, Pune gave revised approval in 2000 for Rs 79.94 Crore.

83

Table 3.19 Salient Feature of Chitri Medium Project

Location

River Chitri river tributory of Hyrtanyakeshi

river in Krishna basin

Village and Tahsil Village Raiwada, Tal.Ajara, Kolhapur

Hydrology



Reservoir





Dam

Length 1569 m

Top width 6.50 m


Command Area




Source: Based Silent Features of Chitri Medium Project, 2010.

The project was 1569 m earthen dam with 55.11 m maximum height.

Design water storage capacity is 53.414 Mm³ and live storage of Chitri dam is

52.359 Mm³. Total catchment area of Chitri dam is 27.85 km² and submergence

area is about 301 ha. The water shed area of Chitri project receives average

monsoon rainfall about 4760 mm and annual yield capacity of this dam is

nearly 72.48 Mm³.

7) Chikotra Medium Irrigation Project

Chikotra medium irrigation project is constructed to irrigate 5630 ha land

of Ajara tahsil on Chikotra river tributary of Vedganga river in Krishna basin.

Catchment area up to dam site is 29.03 km² with 297 km² submergence area.

84

Annual average rainfall in catchment area of dam is 2500 mm and 75 per cent

dependable yield is 46.28 Mm³ yearly.

Table 3.20: Salient Features of Chikotra Medium Project

Location

River Chikotra river tributary of

Vedganga river in Krishna basin

Village and Tahsil Zulpewadi,Tal.Ajara, Kolhapur

Hydrology



Reservoir





Dam

Length 983 m

Top width 6.50 m


Command Area




Source: Based on Silent Features of Chikotra Medium Project, 2010.

Chikotra dam is earthen dam with gated spillway 983 m length and

maximum height of dam is 60.785 m. Reservoir gross storage capacity is

43.115 Mm³ and live storage capacity is 43.050 Mm³ and with 0.064 Mm³ dead

storage capacity. Annual utilization of water is 46.628 Mm³ for 5630 ha land.

Irrigation intensity of present project is 100 per cent. Irrigation is available

through lift irrigation from eight KT weirs and 18 pickup weir constructed in

Chikotra river. Chikotra medium irrigation project administratively approved

as medium project in 1997 for Rs 4.28 crore. The revised approval was

sanctioned by government in 2001 of Rs 137.94 crore.

85

8) Jangamhatti Medium Irrigation Project

In Chandgad tahsil near village Jangamhatti, the present project is

constructed on Tamrparni river. The project was administratively approved for

Rs. 3.50 crore in 1980. In 1996 revised proposal sanction for Rs 26.32 crore.

Table 3.21: Jangamhatti Medium Irrigation Project Salient Features

Location

River Tamraparni river tributory of

Ghataprabha river in Krishna basin

Village and Tahsil Jangamhatti, Tal. Chandgad, Kolhapur

Hydrology



Reservoir





Dam

Length 960 m

Top width 6.50 m


Command Area




Source: Based on Silent Features of Jangamhatti Medium Project, 2010

The catchment area of dam is 21.40 km² and submergence land is

476.36 ha. An Earthen dam with ungated spillway 960 m length with 31.40

maximum heights. Average annual rainfall in catchment area is 2364 mm and

75 per cent dependable annual yield is shown nearly 34.21 Mm³.

Gross storage capacity of dam is 34.21 Mm³ and live storage capacity is

33.21 Mm³. Dead water storage is about 1.00 Mm³ and annual utilization of

water is 34.21 Mm³. For irrigation purpose project has lift irrigation on 5 KT

weirs which are constructed on Tamraparni river. Gross command area is

86

nearly 4952 ha and culturable command area is about 4457 ha and irrigable

command area occupied nearly 3700 ha.

9) Patgaon Medium Irrigation Project:

Patgaon medium irrigation project is constructed in Bhudargad tahsil for

irrigating land nearly 8100 ICA on river Vedganga. Project was approved as a

medium project in 1977 of Rs 5.40 crore and revised administrative approved

by MKVDC in 2000 of Rs 82 crore. Catchment area up to dam site is 26.08

km² and annual rainfall within dam zone is 5600 mm. Annual 75 per cent

dependable yield is 106.56 Mm³. Land under submergence is 1076.56 ha.

Patgaon dam is earthen dam with ungated spillway 1105 m length and height of

dam is 39.19 m. Dam storage capacity is 105.24 Mm³ and live storage capacity

is 104.772 Mm³. Irrigation intensity is 74 per cent and gross command area is

10882 ha with lift irrigation through 17 KT weirs constructed on Vedganga

river.

Table 3.22: Patgaon Medium Irrigation Project Salient Feature

Source: Based on Silent Features of Patgaon Medium Project, 2010.

Location

Nalla / River Vedganga tributary of Dudhganga in

Krishna basin

Village and Tahsil Village Patgaon Tal. Bhudargad

Hydrology


Reservoir





DAM

Length 1107 m

Top width 6.50 m


Command Area


Cultivable command area 9998 ha


87

10) Other Medium Projects

Basspawadi medium irrigation project is constructed in drought prone Jath

tahsil. Present cost of Bassapawadi project is Rs 2.59 crores. Total storage

capacity of dam is 7.77 Mm³ and utilizable water storage capacity is 6.26,

which is utilized for irrigation purpose.

Yeoti Mhasoli medium project is constructed on Yeoti nalla (stream)

tributary of Mand river near Yeoti village in Karad tahsil for irrigation purpose.

Upstream catchment area of reservoir is 12.95 km² and mean annual runoff is

12.67 Mm³. Average annual rainfall in catchment area is 1455 mm. Yeoti

Mhasoli reservoir is earthen type with maximum height is above lowest point

of foundation is 26 m. Length of dam is 170 m and maximum discharge is

330.31 M³/Sec. Gross storage capacity of reservoir is 7.30 Mm³ and utilizable

storage is 7.05 Mm³. Submergence area of reservoir is 105 ha.

Morna medium project constructed on Morna tributary of Warana at

Upavale village in Shirala tahsil. Catchment area of Morana project is 85.50

km²; average annual rainfall 1028 mm collects 54.54 Mm³ surface water

annually. Morna project is earthen with 30.20 m height above lowest point of

foundation. Length of project is 100 m. and gross storage capacity of project is

15.16 Mm³ with 16.53 Mm³ utilizable storage. Area under submergence is 264

ha supplied water for 2307 ha gross command area. Sidhewadi medium project

is constructed in Tasgaon tahsil. Government of Maharashtra sanctioned Rs

3.18 crore for dam and canal construction. Total storage of Sidhewadi dam is

8.49 Mm³ and utilizable storage is 6.10 Mm³. Water utilization of dam is 2.75

Mm³ for irrigation purpose and 3.35 Mm³ water is reserved for domestic

utilization.

88

Water Storage in Medium Projects (Mm3)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Yera

lwad

i

Ner

Kasa

ri

Kad

av

i

Ku

mb

hi

Ch

itri

Ch

iko

tra

Jan

gam

hatt

i

Patg

ao

n

Medium Projects

Sto

ra

ge (

Mm

3)

Fig.3.5

3.3.3 Minor Projects in Upper Krishna Basin

Minor irrigation projects are constructed and authorized by irrigation

department and Zilla Parishad. Command area of minor irrigation project is

less than 1000 ha. According to command area minor irrigation projects are

classified into four categories on the basis of irrigated command area.

i) More than 250 ha

ii) Less than 250 ha

iii)101 to 250 ha

iv) 0 to 100 ha

Minor irrigation projects are beneficial in various ways like capital

investment, increases the ground water level, maintain ecosystem of the area

and provides jobs for working population at the time of serve droughts. But in

upper Krishna basin distribution of minor irrigation projects is not even

according to water storage capacity and its numbers. The minor dams are more

confined in eastern upper Krishna basin as compared to western part of study

region due to frequently drought condition.

i) More than 250 ha

The minor irrigation projects which occupied more than 250 ha

command area and these projects are constructed by the irrigation department

of state Govt., the available water is utilized for agriculture and domestic

purpose.

89

Table 3.23: Tahsil-wise Distribution of Minor Projects (< 250 ha)

Tahsil No. of

Project

Total

Storage

(Mm³)

Utilizable

Storage

(Mm³)

Tahsil No. of

Project

Total

Storage

(Mm³)

Utilizable

Storage

(Mm³)

Patan 7 06.65 02.12 Tasgaon 4 13.02 10.48

Jaoli 6 20.66 17.52 Walwa Nil Nil Nil

Karad 6 11.06 10.86 Ajara 2 3.48 03.16

Khatav 3 06.61 05.97 Bhudargad Nil Nil Nil

Wai 1 01.71 01.69 Chandagad 4 21.11 20.82

Koregaon 5 10.75 09.76

Gadhinglaj 5 11.60 11.05

Satara 7 12.76 12.58 Bavada 3 15.18 14.96

Jat 7 23.64 19.17 Hatkanangale 2 02.19 02.02

K.Manhkal 3 05.51 04.55 Kagal 5 05.88 05.66

Kadegaon 6 20.91 17.20 Karveer 5 08.72 08.30

Khanapur 6 16.57 13.21 Panhala 2 13.40 13.15

Miraj 1 02.43 01.98 Radhanagari 1 01.87 01.79

Palus Nil Nil Nil Shahuwadi 4 19.70 19.23

Shirala 3 07.29 06.85 Shirol Nil Nil Nil

Source: Based on Annual Report of Irrigation Department Satara, Sangli & Kolhapur

District, 2010.

Total and Utilizable Storage of Minor Irrigation Projects < 250 ha (Mm3)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Pat

an

Kar

ad

Wai

Sat

ara

K.M

anh

kal

Kh

anap

ur

Sh

iral

a

Aja

ra

Gad

hin

gla

j

Hat

kan

angal

e

Kar

vee

r

Rad

han

agar

i

Tahsils

Sto

rag

e (M

m3)

Total Storage (Mm³) Utilizable Storage (Mm³)

Fig. 3.6

90

This category avails total 98 minor irrigation projects in upper Krishna

basin. Distribution of minor irrigation projects in Radhanagari, Ajra and

Panhala tahsils (Kolhapur) in hilly region and Wai, Miraj, and Hatkangale

tahsils of plain region and percentage of minor projects is low and it is less than

02 per cent. The percentage 3 to 5 is observed in Koregaon, Khatav,

Kavathemanhkal, Tasgaon, Shirala, Shahuwadi, Karveer, Kagal, Gadhinglaj,

Bavda and Chandgad tahsils. These tahsils have moderate percentage of minor

irrigation projects. The tahsils Shirol, Walwa, Palus and Bhudargad have not

any minor irrigation project due to drainage network which provides regular

supply of water throughout year for irrigation as well as for other activities and

also ground water level is high except Bhudargad tahsil.

The water storage capacity of minor irrigation projects is 262.70 Mm³ in

these total minor irrigation projects. Tahsils-wise water holding capacity of

such dams differs and it reflects in table 3.22. The tahsils which have water

capacity less than 7 Mm³ includes Wai (1.71 Mm³), Radhanagari (1.87 Mm³),

Hatkanangale (2.19 Mm³), Miraj (2.43 Mm³), Ajra (3.48 Mm³),

Kavathemahankal (5.51 Mm³), Kagal (5.88 Mm³), Khatav (6.61 Mm³) and

Patan (6.6494 Mm³). Shirala, Karveer and Koregaon tahsils are observed their

water storage range between 6 to 10.75 Mm³. The remaining tahsils have the

capacity of water holding about 11 to 23.64 Mm³. Highest water storage is

found in Jat tahsil because the minor irrigation projects are more in numbers.

Out of total water storage 89.11 per cent water is utilizable for various

purposes. Water utilization of minor irrigation project is high for irrigation

(82.11 %) and 1.26 percent water is used for drinking purpose.

ii) Less than 250 ha

Minor irrigation projects command area is less than 250 ha having 128

projects in study region. But a distribution of minor irrigation projects is

uneven. Karad, Palus and Shirol tahsils have no minor irrigation projects. In

Jaoli, Kadegaon, Shirala, Koregaon, Miraj, Walwa, Hatkanangale, Jath, Bavda,

Panhala, and Radhanagari tahsils have less than 03 per cent minor irrigation

projects. Kavathemanhkal, Khanapur, Ajra, Satara and Tasgaon tahsils have 04

to 06 per cent minor irrigation projects out of the study region. Some tahsils of

Satara district namely Satara and Khatav tahsils have high per cent of minor

91

irrigation projects. The hilly region of Kolhapur district, Gadhinglaj,

Shahuwadi and Chandgad tahsils are observed having more than 07 per cent of

projects out of the upper Krishna basin.

Table 3.24: Tahsil-wise Minor Irrigation Projects (Less than 250 Ha)

Tahsil No. of

Project

Total

Storage

(Mm³)

Utilizable

Storage

(Mm³)

Tahsil No. of

Project

Total

Storage

(Mm³)

Utilizable

Storage

(Mm³)

Patan 14 04.99 04.99 Tasgaon 05 06.40 04.78

Jaoli 12 07.03 06.74 Walwa 02 01.74 01.37

Karad Nil Nil Nil Ajara 04 25.17 24.11

Khatav 08 08.86 06.35 Bhudargad 05 21.45 19.64

Wai 02 02.86 02.55 Chandgad 17 65.83 63.03

Koregaon 05 03.36 03.32 Gadhinglaj 07 16.05 15.98

Satara 01 00.48 00.48 Bavada 03 15.15 14.96

Jat 3 04.69 03.90 Hatkanangale 02 02.19 02.02

K.Manhkal 4 06.30 05.59 Kagal 06 08.55 08.06

Kadegaon 1 01.37 01.37 Karveer 05 08.73 08.09

Khanapur 4 10.50 08.72 Panhala 03 14.39 14.13

Miraj 2 01.58 01.45 Radhanagari 03 11.19 10.69

Palus Nil Nil Nil Shahuwadi 09 43.31 40.99

Shirala 1 01.69 01.50 Shirol Nil Nil Nil


District, 2010.

Tahsil-wise Water Storage in Minor Projects (Less than 250 ha)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Pat

an

Kh

atav

Ko

reg

aon

Jat

Kad

egao

n

Mir

aj

Tas

gao

n

Aja

ra

Ch

and

agad

Bav

ada

Kag

al

Pan

hal

a

Sah

uw

adi

Tahsils

Sto

rag

e (M

m3

)

Total Storage (Mm³) Utilizable Storage (Mm³)

Fig. 3.7

92

Total water storage capacity of minor irrigation projects of this category

is 293.855 Mm³. The Water storage and its distribution are related with rainfall

and number of irrigation project. In Jaoli tahsil (0.48 Mm³) water storage

capacity in present project is very less. Chandgad (17.35 %) tahsil represents

higher number of minor irrigation projects out of the study region and the

factors like high rainfall and high proportion of water storage dams (65.83

Mm³) are the causes which govern such performance (fig.3.7).

iii) 101 to 250 ha

In study area there are 82 minor irrigation projects with irrigation

capacity is more than 101 to 250 ha, but the distribution and storage capacity is

not consistent in each tahsil. Table 3.25 and fig. 3.8 clearly shows Karad tahsil

ranks first (12.19 %) in respect of water storage project, and these projects of

Karad tahsil have storage capacity is 19.04 per cent out of 975.58 Mm³.

Khatav (09.75 %) and Jath (08.53 %) irrigation projects store maximum

surface water 31.30 per cent and 31.35 per cent respectively. In Some tahsils

namely Koregaon, Jaoli, Kadegaon, Shirala and Bhudargad it is observed that

No. of minor irrigation projects are less than 02 per cent and on the other side

Kadegaon, Shirala, Bhudargad, Miraj ,Walwa, Gadhinglaj, Karveer,

Radhanagari, Shahuwadi and Khanapur tahsils have less than 01 per cent water

storage capacity projects.

Tahsil-wise Minor Project in Upper Krishna Basin

(101 to 250 ha)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Pata

n

Kh

ata

v

Sata

ra Jat

Kad

eg

ao

n

Mir

aj

Tasg

ao

n

Aja

ra

Ch

an

dg

ad

Karv

eer

Sah

uw

ad

i

Tahsils

No

. o

f P

ro

jects

Fig. 3.8

93

Table 3.25: Minor Irrigation Project (Local Level 101 to 250 ha)

Tahsil No. of

Project

Utilizable

Storage Mm³ Tahsil

No. of

Project

Utilizable

Storage Mm³

Patan 05 38.42 Tasgaon 05 06.41

Karad 10 185.73 Walwa 02 01.76

Khatav 08 305.39 Ajara 07 06.37

Wai Nil Nil Bhudargad 01 01.07

Koregaon 01 29.42 Chandgad 08 07.69

Satara 05 44.31 Gadhinglaj 02 02.75

Jaoli 01 13.79 Gaganbavada Nil Nil

Jat 07 305.87 Hatkanangale Nil Nil

K.Manhkal 05 08.66 Kagal Nil Nil

Kadegaon 01 01.37 Karveer 02 01.05

Khanapur 04 05.25 Panhala Nil Nil

Miraj 02 01.76 Radhanagri 02 03.73

Palus Nil Nil Shahuwadi 03 03.09

Shirala 01 01.69 Shirol Nil Nil


District, 2010.

iv) 0 to 100 ha

Minor irrigation projects have irrigation capacity less than 100 ha. in

upper Krishna basin there are 7846 minor irrigation projects constructed under

local level authority. Total water storage capacity of these projects is 1963.8

Mm³ and chief feature of these projects is that mostly they are built in drought

prone tahsils namely Jat (7.21 %), Kavathemanhkal (5.53%), Khatav (5.44%),

and Tasgaon (5.44%). But in hilly and plain region of upper Krishna basin

minor irrigation projects are not more constructed by the authority of local

level.

94

Table 3.26: Minor Irrigation Projects (0 to 100 ha) Local Level

Tahsil No. of

Project

Utilizable

Storage

(Mm³)

Tahsil No. of

Project

Utilizable

Storage

(Mm³)

Patan 179 112.77 Tasgaon 415 24.97

Karad 217 414.02 Walwa 342 08.94

Khatav 427 955.23 Ajara 334 08.78

Wai 234 28.38 Bhudargad 291 11.33

Koregaon 326 80.83 Chandgad 254 09.79

Satara 159 19.51 Gadhinglaj 234 09.19

M.shvar 99 38.32 Bavada 160 05.17

Jaoli 190 44.92 Hatkanangale 184 04.76

Jat 566 40.88 Kagal 155 05.10

K.Manhkal 434 26.71 Karveer 189 04.54

Kadegaon 321 18.80 Panhala 289 11.68

Khanapur 358 20.90 Radhanagari 174 04.42

Miraj 241 11.25 Shahuwadi 384 17.03

Palus 198 04.94 Shirol 135 04.78

Shirala 357 15.86 Total 7846 1963.80


District, 2010.

Surface water availability in study region is unevenly distributed. In

western zone surface water availability in rivers and water projects is high. All

major reservoirs are located in western hilly tahsils due to ideal location. Total

average annual water availability in upper Krishna basin is 21273.98 Mm³.

Water reservoirs are very much important to store surface water. Koyana water

project is important reservoirs (storage capacity 2979.45 Mm³) in study region.

Other major reservoirs in upper Krishna basin store 3260.03 Mm³ water

annually. Medium irrigation projects are distributed in western and eastern part

of study region and all these medium reservoirs storage capacity is 551.82

Mm³. Minor irrigation projects are observed in more numbers with different

size and having storage capacity is 3495.934 Mm³.

95

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Pawar, C. T. et al. (2008): A Geographical Analysis of Water Quality for

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PROFILE OF SURFACE WATER RESOURCES IN STUDY REGION