Programming Funda - Net & Graph

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PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS and DATABASE SYSTEMS

PROGRAMMING DEPARTMENT PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS · 3

RDTRIMESTERSY 2010 - 2011

COMPUTER HARDWARE SERVICING & VISUAL GRAPHICS

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INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS A PROGRAM?

A computer program is a sequence of instructions written to perform a specified task for a

computer.

PROGRAMMERS

The term computer programmer can refer to a specialist in one area of computer

programming or to a generalist who writes code for many kinds of software.

There are different types of programming languages that can be used to create programs,

but

regardless

of

what

language

you

use,

these

instructions

are

translated

into

machine

language that can be understood by computers.

Examples: C / C++, Visual Basic, Visual Basic.Net, Java

WHAT IS COMPUTER PROGRAMMING?

Computer programming (aka programming or coding) is the process of writing, testing,

debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. This source code is

written in a programming language.

Debugging is a process of finding and reducing the number of bugs, or

defects, in a computer program, thus making it behave as expected. A

software bug is the common term used to describe an error, flaw, mistake, or

fault in a computer program or system that produces an incorrect or

unexpected result.

WHAT IS A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE?

A programming language is a standardized communication technique for expressing

instructions to a computer. Like human languages, each language has its own syntax and

grammar.







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Why learn the binary system?

You need to know what the binary system looks like because written

instructions are translated to the language which the computer understands.

Machine readable language composed of 1s and 0s.

NUMBER SYSTEMS AND REPRESENTATION

The computer uses the binary system to represent its information. A piece of information in the

computer is called a datum; and the plural is data.

1. The Binary System

The computer considers a piece of information to be true or to be false. To evaluate

such a piece, it uses two symbols: 0 and 1. When a piece of information is true, the

computer gives it a value of 1; otherwise, its value is 0.

2. The Decimal System

The numeric system that we have always used uses a set of the ten symbols 0, 1, 2,

3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. This system of representing numeric values is called the

decimal system because it is based on 10 digits.

3. The Octal System

Numbers in octal form are in base 8. This means that the only legal digits are 0‐7.

We need to write the subscript 8 to indicate that the number is an octal number.

4. The Hexadecimal System

The hexadecimal system uses sixteen (16) symbols to represent a number (Deci –

10, Hexa – 6). The letters used are a, b, c, d, e, and f, or their uppercase equivalents

A, B, C, D, E, and F. The hexadecimal system counts as follows: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,

9, a, b, c, d, e, and f; or 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F.

NUMBER SYSTEM CONVERSION

1. Decimal to Binary / Binary to Decimal

To convert a decimal number to binary, continuously divide the number by 2 and get the

Remainder (which is either 0 or 1), and get that number as a digit of the binary form of the

number. Get the quotient and divide that number again by 2 and repeat the whole process

until the quotient reaches 0. We then get all the remainders starting from the last

remainder, and the result is the binary form of the number.

NOTE: For the last digit which is already less than the divisor (which is 2) just copy the value

to the remainder portion.









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For Example (Hexadecimal): 12610 = ? 16

So, writing the remainders from the bottom up, we get the hexadecimal number 7E16

Converting octal or hexadecimal numbers is also the same as converting binary numbers to

decimal. To do that, we will just replace the base number 2 with 8 for Octal and 16 for

hexadecimal.

For Example (Octal): 1768 = ? 10

For Example (Hexadecimal): 7E 16 =? 10

3. Binary to Octal / Octal to Binary

To convert from binary numbers to octal, we partition the binary number into groups of 3 digits (from right to left), and pad it with zeros if the number of digits is not divisible by 3.

We then convert each partition into its corresponding octal digit.

For Example:







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Converting octal numbers to binary is just the opposite of what is given above. Simply

convert each octal digit into its binary representation and concatenate them. The result is

the binary representation.

1 : 1

7 : 111 1 111 110 or 001 111 110

6 : 110

4. Binary to Hexadecimal / Hexadecimal to Binary

To convert from binary numbers to hexadecimal, we partition the binary number into groups of 4 digits (from right to left), and pad it with zeros if the number of digits is not divisible by 4. We then convert each partition into its corresponding hexadecimal digit.

For Example: 11111102 = ? 16

Converting hexadecimal numbers to binary is just the opposite of what is given above.

Simply convert each hexadecimal digit into its binary representation and concatenate them.

The result is the binary representation.

7 : 0111

E : 1110 0111 1110

To simplify the conversion, use the following sequence

1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

The sequence is read from right to left, wherein the initial value is 1 then multiplied

by 2. The result will be doubled or simply multiply it by 2 to generate the next value

in the sequence.



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PSEUDOCODE

Pseudocode is a kind of structured English for describing algorithms.

The purpose of using pseudocode is that it is easier for humans to understand than

conventional programming language code.

A flowchart (and equivalent Pseudocode) to compute the interest on a loan is shown below:

FLOWCHART PSEUDOCODE

Read NAME, BALANCE, RATE

Compute INTEREST as BALANCE x RATE

Write (Display) NAME and INTEREST

The program that computes for the sum, average and product of three numbers:

PSEUDOCODE

Read X, Y, Z

Compute Sum (S) as X + Y + Z

Compute Average (A) as S / 3

Compute Product (P) as X * Y * Z

Display the Sum, Average and Product

FLOWCHART







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APPLY PROGRAMMING SKILLS IN TURBO C / C++

TURBO C C is a general‐purpose computer programming language developed in

1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with

the UNIX operating system. C is a general‐purpose programming language. It has been closely

associated with the UNIX operating system where it was developed,

since both the system and most of the programs that run on it are

written in C. The language, however, is not tied to any operating system

or machine; and although it has been called a ``system programming language'' because it is

useful for writing compilers and operating systems, it has been used equally well to write

major programs in many different domains.

C provides the fundamental control‐flow constructions required for well‐structured

programs: statement grouping, decision making (if ‐else), selecting one of a set of possible

values (switch), looping with the termination test at the top (while, for) or at the bottom

(do), and early loop exit (break).

PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

VARIABLES

Variable names correspond to locations in the computer's memory.

Every variable has a name, a type, a size and a value. Variable follows the standard

naming convention.

May change during a process. Whenever a new value is placed into a variable (through

scanf), it replaces (and destroys) the previous value.

Examples: MyVariable, First_Number, Student1

CONSTANTS

It refers to the values that never change during the process of all the instructions in a

program. It can be any type of data ‐ numeric, alphabetic, or special symbols

Examples: 3.1416, “DFCAIT”, ‘*’, 100

NAMING CONVENTION

It refers to a set of rules for choosing the character sequence to be used for identifiers

which denote variables.

Name a variable according to what it represents.

Do not use spaces in a variable name. If a space is needed, use the underline (_)

character.

Dennis Ritchie









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DATA

TYPE

It is the classification of a particular type of information.

Size and Range of Data Types on 16 bit machine.

DATA TYPE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

Integer

(int)

Integers are whole numbers with a machine dependent

range of values.

5

1000

Character

(char)

A single character can be defined as a character type of

data.

‘X’

‘!’

Floating

Point

(float /

double)

Floating point number represents a real number with 6

digits precision. When the accuracy of the floating point

number is insufficient, we can use the double to define the

number.

1.25

123456.569







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DECLARATION OF VARIABLES Every variable used in the program should be declared to the compiler. The declaration

does two things.

1. Tells the compiler the different variable names. 2. Specifies what type of data the variable will hold.

Examples:

int number, salary;

double average, mean;

char gender;

OPERATORS

Operator is a symbol that represents a specific action.

• ARITHMETIC

• ASSIGNMENT

C operation Assignment operator Algebraic expression C expression

Equal = x = 5 x = 5

Multiply *= x = x * 2 x *= 2

Divide /= x = x / 2 x /= 2

Add += x = x + 2 x += 2

Subtract ‐= x = x ‐ 2 x ‐= 2

Modulus %= x = x % 2 x %= 2

C operation Arithmetic operator Algebraic expression C expression

Addition + f + 7 f + 7

Subtraction ‐ p – c p ‐ c

Multiplication * bm b * m

Division / x / y x / y

Modulus % r mod s r % s

Increment ++ x + 1 x++

Decrement ‐‐ X – 1 x‐‐

The general format of any declaration

datatype v1, v2, v3, ……….. vn;

Where:

v1, v2, v3, vn are variable names.

n denotes nth number of variables







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• EQUALITY / RELATIONAL

• LOGICAL OPERATORS

TRUTH TABLE

P Q P && Q P || Q !P !Q

T T T T F F

T F F T F T

F

T

F

T

T

F

F F F F T T

A truth table is a breakdown of a logic function by listing all possible values that the

function can attain.

C operation

Equality or

Relational

operator

C

ExpressionMeaning of C condition

Equality Operators Is equal to == x == y x is equal to y

is not equal to != x != y x is not equal to y

Relational Operators is greater than > x > y x is greater than y

is less than < x < y x is less than y

is greater than or equal to >= x >= y x is greater than or equal to yis less than or equal to <= x <= y x is less than or equal to y

Operation

Logical

operator

Example of

C condition

C expression Result

logical AND && true && false (5 > 4) && (2 == 3) False (F)

logical OR || true || false (5 > 4) || (2 == 3) True (T)

logical NOT, logical negation ! !true !(5 > 4) False (F)







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CONVERTING MATHEMATICAL FORMULA TO C CODE

Mathematical formulas should be converted to its equivalent C code.

2X 2 * X

A

4 * A / 2 OR (4 * A) / 2

– X

X (3 – 5 * X) / (2 + X)

ABC

B

A * B * C / (4 + 7 * B) or (A * B * C) / (4 + 7 * B)

(Pi) R2

Pi * (R * R) or Pi * pow(R,2)

INPUT (scanf) / OUTPUT (printf)

scanf is a function that reads data with specified format from a given string stream

source.

printf is a function that is used to output a formatted string.

COMMON FORMATTERS FOR scanf()

The following characters, after the % character, in a scanf argument, have the

following effect.

Modifer Meaning

d read a decimal integer

f read a float value

c read a single character

s read a sequence of characters, stop reading when an enter key or

whitespace character [tab or space]







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KEYBOARD INPUT

The scanf routine, which accepts the response, has two arguments.

1. The first ("%d") specifies what type of data type is expected (ie char, int, or

float).

2. The second argument (&number) specifies the variable into which the typed

response will be placed. In this case the response will be placed into the

memory location associated with the variable number . This explains the

special significance of & character (which means the address of ).

Sample program illustrating the use of scanf() to read integers, characters and floats and printf() to

display the result.

void main() {

int sum;

char letter;

float money;

printf("Please enter an integer value: ");

scanf("%d", &sum );

printf("Please enter a character: ");

scanf(" %c", &letter ); /* leading space before the %c ignores space in the input */

printf("Please enter a float variable: ");

scanf("%f", &money );

printf("\nvalue of sum = %d\n", sum );

printf("value of letter = %c\n", letter );

printf("value of money = %f\n", money );

}

#include <stdio.h> main() /* program which introduces keyboard input */ {

int number; printf("Type in a number: "); scanf("%d", &number); printf("The number you typed was %d\n", number);

} Sample Program Output

Type in a number: 23

The number you typed was 23

Sample Program Output

Please enter an integer value: 34

Please enter a character: W Please enter a float variable: 32

value of sum = 34

value of letter = W

value of money = 32.300000







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SELECTION CONSTRUCTS

The control‐flow of a language specifies the order in which statements are performed.

IF / IF‐ELSE / IF ELSE IF

Selection structure:

Used to choose among alternative courses of action.

if structure is a single‐entry/single‐exit structure.

where

The else part is optional.

The expression is evaluated; if it is true (that is, if expression has a nonzero

value), statement1 is executed.

If it is false (expression is zero) and if there is an else part, statement2 is

executed instead.

FLOWCHART

expression

statement2statement1

TRUE FALSE

void main() {

int

grade;

printf(“Enter grade: “);

scanf("%d", &grade );

if (grade>=75)

printf(“Passed”);

else

printf(“Failed”);

}

Syntax

if (expression)

statement1

else statement2



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48

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17 of 48

DO/WHILE REPETITION STRUCTURE

Condition for repetition is tested after the body of the loop is performed.

All actions are performed at least once.

The statement is executed, and then expression is evaluated. If it is true, statement is

evaluated again, and so on. When the expression becomes false, the loop terminates.

Using the do/while repetition structure

SAMPLE CODE IN C

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

int counter = 1;

do {

printf( "%d ", counter );

} while ( ++counter <= 10 );

return 0;

}

Syntax

do {

statement;

} while ( condition );

SAMPLE CODE IN C

Prints the integer values one to ten

void main()

{

for( int counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++ )

printf(“%d \n”, counter) ;

}

Sample Output

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10







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DATABASE

It is a collection of information that is organized into a list and stored in a manner similar to a file

cabinet. A database program lets you:

Store Information

Find Information

Analyze and Print Information

Manage Information

Share Information

HIERARCHY IN BREAKING DOWN A DATABASE

Database File: This is the main file that encompasses

the entire database that is saved in a storage device

such as hard disks, floppy disks, usb, etc.

Example) StudentDatabase.mdb

Table: A table is a collection of data about a specific

topic. There can be multiple tables in a database.

Example #1) Students

Example #2) Teachers

Field: Fields are the different categories within a Table.

Tables usually contain multiple fields.

Example #1) Student LastName

Example #2) Student FirstName

Data types: Data types are the properties of each field.

A field has only one data type like number, text,

currency

Value: The corresponding data fed into each field.

DATABASE COMPONENTS (A PRODUCT TABLE)

F i e ld 1 F i e l d 2 F i e l d 3 F ie l d 4

R e c o r d 1

D a t a v a l u e

R e c o r d 1 0

Database File

Table

Field

Data type

Value



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48

PROG

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20 of 48

MICROSOFT ACCESS ENVIRONMENT

T i t l eb a r

T h e

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CREATING BLANK DATABASES



21 of

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ADDING A RECORD

DELETING FIELDS







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INSERTING FIELDS

DELETING RECORDS







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QUERIES

THE SIMPLE QUERY WIZARD







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CREATING QUERIES IN DESIGN VIEW







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SORTING RESULTS OF A QUERY

1. In the design grid, place the insertion point in the cell of the Sort row

2. Display the Sort list, and select a sort order 3. Run the query

USING CALCULATIONS

1. Enter the expression in the proper cell of the Field row

2. Run the query







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CREATING FORMS

Forms are custom screens that provide an easy way to add, update, delete and view data in

a table or query.

SAMPLE FORM

THE FORM FEATURE







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THE FORM WIZARD







29 of 48

FAMILIARIZATION OF DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE

CREATE / USING DATABASE

mysql> create database surname1;

mysql> use surname1;

CREATE TABLE

mysql> create table employee

‐> (id integer,

‐> name varchar(20),

‐> age integer,

‐> salary double);

mysql> describe employee;

ADDING CONSTRAINT

1. NOT NULL

mysql> create table employee1

‐> (id integer not null,

‐> name varchar(20) not null,

‐> age integer,


2. UNIQUE


‐> (id integer not null unique,

‐> name varchar(20) not null, ‐> age integer,








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‐> (id integer not null unique,

‐> name varchar(20) not null unique,

‐> age integer, ‐> salary double);




‐> age integer,

‐> salary double,

‐> constraint emp unique(id,name));

To remove constraint unique

mysql> alter table employee4 drop index emp;

3. PRIMARY KEY


‐> (id int not null primary key,


‐> age int,








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‐> name varchar(20) not null, ‐> age integer,

‐> salary double,

‐> constraint emp primary key(id,name));

To remove primary key

mysql> alter table employee6 drop primary key;

4. FOREIGN KEY

CREATE table DEPARTMENT

mysql> create table department

‐> (did int primary key,

‐> description varchar(20));


‐> (id int primary key,


‐> age int,

‐> salary double,

‐> deptid int references department(did));







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TO REMOVE FOREIGN KEY

mysql> alter table employee7

‐> drop foreign key;

TO ADD FOREIGN KEY


‐> add foreign key(deptid) references department(did);

Or


‐> add constraint e foreign key(deptid) references department(did);

5. SQL DEFAULT


‐> (id int primary key,

‐> name varchar(20),

‐> age int default 0,

‐> salary double default 0);

TO REMOVE DEFAULT VALUE FOR AGE


‐> alter age drop default;

TO ADD A DEFAULT VALUE

mysql>

alter

table

employee9

‐> alter age set default 0;







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‐> alter name set default 'gene';

SQL AUTO INCREMENT


‐> (id int primary key auto_increment,

‐> lastname varchar(20),

‐> firstname varchar(20));







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ACTIVITY 2.0

THE INSERT AND SELECT COMMAND

1. Create database (Data Manipulation Language) mysql> create database surname2;


2. Create table student

mysql> create table student

‐> (sid int primary key auto_increment,

‐> sname varchar(25),

‐> course varchar(25) default 'programming');

3. Insert a record

mysql> insert into student(sid,sname,course)

‐> values (100,'Jay Gofredo','Programming');

mysql> insert into student(sid,sname,course)

‐> values (102,'John Murillo','Graphics');

mysql> insert into student

‐> values (108,'Lary Rosario','Web Development');

All fields are specified







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mysql> insert into student(sname,course)

‐> values ('Romel Llamelo','Networking');

mysql> insert into student(sname,course) ‐> values ('Romelyn Banaybanay','Animation');

mysql> insert into student

‐> values(107, 'Eugene Galang', 'Programming');


‐> values('Iana Mel Felipe', 'Programming');

INSERTING MULTIPLE RECORD


‐> values('Antonio Erro','Web Development'),

‐> ('Richie Manreal','Web Development'),

‐> ('Mhirold Ramos','Networking'),

‐> ('Rommel Galang Jr','Animation');

Since field sid is set

to auto_increment,

the highest value of

sid will be

incremented

automatically by 1.







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ACTIVITY 3.0

THE UPDATE, SELECT AND DELETE COMMAND



2. Create table employee having the structure below:

3. Insert the records below.

4. Alter the table above. Add field department after employee name (ename) with

‘Programming’ as the default value.

5. Display all the records. Query will display the output below.

6. Edit Nico Jayoma’s department to ‘Web’.

mysql> update employee

‐> set department='Web'

‐> where eid = 1;







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7. Edit the departments’ column of James, Jaylord and Jeffrey to ‘Networking’. To make the

updating easier, the three records has the same hrsworked.

mysql> update employee

‐> set department='Networking'

‐> where hrsworked=40;

8. Edit Naail’s department to ‘Programming’.

9. Insert another record. Refer to the query result below.

10. Remove the first record.

mysql> delete from employee

‐> where eid=1;

11. Delete records of James and Jeffrey. Result is shown below as your reference.







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ACTIVITY 4.0

THE SELECT COMMAND, USING WILDCARD AND LIKE OPERATOR



2. Create table persons having the structure below:

3. Insert the records below.

4. Select the persons whose address ends with ‘a’.

mysql> select * from persons where address like '%a';

5. Display all records whose lastname starts with ‘e’ or ‘b’.

mysql> select * from persons

‐> where lastname like 'e%'

‐> or lastname like 'b%';







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6. Display all persons whose city does not have letter ‘z’;

mysql> select * from persons where city not like '%z%';

7. Display all persons whose 4th

character in their firstname is letter ‘i’.

8. Display the firstname and lastname of those whose city is equal to Quezon or Valenzuela.

mysql> select firstname, lastname from persons

‐> where city in ('quezon', 'valenzuela');

9. Display the firstname, lastname and city of those whose pid is between 2 to 4.

mysql> select firstname, lastname, city from persons

‐> where pid between 2 and 4;

10. Display all records whose firstname is not between the text ‘delta’ and ‘romeo’.

mysql> select * from persons

‐> where firstname not between 'delta' and 'romeo';









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5. Display employee’s fullname.

mysql> select concat(fname, ' ' ,lname) as fullname from employee;

6. Display employee’s fullname, hrsworked and rateperhr.

mysql> select concat(fname, ' ' ,lname), hrsworked, rateperhr from employee;

7. Display employee’s fullname and grosspay where grosspay is the product of hrsworked

and rateperhr.

mysql> select concat(fname, ' ' ,lname) as Fullname,

‐> hrsworked * rateperhr as Grosspay from employee;

8. Display employee’s fullname and grosspay whose grosspay is greater than 10000.

mysql> select concat(fname, ' ' ,lname) as Fullname,

‐> hrsworked * rateperhr as Grosspay from employee

‐> group by grosspay having grosspay > 10000;

9. Display employee’s fullname and grosspay whose grosspay is greater than 5000 but less

than 15000. Output is shown below.





43 of

48

OVE

1

2

3

4

5

6

PROG

VIEW OF T

. Menu ba

modifying

. Toolbox:

. Object Wi

. Graphical

screensho

. Project to

. Propertie

controls.

AMMING FU

PPROG

C

E IDE

: This sectio

the program

his window

ndow: This

object: This i

t it is a Form

olbar: This is

window: T

NDAMENTAL

OGRAAMMING FUND

MPUTER HA

n contains

.

ontains obje

indow may c

s the object

called by the

the place to

is is used t

and DATAB

MINGAMENTALS · 3

DWARE SERV

wide varie

cts that are

ontain a gra

which repres

default nam

navigate the

change or

ASE SYSTEM

DEPARRD

TRIMESTERS

ICING & VISU

y of option

laced on a F

hical object

ents what th

e "Form1".

different file

set the diffe

S

MENT Y 2010 - 2011

L GRAPHICS

for custom

rm or UserC

such as a For

e program w

in the proje

rent propert

izing the ID

ontrol.

m or UserCo

ill look like. I

ct.

ies of object

and

trol.

n this

s and







44 of 48

THE TOOLBOX

CHANGING PROPERTIES OF OBJECTS

Click an object on the form, or even the form, then properties of the item can be changed

on the right side of the screen.

Pointer

Label

Frame

Check Box

Combo Box

Horizontal Scroll Bar

Timer

Directory List Box

Shapes

Image Box

Object Linking

Embedding

Picture Box

Text Box

Command Button

O tion Button

List Box

Vertical Scroll Bar

Drive List Box

File List Box

Lines

Data Tool







45 of 48

RUNNING A PROGRAM

• Program Run: click "Start" in the standard toolbar (Play button), or pressing F5 on the

keyboard.

• Pause program run: click "Break" in the standard toolbar (Pause button), or pressing

Ctrl+Break on the keyboard.

o Allows editing the program while running.

• Stop program run: click "End" in the standard toolbar (Stop button).

GETTING INTO THE SOURCE CODE

Source code related to any visible object in the object window, including Forms, Controls,

UserControls, CommandButtons, TextBoxes can be accessed or viewed.

WAYS ON HOW TO ACCESS THE SOURCE CODE

Right‐click anywhere on a graphical object and select "View code".

Double‐‐click on the object.

Right‐click on the object in the Project Explorer window and select "View code".

CURRENT SOURCE CODE BEHIND THE SELECTED OBJECT

Option Explicit Private Sub Form_Load() End Sub

In this example, the cursor is currently between "Private Sub Form_Load()" and "End Sub"

because the object that was double‐clicked on was a "Form" and the default subroutine for

the IDE if there is nothing yet coded for that object is "Load()".









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Design your form accordingly. Set the properties like ClipControl and Caption for

the Form; BackColor, Alignment, Caption and Font for Label; Alignment, Font and

Text for Textbox; Caption for command button; and Name property for all the

controls added to the form.

PROGRAM CODE

Double Click Close Button and type the code below as needed:

Private Sub cmdClose_Click()

MsgBox "Thank you for using this program" ‘Display a message box

End ‘Terminate program run

End Sub

Double Click Display Button and type the code below as needed:

Private Sub cmdDisplay_Click()

lblMessage.Caption = lblMessage.Caption & txtName.Text & "!"

End Sub

RUNTIME VIEW






ENHANCING THE INTERFACE ABOVE

Documents

Programming Funda - Net & Graph