Progress towards attainment of EU Limit Values and PM2.5

London Air Quality Network Seminar

Progress towards attainment ofEU Limit Values and

PM2.5 measurement in Paris

21st September 2010

Véronique Ghersi, Airparif

Some key figures about the Ile-de-France region

Highly urbanized and densely populated:

- Ile-de-France region : 11 million inhabitants, 12 000 km2,

- Paris Agglomeration : 9.6 million inhabitants, 2600 km2, 4.5 million personal vehicles128 million km/day, 800 km of highways and express roads

⇒ IDF ~ 10 % of the national emissions

Meteorological conditions and landscape:good dispersion

LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010

Urbanized areas and pollutant emissions (example of NOx) …


Agglomeration of Paris :

High density of :� urbanization

� roads

� very high density in Parisand its agglomeration for all the pollutants

� decreasing density : a factor between 6 and 8 between Paris and the

surrounding rural areas

NOx

PM10

Emission density: specificity of the Paris agglomerati on

Specificity of the emission density in the Paris ag glomeration:

- very high emission density localized on a restrict ed area, - amount of pollutants emitted per inhabitant lower than in most of the French

regions - Situation comparable to London

Nox Emission density (2000)


Public exposure in Ile-de-France in 2009 :

exposed to an air > EU Limit Value 2010*

about 3.4 million of citizens

= 31% of population ,

= 2000 km (~ 20% of the modelisedroad network)

* 40 µg/m3 annual mean

Urbanized areas and public exposure : NO 2

Limit Value 2010 :40 µg/m 3

Limit Value 2009 :42 µg/m 3

µg/m3

Exceedances mainly in highly populated areas


Situation towards European standards and trends


Trend

2000-2009 Limit Value

Target Value

Far from

traffic

Near

traffic

Far from

traffic

Near

traffic

Far from

traffic

Near

traffic

PM10 � � Exceed Exceed

PM2.5 � � Comply Exceed Comply Exceed

NO2 � � Exceed Exceed

O3 � Comply

Benzen � � Comply Comply

Benzene

Situation towards European standards and trends


27

33

21

36

42

90

27

22

70

32

42

80

27

52

21

19

21

98

19

81

73

20

1 21

2 22

21

72

14

3 16

11

48

14

61

71

12

21

09

90

76 8

27

66

96

64

1 50

47

43 46

32

25

22 2

82

52

11

91

61

2 14

13

13

10

10

6 8 5

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08

µg

/m3

Méthode de mesure :

Acidité forte jusqu'en 1993

Dioxyde de soufre

depuis 1994

sur un échantillon

évolutif de stations

urbaines

� no longer issues

SO2

22

40

0

33

60

0

26

30

0

27

00

0

18

20

0

16

60

0

14

70

0

17

70

0

10

90

0

99

00

79

00

67

00

59

00

49

00

42

00

45

00

48

00

30

00

33

00

24

00

25

00

28

00

29

00

35

00

18

00

27

00

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

µg

/m3

Agglomeration Traffic stations Agglomeration - Background stations

Limit Value since 2002

10000 µg/m3

CO

8

Benzene : an issue near traffic only

3129.8 29.3

26.4

24

20.2

11.810.1

8.5 7.66.3 5.4 4.6 3.8 3.6 3.7

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

µg

/m3

EU Limit Value 2010 : 5 µg/m3

LV 2001-2005

10 µg/m3

LV 2009

6 µg/m3


• End of a long period of decrease

• Compliance with EU Limit Value (6 µg/m3)

• French Quality Objective (2 µg/m3) exceeded

over less than 1000 km of roads, 1 million people con cerned

Ann

ualm

ean

(Bas

chtr

affic

stat

ion)


84

10

1

10

3

10

0

10

2

98

97

95

92 94

10

3

10

2

10

4

10

0 10

4

10

5 11

3

62

69

65

62 6

6

64

61

57

53

48

56

46 48

47

47

43 45

18

18 19 21

19

17

13 15

15 16 2

0

16

16

15

14

13

12

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

µg

/m3

Agglomeration

Trafic stations

Agglomeration

Background Stations

Out of agglomeration

Background Stations

EU Limit Value

Focus on key pollutants : NO2

� 2010 EU Limit Value exceeded:• Near and far from road traffic(270 km2, ~ 20% of the modelised road network)

• Traffic stations: twice above the EU Limit Value

Max

imum

Ann

ualm

ean


• Traffic stations: rather stable levels

Mea

nov

er 3

yea

rs

85 85 84 84 83 84 83 84 83 84 84 85

0

20

40

60

80

100

1996-

1998

1997-

1999

1998-

2000

1999-

2001

2000-

2002

2001-

2003

2002-

2004

2003-

2005

2004-

2006

2005-

2007

2006-

2008

2007-

2009

µg

/m3

Agglomeration Background Stations Agglomeration Traffic stations

Focus on key pollutants : NO2

11

Focus on key pollutants : Particles

Ann

ualM

ean

in P

aris

agg

lom

erat

ion

• General improvement (background + traffic) since 1997: -18% in background and -32% in traffic conditions

• But stable since 2000

4750

4650

24282826

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

µg

/m3

TEOM Traffic FDMS Traffic TEOM Background FDMS Background

Change of monitoring method

EU Limit Value: 40 µg/m3

since 2005


236132

9997

9455

3232302826262424232119

16151514

0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245

Autoroute A1 Saint-Denis

Boulevard périphérique Auteuil

RN2 Pantin

Place Victor Basch

Avenue des Champs Elysées

RN6 Melun

Gennevilliers

Bobigny

La Défense

Paris 18ème

Issy-les-Moulineaux

Gonesse (P)

Paris 1er les Halles

Nogent-sur-Marne

Vitry-sur-Seine

Melun (P)

Lognes

Cergy-Pontoise

Zone rurale Sud-Est - Forêt de Fontainebleau

Zone rurale Ouest - Prunay-le-Temple

Zone rurale Sud - Bois-Herpin

Nombre de jours

EU Limit Value

35 exceedances

traffic stations urban and suburban (P) rural stations

PM10 in 2009

� Limit value (35 days > 50 µg/m3)widely exceeded near traffic

12

Nb of days > 50 µg/m3


220149

11080

3938

3433333333

292727252423

1716

0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245

Autoroute A1 Saint-Denis

Boulevard périphérique Auteuil

Place Victor Basch

Avenue des Champs Elysées

La Défense

Gennevilliers

Issy-les-Moulineaux


Paris 18ème

Bobigny

Vitry-sur-Seine

Nogent-sur-Marne

Tremblay-en-France (P)

Lognes

Gonesse (P)

Cergy-Pontoise

Melun (P)

Zone rurale Sud-Est - Forêt de

Zone rurale Ouest - Prunay-le-Temple

Nombre de jours

EU Limit Value

35 exceedances

traffic stations urban and suburban (P) rural stations

PM10 in 2007

Nb of days > 50 µg/m3

13

� Limit value (35 days > 50 µg/m3)also exceeded

�on 2 background stations


Risk of exceedance of the PM10 daily limit value

Risque de dépassement des 35 jours supérieurs ou égaux à

50 µg/m3 en PM10Dépassement certain

Dépassement vraisemblable

Dépassement peuprobable

Aucun risque

Risque de dépassement des 35 jours supérieurs ou égaux à

50 µg/m3 en PM10Dépassement certain

Dépassement vraisemblable

Dépassement peuprobable

Aucun risque No riskNo risk

Unlikelyexceedance

Likelyexceedance

Risk of exceedance of

35 days >= 50 µgm 3

Certain exceedance

14

Public exposure in Ile-de-France :2,8 million of citizens

exposed to an air > limit value (daily mean > 50 µg/m3 more than 35 days a year) in 2009


15LAQN Seminar – King’s College London – 21st September 2010

18

16

14

33

22

21

21

21

30

14

0 10 20 30 40 50

Ring Road Auteuil

Bobigny


Gennevilliers

Vitry-sur-Seine

[PM2.5] µg/m3

2008 2007

Traffic station Agglomeration Urban stations

Focus on key pollutants : Particles

PM2.5 Annual Mean

EU Limit Value 2009

EU Limit Value 2015 andEU Target Value 2010

EU Limit Value 2020

US Standard EPA and French target value 2010OMS Guideline

Emissions

Road transport: Major contributor to the pollutants emissions in Il e-de-France

� 50 % of the NOx and CO regional emissions,

� about 25% of the PM10 regional emissions


0%

4%

7%

2%

53%

20%

3%

6%

5%

Extraction, transformation anddistribution of EnergyManufacturing Industry

Waste treatment

Residential and tertiary sector

Road traffic (including gasstations)Rail and river transports

Airport platform

Agriculture

Natural emissions

Natural emissions : 0%

2%

1%

2%

0%25%

15%

30%

25%

Traitement des déchets : < 1 %Emissions naturelles : 0 %

NOx PM10

Pollution episodes

Winter pollution Winter pollution episodesepisodes(NO2 and (NO2 and particlesparticles -- 24 dec 2007)24 dec 2007)

AQ Index = 10 AQ Index = 10

ViewView fromfrom the 3rd the 3rd floorfloor of the Eiffel of the Eiffel TowerTower


Winter pollution episodes in 2007PM10 Site of Gennevilliers (background)

10/0

4/20

07

12/0

4/20

07

14/0

4/20

07

16/0

4/20

07

18/0

4/20

07

20/0

4/20

07

22/0

4/20

07

24/0

4/20

07

26/0

4/20

07

28/0

4/20

07

30/0

4/20

07

02/0

5/20

07

50 µg/m3 = seuil de la valeur limite journalière :35 dépassements maximum par an

April

50

100

150

µg/m 3

15/1

2/20

0716

/12/

2007

17/1

2/20

0718

/12/

2007

19/1

2/20

0720

/12/

2007

21/1

2/20

0722

/12/

2007

23/1

2/20

0724

/12/

2007

25/1

2/20

0726

/12/

2007

27/1

2/20

0728

/12/

2007

29/1

2/20

0730

/12/

2007

31/1

2/20

07

50

100

150

µg/m 3

December

TEOM Data

FDMS – TEOM (semi-volatile PM)

Daily mean PM10 concentrations


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

01/1

2/20

0702

/12/

2007

03/1

2/20

0704

/12/

2007

05/1

2/20

0706

/12/

2007

07/1

2/20

0708

/12/

2007

09/1

2/20

0710

/12/

2007

11/1

2/20

0712

/12/

2007

13/1

2/20

0714

/12/

2007

15/1

2/20

0716

/12/

2007

17/1

2/20

0718

/12/

2007

19/1

2/20

0720

/12/

2007

21/1

2/20

0722

/12/

2007

23/1

2/20

0724

/12/

2007

25/1

2/20

0726

/12/

2007

27/1

2/20

0728

/12/

2007

29/1

2/20

0730

/12/

2007

31/1

2/20

07

µg/m3

50 µg/m3 = seuil de la valeur limite journalière :35 dépassements maximum par an

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

01/1

2/07

03/1

2/07

05/1

2/07

07/1

2/07

09/1

2/07

11/1

2/07

13/1

2/07

15/1

2/07

17/1

2/07

19/1

2/07

21/1

2/07

23/1

2/07

25/1

2/07

27/1

2/07

29/1

2/07

31/1

2/07

ng/m

3

PM10 ; Episode of december 2007

Continental contribution and local sources (combusti on)

Benzo(a)pyren

PM2.5

PM 2.5-10

Daily mean concentrations


Urban stationTraffic station

Everyone has the right to breath an air which is not harmful to healthImplementation of the air quality monitoring networks and public information in France

French regulation


The French air act - 30th December 1996

3 AQ action plans

PRQA PPA PDU

AQ regional plan

Region

Diagnostic +Recommendations

to improve air quality

Atmosphere protection plan

For cities > 250 000 inhab. &Areas that do not respect legislation

From PRQA orientationsMandatory mitigation measures

to limit the emissions (focus on NO2 / O3 / PM10)

Urban mobility plan

For cities > 100 000 inhab.

Urban mobility managementPromote alternative

transportation modes more environmental friendly

2009 2006 � review in 2011 2006 � under review

Regional Council DRIRE (Regional State agency) Municipalities

French regulation


Grenelle Act

SRCAE Particles Plan ZAPA

Regional plan for Climate, Air and Energy

Replace PRQA

Objective :

Reduce PM2.5 emissions of30% by 2015

Objective : 15 µg/m 3 for PM2.5

Target value since 2010

Limit value since 2015

Priority actions areas for Air

Experimental areasto test mitigation measures

for the reduction ofPM and NOx emissions

Test over 3 years(Municipalities)

Grenelle 1 (2009): overall objectives of the government’s environmental programme

Grenelle 2 (2010): application text over 45 measures

Paris Action plans : PDP (Paris Travel Plan, 2006) ; PLU (Local Plan for Urbanism, 2006) ;

“Grand Paris” Project (2010)

Traffic change in Paris between 2002 and 2007

Traffic change in Paris due to modifications of the road network(traffic restriction, separated bus lanes, tram …):

- Cars : - 15%- Powered 2 Wheels : + 25%- Buses (public transports): + 10%- LDV : + 25%- HDV : - 11%- Buses (tourism) : - 11%

Source of the data: traffic department (Direction de la Voirie)- Municipality of Paris


Paris Action Plans

23

Study built on the example of Berlin :Lenshow approach, developped in Berlin in 2001

Improve the knowledge of airborne particles sources in IdF and provideinformation to local authorities to build action plans in order to reduce PM

levels and so public exposure :

1/ assessment of the respective proportions of particules due to

sources located outside the region and those produced and formedlocally (local action plans)

2/ assessment of the contribution of the main sectors to PM levelsat these different scales

PM2.5 Source apportionment


24

RURAL BACKGROUND

Rural areas

Urban areas

TRAFFIC & LOCAL SOURCES

Methodology

µgm3

Based on the assumption that :atmospheric PM concentrations = addition of geographical contributions

?

?

?

?

URBAN BACKGROUND

SUBURBAN BACKGROUND


25

on different sites representative of

local traffic, urban & regional background levels

Monitoring of PM main chemical components

Paris (urban background)Traffic hot-spot

Rural background North-West

Rural background South

Rural background North-East

Villemomble (suburban background)


26

+ 2 stations PM2.5 & PM10+ 4 stations PM2.5

Chemical Analysis - LSCE

QMA filters : EC, OC, BC, WSOC

PTFE filters : PM, IONS, METALS (Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, As), SUGARS (Levoglucosan)

24-hours sampling every day during one year (September 2009 � 2010)

Constitution of an exhaustive aerosol data base

Monitoring of PM main chemical components


27

2- Average on winter / summer months and the whole year

Methodology

1- Day by day analysis according to meteorological con ditions


[Rural] representative for outside contribution[Urban] - [Rural] representative for city centre contribution[Traffic] - [Urban] representative for local traffic contribution

3- Source apportionment : coupling with emissions inventori es and PMF

Results expected in June 2011

28

Thank you for your attention !

www.airparif.asso.fr

Documents

Progress towards attainment of EU Limit Values and PM2.5