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Progressive ReformsRoosevelt and Wilson
Taking it to the People
T.R. utilized the Bully Pulpit Spoke directly to
the Am. Public Influenced
legislation w/public support
T.R. Reinvented the Presidency Principal policy maker
Drafted, guided, and made policy
Mastery of administration Conscious, astute
management of the press Crafted his image Strategically leaked stories Froze out others Invented idea of the first
family
“I hold that while man exists it is his duty to improve not only his own
condition, but to assist in ameliorating mankind.”
- Abraham Lincoln
“Labor is prior to, and independent of, capital. Capital is only the fruit of labor, and could never have existed
if labor had not first existed. Labor is the superior of capital, and deserves
much the higher consideration.”
- Abraham Lincoln
The First Modern President Evolving role: Act as
steward of the people Believed in using public
power to promote the general welfare
Pres. Had responsibility to public welfare
Gov’t as a Weapon of Reform Gov’t grew in scope
and in shape Local: City councils State: Direction
election of senators National: New
Departments
New Nationalism Roosevelt: gov’t must
regulate business Individualism and old-
fashioned democracy had failed
Protect welfare of public Good vs. Bad Trusts
Domestic Agenda Roosevelt promised
Americans a “Square Deal” Giving Americans a fair
shake by restoring opportunity
Intended a society where businesses profited by fair competition -- not at the expense of the average American.
Pure Food and Drug Act
Northern Securities Case, 1901 First example of anti-trust
actionRailroad Co. in N. Pacific Applied Sherman Anti-
Trust Act, Co. broken up J.P. Morgan, “If we have
done anything wrong, send your man to my man and they can fix it up.”
Coal Strike of 1902 Roosevelt threatened
gov’t intervention, forced owners to negotiate Reversed previous
precedent
“Social advance depends as much upon the process through which it is secured as upon the result itself”
- Jane Addams
“America’s future will be determined by the home and the school. The child becomes largely what he is taught; hence we must watch what we teach and how we live.”
- Jane Adams
Social/Moral Reform Goal: Protect social
welfare and promote moral improvement Sought to improve the
harsh conditions of industrialization.
Child labor, working conditions, etc.
Social Welfare, settlement house movement Jane Addams
Jane Addams: Social Reformer “To teach by example,
to practice cooperation, and to practice social democracy, that is, egalitarian, or democratic, social relations across class lines."
Umpire of the Economy Woodrow Wilson took
a conservative and traditional approach Gov’t as an “umpire” to
free business from monopolies
Restore competition Promoted individualism,
open opportunity
Wilson’s Triple Wall of Privilege
TrustsTariffsBanks
Trusts: Federal Trade
Commission: Oversight Board to promote free trade, prevent monopolies
Trusts: Clayton Anti-Trust
Act: Protected strikes,
picketing, and collective bargaining
Tariffs: Reduced tariffs Graduated income tax
introduced, 16th Amendment
Banks: Federal Reserve Act
Created 12 districts with Federal Banks
Designed to stabilize system
Progressive Era Legacy… Strengthened the role of the federal gov’t
Controversial: bureaucracy vs. safety/welfare of the public
Permanent political reforms Reform efforts limited to urban issues Did not address Civil Rights