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Marquette University | Milwaukee School of Engineering | Purdue University | University of California, Merced | University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign | University of Minnesota |
Vanderbilt University
Project 16FT1: Simulation, Rheology and
Efficiency of Polymer Enhanced Solutions
Ashlie Martini
University of California Merced
&
Paul Michael
Milwaukee School of Engineering
CCEFP Webinar
October 14, 2016
2
Research Strategy
Project Goal: Bridge the gap between fundamental behavior of polymer
enhanced fluids and the performance of complex fluid power systems
Hydraulic
Efficiency
Solution
Rheology
Molecular
Structure
3
Today’s PresentationNext Steps
Sept 2016: Complete dynamometer
testing of shear stable PMA - MSOE
• Fall 2016: Perform MD and rheology
tests on PIB polymer-containing
solutions – UC Merced
• Spring 2017: Test PIB polymer-
containing fluids in dyno - MSOE
Part I: Characterization of the effect
viscosity and shear stability on flow
losses for fluids with PMA additives
Part II: Development of methods to
study the effect of concentration and
polymer entanglement on viscosity of
fluids with PIB additives
4
Part I: Efficiency-Rheology
Fluid ID HM46-6 HV46-5 HV46-8 HM46-7
Base Oil Group III Group III Group III Group II
4 cSt base oil 54% 54% NA
8 cSt base oil 100% 32% 32% NA
Polymer nil PMA PMA nil
Antiwear additive ZDDP ZDDP ZDDP ZDDP
• Four ISO viscosity grade 46 antiwear hydraulic fluids
• Zinc-based antiwear additive
• Two straight-grade fluids with Newtonian viscosity characteristics
• HM46-6 and HM46-7
• Two multigrade fluids with non-Newtonian viscosity characteristics
• HV46-5 and HV46-8
• Same ratio of 4cSt and 8cSt Group III base oils
• Different polyalkylmethacrylate (PAMA) polymers
• Low shear stability and high shear stability
5
Fluid Viscosity
HV46-5 HV46-8
Multi-grade, PMA
Additive
HM46-6
Straight-grade,
no PMA
ASTM D2196-15: Standard Test
Methods for Rheological Properties of
Non-Newtonian Materials by Rotational
Viscometer
6
Shear Stability
ASTM D5621 - Standard
Test Method for Sonic
Shear Stability of
Hydraulic Fluids
Fluid ID Method HM46-6 HV46-5 HV46-8 HM46-7
Kin Vis 40C, cSt D445 before shear 44.63 49.00 49.35 47.42
Kin Vis 40C, cSt D5621 after shear 44.39 42.78 44.84 46.85
Kin Vis 100C, cSt D445 before shear 7.39 10.56 9.89 7.09
Kin Vis 100C, cSt D5621 after shear 7.36 8.85 8.90 7.05
Vis Loss, % Change at 100C 0.4 16.2 10.0 0.6
UCM Abs Vis 40C, mPa*s rheometer 37.46 40.91 41.49
UCM Abs Vis 100C, mPa*s rheometer 5.60 8.15 7.66
UCM Kin Vis 40C, cSt rheometer 44.19 48.16 48.76
UCM Kin Vis 100C, cSt rheometer 6.89 10.01 9.40
Density, g/ml 15C pycnometer 0.8477 0.8496 0.8510 0.8617
Density, g/ml 40C pycnometer 0.8308 0.8333 0.8341 0.8456
Density, g/ml 70C pycnometer 0.8125 0.8146 0.8151 0.8275
Density, g/ml 100C pycnometer 0.7940 0.7957 0.7963 0.8093
100 C
16.2%
10.0%
formulators.dynavis.com
7
Motors: Danfoss Series 90Modified ISO 4392-11000 to 4000 psi
Pump: Danfoss Series 45Modified ISO 4409Axial piston pumpVariable displacement800, 1200, and 1800 rpm50⁰C and 80⁰C inlet temp
Simulate – Polymer solutions under conditions of varying temperature, pressure and shear
Formulate – Synthetic and conventional hydraulic fluids
Evaluate – Fluids in the pumps, motors, rheometers and tribometers
Model – Model pump leakage flow and motor torque losses
Dynamometer
8
Circuit Schematic
9
HM46-6 vs HV46-5 HM46-7 vs HV46-8
Effect of Pressure
10
HM46-6 vs HV46-5 HM46-7 vs HV46-8
Mean Flow Loss
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Effect of Shear Stability
HM46-6 vs HV46-5 HM46-7 vs HV46-8
12
Relevance of Shear Stability
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Viscosity and Flow Loss
Correlation: 0.63
Correlation: 0.60
HV46-5
HV46-8
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Part I Summary
• The ASTM D5621 sonic shear test provided a good indication of
the initial rate of permanent viscosity loss for PAMA containing
multigrade oils
• There appears to be a weak correlation between permanent
viscosity loss and system flow losses
Hydraulic
Efficiency
Solution
Rheology
15
Part II: Rheology-Molecules
Initial Objectives:
• Characterize the effect of molecular weight and partially validate model
• Explore the effect of entanglement on VM-induced thickening
Test Fluids:
• Additive: Polyisobutylene (PIB)
• Base Oil: PAO 2
Goal:
• Correlate molecular structure of
viscosity modifiers to viscous
properties of additive-basestock blend
Solution
RheologyMolecular
Structure
16
Polymers
PIB 4000
PIB 1300
PIB 2500
PIB1300 PIB2500 PIB4000
# of Repeat Units 24 45 72
Molecular Weight (g/mol) 1348.61 2526.88 4041.79
Model of three different
molecular weight polymers
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Model Systems
• 43 PAO2
• 2.4 X 2.4 X 4.8 nm3
• 80 PAO2
• 3.0 X 3.0 X 6.0 nm3
2 nm 2 nm 2 nm
• 129 PAO2
• 3.49 X 3.49 X 6.99 nm3
PIB1300
PIB2500
PIB4000All models at 10 wt.%
18
Calculating Viscosity
η(λ) =η0
[1 + (λγ)2]p
Carreau
Equation
η0
19
Viscosity ResultsPIB1300 PIB2500
PIB4000 PAO
20
Partial Validation
www.ineos.com
Kin
em
atic V
isco
sity (
cS
t)
Measurements for direct comparison coming soon…
21
Exploring Entanglement
Less viscous? More viscous?
Hypothesis: More entanglement = higher viscosity
Test models:
• Same concentration and total
PIB MW
• Entanglement possible in one
model and on the other
• Compare viscosity and degree
of entanglement
3 x PIB1300 1 x PIB4000
vs.
22
Next Steps
• Characterize the effect of PIB molecular weight
• Quantify entanglement of multi-PIB models and
characterize the effect on viscosity enhancement
• Create models with different concentrations to explore
concentration effect
• Measure viscosity (rheometer) PIB-PAO2 blends at
different concentrations with different PIB molecular
weights
• Test flow loss behavior of PIB containing
fluids on dynamometer
23
Thank you for your kind attention!
Thank you Pascal Society!
