Project Chemistry Xi

8/12/2019 Project Chemistry Xi

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PROJECTON

GREEN CHEMISTRY


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my chemistry teacher Mr.

WILLIAM LAZUR for helping me to complete the

project. I would also thank my parents and my

sister to provide me with my requirements

regarding this project.

KOUSHALI BANERJEE

XII


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1.INTRODUCTION

2.GREEN CHEMISTRY EDUCATION

3.BIO-DIESEL USING RENEWABLE RESOURCES

3.1 BLENDS

3.2 APPLICATIONS

3.3 PROPERTIES

4.BIOPETROL

4.1 MARKET AND ANALYSIS

4.2 TECHNOLOGY

5.CONCLUSION

6.BIBLIOGRAPHY


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introductionGreen chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is aphilosophy of chemical research and engineering thatencourages the design of products and processes thatminimize the use and generation of hazardoussubstances. Whereas environmental chemistry is the

chemistry of the natural environment, and of pollutantchemicals in nature, green chemistry seeks to reduceand prevent pollution at its source.

As a chemical philosophy, green chemistry applies toorganic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry,analytical chemistry, and even physical chemistry.While green chemistry seems to focus on industrial

applications, it does apply to any chemistry choice.Click chemistry is often cited as a style of chemicalsynthesis that is consistent with the goals of greenchemistry. The focus is on minimizing the hazard andmaximizing the efficiency of any chemical choice. It is


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distinct from environmental chemistry which focuseson chemical phenomena in the environment.

In 2005 Ryji Noyori identified three key developments

in green chemistry: use of supercritical carbon dioxideas green solvent, aqueous hydrogen peroxide for cleanoxidations and the use of hydrogen in asymmetricsynthesis. Examples of applied green chemistry aresupercritical water oxidation, on water reactions, and

dry media reactions.

Bioengineering is also seen as apromising technique for achievinggreen chemistry goals. A number ofimportant process chemicals can besynthesized in engineered organisms,such as shikimate, a Tamiflu

precursor which is fermented byRoche in bacteria.

The term green chemistry was coined by Paul Anastasin 1991. However, it has been suggested that theconcept was originated by Trevor Kletz in his 1978paper where he proposed that chemists should seek

alternative processes to those involving moredangerous substances and Green chemistry:technologies of the invention, design and applicationof chemical products and processes to reduce or toeliminate the use and generation of hazardous


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substances ,and where possible utilize renewable rawmaterials conditions.

As human beings --- we are part of the environment

The way in which we interact with our environmentinfluences the quality of our lives Green chemistry, iscalled also Benign chemistry or clean chemistry forsustainability

reen chemistry education

A key to sustain the development of new educationalmaterials

Chemistry students need to be encouraged toconsider the principles of green chemistry whendesigning processes and choosing reagents

Interactive Teaching Units (ITU) have beendeveloped specifically to introduce undergraduatestudents to green chemistry

There are numerous scholarships and grantsavailable for researchers and young scholars whoare furthering the goals of green chemistry


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Some examples of green chemistry are as follows:-

Example 1:

Disinfection of water by chlorination.

Chlorine oxidizes the pathogens there by killing them,but at the same time forms harmful chlorinatedcompounds.

A remedy is to use another oxidant, such as

O3or supercritical water oxidation


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Example 2:

Production of allyl alcohol CH2=CHCH2OH

Traditional route: Alkaline hydrolysis of allyl chloride,which generates the product and hydrochloric acid as aby-product

Greener route, to avoid chlorine: Two-step usingpropylene (CH2=CHCH3), acetic acid (CH3COOH) andoxygen (O2)


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Added benefit: The acetic acid produced in the 2ndreaction can be recovered and used again for the 1streaction, leaving no unwanted by-product.

Example 3:

Production of styrene (=benzene ring with CH=CH2tail)

Traditional route: Two-step method starting withbenzene, which is carcinogenic) and ethylene to formethylbenzene, followed by dehydrogenation to obtainstyrene

Greener route: To avoid benzene, start with xylene(cheapest source of aromatics and environmentallysafer than benzene).


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Another option, still under development, is to startwith toluene (benzene ring with CH3 tail).

Biodiesel using renewableresourcesBiodiesel refers to a vegetable oil- or animal fat-baseddiesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, ethyl,

or propyl) esters. Biodiesel is typically made bychemically reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil, animalfat with an alcohol producing fatty acid esters.

Biodiesel is meant to be used in standard diesel enginesand is thus distinct from the vegetable and waste oils

used to fuel converted diesel engines. Biodiesel can beused alone, or blended with petrodiesel. Biodiesel canalso be used as a low carbon alternative to heating oil.


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The National Biodiesel Board (USA) also has atechnical definition of "biodiesel" as a mono-alkyl ester

BlendsBlends of biodiesel and conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel are products most commonly distributedfor use in the retail diesel fuel marketplace. Much ofthe world uses a system known as the "B" factor to statethe amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix:

100% biodiesel is referred to as B100, while

20% biodiesel, 80% petrodiesel is labeled B20

5% biodiesel, 95% petrodiesel is labeled B5

2% biodiesel, 98% petrodiesel is labeled B2.

Blends of 20% biodiesel and lower can be used in dieselequipment with no, or only minor modifications,although certain manufacturers do not extend

warranty coverage if equipment is damaged by theseblends. The B6 to B20 blends are covered by the ASTMD7467 specification. Biodiesel can also be used in itspure form (B100), but may require certain enginemodifications to avoid maintenance and performance


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problems. Blending B100 with petroleum diesel may beaccomplished by:

Mixing in tanks at manufacturing point prior todelivery to tanker truck

Splash mixing in the tanker truck (adding specificpercentages of biodiesel and petroleum diesel)

In-line mixing, two components arrive at tanker trucksimultaneously.

Metered pump mixing, petroleum diesel and biodieselmeters are set to X total volume, transfer pump pullsfrom two points and mix is complete on leaving pump.

pplications


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Biodiesel can be used in pure form (B100) or may beblended with petroleum diesel at any concentration inmost injection pump diesel engines. New extreme high-

pressure (29,000 psi) common rail engines have strictfactory limits of B5 or B20, depending onmanufacturer.[citation needed] Biodiesel has differentsolvent properties than petrodiesel, and will degradenatural rubber gaskets and hoses in vehicles (mostlyvehicles manufactured before 1992), although thesetend to wear out naturally and most likely will have

already been replaced with FKM, which is nonreactiveto biodiesel. Biodiesel has been known to break downdeposits of residue in the fuel lines where petrodieselhas been used. As a result, fuel filters may becomeclogged with particulates if a quick transition to purebiodiesel is made. Therefore, it is recommended tochange the fuel filters on engines and heaters shortly

after first switching to a biodiesel blend.


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PropertiesBiodiesel has better lubricating properties and muchhigher cetane ratings than today's lower sulfur dieselfuels. Biodiesel addition reduces fuel system wear, andin low levels in high pressure systems increases the lifeof the fuel injection equipment that relies on the fuelfor its lubrication. Depending on the engine, this mightinclude high pressure injection pumps, pump injectors(also called unit injectors) and fuel injectors.


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biopetrolBIO-PETROL Introduction Measures to be

implemented to resolve the problem of sewage sludgethat contain a high degree of organic matter couldprimarily aim at recycling it through a thermochemical pyrolysis process in order to recoverhydrocarbons that make up the structure of sewagesludge. Pyrolysis of sewage sludge produces oil, gas andchar products. The pyrolysis oils have also been shown

to contain valuable chemicals in significantconcentrations and hence may have the potential to beused as chemical feedstock. The production of a liquidproduct increases the ease of handling, storage andtransport. The technology, improved by BioPetrol Ltd.(patent pending) is capable of processing carbonwastes, other than sewage sludge, including agri-

wastes, bagasse, pulp and paper residues, tannerysludge and other end-of-life products such as plastics,tires and the organics in municipal solid waste.Theprocess of low temperature thermochemicalconversion of municipal sewage sludge to oil is a newtechnology in developed countries. The amount ofinvestment is still less than the amount invested in the

sewage sludge incineration process, and theoperational economy of the process is obviouslysuperior to incineration. The BioPetrol, Ltd. integratedthermochemical process (patent pending) recoversabout 1,100,000 Kcal from each 283 kg of sewage sludge


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90% D.S. after the thermal evaporating of 717kg waterfrom each dewatered ton (1,000 kg) of sewage sludge26% D.S. The BioPetrol process begins with sewage

sludge at 90% D.S. Sewage sludge drying equipment isused commonly for the evaporative removal ofinterstitial water from the sludge. Numerous dryingtechnologies exist on the market.

Market nalysis and StrategyThree potential products/services:


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Disposal of Sewage Sludge Disposal of sewagesludge comprises over 30% of wastewatertreatment plants budget. Customers of this

service are local communities. They are willing topay top dollar for the disposal of their sludge. Forexample: Holland $50-$90 per ton, U.S., Canadaand Australia, up to $150 per ton. The US produces25 million tons of sludge annually (2001).

Synthetic Crude Oil Excess crude oil, beyondwhat is being recirculated to run equipment A+B isabout 30 kg per 1 ton sewage sludge 90% D.S. Oilenergy = 8,900 Kcal/kg same as diesel oil used inheavy industry. There are references inprofessional literature to numerous valuablechemicals in significant concentration that arepresent in pyrolysis oils. BioPetrol Ltd has on

board, as a shareholder, an internationallyrenowned scientist-academician to address thisissue.

Selling the Technology With the completion ofthe development of the process and equipment forits operation, BioPetrol. Ltd. will have the

technology to sell to world markets. Potentialmarkets are water authorities, municipalities,wastewater treatment plants, entrepreneurs,sewage sludge disposal contractors, sludge dryingoperators. BioPetrol, ltd. has been awarded a


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grant of $300,000 for a period of 2 years by IsraelsOffice of the Chief Scientist to conduct advancedR&D. The company has concluded and proved the

viability of the process and is now on the verge ofconstructing a demonstration pilot for acontinuous process. BioPetrol is seeking aninvestment of US$400,000 for the completion ofthe demonstration pilot. A business plan isavailable for further details.

TechnologyThe technological processes at issue in the Bio-Petrolproject belong to the sphere of liquefying carbon-richsolid fuels. The liquefaction processes common today

comprise two stages:

1. Thermal breakdown of the molecular structure tocreate radical fractions different in size.


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2. Stabilization of the radicals by recombiningthemselves or by redistribution of hydrogen from theraw material itself or by hydrogen that is introduced

from outside (molecular hydrogen or from hydrogen-donor matter).

Bio-Petrol Company has carried out R&D work whichhas resulted in the formulation of a suitable processfor producing synthetic oil from sewage sludge withlarger output than that obtained from the commonprocess-i.e. pyrolysis. By integrating familiarliquefaction methods the company developed a processof high utilization of the organic matter that is in thesewage sludge that produces oil and gas in largerquantities and of better quality.


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CONCLUSION

Chemists Must Place a Major Focus on the

Environmental Consequences of Chemical

Products and the Processes by which these

Products are made.

We must consider our chemical

ecological footprint.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY


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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Koushali Banerjee of class

12thstudying in Indian School Dar-es-salaam has

completed her project under my guidance and

supervision.

William Lazur

.


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Project Chemistry Xi