ENVIRONMENT

EFL-400 Words at Work Section 1 /6

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Preface

This e- book is part of Words at Work (EFL-400) and a package of project 2. The topic is about environment. The scope of the report has been defined for learn about environment and then this project have knowledge about knowledge of words, part of speech, meaning of words, collocation and synonym.

We choose those words because it is interesting and have knowledge for the reader. We hope this project to help you and have benefit for all people.

By

Nuttanicha Dulyakaran

Pathamawadee Boonnontae

Suthathip Suwannapong

Chanikan Deesalam

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Table of Content Content Page

Experiencing words at work 5

Article 6

NOUN

Advocate 9

Agenda 10

Crises 11

Cancellation 12

Climate 13

Disaster 14

Decision 15

Danger 16

Earth 17

Fossil 18

Fuel 19

Heat 20

Institute 21

Portion 22

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Content Page

Planet 23

Programme 24

Physicist 25

Ranchers 26

Shortages 27

Skeptics 28

Territory 29

Temperatures 30

Wherewithal 31

VERB

Abandon 32

Celebrated 33

Expressed 34

Measure 35

Offset 36

Occur 37

ADJECTIVE

Alert 38

Competent 39

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Content Page

Criticize 40

Dramatic 41

Drastic 42

Extreme 43

Frank 44

Forced 45

Nuclear 46

Outspoken 47

Political 48

Significant 49

Undeniable 50

Warming 51

ADVERB

Effectively 52

Publicly 53

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Experiencing words at work

---------------------------------------------

Environment

EFL-400

Words at Work

Section 1 /6

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Global warning: climate sceptics are winning the battle

Climate sceptics are winning the argument with the public over global warming, the world's most celebrated climate scientist, James Hansen of NASA, said in London yesterday.

It is happening even though climate science itself is becoming ever clearer in showing that the earth is in increasing danger from rising temperatures, said Dr Hansen, who heads NASA's Goddard Institute of Space Studies, and is widely thought of as "the father of global warming" – his dramatic alert about climate change in US Senate hearings in July 1988 put the issue on the world agenda.

Since then he has been one of the most outspoken advocates of drastic climate action, and yesterday he also publicly criticised Germany's recent decision to abandon its new nuclear power programme, formerly a key part of German climate measures, in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan earlier this year.

"I think it was a big mistake," he said. "And I think the Prime Minister [German Chancellor Angela Merkel] knows that, as she's a physicist, but I think the political reality is she couldn't stay in office if she expressed that opinion."

In a briefing at the Royal Society , Dr Hansen, pictured, was frank about the success with public opinion of what he termed "the climate contrarians", in effectively lessening public concern about global warming. He said: "They have been winning the argument for several years, even though the science has become clearer.

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"There's been a very strong campaign by those who want to continue fossil fuel 'business as usual', and the scientific story has not been powerful enough to offset that push."

Part of the problem, he said, was that the climate sceptic lobby employed communications professionals, whereas "scientists are just barely competent at communicating with the public and don't have the wherewithal to do it."

The result was, he said, that in recent years "a gap has opened between what is understood about global warming by the relevant scientific community, and what's known by the people who need to know – and that's the public. However there's nothing that has happened to reduce our scientific conclusion that we are pushing the system into very dangerous territory, in fact that conclusion has become stronger over that same time period."

Asked if anything might re-alert the public to the dangers of climate change, Dr Hansen said: "Mother Nature."

Significant climatic "extreme events" were now occurring over 10 to 15 per cent of the planet annually, whereas between 1950 to 1980 they occurred over less than 1 per cent. He added: "So in places like Texas this year, Moscow last year, and Europe in 2003, the climate change is so big that they are undeniable. Within 10 to 15 years they're going to occur over 15 to 20 per cent of the planet, so people have to notice that the climate is changing."

Burning issue: Hansen's evidence that the world is hotting up

Texas, summer 2011

The US state this year has had its driest summer since record-keeping began in 1895, with 75 per cent of the state classified as "exceptional drought", the worst level. Shortages of grass, hay and water have forced ranchers to thin their herds – where this cow died, in the San Angelo area, there has been less than three inches of rain.

Moscow, August 2010

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Russia experienced its hottest-ever summer last year – for weeks, a large portion of European Russia was more than 7 °C (12.6 °F) warmer than normal, and a new national record was set of 44 °C (111 °F). Raging forest fires filled Moscow with smoke, forcing the cancellation of air services and obliging people to don face masks.

Northern Europe, 2003

Shrivelled French grapes at the end of Europe's hottest summer on record, in 2003. The heat wave led to health crises in several countries and more than 40,000 people are thought to have died. Britain experienced its first (and so far only) 100+ F air temperature – 101.3°F (38.5°C) recorded at Brogdale, Kent, on 10 August.

Reference

http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/global-warning-climate-sceptics-are-winning-the-battle-2368617.html

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NOUN

Advocate

ผสนบสนน

/ˈæd.və.keɪt/

Meaning : person supporting an idea or cause publicly

Synonym : Campaigner, lawyer, promoter

Antonym : opponent, antagonist

Collocation : PREP.( for)

Example of use: He is one of the leading advocates for a

more modern style of worship.

เขาเปนหนงในผสนบสนนชนน าส าหรบรปแบบของการเคารพบชาททนสมยมากขน

A

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Agenda

ก าหนดการ/กาประชม

/əˈdʒendə/

Meaning: A list of things to be done, a meeting

Synonym: Program

Collocation: Adj. (Clear)

Example for use: A clear agenda will win votes in the next

election.

ระเบยบวาระการประชมทชดเจนจะชนะโหวตในการเลอกตงตอไป

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Crises

วกฤต

/ˈkraɪ.sɪs/

Meaning: a time of great disagreement, confusion, or

suffering

Synonym : pressure

Antonym : calm

Collocation: PREP (in)

Example of use: The country's leadership is in crisis.

ผน าของประเทศอยในภาวะวกฤต

C

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Cancellation

การยกเลก

/ˌkæn.səlˈeɪ.ʃən/

Meaning: the act of deciding that an organized event will

not happen.

Synonym : deletion

Antonym : allowance

Collocation: VERB + CANCELLATION

Example of use: Cancellations must be made in writing.

จะตองมการยกเลกในการเขยน

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Climate

สภาพอากาศ

/ˈklaimət/

Meaning: the weather conditions of a region

Synonym: characteristic weather, atmospheric condition

Collocation: Adj. (Global)

Example of use: Global climate change.

การเปลยนแปลงสภาพภมอากาศโลก

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Disaster

ภยพบต/

dɪˈzɑː.stər/

Meaning: to be very unsuccessful or extremely bad

Synonym: calamity

Collocation: Prep. (after)

Example of use: After the disaster, there was scarcely any

water left on the island.

หลงจากทเกดภยพบตน าแทบจะไมเหลออยบนเกาะ

D

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Decision

การตดสนใจ

/dɪˈsɪʒ.ən/

Meaning: a choice that you make about something after

thinking about several possibilities.

Synonym: Agreement, arrangement, choice

Antonym: cause, disagreement

Collocation: + that

Example of use: This decision will reflect on his future career.

การตดสนใจครงนจะสะทอนใหเหนถงการประกอบอาชพในอนาคตของเขา

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Danger

สงทกอใหเกดอนตราย

/ˈdeindʒə/

Meaning: something that may cause harm or injury

Synonym: Hazard

Collocation: Prep. (In)

Example of use: He is in dander.

เขาอยในอนตราย

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Earth

โลก

/əːð/

Meaning: the world as opposed to heaven

Synonym: World

Collocation: Prep. (Around/round the)

Example of use: The moon's orbit around the earth

ดวงจนทรโคจรรอบโลก

E

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Fossil

ฟอสซล,ซากดกด าบรรพ

/ˈfɒs.əl/

Meaning: The shape of a bone or animal that has been preserved in rock for a very long period.

Synonym: trace

Collocation: PREP (in)

Example of use: The vast continent is abundant in fossil

fuels.

ทวปทกวางใหญจะมaฟอสซลเปนจ านวนมาก

F

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Fuel

เชอเพลง

/fjʊəl/

Meaning: A substance that is used to provide heat or power,

usually by being burned.

Synonym: gas

Collocation: ADJ.

Example of use: The plant reprocess spent fuel from nuclear

power stations.

การแปรรปพชใชเชอเพลงจากสถานพลงงานนวเคลยร

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Heat

ความรอน

/hiːt/

Meaning: the quality of being hot or warm, or the

temperature of something

Synonym : fever

Antonym : cold

Collocation: VERB + HEAT

Example of use: The thick walls retain the heat.

ผนงหนาเกบความรอน

H

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Institute

สถาบน

/ˈinstitjuːt/

Meaning: a society or organization, or the building it uses

Synonym: organization

Collocation: Verb + institute

Example of use: She belongs to the Chartered Institute of

Management.

เธออยในสถาบนการจดการ

I

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Portion

สวน /ˈpɔː.ʃən/

Meaning: a part or share of something larger

Synonym : part

Antonym : total

Collocation: PREP (of)

Example of use: He asked for a double portion of chips.

เขาถามส าหรบสวนคของชป

P

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Planet

ดาวเคราะห

/ˈplæn.ɪt/

Meaning : an extremely large, round mass of rock and

metal, such as Earth, or of gas, such as Jupiter, that moves in

a circular path around the sun or another star

Synonym : earth

Collocation: PREP. (from, on )

Example of use: She believes there is life on other planets.

เธอเชอวามสงมชวตบนดาวเคราะหดวงอน ๆ

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Programme

โปรแกรม

/ˈprəʊ.ɡræm/

Meaning: a broadcast on television or radio

Collocation: Verb+programme

Example of use: The college offers a wide variety of

programmes of study.

วทยาลยมความหลากหลายของโปรแกรมในการศกษา

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Physicist

นกฟสกข

/ˈfɪz.ɪ.sɪst/

Meaning : a person who studies physics or whose job is

connected with physics

Collocation : +noun

Example of use: He is a famous physicist not only in Japan,

but in the world.

เขาเปนนกฟสกสทมชอเสยงไมเพยงแตในประเทศญปนแตดงไปทวโล

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Ranchers

เจาของฟารมปศสตว

/ˈrɑːn.tʃər/

Meaning: someone who owns or works on a ranch

Synonym : farmer

Example of use: He looked like a rancher.

เขาดเหมอนเปนเจาของฟารมปศสตว

R

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Shortages

ขาดแคลน

/ˈʃɔː.tɪdʒ/

Meaning: a situation in which there is not enough of

something

Synonym: weakness

Antonym: enough

Collocation: PREP. (because of, in, of)

Example of use: Their economy continued to suffer shortages

in raw materials.

เศรษฐกจของพวกเขายงคงประสบปญหาการขาดแคลนวตถดบ

S

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Skeptics

ผสงสย, ระแวง

/ˈskep.tɪk/

Meaning: a personwho doubtsthe truthor value of an idea or

belief Synonym: skeptical, doubter

Antonym: believer

Collocation: VT. (Convince)

Example of use: People say it can cure colds, but I'm a

skeptic.

หลายคนบอกวาโรคหวดสามารถรกษาได แตผมกยงระแวง

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Territory

อาณาเขต/ดนแดน

/ˈter.ɪ.tər.i/

Meaning: Any tract of land; region or district.

Synonym: area

Collocation:VERB + TERRITORY (into)

Example of use: The soldiers strayed into hostile territory.

ทหารหลงเขาไปตรวจดนแดนของศตร

T

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Temperatures

อณหภม

/ˈtem.prə.tʃər/

Meaning: the measured amount of heat in a place or in the

body

Synonym: climatic characteristic

Collocation: Prep. (At)

Example of use: Serve the wine at room temperature.

เสรฟไวนทอณหภมหอง

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Wherewithal

เงน,อปกรณ,ยานพาหนะ

/ˈhweər·wɪðˌɔl, /

Meaning: The money necessary for a particular purpose.

Synonym: financing

Collocation: to

Example of use: Most people don’t have the wherewithal to

hire the lawyers.

คนสวนใหญไมไดมการใชจายเกยวกบการจางทนายความ

W

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VERB

Abandon

ละทง

/əˈbæn.dən/

Meaning: to leave a place, thing, or person, usually for ever

Synonym: Recklessness

Collocation: +noun

Example of use: We were sinking fast, and the captain gave

the order to abandon ship.

เราก าลงจมอยางรวดเรวและกปตนออกค าสงใหละทงเรอ

A

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Celebrated

ฉลอง

/ˈseləbreit/

Meaning: to mark by giving a party

Synonym: Party

Collocation: Prep. (for)

Example of use: The area is celebrated for its food and wine.

พนทสวนนเปนพนทฉลองส าหรบอาหารและไวน

C

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Expressed

ชดเจน,การแสดงความคดเหน

/ɪkˈspres/

Meaning: To show a feeling, opinion, or fact.

Synonym: clear

Collocation: VERB + EXPRESS

Example of use: Many patients feel unable to express their

fears.

ผปวยหลายคนรสกวาไมสามารถทจะแสดงความกลวของพวกเขาออกมาได

E

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Measure

มาตรการ

/ˈmeʒ.ər/

Meaning: to discover the exact size or amount of something

Synonym: quantity, portion

Collocation: ADJ. appropriate, effective, necessary, practical

Example of use: We urge you to adopt all necessary

measures to guarantee people's safety.

เราขอใหคณน าทกมาตรการทจ าเปนมาใชเพอรบประกนความปลอดภยของผคน

M

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Offset

ชดเชย

/ˌɒfˈset/

Meaning: To balance one influence against an opposing

influence.

Synonym: balance

Collocation:VERB + OFFSET

Example of use: The money will help offset big medical bills.

เงนจะชวยชดเชยคารกษาพยาบาลทมราคาแพง

O

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Occur

เกดขน

/əˈkɜːr/

Meaning: (especially of accidents to happen

Synonym : appear

Antonym : hide

Collocation: VERB + OCCUR

Example of use: Opportunities for learning occur

spontaneously every day.

โอกาสในการเรยนรเกดขนไดเองทกวน

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ADJECTIVE

Alert

ตนตว

/əˈləːt/ Meaning: quick-thinking

Synonym: Alarm, warning

Collocation: Adv. (Suddenly)

Example of use: There was a noise outside and he was

suddenly alert.

มเสยงรบกวนภายนอกและเขาตนตวทนท

A

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Competent

มความสามารถ

/ˈkɒm.pɪ.tənt/

Meaning: Able to do something well.

Synonym: capable, proficient.

Collocation: PREP. (in)

Example of use: She is competent in five languages.

หลอนมความสามารถในการพด5 ภาษา

C

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Criticize

ไดรบการวพากษวจารณ

/ˈkrɪt.ɪ.saɪz/

Meaning: to express disapproval of someone or something

Synonym: Disapprove

Antonym: approve, commend

Collocation: ADV

Example of use: The editor and publisher of this magazine

were criticized by some readers.

บรรณาธการและส านกพมพของนตยสารฉบบนถกวพากษวจารณจากผอานบางคน

~ 41 ~

Dramatic

ทเกยวกบละคร

/ˈdraːmə/

Meaning: a play for acting on the stage

Synonym: Drama

Collocation: Adv. (Suitably)

Example of use: Her entrance was accompanied by suitably

dramatic music.

เธอเขามาพรอมกบละครเพลงทนาทงและเหมาะสม

D

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Drastic

รนแรงมาก

/ˈdrӕstik/

Meaning: having a wide effect

Synonym: radical

Collocation: VT. (Reform)

Example of use: The time is ripe for a drastic reform.

ถงเวลาส าหรบการปฏรปทรนแรง

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Extreme

ทสด,รนแรง,สง

/ɪkˈstriːm/

Meaning: Very severe.

Synonym: utmost, high

Collocation: PREP. (in the)

Example of use: His voice was scornful in the extreme.

เสยงของเขาดเหมอนจะดถกเหยยดหยามทสด

E

~ 44 ~

Frank

ตรงไปตรงมา

/fræŋk/

Meaning: Direct and unreserved in speech.

Synonym: direct

Collocation: PREP (about)

Example of use: Mark was quite frank about his concerns.

มารคคอนขางตรงไปตรงมาเกยวกบความกงวลของเขา

F

~ 45 ~

Forced

ถกบงคบ /fɔːst/

Meaning: done against your wishes

Synonym : compelled

Antonym : unforced

Collocation: Noun+forced

Example of use: The plane had to make a forced landing

because one of the engines failed.

เครองบนตองบงคบลงจอดบนพนทเพราะวาเครองยนตลมเหลว

~ 46 ~

Nuclear

นวเคลยร

/ˈnuː.kliː.ɚ/

Meaning: being or using the power produced when the

nucleus of an atom is divided or joined to another nucleus

Synonym: Atomic, fissile

Collocation: +noun

Example of use: Uranium is used in the production of nuclear

power.

ยเรเนยมถกน ามาใชในการผลตพลงงานนวเคลยร

N

~ 47 ~

Outspoken

ตรงไปตรงมา/ปากกลา

/ˌaʊtˈspəʊ.kən/

Meaning: expressing strong opinions very directly without worrying if

other people are offended

Synonym: blunt, candid, forthright

Antonym: devious, cautious

Collocation: +noun

Example of use: Mr. Masack is an outspoken critic of the present

government.

นายมารแซคเปนนกวจารณปากกลาของรฐบาลปจจบน

O

~ 48 ~

Political

ในทางการเมอง

/pəˈlɪt.ɪ.kəl/

Meaning: Connected with a political party.

Synonym: civic

Collocation: ADV.

Example of use: This whole issue has become highly political.

ปญหาทงหมดนไดกลายเปนทางการเมองอยางสง

P

~ 49 ~

Significant

อยางมนยส าคญ /sɪɡˈnɪf.ɪ.kənt/

Meaning: important or noticeable

Synonym: important

Antonym: unimportant

Collocation: PREP (to, for)

Example of use: This development proved highly significant

for the whole town.

การพฒนานไดรบการพสจนอยางมากทส าคญส าหรบทงเมอง

S

~ 50 ~

Undeniable

ปฎเสธไมได

/ˌʌn.dɪˈnaɪ.ə.bl /

Meaning: certainly true

Synonym: certain

Antonym: disputable

Collocation: Noun+undeniable

Example of use: Whatever the case, it was an undeniable

fact now.

ไมวากรณทมนเปนความจรงทปฏเสธไมไดในขณะน

U

~ 51 ~

Warming

ท าใหอน

/woːm/

Meaning: Make for warm

Synonym: heating

Collocation: Noun (Global)

Example of use: These gases can lead to global warming.

กาซเหลานจะน าไปสภาวะโลกรอน

W

~ 52 ~

ADVERB

Effectively

อยางมประสทธภาพ,อยางไดผล

/ɪˈfek.tɪv.li/

Meaning: In a way that is successful and achieves what you want. Synonynm: expertly

Collocation: verb

Example of use: We find advertising on the radio very effective.

เราพบวาการโฆษณาทางวทยทมประสทธภาพมาก

E

~ 53 ~

Publicly

เผยแพรตอสาธารณชน

/ˈpʌb.lɪ.kli/

Meaning: If something is done publicly, it is done so that

everyone can know about it.

Synonym: openly

Collocation: +verb

Example of use: He hasn't said anything publicly, but in

confidence he told me he's getting married.

เขาไมไดพดอะไรทเปดเผยตอสาธารณชน แตในความเชอมนของเขาบอกวาเขาก าลงจะ

แตงงาน

P

~ 54 ~

References

http://www.ozdic.com/collocation-dictionary/strike http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/order http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ http://www.thesaurus.com/browse/synonym

~ 55 ~

Members of Group

1. Nuttanicha Dulyakaran 55112650

2. Pathamawadee Boonnontae 55114391

3. Suthathip Suwannapong 55121305

4. Chanikan Deesalam 55140651