Project on Welfare State

8/18/2019 Project on Welfare State

1/23

PROJECT ON

‘‘WELFARE STATE”

SUBMITTED TO

Dr. Avinash Samal(Faculty of Political Science

SUBMITTED BY

Si!!hanta Sin"h

Section# A

Roll No. # $%&

Semester '

Date of Su)mission ' *$st Au" +,$+

1


2/23

AC-NO/ED0E1ENTS

First & foremost, I would like to thank Facultof !olitical Science Mr" #$inash Samal for %i$in% me

oortunit to work on this ro'ect named ()elfare State*" +is %uidance and suort has een

instrumental while makin% m ro'ect on this imortant issue"

I would also like to thank all authors, writers, columnists and olitical thinkers whose ideas and

works ha$e een used of in m !ro'ect"

M heartful %ratitude also %oes to all staff and administration of +-.U for the infrastructure in the

form of our lirar and IT la that was a %reat source of hel in the comletion of this !ro'ect" I would also

like to thank m arents, m elder rother Er" MukeshDe$ and friends in the Uni$ersit, who ha$e heled

me aout this work"

Si!!hanta Sin"h

Semester '

Roll. No. # $%&

2


3/23

TA2/E OF CONTENTS

$. I-T/ODU0TIO- 1

+. OB2E0TI3ES OF T+E !/O2E0T 4

*. !/O2E0T MET+ODO.O5Y 6

1" )E.F#/E ST#TE7 DEFI-ITIO-S 8

4" TY!ES OF )E.F#/E ST#TES 9

T+E 0O/!O/#TIST )E.F#/E /E5IME :SO0I#. I-SU/#-0E MODE.; 9

T+E .IBE/#. )E.F#/E /E5IME <

T+E SO0I#. DEMO0/#TI0=S0#-DI-#3I#- )E.F#/E /E5IME >?

6" 0+#/#0TO/ISTI0S OF # )E.F#/E ST#TE >>

8" FU-0TIO-S OF T+E )E.F#/E ST#TE >@

0OM!U.SO/Y FU-0TIO-S >A

O!TIO-#. FU-0TIO-S >1

9" ME/ITS OF # )E.F#/E ST#TE >4

>" 0O-0.USIO- @>

>@" BIBI.IO5/#!+Y @@>A" )EB.IO5/!+Y @@

INTRODUCTION

In the nineteenth centur, the state had ecome a democratic )elfare State in man arts of

the world" #ll human societies ro$ide $arious welfare ser$ices to memers who cannot earn their

kee" The %eneral masses of eole suffered seriousl on account of increasin% o$ert, ineCualit,

economic uncertaint, unemloment etc"

Durin% this centur, conseCuentl their condition was delorale, the immense sufferin%

eerienced eole in %eneral rou%ht aout a $er %reat chan%e in the idea of stale functions"

+enceforth, the state could not act as a olice force maintainin% law and order onl" These

olice functions cannot ser$e the uroses of modern industrial societ" #t this sta%e the welfare state

3


4/23

carne into ein% to sol$e the rolems of eole and relie$e their sufferin%" The main reason for the

rise of the welfare state was to reco$er from the de$astation caused the Second )orld )ar" It was

thou%ht that the state, instead of ein% a olice state should e an a%enc for romotin% the welfare of

eole as a whole and for their mental, hsical and moral de$eloment"

In the rocess of moderniation much of these ser$ices were monetaried and came under

control of the state" )e see this most clearl and in welfare arran%ements for the unemloed, the sick

and the elderl" This societal attern is called welfare state"

# welfare state is a concet of %o$ernment in which the state las a ke role in the rotection

and romotion of the economic and social wellGein% of its citiens" It is ased on the rinciles

of eCualit of oortunit, eCuitaledistriution of wealth, and ulic resonsiilit for those unale to

a$ail themsel$es of the minimal ro$isions for a %ood life" The %eneral term ma co$er a $ariet of

forms of economic and social or%aniation">

Modern welfare states include countriessuch as Iceland, Sweden, -orwa, Denmark ,

and Finland@which emlo a sstem known as the -ordic model"The welfare state is funded throu%h

redistriutionist taation and is often referred to as a te of mied econom"A

The term Hwelfare state is used for modern societies in which a %reat deal of welfare ser$ices is

roduced and distriuted under state control" The word does not indicate the kind of ser$ices that is ein% ro$ided"#t resent, man countries of the world includin% India are followin% the olicies of

the welfare state"

O2JECT3ES OF T4E PROJECT

To stud in deth the definition and e$olution of welfare state"

1Welfare state, Britannica Online Encyclopedia

2Paul K. Edwards and Tony Elger, The global economy, national states and the regulation of labour (1999) p, 111

3Welfare state.Encyclopedia of Political Econo!y.Ed. P"illip #nt"ony O$%ara.&outledge, 1999. p. 1'

4

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_of_opportunityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_of_wealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_of_wealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economyhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/639266/welfare-statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_of_wealthhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/639266/welfare-statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_of_opportunity


5/23

To stud the merits and demerits of welfare state"

To stud the $irtue and work of the welfare state"

To stud the welfare state in India"

5


6/23

PROJECT 1ET4ODO/O05

The resent stud is emirical one and Cuantitati$e in aroach" #art from !rimar data, Secondar

and ulished documented data has also een collected throu%h $arious sources and analed

accordin%l"

To make the stud more meanin%ful and olic oriented a$ailale literature and studies ha$e

een consulted and re$iewed aart from this field oser$ations and oen ended discussion ha$e also een eCuall considered and incororated in the resent stud" The secondar data interreted and

analed while critical areciation of ertinent literature has een ensured in the ro'ect where$er

reCuired"

Books and other reference as %uided Facult of !olitical Science ha$e een rimaril

helful in %i$in% this ro'ect a firm structure" )esites, dictionaries and articles ha$e also een

referred"

6


7/23

E/FARE STATE6 DEFNTONS

There are different oinions on the concet of a welfare state amon% writers who ha$e

interreted it differentl" Their interretations are stated elow"

5"D"+" 0ole sas that, The welfare state is a societ in which an assured minimum standard

of li$in% and oortunit ecomes the ossession of e$er citien"

#rthur Schlesin%er remarks that, The welfare state is a sstem wherein %o$ernment a%rees to

under writes certain le$els of emloment, income, education, medical aid, social securit and

housin% for all its citien"

+erert +" .ehman holds the $iew that (the welfare state is siml a state in which eole are

free to de$elo their indi$idual caacities to recei$e 'ust awards for their talents and to en%a%e in the

ursuit of hainess, unurdened fear of actual hun%er, actual harmlessness or oression reason of

race, creed of color"

!rof" Benhan is of the $iew that # state where a comrehensi$e sstem of social insurance has

een adoted is called a welfare state" The o'ect of social insurance is to ro$ide economic securit to

the citiens social insurance eliminates risk arisin% from accidents, unemlomentand o$ert in old

a%e etc" and there increases the welfare of the eole"

From the ao$e definitions we can conclude that scholars ha$e emhasied on the economic

side of the welfare state ut economic welfare is not the onl dut of welfare state"!rotection of

ci$ilians and their social, intellectual, moral, educational and cultural de$eloment are also the dut of

welfare state so we can sa that (The states ased on ulic welfare are the welfare state"*

7


8/23

T5PES OF E/FARE STATES

In the social sciences, there ha$e een different aroaches to studin% welfare states" One

such aroach, which was roosed the Swedish scholar 5ostaEsin%G#ndersen :>


9/23

• weak, lieral tradition

• status conscious, middle and artisan class

A!vanta"es (8 of the Cor7oratist elfare State6

• en'os hi%h le$el of ulic suort

• allows enefit reciients to maintain their le$el of income

• allows for ri$ate ser$ice sstem without rationin% :e"%", in health care;

•

enefits increase as contriutions increase

• intermediate ta urden

Disa!vanta"es (# of the Cor7oratist 9elfare state6

• maintains and reGenforces social clea$a%es

• sensiti$e to emloment conditions and demo%rahics

• dri$es u laor cost :aroll taes; and low wa%e unemloment :in=out %rous;

• tends to enalie those in unstale, nonGtraditional or artGtime 'o situations

• often ro$ides few enefits for those outside the insurance model :new o$ert;

@" The /i)eral elfare Re"ime

The lieral welfare re%ime is characteried means tested ro%rams :a test to demonstrate

need; and modest uni$ersal enefits which are ased on ulic ser$ices or insurance schemes" It

usuall caters to a clientele consistin% of the low income workin% class" The state %enerall

encoura%es the market to act as a coGro$ider of enefits, artl ro$idin% a low le$elof ulic

ser$ices" Because these enefits are also of oor Cualit, and carr a ne%ati$e ulic sti%ma" Those

welfare reciients who can often choose to ot out of the sstem, instead seekin% a market solution

that will ro$ide hi%h Cualit and sti%maGfree GG aleit more eensi$e GG health care and ension

9


10/23

enefits" !ri$ate insurance and sa$in%s schemes are freCuentl suorted comlementar state

olicies :e"%", ta credits, ta shelters;"

In the lieral welfare states :to which the US, 0anada, #ustralia, and Switerland corresond

more than other western countries;, the middle class was not wooed from the market to the state" The

historical dominance of the lieral idea retained sketicism of a stron% state lon% enou%h until the

middle class was stron% enou%h that it felt the market could etter satisf its needs"

Ori"inal Con!ition of the li)eral elfare State6

• oliticall owerful middle=commercial class

• lieral=antiGstate olitical tradition

• dominant osition of the market

• immi%rant societ or societ with hi%h otential to ad$ance sociall

• weak state

A!vanta"es (8 of the li)eral State6

• least sensiti$e to demo%rahic chan%es in the oulation

• low taes

• differentiated ser$ices

• stimulates 'o %rowth, eseciall in lowGskills sector

Disa!vanta"es (# of the li)eral State6

• hi%h ineCualit, %reat social clea$a%es :two class societ;

• low le$el ser$ices for oor eole

• welfare state is oliticall unoular and not sustainale ne%ati$e sti%ma attached to

enefit reciient

10


11/23

A" The Social Democratic:Scan!inavian elfare Re"ime

#s the name su%%ests, social democrac has een the dominatin% olitical force in de$eloin%

this uni$ersalistic welfare state that er$ades all asects of eoles li$es" It is within this sstem that

the concet of social ri%hts has een most full realied, ecause the en'oment of enefits and

ser$ices is least deendent on a ersons erformance in the market and is, instead, commensurate to

need"

The Scandina$ian welfare state is also characteried its etensi$e ser$ice orientation :da

care, elder care, home hel, etc";" 0aterin% to e$en the most discriminatin% tastes of the middle class"

Since the le$el of ulic ser$ices is so ad$anced, the state has, de facto, crowded out all ri$ate

cometition" In addition, the Scandina$ian welfare state tends to reduce class and income differences,

while ensurin% the hi%hest ossile le$el of ser$ice"

The social democratic welfare state came aout as a result of a class alliance etween the

industrial workin% class and the small holders :a redG%reen alliance in the interest of full emloment

and farm rice susidies;" It was eanded a dominant social democratic art :left ower

moiliation; to ad'ust the welfare state to the %rowin% eectations of an increasin%l roserous

oulace"

Ori"inal Con!ition of the Social Democratic:Scan!inavian elfare State6

• !rotestant, lieral tradition with %reat re%ard for indi$idualism and eCualit

• cooeration etween workin% and easant class

• dominant role of leftist arties in olitics

A!vanta"es (8 of the Social Democratic:Scan!inavian elfare state6

• uni$ersalit encoura%es suort of oulation

• hi%h enefits, differentiated ser$ices

• emloment effects :ser$ices;

• reduces social clea$a%es

11


12/23

Disa!vanta"es (# of the Social Democratic:Scan!inavian elfare state6

• $er comle to administer

• eensi$e and ureaucratic

•hi%h ta urden

• stron% %o$ernment orientation

• ressure on ud%et ecause of hi%h cost"

C4ARACTERSTCS OF A E/FARE STATE

B the ao$e definitions the salient characteristics which a welfare state should osses are %i$en

elowG

>" # welfare state ensures social securit" In a welfare state of econom, thou%h the traits of

caitalism are also seen, it is mainl a mied econom" E$en when a comination of caitalistic

and socialistic features eists, the %o$ernment las a dominant role in controllin% the economic

acti$ities and in the social welfare of the eole"

@" # welfare state is socialistic in nature" It is ased on the rinciles of eCualit and is keen to

ro$ide eCual oortunit to all" It also aims to ensure eCuitale distriution of wealth"

A" It eercises control o$er all the economic acti$ities" In a welfare state, all the ri$ate enterrises

are re%ulated the %o$ernment"

1" It ro$ides e$en the asic facilities to its citiens" Furnishin% ser$ices to each and e$er

indi$idual is its dut" # welfare %o$ernment is keen in ro$idin% economic and social ser$ices

such as %eneral education, ulic health, ulic transort, housin%, and other financial

assistance to its eole"4" It undertakes and runs $arious enterrises" Ownershi and oeration of industrial enterrises,

usiness and other commercial acti$ities are also done welfare %o$ernments"

6" It ensures 'ustice to all" In a welfare state, common man has to deal with the authorities for

man of their needs" For eamle administrati$e officers, controllin% officers, sanctionin%

authorities, officers of social ser$ices, eecuti$es of ulic sector undertakin%s etc" In all such

dealin%s, a welfare state has the resonsiilit to ensure 'ustice and fulfillment of their

reCuirements"

8" !lannin% of acti$ities7 Economic acti$ities include roduction and distriution" It is the dut ofthe welfare state to formulate national olicies and to lan e$er economic acti$it in a

alanced

12


13/23

manner" Industrial olic, trade olic, commercial and ankin% olic etc are framed in order

to control those acti$ities"

9" It is the function of a welfare state to re%ulate and control all ri$ate enterrises en%a%ed in

economic acti$ities" Such control includes re%istration, licensin%, taation etc"


14/23

the %o$ernment to make adeCuate arran%ements for the maintenance of eace and order as it is dut of

citiens to cooerate with the %o$ernment in such a work"

* Protection from e


15/23

colle%es, uni$ersities, etc" Thus, educational oortunities are ro$ided to the citiens most of the

modern States"

* Re"ulation of tra!e> in!ustries an! !evelo7ment of a"riculture6

Most of the modem States do not lea$e the economic acti$ities with indi$iduals alone" 0ertain

States ma %o ahead and nationalie the factories and other means of roduction" Some other States

ma onl re%ulate the rice, roduction, imort, eort and other thin%s relatin% to the sstem of

roduction, while allowin% ri$ate indi$iduals to own and oerate the means of roduction" 0ertain

other States like India ma follow what is called mied econom" In such a sstem, ri$ate as well

as StateGowned factories and other means of roduction function side side" The State ma ro$ide

$arious facilities like irri%ation, suitale land tenure, coGoerati$e farmin%, etc" for de$eloment of

a%riculture"

% Social security functions6

These acti$ities of modern States include ro$ision for old a%e ension, maintenance of

orhans, ro$ision for emloment, insurance for worker, sick and disailit allowance, relief,

rehailitation of distressed eole, etc"

? 1ana"ement of the 7u)lic utilities6

Most of the modern States also own and oerate the ulic utilit ser$ices such as transort,

electricit, water works, ostal ser$ices, air ser$ices etc" It is neither ossile nor desirale to lea$e

ulic utilit ser$ices at the merc of rofitGseekin% ri$ate indi$iduals who are likel to misuse them

to the detriment of ulic interests"

@ Develo7ment of natural resources6

The State should de$elo its natural resources full in order to romote the economic lot of the

eole" It should eloit those resources in order to increase national income" The State should rotect

forests, sa$e en$ironment, romote fisheries and should rotect wild life" It should utilie mineral

wealth and should make maimum use of sea, ri$ers ri$ulets, mountains and other resources" The

States should hel in the economic imro$ement of the eole"

Re"ulation of im7ort an! e


16/23

imorted from other countries, which are essential, and those %oods should e eorted to other

countries, which are surlus" If the State does not re%ulate imort eort, the eoles li%ht will e

Cuite miserale and there will e imalance of trade"

& Social an! economic security6

The State is morall ound to remo$e o$ert and unemloment" It should, therefore, ro$ide

rotection a%ainst old a%e" Unemloment,etc" It can e done introducin% insurance schemes

a%ainst accident, old a%e etc"

1ERTS OF A E/FARE STATE

The merits of a welfare state are discussed here"

$. An nstrument for Social elfare6

The welfare state is dedicated to the welfare of eole" It seeks to ro$ide minimum facilities

to all eole, to remo$e o$ert, hun%er and unemloment, and to rid%e the %a etween the rich

and oor" It aims at estalishin% social and economic 'ustice"

+. A Com7romise )et9een n!ivi!ualisms an! Socialism6

The welfare state, while a$oidin% the two etreme theories, namel, indi$idualism and

socialism, ots for a middle ath etween them" It is in fact the midGoint etween these two etremes

it %i$es eCual imortance to oth indi$idual and state"

It $alues oth the liert of the indi$idual and the interests of the societ" The state is

considered the friend, hilosoher and %uide of the indi$idual"

*. EBual Ri"hts of All6

It %i$es eCual ri%hts to all irresecti$e of caste, race and reli%ion" It does not discriminate

a%ainst anod" It treats all eCuall"

%. Develo7ment throu"h Plannin"6

It elie$es in lannin%" It seeks to ro$ide welfare to eole throu%h lanned ro%rams" It

follows mied econom model of de$eloment" The state controls and re%ulates econom throu%h

lannin%"

16


17/23

?. 1oral Develo7ment of n!ivi!ual6

The welfare state creates conduci$e en$ironment for the moral de$eloment of indi$idual"

)hen the indi$idual is ale to meet his asic needs of life and en'os fundamental ri%hts and

freedoms, his selfGconfidence %rows and his ersonalit de$elos" The de$eloment of social moralit

makes the state stron% and indi$idual ha"

@. A Positive State6

The welfare state is a ositi$e state" It re%ards itself more as an a%enc of social ser$ice than as

an instrument of ower" It is said that in a welfare state the indi$idual has onl to %et him orn, the

state will do the rest" The state looks after the indi$idual from the cradle to the %ra$e"

&. Social 9elfare is the Ri"ht of n!ivi!ual> not a Dole from the State7

#n eminent olitical scientist of India, #sir$adam oser$es, The first imortant thin% to

rememer is that welfare is not a matter of charit, ut of ri%ht" Secondl, if welfare is to e %enuine

welfare, the %round for it should ha$e een reared the $arious a%encies at work in the state" In the

third lace, if the welfare state is to e a lessin% and not a curse, it should not roduce a auer

mentalit on the art of its reciients"1

.Eliminatin" 7overty

Emirical e$idence su%%ests that taes and transfers consideral reduce o$ert in most

countries, whose welfare states commonl constitute at least a fifth of 5D!"4 Most welfare states

ha$e consideral lower o$ert rates than the had efore the imlementation of welfare ro%rams"

Country

A)solute 7overty rate ($@,'$$

(threshol! set at %, of ;.S.

me!ian househol! income

Relative 7overty rate

($,'$

!reGwelfare !ostGwelfare !reGwelfare !ostGwelfare

Sweden @A"8 4"9 >1"9 1"9

-orwa @"1 1"?

-etherlands @@"> 8"A >9"4 >>"4

Finland >>"< A"8 >@"1 A">

4Jenworth, ." :>>A


18/23

Country

A)solute 7overty rate ($@,'$$

(threshol! set at %, of ;.S.

me!ian househol! income

Relative 7overty rate

($,'$

Denmark @6"1 4"< >8"1 1"9

5erman >4"@ 1"A

Switerland >@"4 A"9 >?"< >>"<

France A6"> >"< >6"@ >"8 >8"@ >4">

Ital A?"8 >1"A >

CRITICISM OF WELFARE STATE

Writing about British government's welfare state program, R.M.Titmus admitted that "those

who benefitted the most are those who have needed it the least." The danger that the welfare state may

work mainly for the 'welfare of the better’ cannot be ignored.6

Some conser$ati$es in the UJ claim that the welfare state has roduced a %eneration of

deendents who, instead of workin%, rel solel uon the state for income and suort e$en thou%h

assistance is onl le%all a$ailale to those unale to work or who ein% without emloment are

unale to find work" The welfare state in the UJ was created to ro$ide certain eole with a asic

le$el of enefits in order to alle$iate o$ert, ut these conser$ati$es elie$e that it has een eanded

to ro$ide more eole with more mone from the state than it can ideall afford"8

Some British conser$ati$es, such as 0onser$ati$e !art coGchairman Saeeda)arsi, also

criticie the somethin% for nothin% culture of the welfare state, claimin% that the hi%h etent of the

6The Welfare State We're in = 2ames Bartholomew :@??1; ISB- >G91@84G?6AG>

7Our Culture, What's Left of It: The andarins and the asses = Theodore Dalrmle :@??4;ISB- >G4666AG

61AG1

18

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayeeda_Warsi,_Baroness_Warsihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayeeda_Warsi,_Baroness_Warsihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1842750631http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Daniels_(psychiatrist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1566636434http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1566636434http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1842750631http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Daniels_(psychiatrist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1566636434http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1566636434http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayeeda_Warsi,_Baroness_Warsi


19/23

welfare state discoura%es the unemloed from findin% 'os"9 44L of eole in En%land and 1AL of

eole in Scotland elie$e that enefits for unemloed eole are too hi%h and discoura%e them

from findin% 'os"<

Marists ar%ue that welfare states and modern social democratic olicies limit the incenti$e

sstem of the market ro$idin% thin%s such as minimum wa%es, unemloment insurance, tain%

rofits and reducin% the reser$e arm of laor, resultin% in caitalists ha$in% little incenti$e to in$estin essence, social welfareolicies crile the caitalist sstem and its incenti$e sstem, and the onl

real solution to the issues of caitalism is its relacement with a socialist economic sstem">?

Some socialist anarchists elie$e that while social welfare %i$es a certain le$el of indeendenc

from the market and indi$idual caitalists, it creates deendence to the state, which is the institution

that, accordin% to this $iew, suorts and rotects caitalism in the first lace" -onetheless, accordin%

to -oam 0homsk, social democrats and anarchists alwas a%reed, fairl %enerall, on soGcalled

welfare state measures and #narchists roose other measures to deal with these rolems, without

recourse to state authorit">> Some socialist anarchists elie$e in stoin% welfare ro%rams onl if it

means aolishin% %o$ernment and caitalism as well">@

WELFARE STATE IN INDIA

In Indian contet, )elfare StateN denotes estalishment of olitical democrac, ro$ision of social

and economic 'ustice and minimiin% ineCualities in income, status, facilities and oortunities" The

concet is emodied in !art >3 of the Indian 0onstitution, Directi$e !rincial of State !olic"

#ccordin% to the 0onstitution, it is the dut of the %o$ernment to follow these rinciles while makin%

laws and there set the ath towards a welfare State" The uniCueness aout the concet in the Indian

contet is the Directi$e !rinciles containin% the instructions to the %o$ernment to estalish a welfare

State, is non 'ustifiale and citiens cannot claim it as a ri%ht" This is ecause, India ein% de$eloin%

8htt7==www"conser$ati$es"com=-ews=-ewsstories=@?>>=>@=.aourssomethin%fornothin%culturemustend"as

9htt7==ir@"flife"de=data=natcenGsocialGresearch=i%html=inde"hKerichtidP>?????>&indeP&lan%PE-5 th

e British Social #ttitudes Sur$e

10 ar!et Socialism: The "ebate #mong Socialists, Schweickart, Da$id .awler, 2ames Ticktin, +illel

Ollman, Bertell" >


20/23

and o$er oulated countr and it ma not ossile for welfare acti$ities of the state reach e$er

citien of our countr.

#rticle A9 of the 0onstitution reads7 The state shall stri$e to romote the welfare the eole

securin% and rotectin% as effecti$el as it ma, a social order in which 'usticeGsocial economic and

oliticalGshall er$ade all institutions of national life" ro$ides a road framework for the

estalishment of the welfare state ideal"

)hile #rticle A which directs the state for securin% the ri%ht to work"

!ro$ision a%ainst insecurit is also incororated in this #rticle which directs the state make

effecti$e ro$ision for securin% ri%ht to education, and to ulic assistance in ca of unemloment, old

a%e, sickness and disalement"

!rotection and secial care of the weaker sections of the communit is ro$ided #rticle 16

which directs the state to romote with secial care the educational and economic interests of the

weaker sections of the eole, and in articular, of the scheduled castes a the scheduled tries, and to

rotect them from social in'ustice and all forms of eloitation"

#s a welfare State, India is committed to the welfare and de$eloment of itseole,

articularl the $ulnerale sections like the scheduled castes :S0s;, scheduledtries :STs;, ackward

classes, minorities and the handicaed" This section of thesociet constitutes nearl 94L of the

oulation"

elfare of the SCs> STS> 2ac9ar! Classes an! others

#lmost a Cuarter of Indias oulation consists of S0s and STs, who had een%rie$ousl

ne%lected for centuries" The %o$ernment has taken se$eral stes for theirwelfare" The reresentation of

the S0s and STs in all !arliament and State #ssemliesis assured"

Under the Secial #ssistance scheme, nearl A??, ??? families were eected toenefit durin%

>


21/23

Chil!ren an! Dru" A)use

# -ational !olic on 0hildren was adoted in >6L of the entire

%loaloulation" #ccordin% to the latest :>;, the countrs oulation has increased >4? million" Thus the

task of eradicatin% o$ert is a dauntin% one, indeed" But the latest census fi%ures ha$e also rou%ht

some hoe and indicated that efforts ein% made in the field of famil welfare ha$e not entirel %onewaste" For the first time, the %rowth rate of oulation has declined from @"@@L :in >; to @">1L"

The Infant Mortalit /ate :IM/;, which was >1? er >??? li$e irths in >, came down to

9?" The death rate declined sharl from >4 er >??? to ???, IM/ of 8? and death rate of < er >???" The life eectanc is eected to hit 61

from 49 ears at resent"

Rural 4ealth Services

The 5o$ernment is ain% increasin% attention to inte%rated health, maternit and child care in

rural areas" #n increasin% numer of communit health workers anddoctors are ein% sent to rural

health centers" !rimar health care is ein% ro$ided tothe rural oulation throu%h a network of o$er

>4?,??? rimar health centers andsuGcenters 496,??? trained midwi$es and 1>?,??? health

%uides"

nte"rate! Rural Develo7ment Pro"ramme

The Inte%rated /ural De$eloment !ro%ramme ro$ides ractical assistance toeconomicall deri$ed

families the u %radation of skills $ia the Trainin% for /uralYouth for Self Emloment :T/YSEM;

will co$er 6?? families in each lock" In>


22/23

a%riculture, the mana%ement of nonGirri%ated, rainfed a%riculture :which constitutes 8A er cent of the

countrs croed area; has led tothe identification of around 1, @16 watersheds" 16 of these ha$e

alread een taken u $arious a%ricultural institutions and uni$ersities" One such a%ricultural

institutionis the -ational Bank for #%riculture and /ural De$eloment :-#B#/D;, which moilies

resources and ro$ides credit to the-ational and State %o$ernments ha$e een undertakin% man

measures in sectors like a%riculture, education, ulic health communication, transort, rural

de$eloment and housin% for the welfare of the eole"

CONC/;SON

In later art of the @?th centur, the wa$e of ri$atiation and %loaliation came into eistence

in man countries" #ccordin% to the market fundamentalists and -oel laureates like Friedrich +aek

and Milton Friedman, the welfare state is a source of troule and an anomal that should e stoed"

+owe$er another -ole rie winnin% economist ar%ues, The suremac of the market which is

roclaimed with ideolo%ical fer$or is a dan%erous mistakeN +e considers the role of the state and itNs

re%ulatin% acti$ities to e essential and elie$es that market mechanisms are unsuitale means for the

solution of social rolem"

It demands some rethinkin% and reform of $arious )elfare institutions which is more essential in the

de$eloin% countr like India where disarities eist etween different se%ments of the oulation and

different re%ions of the countr, for shortenin% these %as and mo$in% towards a more alanced

de$eloment of the nation"

+owe$er the welfare State is the %reatest achie$ement of the @?th centur and should e suital

adated to the eistin% %loal condition as well as the eculiar situation of a articular countr in order

to lead toward o$erall roserit of mankind"

22


23/23

22/O0RAP45

The Welfare State We're In 'ames Bartholomew

The $idden Welfare State: Ta% &%penditures and Social olic( in the )nited States

0hristoher +oward

The O%ford $andboo! of the Welfare State Francis 5" 0astles, Stehan .eifried, 2ane

.ewis, +erert ONin%er, 0hristoher !ierson

The *e+ olitics of the Welfare State !aul !ierson

E2/O0RAP45

www"tourindia"com

www.preser*earticles.co!+...+conceptofa welfare state ."t!l

www"welfareGstate"or%=

www.ruthless criticism .cm! wel"#re $ st#te .htm

htt7==www"itt"edu=Qheinisch=concet"html

htt7==unan>"un"or%=intradoc=%rous=ulic=documents=acit=unan??A?48"df

htt7==aers"ssrn"com=solA="cfm
http://www.amazon.com/Christopher-Howard/e/B001ITVUEC/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1/175-2423969-7058663http://www.tourindia.com/http://www.preservearticles.com/.../concept-of-a-welfare-state.htmlhttp://www.welfare-state.org/http://www.ruthlesscriticism.com/welfare_state.htmhttp://www.ruthlesscriticism.com/welfare_state.htmhttp://www.pitt.edu/~heinisch/concept.htmlhttp://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan003057.pdfhttp://www.amazon.com/Christopher-Howard/e/B001ITVUEC/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1/175-2423969-7058663http://www.tourindia.com/http://www.preservearticles.com/.../concept-of-a-welfare-state.htmlhttp://www.welfare-state.org/http://www.ruthlesscriticism.com/welfare_state.htmhttp://www.pitt.edu/~heinisch/concept.htmlhttp://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan003057.pdf

Documents

Project on Welfare State