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Page: 1Emissions of Short-Lived Climate Forcers near and in the Arctic (Researcher project -NORRUSS)
Application Number: ES517059 Project Number: 0
Applicant
Project Owner
Institution / company (Norwegianname)
NILU - STIFTELSEN NORSK INSTITUTT FOR LUFTFORSKNIN
Faculty
Institute
Department
Address Postboks 100
Postal code 2027
City KJELLER
Country Norge
E-mail [email protected]
Website www.nilu.no
Enterprise number 941705561
eAdministration
Project administratorFirst name Ole-Anders
Last name Braathen
Position/title Administrative director
Phone +47 638980
E-mail [email protected]
Confirmation ✔ The application has been approved by theProject Owner
Project managerFirst name Andreas
Page: 2Emissions of Short-Lived Climate Forcers near and in the Arctic (Researcher project -NORRUSS)
Application Number: ES517059 Project Number: 0
Last name Stohl
Institution / company (Norwegianname)
Norsk institutt for luftforskning (NILU)
Faculty
Institute
Department Department for Atmospheric and Climate Research
Address P.O. Box 100, Instituttveien 18
Postal code 2027
City Kjeller
Country Norway
Position/title Senior researcher
Academic degree Univ. Doz. Dr. Mag. rer. nat.
Preferred language Bokmål
Phone 63898035
E-mail [email protected]
Project info
Project titleProject title Emissions of Short-Lived Climate Forcers near and in the Arctic
Primary and secondary objectives of the project
Primary and secondary objectives
SLICFONIA's scientific objectives are to:+ estimate current emissions of BC and CH4 from biomass burning andanthropogenic sources in high-latitude Eastern Europe and Siberia.+ in particular, quantify current emissions of black carbon (BC) and methane(CH4) from the exploitation of oil and natural gas in the Arctic, specifically inthe Norwegian and Barents Seas.+ produce spatially resolved emission estimates of CH4 for the EurasianArctic from wetlands, fossil fuel including natural gas production, andbiomass burning.+ evaluate the impact of near-Arctic and within-Arctic BC emissions on ArcticBC loadings.+ determine the biomass burning emission factors for BC and CH4 fromatmospheric measurements and use these to estimate emissions of BC andCH4 from wildfires.
Page: 3Emissions of Short-Lived Climate Forcers near and in the Arctic (Researcher project -NORRUSS)
Application Number: ES517059 Project Number: 0
SLICFONIA's strategic goals are to:+ strengthen collaboration between Norwegian and Russian scientists inSLCF and Arctic research.+ support and work with the two AMAP expert groups on SLCFs andcontribute to PEEX
Project summary
Project summary
SLICFONIA addresses three of six priority areas of the call "Russia and theHigh North/Arctic": 1) Environmental monitoring ... in the Barents Sea region;2) Improving understanding and modelling of permafrost and its impact onclimate; 3) The dynamics and drivers of climatically relevant gases.
The short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) black carbon (BC) and methane(CH4), are particularly im-portant at high latitudes. BC absorbs solar radiationin the atmosphere, especially over highly reflective surfaces, and when it isdeposited on snow/ice. CH4 emissions from wetlands and permafrost andbiomass burning emissions of BC and CH4 are susceptible to high-latitudeclimate change. Lastly, emissions of BC and CH4 from the expanding oiland gas industry in northern regions are becoming increasingly important.To establish a baseline before even larger changes occur, SLICFONIA willdetermine the current emissions of BC and CH4 in Arctic Eurasia and, inparticular, it will quantify gas flaring emissions from the oil and gas industry.The project will perform new measurements of BC in the atmosphere on thenorthwest coast of the White Sea, as well as measurements of BC in theatmosphere and in the snow during land expeditions in the northern part ofEuropean Russia and during ship cruises in the White, Kara, and BarentsSeas. It will use BC and CH4 data (including CH4 isotopic information)from stations on Svalbard, in Norway, Siberia and from other Arctic andhigh-latitude sites as well as from aircraft campaigns in Siberia. Optimal useof these data for quantifying high-latitude BC and CH4 emissions will bemade through rigorous comparisons with a new emission data set coupled toa transport model and a Bayesian inversion approach. Their impact on ArcticBC and CH4 burdens will be determined.
Funding scheme
Supplementary info from applicantProgramme / activity NORRUSS
Application type Researcher project
Topics PETROPOLNO
KLIMAFORSK
Page: 4Emissions of Short-Lived Climate Forcers near and in the Arctic (Researcher project -NORRUSS)
Application Number: ES517059 Project Number: 0
Other relevant programmes/activities/projects
Discipline(s) Atmospheric sciences, environmental sciences, climate sciences
If applying for additional funding,specify project number
Have any related applications beensubmitted to the Research Counciland/or any other public fundingscheme
No
If yes, please provide furtherinformation
Progress plan
Project periodFrom date 20140101
To date 20161231
Main activities and milestones in the project period (year and quarter)Milestones throughout the project From To
Collection of BC and CH4 measurement data 2014 1 2015 1
FLEXPART wet scavenging sensitivity study 2014 1 2014 4
Kick-off meeting and strategic planning 2014 1 2014 1
Analysis of wildfires using MODIS MCD45 data 2014 2 2015 1
SIO/OIAP BC campaigns 2014 2 2014 3
FLEXPART backward runs 2014 4 2015 2
Analysis of methane isotope data 2015 1 2015 4
FLEXPART sensitivity study on emissions 2015 1 2015 2
Establishment of wildfire emission inventory 2015 2 2015 4
SIO/OIAP BC campaigns 2015 2 2015 3
Third annual meeting 2015 2 2015 2
Page: 5Emissions of Short-Lived Climate Forcers near and in the Arctic (Researcher project -NORRUSS)
Application Number: ES517059 Project Number: 0
Comparison CH4 emission sources in Arctic 2015 3 2015 3
Inverse modelling for BC 2015 3 2016 2
Inverse modelling for CH4 2015 4 2016 2
Analysis: interannual CH4 emission variabilit 2016 2 2016 3
Quantification of oil industry emissions 2016 2 2016 3
SIO/OIAP BC campaigns 2016 2 2016 3
Concluding meeting 2016 4 2016 4
Report and scientific paper writing 2016 4 2016 4
Dissemination of project results
Dissemination plan
Results from SLICFONIA will mainly be published in peer-reviewed journals.In addition, results will be presented at international science conferences,e.g. EGU, AGU to a wide audience.
SLICFONIA will communicate the project results to the Arctic Monitoring andAssessment Programme (AMAP). A. Stohl is co-chair of one AMAP expertgroup, and V. Shevchenko is a member of that group; close links also exist toother AMAP expert groups. We are optimistic that via AMAP project resultswill guide environmental and climate policy in Arctic Council countries.
SLICFONIA will inform the general public by writing contributions to popularscience journals and by supplying the media with information. Furthermore,results will be presented in a public seminar e.g. at University of Oslo.
Budget
Cost plan (in NOK 1000)
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Sum
Payroll and indirect expenses 1240 1270 1300 3810
Procurement of R&D services 0
Equipment 0
Other operating expenses 60 60 60 180
Page: 6Emissions of Short-Lived Climate Forcers near and in the Arctic (Researcher project -NORRUSS)
Application Number: ES517059 Project Number: 0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Sum
Totals 1300 1330 1360 3990
Specification
NILU's budget for permanent personnel is hourly based, with 133 hourscorresponding to one month's work. We are requesting 2 months/yearfor Andreas Stohl ("Researcher 1") and about 6.5 months/year to beshared between Rona Thompson and one other N.N. NILU staff member(both "Researcher 2") at the hourly rates of 1202 NOK and 1077 NOK,respectively.
Operating expenses are intended mainly for travel, which would be to projectmeetings as well as to relevant science conferences (ca. 2 trips for 2 personsper year). Minor costs will be reserved for hosting project meetings.
Cost code (in NOK 1000)
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Sum
Trade and industry 0
Independent researchinstitute
1300 1330 1360 3990
Universities and UniversityColleges
0
Other sectors 0
Abroad 0
Totals 1300 1330 1360 3990
Funding plan (in NOK 1000)
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Sum
Own financing 0
Page: 7Emissions of Short-Lived Climate Forcers near and in the Arctic (Researcher project -NORRUSS)
Application Number: ES517059 Project Number: 0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Sum
International funding 0
Other public funding 0
Other private funding 0
From Research Council 1300 1330 1360 3990
Totals 1300 1330 1360 3990
Specification
For cost specifications, see above under cost plan.
In addition to costs specified, NILU will contribute to the project by providingall computing and other infrastructure. NILU will also cover all costs forpublications (page fees, etc.) and outreach activities.
SLICFONIA would furthermore be integrated into the new Nordic Center ofExcellence eSTICC (eScience Tools for Investigating Climate Change atHigh Northern Latitudes; coordinated also by A. Stohl) with a planned startof January 2014. It would greatly benefit from further developments of tools(especially inversion method) in this NCoE.
Person for whom a fellowship/position is being sought
First name Last name National identity number
Basis for calculation of position
Type of fellowship From date (yyyymmdd) To date (yyyymmdd)
Doctoral fellowship
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Percentage of full timeposition
Documentation for calculation of overseas research grant and visiting researcher grant
Page: 8Emissions of Short-Lived Climate Forcers near and in the Arctic (Researcher project -NORRUSS)
Application Number: ES517059 Project Number: 0
Institution / company Travelling with family Travel expenses
Location
Country Period
From date (yyyymmdd)
To date (yyyymmdd)
Allocations sought from the Research Council (in 1000 NOK)
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Sum
Student fellowships 0
Doctoral fellowships 0
Post-doctoral fellowships 0
Grants for visitingresearchers
0
Grants for overseasresearchers
0
Researcher positions 0
Hourly-based salary includingindirect costs
1240 1270 1300 3810
Procurement of R&D services 0
Equipment 0
Other operating expenses 60 60 60 180
From Research Council 1300 1330 1360 3990
Partners
Page: 9Emissions of Short-Lived Climate Forcers near and in the Arctic (Researcher project -NORRUSS)
Application Number: ES517059 Project Number: 0
Partners under obligation to provide professional or financial resources forthe implementation of the project
1
Institution/ company Norsk institutt for luftforskning (NILU)
Department/ section
Address Instituttveien 18
Postal code 2027
City Kjeller
Country Norway
Enterprise number
Contact person Andreas Stohl
Contact tel. 63898035
Contact e-mail [email protected]
Partner's role Financing and Research activity
2
Institution/ company Obhukov Institute for Atmospheric Physics (OIAP)
Department/ section
Address Pyzhevsky 3
Postal code 119017
City Moscow
Country Russia
Enterprise number
Contact person Andrey Skorokhod
Contact tel. +7 495 951 55 6
Contact e-mail [email protected]
Partner's role Financing and Research activity
3
Institution/ company P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology
Department/ section
Page: 10Emissions of Short-Lived Climate Forcers near and in the Arctic (Researcher project -NORRUSS)
Application Number: ES517059 Project Number: 0
Address Nakhimovsky prospect 36
Postal code 117997
City Moscow
Country Russia
Enterprise number
Contact person Vladimir Shevchenko
Contact tel. +7-499-124-77-3
Contact e-mail [email protected]
Partner's role Financing and Research activity
Attachments
Project description
Filename slicfonia_proposal_v4.pdf
Reference ES517059_001_1_Prosjektbeskrivelse_20130903
Curriculum vitae (CV) with list of publications
Filename 4-page-CV.pdf
Reference ES517059_002_1_CV_20130829
Filename CV and publications Shevchenko_22-08-2013.pdf
Reference ES517059_002_2_CV_20130830
Filename CV_skor_2013.pdf
Reference ES517059_002_3_CV_20130830
Filename Thompson_4pages.pdf
Page: 11Emissions of Short-Lived Climate Forcers near and in the Arctic (Researcher project -NORRUSS)
Application Number: ES517059 Project Number: 0
Reference ES517059_002_4_CV_20130902
Grade transcripts (Doctoral and student fellowships)
Filename
Reference
Referees
Filename
Reference
Recommendation and invitation
Filename
Reference
Confirmation from partner(s)
Filename letter_oiap.pdf
Reference ES517059_008_1_AktiveSamarbeidspartnere_20130830
Filename SIO_confirmation.pdf
Reference ES517059_008_2_AktiveSamarbeidspartnere_20130902
Page: 12Emissions of Short-Lived Climate Forcers near and in the Arctic (Researcher project -NORRUSS)
Application Number: ES517059 Project Number: 0
Other items
Filename
Reference
Project Proposal
Emissions of Short-Lived Climate Forcers near and in the Arctic
(SLICFONIA)
Andreas Stohl and Rona Thompson
Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway
Andrey Skorokhod, Vladimir M. Kopeikin, and Anna A. Vinogradova
Obhukov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (OIAP), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Vladimir P. Shevchenko and Alexander N. Novigatsky
P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (SIO), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
1. Project summary
SLICFONIA addresses three of six priority areas of the call “Russia and the High North/Arctic”: 1)
Environmental monitoring ... in the Barents Sea region; 2) Improving understanding and modelling
of permafrost and its impact on climate; 3) The dynamics and drivers of climatically relevant gases.
The short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) black carbon (BC) and methane (CH4), are particularly im-
portant at high latitudes. BC absorbs solar radiation in the atmosphere, especially over highly re-
flective surfaces, and when it is deposited on snow/ice. CH4 emissions from wetlands and perma-
frost and biomass burning emissions of BC and CH4 are susceptible to high-latitude climate change.
Lastly, emissions of BC and CH4 from the expanding oil and gas industry in northern regions are
becoming increasingly important. To establish a baseline before even larger changes occur,
SLICFONIA will determine the current emissions of BC and CH4 in Arctic Eurasia and, in
particular, it will quantify gas flaring emissions from the oil and gas industry. The project will
perform new measurements of BC in the atmosphere on the northwest coast of the White Sea, as
well as measurements of BC in the atmosphere and in the snow during land expeditions in the
northern part of European Russia and during ship cruises in the White, Kara, and Barents Seas. It
will use BC and CH4 data (including CH4 isotopic information) from stations on Svalbard, in Nor-
way, Siberia and from other Arctic and high-latitude sites as well as from aircraft campaigns in Si-
beria. Optimal use of these data for quantifying high-latitude BC and CH4 emissions will be made
through rigorous comparisons with a new emission data set coupled to a transport model and a
Bayesian inversion approach. Their impact on Arctic BC and CH4 burdens will be determined.
SLICFONIA’s scientific objectives are to:
estimate current emissions of BC and CH4 from biomass burning and anthropogenic sources in
high-latitude Eastern Europe and Siberia.
in particular, quantify current emissions of black carbon (BC) and methane (CH4) from the ex-
ploitation of oil and natural gas in the Arctic, specifically in the Norwegian and Barents Seas.
produce spatially resolved emission estimates of CH4 for the Eurasian Arctic from wetlands, fos-
sil fuel including natural gas production, and biomass burning.
evaluate the impact of near-Arctic and within-Arctic BC emissions on Arctic BC loadings.
determine the biomass burning emission factors for BC and CH4 from atmospheric measure-
ments and use these to estimate emissions of BC and CH4 from wildfires.
SLICFONIA’s strategic goals are to:
strengthen collaboration between Norwegian and Russian scientists in SLCF and Arctic research.
support and work with the two AMAP1 expert groups on SLCFs and contribute to PEEX
2.
1 Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme
SLICFONIA Proposal
2
2. Background and past work leading to this proposal
2.1 Short lived climate forcers
Methane (CH4), aerosols, ozone and precursor species are currently receiving attention as the so-
called short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs). In the face of rapid climate change in the Arctic, reduc-
tions in the emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases will probably come too late to avoid deleteri-
ous effects such as the disappearance of sea ice in summer or extensive melting of Arctic glaciers.
The rapid Arctic warming associated with possible melting of permafrost may lead to increased
emissions, particularly of CH4, at high latitudes, possibly triggering an important feedback mecha-
nism in the climate system (Schuur et al., 2011, and references therein). On the other hand, sharp
reductions in the emissions of warming SLCFs may help to avoid rapid climate change. Again, for
such emission reductions the Arctic is one focus area because of its highly reflective ice and snow
surface (Quinn et al., 2008). Especially BC, through absorption of solar radiation both in the atmos-
phere and in the snow may lead to large positive forcing, increased surface temperatures and en-
hanced melting of snow and ice (Flanner et al., 2007). Thus, reduction of BC emissions in and near
the Arctic could possibly cool the Arctic and partly compensate (at least for some time) the increas-
ing forcing from long-lived greenhouse gases.
While there is an agreement that BC, tropospheric ozone and CH4 warm the climate (Forster et al.,
2007; Bond et al., 2013), most of the species co-emitted with BC and ozone precursors cool the
climate, for instance sulphate and organic carbon aerosols (Fuglestvedt et al., 2010). In particular,
the ongoing and further planned large reductions of sulphate emissions may lead to substantial cli-
mate warming, which is difficult to balance with reductions of SLCFs. There have been several
large international efforts to review and narrow down the uncertainties with respect to the various
warming and cooling effects (e.g., UNEP, 2011; Bond et al., 2013; upcoming IPCC Fifth Assess-
ment Report). With a focus on the Arctic, the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme
(AMAP) has established two expert groups on SLCFs: one on BC and ozone (co-leader: A. Stohl,
member: V. Shevchenko) and one on CH4 (to whom members of this team have close contact). The
first group has delivered a preliminary report (Quinn et al., 2011) and both groups are scheduled to
deliver more detailed reports in 2015. Furthermore, the Arctic Council has established a Task Force
to develop specific mitigation options. However, these efforts depend on underpinning research and
mitigation policy may be misguided or inefficient without additional scientific input.
Research needs for SLCFs range from a better understanding of their emissions, improved simula-
tions of their atmospheric transport, transformation and removal, to more accurate quantification of
their radiative forcing and consequent climate responses. While we acknowledge the need for pro-
gress in all these fields, this proposal shall focus on the former two topics (emissions and atmos-
pheric processing) and the two SLCFs, BC and CH4. This is motivated by the large role of the pe-
troleum industry for the emissions of these substances as well as the persisting very large uncertain-
ties of the BC and CH4 emissions overall in northeastern Europe and Siberia. This has also led to
suggestions for a large-scale and long-term “Pan Eurasian Experiment” (PEEX). SLICFONIA
partner institutes have been involved in discussions about this initiative from the beginning and this
project would thus also contribute to the overall PEEX efforts.
2.2 High-latitude sources of BC
For the Arctic, BC sources located at high latitudes in Eurasia are particularly important (Stohl,
2006; Sharma et al., 2006; Hirdman et al., 2010). These include anthropogenic sources within and
near the Arctic as well as biomass burning (Stohl et al., 2007). Although the basic source region is
known, the actual contributions from different BC source types to Arctic BC remain controversial.
One important motivation for this proposal is the result of an ongoing EU project (ECLIPSE3). In
this project, modelling tools are being developed to design cost-effective mitigation strategies for
2 Pan Eurasian Experiment: http://www.atm.helsinki.fi/peex/
3 Evaluating the CLimate and Air Quality ImPacts of Short-livEd Pollutants, coordinated by A. Stohl
SLICFONIA Proposal
3
SLCFs, which consider their effects on air quality and climate. During ECLIPSE, flaring emissions
from the oil and gas industry were included in a global emission inventory for the first time (Kli-
mont et al., 2013). While BC emissions from gas flaring account for only 3% of the global emis-
sions, they dominate in this inventory at latitudes greater than 66ºN. Using these emissions for BC
modelling, it was found that 42% of the annual mean Arctic mean BC surface concentrations are
due to this single BC source type (Stohl et al., 2013), which has so far been overlooked (see Fig. 1).
Figure 1: Simulated surface concentrations of BC in the Arctic from Stohl et al. (2013) (left panel)
and the relative contribution from gas flaring emissions (right panel). On the left panel also shown
are the locations of BC measurement sites (red dots) which will also be used in this study, as well
as the track (white line) of the research ship cruise measuring BC by Shevchenko et al. (2012).
While the uncertainty of the gas flaring emissions is very high, a comparison of model results to
measurement data, in particular to the very high BC concentrations measured in gas flaring plumes
during the ship campaign of Shevchenko et al. (2012) (see Fig. 1 for ship track), suggests that the
emissions are not overestimated (Stohl et al., 2013). However, the current data situation in Northern
Eurasia allows only for rudimentary checks on the gas flaring emission estimates. For developing
successful strategies to mitigate BC concentrations in the Arctic, it is essential to have much more
accurate estimates of gas flaring emissions. Furthermore, the controversy between the attribution of
Arctic BC to mainly anthropogenic BC sources (e.g., Sharma et al., 2006), to biomass burning
emissions (Hegg et al., 2009), and, recently, to gas flaring (Stohl et al., 2013) must be resolved.
SLICFONIA, building on an already strong Russian-Norwegian collaboration, will deliver new BC
measurement data from dedicated campaigns and long-term monitoring and will use it to improve
the knowledge about BC emissions in the study region. Cooperation with the developers of the
ECLIPSE inventory (Klimont et al., 2013), which also covers CH4 emissions, will be useful.
2.3 High-latitude sources of methane
CH4 is not only an important SLCF but also contributes to the formation of tropospheric O3 (Fiore
et al., 2002), which is also a SLCF (Forster et al., 2007). The growth-rate of CH4 in the atmosphere
varies substantially on inter-annual timescales. During the 1980s the average growth-rate was ap-
proximately 12 ppb y-1
while during the 1990s it dropped to 4 ppb y-1
(Dlugokencky, 2003). This
change is likely due to a combination of lower fossil fuel emissions, following the break-up of the
Soviet Union, and reduced wetland emissions (Bousquet et al., 2006). A positive anomaly in the
CH4 growth-rate occurred in 1997-1998, owing, in particular, to increased emissions from wide-
spread wildfires related to a strong El Niño (Langenfelds et al., 2002). Since 2006, there has been
renewed increase in the CH4 growth-rate (Rigby et al., 2008). There is considerable uncertainty as
to what has caused this increase, however, it is speculated that it may be due to higher wetland
emissions in tropical, and importantly, boreal regions (Bousquet et al., 2011).
SLICFONIA Proposal
4
The contribution of Arctic CH4 sources to the global total source, and to the variability in the at-
mospheric growth-rate, remains very uncertain. Although inventory and model estimates are avail-
able, these are not well tested with independent data, such as atmospheric observations. Moreover,
there are considerable stores of carbon in the Arctic, which if destabilized by climate change, could
release enormous amounts of CH4. Among the important CH4 sources are wetlands, biomass burn-
ing, and fossil fuels, including both combustion and fugitive emissions. Wetlands cover approxi-
mately 70% of the Arctic land surface with large permanently frozen expanses. Northern high lati-
tude (>60°N) wetlands comprise a total estimated annual source of approximately 16 Tg CH4 y-1
but this number is thought to vary by up to 20% from year-to-year depending on climatic conditions
(Bousquet et al., 2011). Boreal forests and woodlands cover 6-9% of the global land surface and
store approximately 30% of the world’s terrestrial carbon. Fire is an important disturbance in this
region with the potential to release large amounts of carbon (Keywood, 2013). Emissions from
wildfires in the Arctic alone amount to an estimated 1 Tg CH4 y-1
(van der Werf et al., 2010). Large
variations occur in wildfire incidence and severity related to temperature and rainfall thus also lead-
ing to large fluctuations in CH4 emitted. Emissions from oil and gas exploitation have an estimated
source of approximately 3 Tg CH4 y-1
(EDGAR-v4.14), but this is likely to become more important
in the future with plans to expand oil and gas production in the Arctic. Fugitive emissions, such as
those from leaks in gas pipelines, are the dominant source type but are difficult to quantify accu-
rately since they are very diffuse. However, CH4 isotope measurements (useful for identifying the
source type) made at the Zeppelin station, and from a ship campaign in the Fram Strait, indicate a
dominance of wetland emissions in summer and provide evidence for gas field emissions in spring
when wetlands are frozen (Fisher et al., 2011). Notice that flaring of natural gas will lead to BC and
other emissions, while release of natural gas without flaring will emit mainly CH4.
2.4 BC and CH4 observations in the Arctic region
Recently, significant efforts have been made to increase the number of atmospheric observations of
SLCFs in the Arctic, and especially in easternmost Europe and Siberia, where there have been hith-
erto almost no observations. These efforts have included the establishment of the new in-situ CH4
sites, Norunda (NOR), Pallas (PAL), Summit (SUM), and Zotino (ZOT) as well as the flask site,
Mould Bay (MBA). The Russian partners of this proposal have established a monitoring site at
Kindo Peninsula, where BC and organic carbon (OC) measurements are available since June 2010.
There are also new BC and CH4 data available from aircraft such as those of the annual YAK-
AEROSIB campaigns, making profiles over large areas of Siberia in spring and summer (Paris et
al., 2009; 2010), as well as the regular greenhouse gas profiles of NOAA-GMD5 over Poker Flats
(PFA), Alaska, and LSCE6 over Tver (TVR), Russia. For BC, recent efforts also included extensive
sampling in Arctic snow (e.g., Doherty et al., 2010). Of particular interest are the ship campaigns
measuring BC in the White, Kara and Barents seas, downwind of major flaring regions
(Shevchenko et al., 2012; Stohl et al., 2013). We will have a particular focus on easternmost Europe
and Siberia, since it is important with respect to flaring, wetland, and biomass burning emissions.
As well as using new data, we will incorporate BC and CH4 measurements from long-term running
stations such as Zeppelin (ZEP) on Svalbard, Birkenes in southern Norway, Alert and Barrow
(Sharma et al., 2006), Station Nord and the flask sampling sites in the NOAA-GMD network in a
comprehensive framework including atmospheric transport modelling, with FLEXPART, and in-
verse modelling to estimate emissions of BC and CH4 (see section 2.5). Additionally, we will use
CH4 isotope data (δ13
CH4) available at Zeppelin for 2008, 2009 and from 2012 and shipboard
measurements around Svalbard (Fisher et al., 2011) to better identify the CH4 source type.
2.5 FLEXPART and atmospheric inversion modelling
FLEXPART (see http://flexpart.eu) is a Lagrangian particle dispersion model that has been devel-
4 Emission Database for Greenhouse gas and Atmospheric Research version 4.1 5 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division,
Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A 6 Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et l’Environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
SLICFONIA Proposal
5
oped by Stohl et al. (1998, 2005) and is now used at many dozens of institutes worldwide. The
model simulates the transport of passive tracers by calculating the trajectories of a multitude of so-
called particles using the resolved winds from global meteorological analyses (ECMWF or GFS)
and parameterizations for turbulence and convection. We will use FLEXPART to interpret BC and
CH4 concentration data from surface stations, ship and aircraft campaigns. This will be done by
running FLEXPART in a backwards time mode (for ca. 20 days) in order to determine the sensitiv-
ity of each observation to emissions in the surrounding area (Stohl et al., 2003).
To quantitatively determine BC and CH4 emissions, we will use atmospheric observations in con-
junction with the FLEXPART model in a statistical optimization framework. The optimization finds
the emission distribution and magnitude that best explains the atmospheric observations while con-
sidering a priori emission information. A statistical probability approach is necessary in this type of
problem, since the observations contain only incomplete information about the emissions making it
impossible to find a definitive solution. This is owing to atmospheric transport, which means the
atmospheric observations are only sensitive to a portion of the emissions at any given time. The sta-
tistical approach we use is Bayesian Inversion and is becoming an increasingly important method in
atmospheric sciences (e.g. Enting, 2002). The Bayesian formalism determines the solution (i.e.
emissions), which minimizes the cost between the observed and prior modelled concentrations
while remaining within the bounds of given limits based on what is known a priori about the emis-
sions. This is described by the cost function J:
J(x) = (x – xb)TB
-1(x – xb) + (H(x) – y)
TR
-1(H(x) – y) (1)
where x is the emissions, xb describes the prior distribution of emissions (best guess at x based on
inventory and/or model estimates), y is the atmospheric observations and H describes the sensitivity
of each observation to the emissions and is determined from the backward runs in FLEXPART. We
have considerable experience with Bayesian methods and have used this technique for the estima-
tion of emissions of halocarbons (Stohl et al., 2009; Stohl et al., 2010), nitrous oxide (Thompson et
al., 2011a; Thompson et al., 2011b), radionuclides (Stohl et al., 2012) and volcanic ash (Eckhardt et
al., 2008). In particular, a modular inversion code (“FLEXINVERT”) has been developed and will
soon be made available as an open-source code (publication by R. Thompson in Geoscientific
Model Development foreseen).
2.6 Wildfire emission modelling
The method that will be used for the estimation of BC, CH4 and CO emissions from wildfires ex-
tends on that used by Seiler and Crutzen (1980) making use of newly developed satellite data with
enhanced spatial resolution. In this method, emissions are calculated with the simple formula:
M = A×B×CC×EF (2)
where A is the area burnt (ha), B is the biomass density (kg ha-1
), CC is the combustion complete-
ness (%), EF (g kg-1
) is the emission factor (emitted mass of BC, CH4 or CO per 1 kg of burnt bio-
mass). Burnt areas will be taken from MODIS MCD45 Burned Area Level-3 Product (Roy et al.,
2005, 2008) that gives the most comprehensive information about burnt areas in remote sub-polar
regions of Northern Eurasia. The factors B, CC, and EF for various land-cover classes will be taken
from previous studies (Andreae & Merlet 2001; Wiedinmyer et al. 2006) but in particular the highly
uncertain emission factor will also be checked by analyzing BC/CO2, CH4/CO2 and CO/CO2 en-
hancement ratios in the observations of intense wildfire plumes measured at the Zotino station and
during the YAK-AEROSIB campaigns. MODIS Level-3 data are issued monthly on a regular glob-
al geographical grid in sinusoidal projection with a grid size of 500 m. Wildfire data are determined
with a resolution of 8 days. Other parameters of the emission model will be taken as the average of
every bioclimatic zone from University of Maryland's Global Land Cover map. A map with 30''
resolution, latitude by longitude, will be used in this study.
3. Description of work (work packages, WP)
3.1 WP 1: Improvement of BC simulations using FLEXPART
NILU will perform forward simulations of the BC distribution in the Arctic using FLEXPART,
similar to those of Stohl et al. (2013) but using updated emissions from the ECLIPSE project. The
SLICFONIA Proposal
6
ECLIPSE emission data set will be further improved specifically for Russia, based on a summary of
all published data on the emissions of BC in Russia provided by SIO and OIAP. For the gas flaring
emissions, different assumptions on the emission factors and emission source distribution will be
made, and for the biomass burning emissions, alternative data sets will be used (GFED, FINN and
our own estimates). Furthermore, simulations with optimized emissions from WP 3 will be made.
These simulations will allow for the propagation of uncertainties in the BC emissions to uncertain-
ties in simulated BC concentrations.
Different assumptions will also be made with respect to the wet scavenging of BC. The current
FLEXPART version does not consider the ageing of BC in the atmosphere from a hydrophobic to a
hydrophilic state. A simple parameterization for this ageing will be implemented to better represent
seasonal differences in wet scavenging and to obtain a better model performance in the vicinity of
BC sources compared to the current FLEXPART version. Furthermore, following Browse et al.
(2012), scavenging coefficients for ice clouds and liquid water clouds will be treated differently.
The uncertainty estimates from sensitivity studies will be propagated to the inverse modelling in
WP 3. Detailed evaluations will be made using data obtained at the observatories shown in Fig. 1 as
well as using the new data provided by WP 2 and other data.
Overall, this WP will provide a detailed view of the BC concentrations and deposition in the Arctic
as a function of space and time, including uncertainties. It will also quantify the contributions from
the various emission source types.
3.2. WP 2: Observations of BC in high-latitude Eurasia
High-latitude Eurasia is a major source region for BC in the Arctic (Stohl, 2006), yet the data situa-
tion particularly in Russia is very poor. To improve this situation, the following new measurements
of BC shall be made by SIO and OIAP (see Fig. 2 for locations): Snow cover sampling sites in the White Sea catchment area
Figure 2: Left: Areas of atmospheric BC studies: 1) Kindo Peninsula; 2) vicinity of Arkhangelsk
city; 3) (shaded area) areas of marine expeditions in the White, Barents and Kara seas. Right: Sites
of planned BC snow sampling in the White Sea catchment area.
SIO and OIAP will make long-term measurements (2014 to 2016) of atmospheric BC on the
Kindo Peninsula at the White Sea Lomonosov Moscow State University biological station
(66°34’ N, 33°08’ E). Samples will be collected on quartz or Pall glass-fibre filters (type A/E)
using a high-volume pump (UAS-310) and BC will be determined by the thermal method in
Novosibirsk by SB RAS7. The sampling period will be from April to November, with a typical
sample-exposure time of about 1 week. Additionally, in short expeditions in April, June and
September, measurements of BC using the aethalometry method will be made for comparison.
Aethalometric measurements of atmospheric BC concentrations will be made during expedi-
tions on land in northern European Russia and in the Arctic Seas from Russian research vessels
7 Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
SLICFONIA Proposal
7
in summers for 2014 to 2016. The cruise track of the 2011 expedition is shown in Fig. 1 as an
example and target areas for marine expeditions during 2014-2016 are shown in Fig. 2.
Measurements of BC concentrations in fresh snow and snow-cover in northern European Russia
will be made regularly in March – April. Snow-melt water will be filtrated through quartz filters
or Whatman GF/F glass fibre filters and the BC content will be subsequently determined by the
thermal method by SB RAS. Sites for the snow studies are shown in Fig. 2.
The planned station measurements and campaigns are located in the area with the highest simulated
BC concentrations in the Arctic (Fig. 1, left panel), with a large simulated contribution of gas flar-
ing emissions (Fig. 1, right panel) but also other strong sources. The new data shall, therefore, be
extremely valuable for validating FLEXPART and other global aerosol models.
3.3 WP 3: Inverse modelling of BC sources
To date, Arctic observations of BC have only been used for statistical analyses of the BC source
regions (e.g., Sharma et al., 2006; Hirdman et al., 2010), with no attempt to improve the available
emission information. Here, NILU in collaboration with SIO and OIAP will use the FLEXPART
model as improved in WP 1 and the inversion method described in section 2.5, to improve the quan-
tification of high-latitude BC emissions. The inversions will use the improved ECLIPSE emissions
as a priori information. The new campaign data obtained downwind of major source areas will be
particularly useful to constrain the BC emissions in high-latitude Russia and emphasis will be put
on quantifying the emissions in the region with suspected large emissions from gas flaring (Fig. 1,
right). However, for the inverse modelling, we will collect and use all high-latitude BC data we can
access, e.g. through NILU’s EBAS database serving as the World Data Centre for Aerosols.
The inverse modelling estimates will be subject to large uncertainties: 1) Measurements of (equiva-
lent) BC at the various sites are obtained with different measurement techniques (e.g., optical versus
thermal) and sampling protocols leading to observation offsets. Model-supported tests will be made
to find the relative biases of the various data sets, which will be a valuable result in itself. 2) Errors
in the model treatment of BC scavenging make model results highly uncertain, especially in regions
far downwind from BC sources, and can potentially lead to biased emission estimates. Ensemble
modelling of WP 1 will allow proper consideration of these errors in the inverse modelling.
The planned outcome of this WP will be a better quantification of BC emissions in high-latitude
Eurasia and with a focus on gas flaring emissions.
3.4 WP 4: Estimates of the current BC, CO and CH4 source from wildfires in Boreal Eurasia
BC, CO and CH4 emissions from wildfires in the boreal and pan-arctic zones of Eurasia will be es-
timated from 2000 using the OIAP wildfire emission model (see section 2.6) and MODIS satellite
products. The total area of wildfire and burnt areas will be determined at 1-month resolution over
this time period. Inter-annual, seasonal and regional variability of BC, CO and CH4 emissions from
wildfires will be studied. In addition, atmospheric CH4, CO and CO2 data from Zotino station and
from YAK-AEROSIB aircraft profiles will be used to determine emissions of these gases from
biomass burning. This will be a complementary estimate (i.e. to the one of the wildfire emissions
model) and will help ascertain the uncertainties in the emissions. The atmospheric (or “top-down”)
method will use FLEXPART retro-plume analyses. Concentrations of CO will help to distinguish
combustion sources of CO2 and CH4 from other sources, such as wetlands. To further constrain the
CO2 emission estimate, MODIS data, as well as data on the vegetation type and biomass density
will be used. To evaluate the source strength for CH4, we will determine the emission ratios
CH4:CO and CH4:CO2 from measured concentration enhancements taken in dense smoke plumes
from wildfires, especially those observed at Zotino and by the YAK aircraft during the year 2012.
3.5 WP 5: Inverse modelling of CH4 sources
NILU will utilize multi-year CH4 concentration data from surface stations, with particular focus on
the in-situ measurement sites, Zeppelin, Birkenes and Zotino, as well as aircraft data from YAK-
AEROSIB. Zeppelin is ideally located to capture atmospheric signals of CH4 from oil and natural
gas emissions, and potentially, also CH4 from methane-hydrates. In addition, CH4 isotope data is
SLICFONIA Proposal
8
available at Zeppelin and from shipboard measurements around Svalbard, which will be used to de-
termine what fraction of the emissions is due to gas leaks and combustion, as opposed to methane-
hydrates and wetlands. The isotopic ratio of 13
CH4 to 12
CH4 (reported relative to a standard ratio in
units of permil ‰ with the nomenclature δ13
CH4) has a distinct value depending on the source of
CH4. CH4 from fossil fuel sources (gas leaks and flaring) has a characteristic isotopic ratio of
around -40‰ compared with sources from methanogenesis (e.g. wetlands) at -60‰ and biomass
burning between -25 and -12‰ (e.g. Ferretti et al., 2005). Zotino is located in central Siberia and
thus is well positioned to study emissions of CH4 from wetlands and from wildfires in boreal forest.
To add to this, there are the YAK-AEROSIB measurements over large areas in Siberia. To quantify
the emissions of CH4 from biomass burning and oil and natural gas production, and the emissions of
CH4 from wetlands, we will use the atmospheric inversion method described in section 2.5. For the
prior emission estimates of CH4, needed for the inversion, we will use current inventories, such as
ECLIPSE for emissions related to oil and gas production, and eco-system models, such as OR-
CHIDEE8 for wetland emissions. These will provide the “first guess” estimates for the emissions,
which will be improved with the constraint from atmospheric data.
The outcome of this WP will be improved regionalized emissions of CH4 in northern Eurasia for the
different source types. Interannual emission variability will be related to meteorological conditions
in the emission regions and indices of climate variability, thus leading to better understanding of the
conditions driving the emissions and improved capabilities to predict future CH4 emissions.
4. Collaboration, coordination, and relation to other projects
4.1 The project consortium
In Norway, the project will be carried out by NILU’s atmospheric transport processes group, which
received the top grade (5) in the 2011 evaluation of the Geosciences in Norway, which was given
only to 5 out of 65 groups evaluated. In Russia, the work will be carried out by OIAP, one of the
leading centres in atmospheric sciences in Russia, and the only group in Russia who has provided
regular measurements of BC, and by SIO who have conducted studies of aerosols in the Arctic Seas
and surrounding land since 1991 (e.g., Shevchenko et al., 1999, 2003).
The project partners NILU and OIAP have a record of collaboration, which started during the Inter-
national Polar Year (IPY) with the NFR-funded projects RAPSIFACT9 and the IPY project PO-
LARCAT10
. We have used measurements from the Zotino station (Vasileva et al., 2011), a railway
carriage travelling along the Trans-Siberian Railroad (Elansky et al., 2009), and the YAK-
AEROSIB aircraft to investigate ozone sources and sinks in Siberia (Stjernberg et al., 2012), the
influence of forest fires and other high-latitude pollution sources on aerosol and ozone concentra-
tions (e.g., Paris et al., 2010; Paris et al., 2009). SLICFONIA would allow the continuation of this
profitable collaboration, with a shift of research topic from air pollutants to CH4 and BC, which are
being measured on many of the same sites/platforms. NILU and SIO/OIAP have also collaborated
in the framework of AMAP and have together analyzed the ship campaign data of Shevchenko et al.
(2012) using FLEXPART (Stohl et al., 2013).
NILU will be responsible for compiling and analysing atmospheric concentration data, performing
FLEXPART runs, expanding and improving the atmospheric inversion method, studying the influ-
ence of wet deposition parameterizations on BC simulations, and making the inversion calculations.
OIAP will be responsible for the bottom-up estimates of emissions from wildfires and the interpre-
tation of Russian measurement data, while SIO will be responsible for the various new BC cam-
paigns (ship-based and land-based) as well as data interpretation.
8 http://orchidee.ipsl.jussieu.fr
9 Study of Russian Air Pollution Sources and their Impact on Atmospheric Composition in the Arctic, using the TRO-
ICA railway carriage, data from Svalbard, and the FLEXPART transport model 10
Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements and Models, of Climate, Chemistry, Aerosols,
and Transport
SLICFONIA Proposal
9
4.2 Coordination
NILU will be responsible for the scientific coordination of the project, while NILU, OIAP and SIO
will be equally responsible for the scientific outreach in Norway, Russia and internationally. NILU
will handle communication with the Norwegian Research Council, while OIAP and SIO will handle
communication with the Russian Foundation of Basic Research. NILU will follow the recommen-
dation of the NFR Geosciences evaluation committee “to [give consideration] to developing future
group leaders and diversifying research activities”. Rona Thompson is already a leading expert on
the inverse modeling of GHGs and by co-leading this project she would acquire the necessary pro-
ject coordination skills for a future leading position at NILU.
4.3 Relation to other projects
SLICFONIA will benefit from NILU’s studies of SLCF climate impacts (ECLIPSE, funded by
EU) and from research in the NFR-funded MOCA11
project on CH4 emissions by CH4 clathrates.
NILU operates the atmospheric stations Birkenes and Zeppelin on Svalbard and is collaborating
with Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry with respect to measurements at Zotino, and with
Royal Halloway University of London, for CH4 isotope measurements at Zeppelin12
. NILU has also
collaborated with the YAK-AEROSIB team from the beginning, with respect to airborne aerosol
and CH4 measurements over Siberia. The project will also benefit from inverse modelling technical
developments in eSTICC13
. SLICFONIA fits well with current OIAP research policy, having a
strong focus on climate change in the Arctic and Northern Eurasia. OIAP, together with the other
ZOTTO14
international scientific consortium members, operates the permanent atmospheric and
ecosystem observatory, Zotino, in Siberia providing regular CO and CH4 content in column meas-
urements together with surface ozone and NOx. SLICFONIA also fits well with the program of
multidisciplinary research of SIO in the Arctic Seas and at the adjacent land, supported by the Pre-
sidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The three institutes will work closely with AMAP and
their expert groups and will coordinate with PEEX efforts. Particularly noteworthy is the collabora-
tion with Z. Klimont (IIASA) regarding emission data.
5. Requested resources overview 2014 2015 2016 Total
NILU person months 8.5 8.5 8.5 25.5
NILU travel 60 kNOK 60 kNOK 60 kNOK 180 kNOK
OIAP person months 8 8 8 24
OIAP travel 30 kNOK 30 kNOK 30 kNOK 90 kNOK
SIO person months 4 4 4 12
SIO travel 30 kNOK 30 kNOK 30 kNOK 90 kNOK
6. References Andreae,M.O. & Merlet,P.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, Glob. Biogeochem. Cyc. 15, 955–966, 2001.
Bond, T. C., et al.: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 5380-
5552, 2013.
Bousquet, P., et al.: Contribution of anthropogenic and natural sources to atmospheric methane variability, Nature, 443, 439-443,
2006.
Bousquet, P., et al.: Source attribution of the changes in atmospheric methane for 2006 - 2008, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3689-3700,
2011.
Browse, J., et al.: The scavenging processes controlling the seasonal cycle in Arctic sulphate and black carbon aerosol, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 12, 6775-6798, 2012.
Doherty, S. J., et al.: Light-absorbing impurities in Arctic snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11647-11680, 2010.
Dlugokencky, E. J.: Atmospheric methane levels off: Temporary pause or a new steady-state? Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (19), 2003.
Eckhardt, S., et al.: Estimation of the vertical profile of sulfur dioxide injection into the atmosphere by a volcanic eruption using
satellite column measurements and inverse transport modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3881-3897, 2008.
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Methane Emissions from the Arctic OCean to the Atmosphere: Present and Future Climate Effects, PI C. L. Myhre 12
This is in the framework of the following projects: GAME (Causes and effects of Global and Arctic changes in the
MEthane budget) and GHG-Nor (Greenhouse gases in the North: from local to regional scale. 13
eScience Tools for Investigating Climate Change at High Northern Latitudes, a new Nordic Centre of Excellence co-
ordinated by A. Stohl (likely from January 2014) 14 Zotino Tall Tower Observatory
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Elansky, N. F., et al. Atmospheric composition observations over Northern Eurasia using the mobile laboratory: TROICA experi-
ment, ISTC publ., Moscow, 73 p., 2009.
Enting, I. G.: Inverse Problems in Atmospheric Constituent Transport, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, 2002.
Ferretti, D. F., et al.: Unexpected changes to the global methane budget over the past 2000 years, Science, 309, 1714-1717, 2005.
Flanner M. G. et al.: Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow, J. Geophys. Res. 112, D11202, 2007.
Fiore, A. M. et al.: Linking ozone pollution and climate change: The case for controlling methane, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1919,
2002.
Fisher, R. E., et al.: Arctic methane sources: Isotopic evidence for atmospheric inputs, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L21803, 2011.
Forster, P., et al.: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.
Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Solomon, S., et al., Cambridge University Press.
Cambridge, United Kingdom. 2007.
Fuglestvedt, J.S., et al.: Assessment of transport impacts on climate and ozone: metrics. Atmos. Environ., 44, 4648-4677, 2010.
Hegg, D. A., et al.: Source attribution of black carbon in arctic snow, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4016–4021, 2009.
Hirdman, D., et al.: Source identification of short-lived air pollutants in the Arctic using statistical analysis of measurement data and
particle dispersion model output. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 669–693, 2010.
Keywood, M. et al.: Fire in the air-biomass burning impacts in a changing climate, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Tech., 43, 40-83, 2012.
Klimont, Z., et al.: Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter, paper in preparation, 2013.
Langenfelds, R., et al.: Interannual growth rate variations of atmospheric CO2 and its delta13C, H2, CH4, and CO between 1992 and
1999 linked to biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1048, 2002.
Paris, J. D., et al.: Source-receptor relationships for airborne measurements of CO2, CO and O3 above Siberia: a cluster-based
approach, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1671-1687, 2010.
Paris, J. D., et al.: Wildfire smoke in the Siberian Arctic in summer: source characterization and plume evolution from airborne
measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9315-9327, 2009.
Quinn P. K. et al. (2008): Short-lived pollutants in the Arctic: their climate impact and possible mitigation strategies. Atmos. Chem.
Phys. 8, 1723-1735.
Quinn P.K., Stohl A., … Shevchenko V., et al.: The Impact of Black Carbon on Arctic Climate. Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and As-
sessment Programme (AMAP), 2011. 72 p.
Rigby, M., et al.: Renewed growth of atmospheric methane, Geophysical Research Letters, 35 (22), 2008.
Roy, D. P., et al.: The collection 5 MODIS burned area product – Global evaluation by comparison with the MODIS active fire
product, Remote Sensing of Environment, 112, 3690-3707, 2008.
Roy, D. P., et al.: Prototyping a global algorithm for systematic fire-affecting area mapping using MODIS time series data, Remote
Sensing of Environment, 97, 137-162, 2005.
Schuur, E.A.G. & Abbott, B.: Climate change: High risk of permafrost thaw, Nature, 480, 32-33, 2011.
Seiler, W. & Crutzen, P. J.: Estimates of gross and net fluxes of carbon between the biosphere and atmosphere, Clim. Change, 2,
207-247, 1980.
Sharma, S., et al.: Variations and sources of the equivalent black carbon in the high Arctic revealed by long-term observations at
Alert and Barrow: 1989–2003, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14208, 2006.
Shevchenko, V. P., et al.: The distribution of atmospheric black carbon in marine boundary layer over the seas of the western part of
the Russian Arctic in September–October 2011, Geophys. Res. Abstracts 14, EGU2012-5966, EGU General Assembly, 2012.
Shevchenko V.P., Lisitzin A.P., Kuptzov V.M. et al.: Composition of aerosols in the surface boundary layer of the atmosphere over
the seas of the Western Russian Arctic, Oceanology 39, 128–136, 1999.
Shevchenko V., et al.: Heavy metals in aerosols over the seas of the Russian Arctic, Sci. Total Env. 306, 11–25, 2003.
Stjernberg, A.-C. E., et al.: Low concentrations of near-surface ozone in Siberia, Tellus B; Vol 64, 2012.
Stohl, A.: Characteristics of atmospheric transport into the Arctic troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D11306, 2006.
Stohl, A., et al.: Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: A review, and what we have learned from STACCATO, J. Geophys. Res. 108,
2003.
Stohl, A., et al.: Technical note: The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART version 6.2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2461-
2474, 2005.
Stohl, A., et al.: Validation of the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART against large-scale tracer experiment data,
Atmos. Environ., 32, 4245-4264, 1998.
Stohl, A., et al.: Arctic smoke - record high air pollution levels in the European Arctic due to agricultural fires in Eastern Europe.
Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 511-534, 2007.
Stohl, A., et al.: Hydrochlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluorocarbon emissions in East Asia determined by inverse modeling, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 10, 3545-3560, 2010.
Stohl, A., et al.: An analytical inversion method for determining regional and global emissions of greenhouse gases: Sensitivity
studies and application to halocarbons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1597-1620, 2009.
Stohl, A., et al.: Xenon-133 and caesium-137 releases into the atmosphere from the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant:
determination of the source term, atmospheric dispersion, and deposition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2313-2343, 2012.
Stohl, A., et al.: Black carbon in the Arctic: the underestimated role of gas flaring and residential combustion emissions, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., in press; see also: Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 13, 9567-9613, 2013.
Thompson, R. L., et al.: Impact of the atmospheric sink and vertical mixing on nitrous oxide fluxes estimated using inversion
methods, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D17307, 2011a.
Thompson, R. L., et al.: A Bayesian inversion estimate of N2O emissions for western and central Europe and the assessment of
aggregation errors, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3443-3458, 2011b.
UNEP: Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone, UNEP and WMO, Nairobi, 2011.
van der Werf, G. R., et al.: Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires
(1997-2009), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11707-11735, 2010.
Vasileva, A.V. et al.: Assessment of the regional atmospheric impact of wildfire emissions based on CO observations at the ZOTTO
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Curriculum vitae of Andreas Stohl 29/08/2013
Personal information
Born: 23 March 1968 Nationality: Austria Civil status: married, three children
University Degrees
24 March 1992 Diploma degree in meteorology at the University of Vienna, Austria
1 July 1996 PhD degree in meteorology at the University of Vienna, Austria
June 2000 Habilitation at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Employment Record
January 1992 to May 1995 Research assistant at University of Vienna, Austria
June 1995 to April 1997 Research assistant at University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna, Austria
April to November 1996 Compulsory military service
December 1996 to May 1997 Contractor, Central Institute of Meteorology and Geodynamics, Vienna, A.
May to July 1997 Research assistant at University of Munich, Germany
August 1997 to July 2003 Assistant professor (C1) first at University of Munich, then at Technical
University of Munich, Germany (no change of position, faculty transfer)
July 2003 to November 2004 Research Associate at University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
Since December 2004 Senior scientist at NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller,
Norway
2010 Guest professor at University of Innsbruck, Austria
Research Performance
In the Norwegian Research Council’s Evaluation of the Geosciences in Norway (2011), Stohl’s group was
awarded the top grade, given only to 5 of 65 groups evaluated.
ISI Essential Science Indicators (ESI) lists Andreas Stohl at place 32 of all researchers in the Geosciences in
terms of citations of papers that have appeared during the last 10 years plus 2 months (as of August 2013).
Twelve of Stohl’s papers from that period are also listed as highly cited in ESI (belonging to top 1% of all
papers for year of publication).
The graphs below are taken from ISI Web of Science (July 2012):
ISI Publications in Each Year
ISI Citations in Each Year
246 peer-reviewed articles published or accepted h-index: 48 (ISI Web of
Science) m-index: 2.5 (h-index divided by number
of years since first
publication)
Reviewing
In the past, Stohl has served as a reviewer and review panel member for more than 20 different funding
agencies (e.g. European Research Council, NSF, NASA, NOAA in the U.S.A., CFCAS and CSA in Canada,
NRF in South Africa, DFG, HGF in Germany, Academy of Finland, SNSF in Switzerland, NERC and
DEFRA in the U.K., NOSR in the Netherlands, COST secretariate, European Commission, etc.) and for
more than 30 different international journals.
Awards
2004 EUROTRAC-2 Young Scientist Award, a one-time prize given to five scientists under the
age of 40 for their achievements during the EUREKA project EUROTRAC-2
2007 NOAA OAR Outstanding Scientific Paper Award from NOAA’s Office for Oceanic and
Atmospheric Research for the paper by O. R. Cooper, A. Stohl, M. Trainer, et al. (2006)
2009 Certificate of Appreciation from the World Meteorological Organization and the
International Council for Science for initiating and leading POLARCAT
2009 Group Achievement Award from NASA for outstanding accomplishments in ARCTAS
2011+2012 Two subsequent Editor’s Citations for Excellence in Refereeing for the American
Geophysical Union’s (AGU) Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres
Invited presentations
Numerous invited presentations at EGU’s General Assembly, AGU’s Fall Meeting, IUGG’s General
Assembly, and in many institutional colloquia (e.g., three times in last ten years at ETH Zürich)
Community Services
2002-2003 Spokesperson for the BMBF-funded German Atmospheric Research Program 2000
2003-2004 Associate editor of the Journal of Geophysical Research
Since 2003 Co-editor of Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
2003-2011 Convener of session “Vertical and long-range transport of trace gases in the troposphere” at
the General Assembly of the European Geosciences Union
2002-2011 Head convener or co-convener of sessions at AGU’s Fall Meetings, EGU’s General
Assembly, CACGP Symposium, IGAC Conference, International Polar Year Science
Conference 2010
From 2010 Member of the International Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution
2005-2011 Coordinator of POLARCAT (Polar study using aircraft, remote sensing, surface
measurements and models, of climate, chemistry, aerosols, and transport), an International
Polar Year core activity endorsed also by AMAP, IGAC, iLEAPS and SPARC
Year International Scientific Assessments + a Book Role
2011 Quinn, P.K., A. Stohl, et al.: The Impact of Black Carbon on Arctic Climate.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, 72 p., ISBN-978-
82-7971-069-1.
Co-chair with
P.K. Quinn
2011
Cooper, O., D. Derwent, B. Collins, R. Doherty, D. Stevenson, A. Stohl, and P.
Hess: Conceptual Overview of Hemispheric or Intercontinental Transport of
Ozone and Particulate Matter. In: Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution 2010.
Part A: Ozone and Particulate Matter (editors: Dentener, F., T. Keating, and H.
Akimoto). United Nations, New York and Geneva, ISBN 978-92-1-117043-6.
Co-author, Stohl
was coordinating
lead author of
2007 assessment
2011
Montzka, S. A., et al. (including A. Stohl): Chapter 1 – Ozone-depleting
substances (ODSs) and related chemicals. In: Scientific Assessment of Ozone
Depletion: 2010. World Meteorological Organization, Global Ozone Research
and Monitoring Project – Report No. 52, Geneva, ISBN: 9966-7319-6-2.
Co-author
2004 A. Stohl: Intercontinental Transport of Air Pollutants. Springer-Verlag,
Heidelberg, ISBN: 3-540-20563-2, 325p. Editor
Major Funded Research Projects
2000-2002 Coordinator of STACCATO (Influence of Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange in a Changing
Climate on Atmospheric Transport and Oxidation Capacity), an EU project
2000-2006 Coordinator of one research project and PI of three other projects funded in the framework of
the German Atmospheric Research Program 2000 (AFO 2000)
2001-2004 PI within PARTS (Particles in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere and their Role
in the Climate System), an EU project
2006-2008 PI of FLEXPOP (Further Development of a Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model
(FLEXPART) to Evaluate the Atmospheric Fate and Distribution of POPs), funded by the
Research Council of Norway (300 k€)
2006-2010 PI of WATER-SIP (Where Norway Receives its Water from), funded by the Research
Council of Norway (560 k€)
2007-2009
Coordinator of POLARCAT (Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface
Measurements and Models, of Climate, Chemistry, Aerosols, and Transport), an
International Polar Year project, the Norwegian component funded by the Research Council
of Norway (2.6 million €, 1.9 million € for NILU)
2007-2010 PI in EUCAARI, an Integrated Project coordinated by M. Kulmala (U. Helsinki) and funded
by the European Commission (792 k€ for NILU, including internal funds)
2007-2010 PI of SUMSVAL (A Comparison of Data from Atmospheric Research Stations at Summit,
Greenland, and Zeppelin, Svalbard), funded by the Research Council of Norway (150 k€)
2007-2010 PI in POCAHONTAS, funded by the Research Council of Norway (100 k€ for NILU)
2008-2010 Coordinator of RAPSIFACT (Study of Russian Air Pollution Sources …), funded by the
Research Council of Norway (390 k€, 300 k€ for NILU)
2008-2011 PI in MEGAPOLI, funded by the European Commission (250 k€ for NILU, 75% from EU)
2010-2011 Co-chair of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program’s Expert Group on Short-Lived
Climate Forcers, funded by Norwegian Environmental Protection Agency (100 k€)
2009-2012 PI in SHIVA, funded by the European Commission (130 k€ for NILU, 75% from EU)
2010-2012 Coordinator of SOGG-EA (Sources of Greenhouse Gases in East Asia), funded by the
Research Council of Norway (900 k€, 250 k€ for NILU)
2010-2012 Coordinator of CLIMSLIP (Climate Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants in the Polar Regions),
selected by the European Science Foundation and funded by several national research
councils (901 k€, 371 k€ for NILU)
Current projects
2010-2015 Deputy leader of CRAICC (Cryosphere-Atmosphere Interactions in a Changing Arctic
Climate), a virtual Nordic Center of Excellence (4.5 M€); leader Markku Kulmala
2011-2013 PI in EARTHCLIM, an Earth System Modeling project coordinated by H. Drange and funded
by the Norwegian Research Council (5 M€, 200 k€ for NILU)
2011-2014 Coordinator of ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived
Pollutants), funded by the European Commission (3.8 M€, 0.7 M€ for NILU)
2013-2016 Subcontracting PI for a project for the German Radiation Protection Agency (265 k€ for
NILU)
2014-2017 PI in EVA, an Earth System Modeling project coordinated by C. Heinze, accepted for
funding by the Norwegian Research Council
2014-2018 Coordinator of the Nordic Center of Excellence eSTICC (eScience Tools for Investigating
Climate Change at High Northern Latitudes), accepted for funding by Nordforsk
Selected relevant publications since 2008 (total number since 2008: 114 publications)
Stohl, A., Z. Klimont, S. Eckhardt, K. Kupiainen, and C. Lunder (2013): Why models struggle to capture
Arctic Haze: the important role of the emissions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 13, 9567-9613. Revised
and extended version including Russian co-authors, accepted by ACP.
Eckhardt, S., O. Hermansen, H. Grythe, M. Fiebig, K. Stebel, M. Cassiani, A. Baecklund, and A. Stohl
(2013): The influence of cruise ship emissions on air pollution in Svalbard – a harbinger of a more
polluted Arctic? Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 8401-8409.
Berchet, A., J.-D. Paris, G. Ancellet, K. S. Law, A. Stohl, P. Nédélec, M. Yu Arshinov, B. D. Belan, and P.
Ciais (2013): Tropospheric ozone over Siberia in spring 2010: remote influences and stratospheric
intrusion. Tellus B 65, 19688.
Engvall Stjernberg, A.-C., A. Skorokhod, J. D. Paris, N. Elansky, P. Nédélec, and A. Stohl (2012): Low
concentrations of near-surface ozone in Siberia. Tellus B 65, 11607.
Stohl, A., P. Seibert, G. Wotawa, D. Arnold, J. F. Burkhart, S. Eckhardt, C. Tapia, A. Vargas, and T. J.
Yasunari (2012): Xenon-133 and caesium-137 releases into the atmosphere from the Fukushima Dai-
ichi nuclear power plant: determination of the source term, atmospheric dispersion, and deposition.
Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 2313-2343.
Stohl, A., A. J. Prata, S. Eckhardt, et al. (2011): Determination of time- and height-resolved volcanic ash
emissions and their use for quantitative ash dispersion modeling: the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption.
Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 4333-4351.
Stohl, A., J. Kim, S. Li, et al. (2010): Hydrochlorofluorocarbon and hydro-fluorocarbon emissions in East
Asia determined by inverse modeling. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 3545-3560.
Hirdman, D., H. Sodemann, S. Eckhardt, J.F. Burkhart, A. Jefferson, T. Mefford, P.K. Quinn, S. Sharma, J.
Ström, and A. Stohl (2010): Source identification of short-lived air pollutants in the Arctic using
statistical analysis of measurement data and particle dispersion model output. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10,
669-693.
Paris, J.-D., P. Ciais, P. Nédélec, A. Stohl, B. D. Belan, M. Yu. Arshinov, C. Carouge, G. Golitsyn, I. G.
Granberg (2010): Transcontinental flights over Siberia: overview of first results from the YAK
AEROSIB project. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 91, 625-641.
Stohl, A., and H. Sodemann (2010): Characteristics of atmospheric transport into the Antarctic troposphere.
J. Geophys. Res. 115, D02305.
Stohl, A., J. Kim, S. Li, S. O’Doherty, J. Mühle, P.K. Salameh, T. Saito, M.K. Vollmer, D. Wan, R.F.
Weiss, B. Yao, Y. Yokouchi, and L.X. Zhou (2010): Hydrochlorofluorocarbon and hydro-fluorocarbon
emissions in East Asia determined by inverse modeling. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 3545-3560.
Hirdman, D., K. Aspmo, J. F. Burkhart, S. Eckhardt, H. Sodemann, and A. Stohl (2009): Transport of
mercury in the Arctic atmosphere: Evidence for a spring-time net sink and summer-time source.
Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L12814.
Stohl, A., P. Seibert, J. Arduini, S. Eckhardt, P. Fraser, B. R. Greally, C. Lunder, M. Maione, J. Mühle, S.
O’Doherty, R. G. Prinn, S. Reimann, T. Saito, N. Schmidbauer, P.G. Simmonds, M. K. Vollmer, R. F.
Weiss, and Y. Yokouchi (2009): An analytical inversion method for determining regional and global
emissions of greenhouse gases: Sensitivity studies and application to halocarbons. Atmos. Chem. Phys.
9, 1597-1620.
Eckhardt, S., A. J. Prata, P. Seibert, K. Stebel, and A. Stohl (2008): Estimation of the vertical profile of
sulfur dioxide injection into the atmosphere by a volcanic eruption using satellite column
measurements and inverse transport modeling. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8, 3881-3897.
Quinn, P. K., T. S. Bates, E. Baum, N. Doubleday, A. Fiore, M. Flanner, A. Fridlind, T. J. Garrett, D. Koch,
S. Menon, D. Shindell, A. Stohl, and S. G. Warren (2008): Short-lived pollutants in the Arctic: their
climate impact and possible mitigation strategies. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8, 1723-1735.
Stohl, A., C. Forster, and H. Sodemann (2008): Remote sources of water vapor forming precipitation on the
Norwegian west coast at 60º N - a tale of hurricanes and an atmospheric river. J. Geophys. Res.113,
D05102.
1
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name Vladimir Petrovich Shevchenko
Date of Birth 06.11.1960
Place of Birth Varenikovskaya village, Krasnodar Region, Former USSR
Citezenship Russia
Civil status Divorced, two children
Foreign
languages
English, French, German
Education Geological Department of Moscow State University, 1989
PhD P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, 2000
Present address P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Nakhimovsky Prospekt, 36,
Moscow 117997, Russia;
Fax: 7-499-1245983; e-mail: [email protected]
PREVIOUS AND PRESENT POSITION
1989–1992 Post-graduate student in the Institute of Oceanology RAS, Moscow.
Supervisor – Academician A.P. Lisitzin.
1992–1996 Junior scientist, Laboratory of physico-geological research, P.P. Shirshov
Institute of Oceanology RAS
1996–1999 Scientist, Laboratory of physico-geological research, P.P. Shirshov Institute
of Oceanology RAS
1999–present Leading scientist, Laboratory of physico-geological research, P.P. Shirshov
Institute of Oceanology RAS
EXPEDITIONAL EXPERIENCE
In 1987–2013 participation in 50 expeditions, including 5 expeditions onboard the RV
„Polarstern“ in the Arctic (ARK XI/1, ARK XIII/2, ARK XIV/1a, ARK XVII/2, ARK XX/3),
MSM 05/03 cruise of the RV “Maria S. Merian” in the West Greenland shelf area (June–July
2007), expedition onboard the Canadian ice-breaker “Amundsen” (December 2007 – January
2008) and as chief scientist of 17 expeditions in the White Sea region and of the 11th
cruise of
the RV „Akademik Ioffe“ in the Atlantic Ocean, October–November 2002.
PUBLICATIONS: author of 2 monographs, author and co-author of 335 articles.
FIELD OF INTEREST:
Studies of processes of modern sedimentation (aerosols, snow, ice, suspended matter, particle
fluxes, bottom sediments) in the World Ocean, especially in the Arctic Ocean.
MEMBERSHIP in: Russian Aerosol Society, Gesellschaft fuer Aerosolforschung, American
Geophysical Union, Euroscience, Russian Geographical Society, Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer
Polarforschung, European Geosciences Union, Moscow Association of Polar Explorers.
2
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
Papers in reviewed journals 1. Lisitsyn A.P., Shevchenko V.P., Vinogradov M.E. et al. Particle fluxes in the Kara Sea and
Ob and Yenisey Estuaries // Oceanology. 1995. V. 34. No. 5. P. 683–693.
2. Jambers W., Smekens A., Van Grieken R., Shevchenko V., Gordeev V. Characterisation of
particulate matter from the Kara Sea using electron probe X-ray micro analysis // Colloids
and Surfaces. A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 1997. V. 120. P. 61–75.
3. Shevchenko V.P., Vinogradova A.A., Ivanov G.I. et al. The distribution and composition of
aerosols in the Western Arctic // Transactions (Doklady) of the Russian Academy of
Sciences. Earth science Sections. 1997. V. 3SSA. No. 6. P. 912–915.
4. Shevchenko V.P., Vinogradova A.A., Ivanov G.I., Serova V.V. Composition of marine
aerosols in the Western Arctic // Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 1998. V. 34.
No. 5. P. 597–601.
5. Shevchenko V.P., Lisitzin A.P., Kuptzov V.M. et al. Composition of aerosols in the surface
boundary layer of the atmosphere over the seas of the Western Russian Arctic // Oceanology.
1999. V. 39. No. 1. P. 128–136.
6. Shevchenko V.P., Lisitzin A.P., Vinogradova A.A., Smirnov V.V. et al. Arctic aerosols.
Results of ten-year investigations // Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics. 2000. V. 13. P. 510–
533.
7. Shevchenko V., Lisitzin A., Vinogradova A., Stein R. Heavy metals in aerosols over the seas
of the Russian Arctic // The Science of the Total Environment. 2003. V. 306. P. 11–25.
8. Shevchenko V.P., Stein R., Vinogradova A.A. et al. Elemental composition of aerosols in
the near-water layer of the atmosphere over the Laptev Sea in July–September 1995 //
Oceanology. 2004. V. 44. No. 4. P. 579–587.
9. Shevchenko V.P., Dolotov Y.S., Filatov N.N., Alexeeva T.N. et al. Biogeochemistry of the
Kem’ River estuary, White Sea (Russia) // Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2005. V.
9. P. 57–66.
10. Kravchishina M.D., Shevchenko V.P., Filippov A.S. et al. Composition of suspended
particulate matter at the Severnaya Dvina River mouth (White Sea) during the spring flood
period // Oceanology. 2010. V. 50. P. 365–385.
11. Pokrovsky O.S., Viers J., Shirokova L.S., Shevchenko V.P., Filipov A.S., Dupré B.
Dissolved, suspended, and colloidal fluxes of organic carbon, major and trace elements in the
Severnaya Dvina River and its tributary // Chemical Geology. 2010. V. 273. P. 136–149.
12. Shevchenko V.P., Korobov V.B., Lisitzin A.P. et al. First data on the composition of
atmospheric dust responsible for yellow snow in Northern European Russia in March 2008 //
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2010. V. 431. P. 497–501.
13. Shevchenko V.P., Pokrovsky O.S., Filippov A.S. et al. On the elemental composition of
suspended matter of the Severnaya Dvina River (White Sea Region) // Doklady Earth
Sciences. 2010. V. 430. P. 228–234.
14. Callaghan T.V., Johansson M., Brown R.D., Groisman P.Ya., Labba N., Radionov V.,
Bradley R.S., Blangy S., Bulygina O.N., Christensen T.R., Colman J.E., Essery R.L.H.,
Forbes B.C., Forchhammer M.C., Golubev V.N., Honrath R.E., Juday G.P., Meshcherskaya
A.V., Phoenix G.K., Pomeroy J., Rautio A., Robinson D.A., Schmidt N.M., Serreze M.C.,
Shevchenko V.P., Shiklomanov A.I., Shmakin A.B., Sköld P., Sturm M., Woo M., Wood
E.F. Multiple effects of changes in Arctic snow cover // Ambio. V. 40 (S1). P. 32–45.
15. Fedorov Yu.A., Ovsepyan A.E., Lisitzin A.P., Dotsenko I.V., Novigatskii A.N., Shevchenko
V.P. Patterns of mercury distribution in bottom sediments along the Severnaya Dvina –
White Sea section // Doklady Earth Sciences. 2011. V. 436. P. 99–102.
16. Sazhin A.F., Sapozhnikov F.V., Rat’kova T.N., Romanova N.D., Shevchenko V.P., Filippov
A.S. The inhabitants of the spring ice, under-ice water, and sediments of the White Sea in the
estuarine zone of the Severnaya Dvina River // Oceanology. 2011. V. 51. P. 295–305.
3
17. Gordeev V.V., Shevchenko V.P. Forms of some metals in the suspended sediments of the
Northern Dvina River and their seasonal variations // Oceanology. 2012. V. 52. No. 2. P.
261–270.
18. Maslov A.V., Shevchenko V.P., Ronkin Yu.L., Lepikhina O.P., Novigatskii A.N., Filippov
A.S., Shevchenko N.V. Systematics of Th, Cr, Hf, Co, and rare-earth elements in modern
bottom sediments of the White Sea and lower reaches of the Severnaya Dvina River //
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2012. V. 443. P. 371–376.
19. Subetto D.A., Shevchenko V.P., Ludikova A.V., Kuznetsov D.D., Sapelko T.V., Lisitsyn
A.P., Evzerov V.Ya., van Beek P., Souhaut M., Subetto G.D. Chronology of isolation of the
Solovetskii Archipelago lakes and current rates of lake sedimentation // Doklady Earth
Sciences. 2012. V. 446. P. 1042–1048.
20. Pokrovsky O.S., Viers J., Dupré B., Chabaux F., Gaillardet J., Audry S., Prokushkin A.S.,
Shirokova L.S., Kirpotin S.N., Lapitsky S.A., Shevchenko V.P. Biogeochemistry of carbon,
major and trace elements in watersheds of northern Eurasia drained to the Arctic Ocean: The
change of fluxes, sources and mechanisms under the climate warming prospective // Comptes
Rendus Geoscience. 2012. V. 344. P. 663–677. 21. Politova N.V., Shevchenko V.P., Zernova V.V. Distribution, composition, and vertical
fluxes of particulate matter in bays of Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, Vigach Island at the end
of summer // Advances in Meteorology. 2012. V, 2012. Article ID 259316. 15 p.
doi:10.1155/2012/259316.
22. Ilyash L.V., Radchenko I.G., Novigatsky A.N., Lisitzin A.P., Shevchenko V.P. Vertical flux
of phytoplankton and particulate matter in the White Sea according to the long-term exposure
of sediment traps // Oceanology. 2013. V. 53. No. 2. P. 192–199.
23. Lisitzin A.P., Vasil’chuk Yu.K., Shevchenko V.P., Budantseva N.A., Krasnova E.D.,
Pantyulin A.N., Filippov A.S., Chizhova Ju.N. Oxygen isotope composition of water and
snow–ice cover of isolated lakes at various stages of separation from the White Sea //
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2013. V. 449. P. 406–412.
24. Shevchenko V.P., Pokrovsky O.S., Starodymova D.P., Vasyukova E.V., Lisitzin A.P.,
Drovnina S.I., Zamber N.S., Makhnovich N.M., Savvichev A.S., Sonke J. Geochemistry of
terricolous lichens in the White Sea catchment area // Doklady Earth Sciences. 2013. V. 450.
P. 514–520.
Monographs
25. Shevchenko V. The influence of aerosols on the oceanic sedimentation and environmental
conditions in the Arctic. Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung. 2003. No. 464. 149 p.
26. Shevchenko V.P. Influence of aerosols on the environment and marine sedimentation in the
Arctic. Moscow: Nauka, 2006. 226 p. (in Russian).
Other publications
27. Shevchenko V.P., Lisitzin A.P. Stein R. et al. The composition of the coarse fraction of
aerosols in the marine boundary layer over the Laptev, Kara and Barents Seas // Kassens
H. et al. (eds.), Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic: Dynamics and History.
Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999. P. 53–59.
28. Rachold V., Eicken H., Gordeev V.V., Grigoriev M.N., Hubberten H.-W., Lisitzin A.P.,
Shevchenko V.P., Schirmeister L. Modern terrigenous organic carbon input to the Arctic
Ocean // The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean. R. Stein and R.W. Macdonald
(eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2003. P. 33–55.
29. Wassmann P., Bauerfeind E., Fortier M., Fukuchi M., Hargrave B., Moran B., Noji T.,
Nothig E.-M., Olli K., Peinert R., Sasaki H., Shevchenko V.P. Particulate organic carbon
flux to the Arctic Ocean sea floor // The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean. R.
Stein and R.W. Macdonald (eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2003. P. 101–138.
CURRICULUM VITAE
Andrey I. Skorokhod, PhD
Born: September 7, 1969 in Chernigov (now Ukraine)
Address: A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (OIAP) RAS,
Pyzhevsky per.3, Moscow 119017, Russia
Tel.: +7-495-951-5387
Fax: +7-495-953-1652
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Current responsibilities - Head of Laboratory of Atmospheric Gaseous Species (LAGS) in OIAP;
- Manager of Ecological Station at Moscow State University;
- Technical Director of world famous TROICA (TRanscontinental Observations
Into the Chemistry of the Atmosphere) Project;
- One of the leaders of Russian-German project of atmospheric chemistry
observations on tall tower in Central Siberia (ZOTTO);
Short background
2013 Leader of air quality assessment Project granted by Russian
Ministry of Education and Science (State Contract #
14.515.11.0004, 190 kEuro)
2011 – till present Head of Laboratory of Atmospheric Gaseous Species (LAGS) in
OIAP
2010-2012 Leader of large atmosphere monitoring Project granted by
Russian Ministry of Education and Science (State Contract #
02.740.11.0676, 270 kEuro)
2007 – till present Leader of OIAP scientific research program at ZOTTO station
2005 – 2010 Manager of ISTC Project # 2770 (Atmospheric Chemistry and
Ecosystems parameters in Central Siberia, 371 kUSD)
2005 – 2009 Vice-Manager of ISTC Project #2773 (Atmospheric Chemistry
over Northern Eurasia, 315 kUSD)
2006-2009 Curator of POLARCAT project within International Polar Year
2007/2009 from OIAP
2002 – till present Manager of Ecological Station in Moscow State University
1999 – 2011 Researcher at the A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric
Physics RAS.
1992 - 1999 Researcher at the State Oceanographic Institute, Moscow,
studied chemistry of marine waters and sea ice.
1992-1996 PhD Thesis work on salt composition of the Caspian Sea
waters, diploma of PhD in Geography
1986 - 1992 Department of Geography of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State
University, student, diploma.
Scientific activity:
- Tropospheric air chemistry of boreal zone.
- Sources and sinks of trace gases, emissions
- Air pollution in megacities and it’s assessment.
- Interaction of atmosphere and terrestrial boreal ecosystems, it’s influence on
biogeochemical chemical cycles (carbon, nitrogen)
Awards:
1997, 1999 - Allowance - State Fellowship for Outstanding Young Scientists
2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2013 – Nomination – Russian Government Award in the Field
of Science and Technique
2012 – MAIK publisher award for the best scientific publication in 2011
Other Activities
Participated in numerous International scientific conferences and meetings (US,
Germany, France, Finland, Austria, Norway etc.), in the Meeting of Russia-USA
Working Group on Environmental Problems in 2003.
Took part in expeditions to the Caspian, the Black, the White Seas, the Sea of Azov,
along the Trans-Siberian Railway and other routes (TROICA), in Central Siberia, in
Kalmykia, in the Kola peninsula, in Kislovodsk, in Moscow Region, on the lake Baikal.
Has about 35 publications in international scientific journals.
Main Publications (2010-2013):
N.F. Elansky, O.V. Lavrova, A.A.Rakin, A.I. Skorokhod (2013) Anthropogenic perturbations
of the atmosphere in the Moscow region. Doklady Earth Sciences (in print)
Lokoschenko M.A., N.F. Elansky, A.V.Trifanova, I.B. Belikov, A.I. Skorokhod (2013).
On extreme levels of air pollution in Moscow. Vestnik MGU (in print).
N.F. Elansky, I.B. Belikov, O.V. Lavrova, A.I. Skorokhod, R.A. Shumsky, C.A.M.
Brenninkmeijer and O.A. Tarasova (2012). Train-Based Platform for Observations of the
Atmosphere Composition (TROICA Project), Air Pollution - Monitoring, Modelling and
Health, Dr. Mukesh Khare (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0424-7, InTech, Available from:
http://www.intechopen.com/books/air-pollution-monitoring-modelling-and-health/train-
based-platform-for-observations-of-atmosphere-composition-troica-project-
A.-C. Engvall Stjernberg, A. Skorokhod, N. Elansky, J.D. Paris, A. Stohl. Ozone in Siberia –
air-mass transport and surface interactions. Tellus B 2012, 64, 11607, DOI:
10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.11607.
A. Skorokhod, R. Shumsky, N. Pankratova, K. Moiseenko, A. Vasileva, E. Berezina, and N.
Elansky. Trace gases over Northern Eurasia: background level and disturbing factors.
Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 14, EGU2012-4533, 2012.
N. F. Elansky, I. I. Mokhov, I. B. Belikov, E. V. Berezina, A. S. Elokhov, V. A. Ivanov, N. V.
Pankratova, O. V. Postylyakov, A. N. Safronov and A. I. Skorokhod, et al. Gaseous
admixtures in the atmosphere over Moscow during the 2010 summer// Izvestiya Atmospheric
and Oceanic Physics. 2011, V. 47, Number 6, 672-681, DOI: 10.1134/S000143381106003X
N. F. Elansky, I. I. Mokhov, I. B. Belikov, E. V. Berezina, A. S. Elokhov, V. A. Ivanov, N. V.
Pankratova, O. V. Postylyakov, A. N. Safronov, A. I. Skorokhod, and R. A. Shumsky. Gas
Composition of the Surface Air in Moscow during the Extreme Summer of 2010. Doklady
Earth Sciences, 2011, Vol. 437, Part 1, pp. 357–362, DOI: 10.1134/S1028334X11030020.
Skorokhod A., Ginzburg A. 2011. New Approach for Calculation of Megacity Air Quality
Indexes in Russia. NewsLetters of the FP7 EC MEGAPOLI Project, Issue 12, September
2011, p. 9.
N. F. Elanskii, I. B. Belikov, Academician G. S. Golitsyn, A. M. Grisenko, O. V. Lavrova, N.
V. Pankratova, A. N. Safronov, A. I. Skorokhod, and R. A. Shumckii. 2010. Observations of
the Atmosphere Composition in the Moscow Megapolis from a Mobile Laboratory// Doklady
Earch Science. V. 432. No 1. 649-655.
I. Timkovsky, N. F. Elanskii, A. I. Skorokhod, and R. A. Shumskii. Studying of Biogenic
Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere over Russia. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and
Oceanic Physics, 2010, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 319–327
Languages: English (fluent), German (basic), Ukrainian (fluent), Russian (native)
Personal data: Russian, married, 2 children
1
Curriculum Vitae of Rona Thompson
Date of birth: 18 May 1979 Place of birth: Wellington, New Zealand Nationality: New Zealander Employment record
Senior researcher October 2011 – present NILU, Kjeller, Norway
Post-doctoral researcher January 2009 – September 2011 LSCE, Saclay, France
Post-doctoral researcher May 2005 – December 2008 Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
PhD student May 2001 – April 2005 Victoria University of Wellington, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
Research assistant December 2000 – April 2001 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
Qualifications
• 21 November 2005: PhD in atmospheric chemistry, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand (supervised by Dr. D. Lowe [NIWA], Dr. D. Weatherburn [Victoria University of Wellington], Dr. A. Manning [formerly at Max Planck Institute of Biogeochemistry])
• 1 May 2001: Bachelor of Science Honours (first class) in chemistry, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
• 18 April 2000: Bachelor of Science, major in chemistry, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
• December 1996: Secondary school, Bursary (A) in Biology, Calculus, Chemistry, English and Physics, Wellington Girls College, New Zealand
Scholarships and Awards
• 6 September 2004: Victoria University PhD Completion Scholarship • 22 January 2001: Top Achievers Doctoral Scholarship - presented by the
Foundation of Research Science and Technology (FRST) of New Zealand • 25 February 2000: Curtis Gordon Research Scholarship in Chemistry -
presented by Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand • 15 December 1999: Victoria Graduate Award - presented by Victoria
University of Wellington, New Zealand Publications
Peer-reviewed
• R. L. Thompson, F. Chevallier, A. M. Crotwell, G. Dutton, R. L. Langenfelds, R. G. Prinn, R. F. Weiss, Y. Tohjima, T. Nakazawa, P. B. Krummel, L. P. Steele, P. Fraser, K. Ishijima, and S. Aoki, Nitrous oxide emissions 1999 – 2009 from a global atmospheric inversion, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 13, doi:10.5194/acpd-13-
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1-2013, 2013 • R. L. Thompson, E. Dlugokencky, F. Chevallier, P. Ciais, G. Dutton, J. W. Elkins, R.
L. Langenfelds, R. G. Prinn, R. F. Weiss, Y. Tohjima, S. O’Doherty, P. B. Krummel, P. Fraser, and L. P. Steele, Interannual variability in tropospheric nitrous oxide, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1–6, doi:10.1002/grl.50721, 2013
• X. Fang, R. L. Thompson, T. Saito, Y. Yokouchi, J. Kim, S. Li, K. R. Kim, S. Park, F. Graziosi, and A. Stohl, Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) emissions in East Asia determined by inverse modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 13, 21003-21040, 2013
• Broquet, G., Chevallier, F., Bréon, F. M., Alemanno, M., Apadula, F., Hammer, S., Haszpra, L., Meinhardt, F., Necki, J., Piacentino, S., Ramonet, M., Schmidt, M., Thompson, R. L., Vermeulen, A. T., Yver, C., Ciais, P., Regional inversion of CO2 ecosystem fluxes from atmospheric measurements: reliability of the uncertainty estimates, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 13(3), 5769-5804, 2013
• S. Luyssaert, G. Abril, R. Andres, D. Bastviken, V. Bellassen, P. Bergamaschi, P. Bousquet, F. Chevallier, P. Ciais, M. Corazza, R. Dechow, K.H. Erb, G. Etiope, A. Fortems-Cheiney, G. Grassi, J. Hartman, M. Jung, J. Lathière, A. Lohila, N. Moosdorf, S. Njakou Djomo, J. Otto, D. Papale, W. Peters, P. Peylin, P. Raymond, C. Rödenbeck, S. Saarnio, E.D. Schulze, S. Szopa, R. Thompson, P.J. Verkerk, N. Vuichard, R. Wang, M. Wattenbach, S. Zaehle, The European CO2, CO, CH4 and N2O balance between 2001 and 2005, Biogeosciences Discuss., 9(2), 2005-2053, 2012
• Harvey, M. J, Harvey, Mike J., Law, Cliff S., Smith, Murray J., Hall, Julie A., Abraham, Edward R., Stevens, Craig L., Hadfield, Mark G., Ho, David T., Ward, Brian, Archer, Stephen D., Cainey, Jill M., Currie, Kim I., Devries, Dawn, Ellwood, Michael J., Hill, Peter, Jones, Graham B., Katz, Dave, Kuparinen, Jorma, Macaskill, Burns, Main, William. Marriner, Andrew, McGregor, John, McNeil, Craig, Minnett, Peter J., Nodder, Scott D., Peloquin, Jill, Pickmere, Stuart, Pinkerton, Matthew H., Safi, Karl A., Thompson, Rona, Walkington, Matthew, Wright, Simon W., Ziolkowski, Lori A., (2011), The SOLAS air-sea gas exchange experiment (SAGE) 2004, Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 58(6), 753-763.
• R. L. Thompson, P. Bousquet, F. Chevallier, P. Rayner and P. Ciais, Impact of the atmospheric sink and vertical mixing on nitrous oxide fluxes estimated using inversion methods, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., doi:10.1029/2011JD015815, 2011
• D. Pillai, C. Gerbig, R. Ahmadov, C. Rödenbeck, R. Kretschmer, T. Koch, R. L. Thompson, B. Neininger, and J. Lavric, High Resolution Simulations of atmospheric CO2 over Complex Terrain - representing the Ochsenkopf mountain tall tower, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11, 6875–6917, 2011
• R. L. Thompson, C. Gerbig, C. Rödenbeck, A Bayesian inversion estimate of N2O emissions for western and central Europe and the assessment of aggregation errors, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 26073–26115, 2010
• M. Corazza, P. Bergamaschi, A. T. Vermeulen, T. Aalto, L. Haszpra, F. Meinhardt, S. O'Doherty, R. Thompson, J. Moncrieff, E. Popa, M. Steinbacher, A. Jordan, E. Dlugokencky, C. Bruhl, M. Krol, and F. Dentener, Inverse modelling of European N2O emissions: Assimilating observations from different networks, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 26319–26359, 2010
• R. L. Thompson, A. C. Manning, E. Gloor, U. Schultz, T. Seifert, F. Hänsel, A. Jordan, and M. Heimann, In-situ measurements of oxygen, carbon monoxide and greenhouse gases from Ochsenkopf tall tower in Germany, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 573-591, 2009
• R. L Thompson, M. Gloor, A. C. Manning, D. C Lowe, C. Rödenbeck, C. Le Quéré, Variability in atmospheric O2 and CO2 concentrations in the southern Pacific Ocean and their comparison with model estimates, J. Geophys. Res, 113, G02025, doi: 10.1029/2007JG000554, 2008
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• R. L. Thompson, A. C. Manning, D. C. Lowe and D. C. Weatherburn, A ship-based methodology for high precision atmospheric oxygen measurements and its application in the Southern Ocean region, Tellus, 59, 643-653, 2007
PhD Thesis
• R. L. Thompson, Variations in atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide in the Southern Ocean region from continuous ship-based measurements, PhD thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, 2005
Scientific reports and non peer-reviewed literature
• R. L. Thompson, Studying the South Pacific carbon cycle using atmospheric CO2 and O2 measurements, NZ Science Review, 59 (3&4), 2002
• M. Schulz, R. Thompson, B. Gabrielle, M. Schmidt, V. Prieur, L. Rivier, and S. Lehuger, NTWOO (Network study to improve Top-down and bottom-up modelling of the global Warming potential of N2O emissions Operationally), scientific report, (Project No. ANR-06-BLAN-0237), 2010
• contributor to the: CHIOTTO (Continuous HIgh-precisiOn Tall Tower Observations of greenhouse gases) scientific report, (Project No. EVK2-CT-2002-00163), 2007
Selected Conference Presentations and Abstracts
• R. L. Thompson, F. Chevallier, P. Bousquet, S. Zaehle, L. Bopp, E. Dlugokencky, and R. G. Prinn, Inter-annual variability in atmospheric nitrous oxide over the past 12 years, EGU, Vienna (oral), Geophysical Research Abstract, Vol. 14, EGU2012-13229, 2012
• R. L. Thompson, P. Patra, K. Ishijima, E. Saikawa, M. Corazza, P. Bousquet, D. Hauglustaine, P. Bergamaschi, TransCom N2O Experiment: Assessing the uncertainties in atmospheric inversion estimates of N2O emissions, NCGG6, Amsterdam, November 2011
• R. L. Thompson, S. Castaldi, M. Santini, et al., Global Estimates of N2O Emissions: A comparison of top-down and bottom-up approaches, EGU, Vienna (oral), Geophysical Research Abstract, Vol. 13, EGU2011-8655, 2011
• R. L. Thompson, P. Bousquet, et al., Global and European scale emissions estimated using a variational inversion approach, Nitrogen and Global Change, Edinburgh, Apr-2011
• R. L. Thompson, P. Bousquet, F. Chevallier, et al., Inverse modelling estimates of N2O surface emissions and stratospheric losses using a global dataset, AGU, San Francisco Fall Meeting (oral), Dec-2010
• R. L. Thompson, C. Gerbig, C. Rödenbeck and M. Heimann, Improving estimates of N2O emissions for western and central Europe using a Bayesian inversion approach, EGU, Vienna (oral), Geophysical Research Abstract, Vol. 11, EGU2009-12231-1, 2009
• R. L. Thompson, M. Heimann, F. Hänsel, U. Schultz and T. Seifert, A new observational system for remote in-situ measurements of atmospheric trace gases in Namibia, EGU, Vienna (poster), Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 10, EGU2008-A-08773, 2008
• R. L. Thompson, C. Gerbig, A. Freibauer and M. Heimann, Improving regional flux estimates of trace greenhouse gases in Germany, EGU, Vienna (oral), Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 10, EGU2008-A-08699, 2008
• R. L. Thompson, M. Heimann, M. Gloor and A. C. Manning, In-situ measurements of atmospheric O2, CO and trace greenhouse gases at Ochsenkopf, CarboEurope Meeting, Poznan (poster), Sep-2007
• R. L. Thompson, M. Heimann, A. C. Manning and M. Gloor, Atmospheric
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measurements from the Ochsenkopf Tall Tower: a multi-species approach to studying the carbon cycle, EGU, Vienna (oral), Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 9, 09445, 2007
• R.L. Thompson, A. C. Manning, D. C. Lowe and C. Rödenbeck, Variation in Atmospheric Potential Oxygen in the Southern Ocean Region from Continuous Ship-board Measurements, 7th International Carbon Dioxide Conference, Boulder, USA, (poster), Sep-2005
• R. L. Thompson, A. C. Manning and D. C. Lowe, Atmospheric O2 and CO2 variations from Ship-based Measurements in the Southern Ocean, International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Conference (IGAC), Christchurch, New Zealand (oral), Sep-2004
• R. L. Thompson, D. C. Lowe, D. C. Weatherburn, and A. C. Manning, Continuous atmospheric CO2 and O2 measurements: their application in studying air-sea gas exchange in the Southern Ocean, Young Scientists Conference, Trieste, Italy (oral, invited), Nov-2003
Reviewing
Acted as a reviewer for Geophysical Research Letters, Journal of Geophysical Research, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics and other international journals. Teaching and Public Outreach 2011: Supervised 1st year master thesis (Master 1 de Sciences et Technologie) l’Université de Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris, France 2000: Tutor of first year chemistry laboratory work, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand (2 hours of teaching per week)
September 2006 and November 2008: Editor of the first and second CarboSchools Educational Booklet, a teaching resource for secondary schools about climate change: http://www.carboeurope.org/education/