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Project Proposal and Feasibility Study
Calvin College
December, 2013
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© 2013-14 CLEAR H2O Team 06 & Calvin College. All Rights Reserved.
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Table of Contents
1. Executive Statement: ......................................................................................................... 1
2. Introduction: ..................................................................................................................... 2
2.1. Class Description .....................................................................................................................2
2.2. Problem Statement ..................................................................................................................2
2.3. Project Proposal ......................................................................................................................2
2.4. Project Management ...............................................................................................................3
2.4.a. Team Members ........................................................................................................................... 3
2.4.b. Team Responsibilities ................................................................................................................. 3
2.4.c. Time Management ...................................................................................................................... 5
2.4.d. Team Communication ................................................................................................................. 6
2.5. Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................7
3. Project Overview ............................................................................................................... 9
3.1. Purpose ...................................................................................................................................9
3.2. Background .............................................................................................................................9
3.3. Project Constraints ..................................................................................................................9
3.3.a. Team Constraints ........................................................................................................................ 9
3.3.b. Client-Driven Constraints ............................................................................................................ 9
3.4. Project Objectives .................................................................................................................. 10
3.4.a. Team Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 10
3.4.b. Client-Driven Objectives ........................................................................................................... 11
3.5. Approach ............................................................................................................................... 11
3.5.a. Initial Research .......................................................................................................................... 11
3.5.b. Initial Lab Testing ...................................................................................................................... 11
3.5.c. Project Feasibility ...................................................................................................................... 11
4. Initial Research ................................................................................................................ 13
4.1. Arsenic Research ................................................................................................................... 13
4.1.a. Arsenic Chemistry ..................................................................................................................... 13
4.1.b. History of Arsenic ...................................................................................................................... 16
4.1.c. Health Effects of Arsenic ........................................................................................................... 16
4.1.d. Global Concentrations .............................................................................................................. 16
4.2. Removal Media ..................................................................................................................... 18
4.2.a. Available Media ......................................................................................................................... 18
4.2.b. Existing Media Applications ...................................................................................................... 20
4.3. Media Exhaustion Indication .................................................................................................. 21
4.3.a. Arsenic Concentration Dependent Methods ............................................................................ 22
4.3.b. Volume Dependent Methods ................................................................................................... 23
4.3.c. Time Dependent Methods ........................................................................................................ 24
5. Initial Lab Testing ............................................................................................................. 26
5.1. Feasibility .............................................................................................................................. 26
5.1.a. Available Laboratory Facilities .................................................................................................. 26
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5.1.b. Available Testing Methods ........................................................................................................ 26
5.2. Test Media Selection .............................................................................................................. 27
5.2.a. Criterion for Media Selection .................................................................................................... 27
5.2.b. Criterion Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 27
5.2.b. Selected Media ......................................................................................................................... 30
5.3. Batch Testing Theory ............................................................................................................. 32
5.3.a. Kinetics Tests ............................................................................................................................. 32
5.3.b. Isotherm Tests .......................................................................................................................... 33
5.4. Stock Solution ........................................................................................................................ 34
5.5. Kinetics Testing ...................................................................................................................... 34
5.6. Isotherm Tests ....................................................................................................................... 35
5.6.a. General Procedure .................................................................................................................... 35
5.6.b. Isotherm Test #1 ....................................................................................................................... 36
5.6.c. Isotherm Test #2 ........................................................................................................................ 37
5.6.d. Isotherm Test #3 ....................................................................................................................... 38
6. Project Feasibility ............................................................................................................ 40
6.1. Final Media Selection ............................................................................................................. 40
6.1.a. Criterion for Media Selection .................................................................................................... 40
6.1.b. Selected Media ......................................................................................................................... 41
6.1.c. Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 41
6.2. Media Exhaustion Indication .................................................................................................. 41
6.2.a. Selected Method ....................................................................................................................... 42
6.2.b. Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 42
6.3. Market Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 42
6.3.a. Target Market ........................................................................................................................... 42
6.3.b. Potential Competitors ............................................................................................................... 43
6.3.c. Competitive Strategy ................................................................................................................. 44
6.4. Cost Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 44
6.4.a. Development Costs – Calvin College Engineering Department ................................................ 45
6.4.b. Development Costs – Client ...................................................................................................... 45
6.5. Looking Ahead ....................................................................................................................... 45
6.5.a. Future Improvements ............................................................................................................... 45
6.5.b. Future Tasks .............................................................................................................................. 46
6.6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 47
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TABLE OF TABLES
TABLE 1: MILESTONE TASKS AND THEIR RESPECTIVE DEADLINES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
TABLE 2: TIMESHEET SUMMARY (UP TO 12/16/13) FOR CLEAR H2O -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
TABLE 3: IRON-BASED, NATURAL MINERALS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19
TABLE 4: IRON-BASED, ENGINEERED MEDIA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19
TABLE 5: ALUMINA-BASED MEDIA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
TABLE 6: ELIMINATED MEDIA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
TABLE 7: SELECTED MEDIA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
TABLE 8: DECISION MATRIX FOR IRON-BASED, NATURAL MINERALS --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
TABLE 9: DECISION MATRIX FOR IRON-BASED, ENGINEERED MEDIA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
TABLE 10: DECISION MATRIX FOR ACTIVATED ALUMINA----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
TABLE 11: DECISION MATRIX FOR OTHER MEDIA TYPES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
TABLE 12: CLEAR H2O ISOTHERM TEST #2 RESULTS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
TABLE 13: COST PER CUBIC FOOT FOR REMAINING MEDIA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
TABLE 14: DECISION MATRIX TO BE USED FOR FINAL MEDIA SELECTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
TABLE 15: DEVELOPMENT COSTS - CALVIN COLLEGE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
TABLE 16: DEVELOPMENT COSTS - CLIENT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
Table of Figures
FIGURE 1: ARSENIC IN ITS MANY DIFFERENT ELEMENTAL FORMS6-8
........................................................................................... 13
FIGURE 2: ARSENIC SPECIATION FOR BOTH AS(III) AND AS(V)10
................................................................................................ 14
FIGURE 3: CHEMICAL ADSORPTION OF ARSENIC TO ALUMINUM AND IRON OXIDES BY SURFACE COMPLEXATION (LIGAND EXCHANGE)16
. 15
FIGURE 4: LOCATION AND ORIENTATION OF INNER- AND OUTER-SPHERE COMPLEXES16
................................................................. 15
FIGURE 5: ARSENIC CONTAMINATED AQUIFERS AROUND THE GLOBE24
....................................................................................... 17
FIGURE 6: ARSENIC CONCENTRATIONS IN BANGLADESH24
......................................................................................................... 18
FIGURE 7: MODEL CT-AR COUNTERTOP ARSENIC FILTER41
...................................................................................................... 21
FIGURE 8: ECONO-QUICK II INDICATOR STRIPS AND REFERENCE SHEET ....................................................................................... 22
FIGURE 9: DIGIFLOW 8310T FLOW METER44
........................................................................................................................ 23
FIGURE 10: ASSURED AUTOMATION BRONZE WATER METER45
................................................................................................ 24
FIGURE 11: BRITA CALENDAR MINDER® INDICATOR ................................................................................................................ 25
FIGURE 12: TETRA TIMESTRIP® INDICATOR49
......................................................................................................................... 25
FIGURE 13: AS(V) REMOVAL IN THIRTEEN ADSORPTION MEDIA14
............................................................................................. 28
FIGURE 14: AS(III) REMOVAL IN TEN ADSORPTION MEDIA14
.................................................................................................... 29
FIGURE 15: BED VOLUMES OF SIX DIFFERENT MEDIA48
........................................................................................................... 29
FIGURE 16: SMALL SAMPLES OF MEDIA SELECTED FOR INITIAL LAB TESTING ................................................................................ 30
FIGURE 17: TYPICAL KINETICS CURVE11
................................................................................................................................ 33
FIGURE 18: TYPICAL ISOTHERM CURVES50
............................................................................................................................. 33
FIGURE 19: UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO KINETICS TEST FOR VARIOUS MEDIA14
............................................................................. 35
FIGURE 20: CLEAR H2O ISOTHERM TEST #1 RESULTS ............................................................................................................ 37
FIGURE 21: CLEAR H2O ISOTHERM TEST #2 RESULTS ............................................................................................................ 39
FIGURE 22: APYRON COMPETITOR FILTER42
.......................................................................................................................... 43
FIGURE 23: FOUR COMPETITOR FILTERS WITH RESPECTIVE BED VOLUMES, EXHAUSTION TIME AND COST4 ........................................ 44
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1. Executive Statement:
CLEAR H2O examined the feasibility of creating a line-in extension for arsenic removal as an addition to
current point-of-use filters. The filter extension is targeted towards people in developing countries
affected by arsenic contaminated water sources. To evaluate the feasibility of a prototype
design, research and testing were conducted on arsenic testing techniques, adsorption media, and
media exhaustion indicators. A MDEQ-certified local laboratory has donated 250 tests for determining
arsenic concentrations. After extensive research and initial testing, four adsorption media have been
selected as feasible agents of arsenic removal: Bayoxide E33, MetSorb, AquaBind MP, and AquaBind SP-
70. Further testing will be performed to determine the final media for prototype construction. Feasible
media exhaustion indicators were found and further research will be completed to determine the exact
method of indication.
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2. Introduction:
The following Project Proposal and Feasibility Study includes the outline and feasibility study for an
undergraduate senior design project focused on the creation of a point-of-use filter extension
specializing in arsenic filtration. Prior to describing the particulars of the project, the following
subsections - course description, problem statement and solution, and project management - have been
included to provide general project context.
2.1. Class Description
Calvin’s Engineering Program’s capstone senior design project is composed of two courses: ENGR 339
and ENGR 340. The two courses combine for a total of six credits and are taken by all graduating seniors
at Calvin. The first course, ENGR 339, is taken the fall of senior year and focuses on team formation and
project identification and feasibility. The second course, ENGR 340, is taken the following semester and
is focused on the completion of the design project formulated throughout the first course. Both courses
integrate design norms and Christian worldview considerations into the many lectures used to outline
the technical aspects of the design process.
2.2. Problem Statement
There are many developing countries that do not possess the financial stability to provide their citizens
with safe drinking water. Point-of-use (POU) filters are self-contained filters, often used in developing
countries to filter water domestically in a fast and efficient manner. However, current POU filters do not
sufficiently filter inorganic contaminants such as arsenic, fluoride, and commonly applied pesticides. The
presence of these contaminants poses health threats to many regions and eliminating these
contaminants through the usage of a POU filter would provide a way for many individuals to obtain safe
drinking water.
Of the contaminants listed above, arsenic has traditionally been the most difficult to remove from water
via POU filter. In addition, chronic arsenic exposure is often deadly and problematic in many developing
regions. For these reasons, the contaminant focused on for the duration of this project is arsenic.
2.3. Project Proposal
CLEAR H2O will eliminate arsenic from contaminated water through the creation of a filter component to
be added as an extension to existing POU bucket filters. The filter component will utilize an existing
media designed for arsenic removal as the agent for removal. In addition, the filter component will
clearly indicate when it is no longer sufficiently removing arsenic from water. Insufficient removal will
occur when the post-treatment arsenic concentration levels are above the World Health Organization
(WHO) guideline of 10 ppb.1
Furthermore, after establishing successful arsenic removal, the design project will also include additional
tests to determine if coincidental removal of fluoride and/or pesticides occurs with the selected filter
extension and media type.
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2.4. Project Management
Effective project management is a critical component for the success of any project. CLEAR H2O utilized
the various methods detailed below to promote a productive, efficient and enjoyable design project
experience.
2.4.a. Team Members
Before outlining the project management strategies employed for this design project, it is important to
note that the individuals of this team are all successful engineering students that are passionate about
societal justice issues, particularly an individual's access to life’s basic essentials: food, water and shelter.
The following biographies offer a brief glimpse into the lives of the men who dedicated their time and
energy towards the completion of this project.
Grant Mathews
Grant Mathews was born and raised in Anchorage, Alaska. He is studying civil and environmental
engineering and has a broad range of interests within the field, including: hydrology, water resources,
site development, and groundwater remediation. In his free time, Grant enjoys being outside, hiking,
fishing, and hunting. He also likes spending time with friends in the backyard of their college duplex,
known as Camelot Manor, playing frisbee, spikeball, basketball, kubb, or just sitting around the fire pit.
Grant has thoroughly enjoyed going to school in Grand Rapids and loves spending time on the West Side
where he attends Servant’s Community Church.
Jeshua Short
Jeshua (Jesse) Short is from Cambridge, Ontario however he has spent the majority of his life as a
missionary kid living in Thailand and Vietnam. Jeshua is passionate about water resources and is
studying civil/environmental engineering in hopes of managing water development projects in South-
East Asia and incorporating ministry into his future engineering work. Jeshua tries to stay active and has
participated in intramural soccer and volleyball teams, lived in Calvin’s intentional living community –
project neighborhood - for a year, and is on the Calvin College ASCE Chapter leadership.
Steven Taplin
Steven Taplin was born and raised in Lawton, Michigan, a little podunk town in Southwest Michigan.
Steven thoroughly enjoys sports (“Go Pack Go!”), spending time with his beautiful wife, and of course
grabbing a beer or two with good friends. Steven is studying to become a civil and environmental
engineer and is passionate about hydraulic and hydrologic analysis, particularly stormwater
management.
Lucas Timmer
Lucas Timmer was born and raised in Zeeland, Michigan, and he “feels the Zeel” for his hometown.
Lucas is studying engineering in the hopes of becoming a hydraulic or environmental engineer that
specializes in municipal or groundwater work. Besides engineering, Lucas is also passionate about road
cycling, frisbee, hiking, watching his Detroit Lions and Tigers, and visiting national parks
2.4.b. Team Responsibilities
Team responsibilities were established based on the strengths (and weaknesses) of group members.
Prior to assigning these roles, members of CLEAR H2O compiled a list of essential roles necessary for the
project and then expressed whom they believed would best fulfill that role and why. From this
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discussion the following roles were established: Production Manager, Lab Manager, Client Relations
Manager, Team Editor and Project Manager. The following sections provide a detailed description of
each role, the individual assigned to that role and the assigned individual’s unique capacity to fulfill that
role.
Production Manager
The compatibility with current POU bucket filters and functionality of the final filter extension prototype
is the main objective of the production manager. The production manager must determine an effective
way to utilize the selected media and ensure the filter extension clearly communicates when the
effluent is no longer below 10 ppb. This role requires knowledge of current POU filter mechanics and a
practical “jack of all trades” skillset.
Grant Mathews fulfills all the aforementioned criteria. As an outdoorsman, Grant has developed many
skills that others in the team lack. Grant possesses unique foresight and a practical knowledge of how
things work together. He has also become the most familiar with POU bucket filters through research. In
addition, Grant possesses the leadership skills required to direct others in assisting him with the
prototype creation.
Lab Manager
The lab manager is personally responsible for developing the lab plans used to test the ultimate
effectiveness of the media tested throughout this design project. The lab manager must therefore have
a clear understanding of the chemistry involved in this project and the different methods that can be
implemented to determine the most effective media type. As such, the lab manager must show
particular interest and aptitude in inorganic chemistry. In addition, the lab manager must also have
familiarity with chemical lab equipment and the utilization of that equipment. Finally, this role also
requires an individual with exceptional communication skills, so that all members of the team easily and
unquestionably understand the lab plans procured.
Jesse Short is uniquely qualified for this role. Jesse’s passion for the people of Southeast Asia (much of
Southeast Asia has high arsenic concentrations) has led to a deep curiosity in inorganic chemistry,
particularly arsenic’s behavior in water. Thus, Jesse has spent the most time researching the arsenic
chemistry surrounding this project. Jesse has also taken multiple courses involving chemistry lab
equipment and is comfortable with the use and implementation of most standard lab equipment. In
addition, Jesse has demonstrated an ability to clearly communicate his thoughts in an easily
understandable fashion.
Client Relations Manager
The client relations manager (CRM) is responsible for maintaining communication between CLEAR H2O
and their client. The client must be periodically updated on the progress of the team and may be
consulted sporadically for information pertaining to the project. It is the role of the CRM to effectively
convey this information to the client in a concise and professional manner.
Jesse Short is qualified for this role because he has effectively communicated needs to clients in past
positions. Jesse’s exceptional charisma, friendly personality and professionalism make him an attractive
choice for any form of public relations.
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Team Editor
The team editor is personally responsible for guaranteeing professionalism in all written and presented
works. More importantly, the team editor must ensure that all submitted works thoroughly, effectively
and concisely communicate their ultimate purpose to the targeted audience. The team editor must have
an eye for detail and a history of success in effectively communicating information through written
works. In addition, the team editor must excel at tailoring technical information to audiences with less
technical background.
Steve Taplin has traditionally excelled at effectively communicating technical data in past courses,
particularly past design courses. He is a perfectionist with an eye for detail. In addition, Steve has taken
several communication classes throughout his education that have uniquely qualified him to succeed in
his role as Team Editor.
Project Manager
The role of the project manager is to encourage communication within the team and to enforce
adherence to project deadlines. Furthermore, the project manager will facilitate all project meetings
and will assign intermediate tasks to team members. The project manager must be an outspoken
individual who can clearly articulate the needs of the group and effectively promote progress. He must
understand the scope of the project and always be considering the “big picture”. In addition, the project
manager must not be afraid to confront team members that are not adequately fulfilling their roles
within the team.
Lucas Timmer is naturally qualified to fulfill this leadership role within the team. Lucas is a charismatic
individual that strives for perfection in everything that he does. Moreover, Lucas is a compassionate soul
that will not wrongly accuse anyone without indisputable proof. He has traditionally shown an aptitude
for timely completion of work and has always worked well in a team.
2.4.c. Time Management
Effective time management is perhaps the most critical component for the success of any project. As
such, CLEAR H2O placed a high importance on adherence to self-established deadlines and timely
submission of all required submittals. The following sections detail the methods used to encourage
timely work.
Project Schedule
After the scope of the project was refined, a project schedule was immediately developed. A Gantt chart
was used to schedule the project. The Gantt chart (see APPENDIX A) includes all tasks that must be
completed for the project to succeed and the deadlines for those tasks. In addition, the Gantt chart
includes milestone tasks and their subsequent deadlines. These milestones tasks, shown in Table 1, are
critical tasks that have large impacts on the entire project’s deadline. Adherence to these task deadlines
was critical to the success of the project.
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Table 1: Milestone Tasks and their Respective Deadlines
Milestone Deadline
Begin Lab Testing 11/06/13
Team Budget 11/08/13
Complete Lab Testing 12/06/13
Final Project Proposal and
Feasibility Study 12/12/13
Complete Prototype 03/06/14
Complete Prototype Testing 04/24/14
Final Presentation 05/07/14
Final Report 05/16/14
Timesheets
In addition to the project schedule described in the section above, a spreadsheet with timesheets for
the individual team members and the team as a whole was created. The purpose of the spreadsheet was
to track the amount of time spent working on this project every week and for the entire semester. Prior
to the creation of this spreadsheet, the project schedule was used to determine the average number of
hours required per week for project success. This number was found to be, on average, approximately 7
hours per week per teammate. Table 2 shows a summary of the timesheet information for this first
semester.
Table 2: Timesheet Summary (up to 12/16/13) for CLEAR H2O
Team Member Weekly Hours Total Hours
Grant Mathews 10 157
Jeshua Short 11 158
Steve Taplin 12 178
Lucas Timmer 11 164
Total 44 656
2.4.d. Team Communication
Another critical component for a project’s success, constant inter-team communication was encouraged
through use of weekly meetings and an easily accessible master task spreadsheet. More details on these
two methods can be seen below.
Weekly Meetings
Weekly meetings were held to discuss all aspects of the design project. The meetings included a brief
progress report from each team member, an intentional brainstorming session on the direction of the
project, the allocation of new tasks and a question and answer period. Often the faculty advisor for
CLEAR H2O, Professor David Wunder, was present for these meetings and would offer technical
knowledge and advice when consulted. These meetings were critical in establishing a cohesive and
universal understanding of all aspects of the project.
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Senior Design Task Spreadsheet
A master task spreadsheet was created so that all members of CLEAR H2O could easily access a list of the
tasks currently in progress, upcoming tasks and in-depth descriptions of both. The spreadsheet includes
the names of the individuals responsible for the completion of those tasks and the deadlines they must
complete the tasks by. Also included in the spreadsheet are the aforementioned timesheets that each
team member must complete weekly. In addition to recording the number of hours worked per week,
brief descriptions of how that time was spent must also be included.
2.5. Acknowledgements
CLEAR H2O would like to extend a warm thanks to the following individuals who offered their expertise,
resources and time towards the completion of this project:
David Wunder from the Calvin Engineering Department, for giving advice and guidance throughout the
semester and for providing the initial idea for the project; Graver Technologies, Apyron, and Severn
Trent, for providing free media samples for testing (MetSorb, AquaBind, and Bayoxide E33 respectively);
Gerry Van Kooten and Ralph Stearly from the Calvin Geology Department for information on hematite
and directions to Champion Mine; David Benson from the Calvin Chemistry Department, for information
on arsenic chemistry; Prein&Newhof for providing free arsenic testing, and Robert Erickson and the lab
team for performing the tests and providing results in a timely manner; Rich Huisman, for the help in
making stock solutions and providing lab materials; Wayne Wentzheimer from the Calvin Engineering
Department, for providing testing space in the chemical engineering lab; Jennifer Ambrose and Heather
Chapman from EHS, for giving guidance with lab safety and waste disposal protocol; the Calvin
Engineering Department, for preparing CLEAR H2O for a project of this magnitude and for providing
funds to make this project a reality; and finally, our client who has provided guidance and financial
support throughout the duration of this project.
Steve Taplin would like to thank his gorgeous wife, Rachel, for her love and support throughout this first
project phase. In addition, Steve would like to extend a special thanks out to his parents, Steve and
Chellie Taplin, for their financial and moral support through his college endeavors. Furthermore, Steve
would like to extend a big thanks to his teammates for the hard work and dedication that they have all
put into the success of this project. The progress made this semester could not have been accomplished
without the group of hardworking and competent individuals Steve got to spend every day (and many
late nights) with. Finally, Steve would like to thank all the individuals that sustained the team with
delicious homemade food… you know who you are and your kindness has not gone unnoticed.
Lucas Timmer would like to extend his gratitude to his parents, Lou and Lisa Timmer, and his two sisters,
Corrin and Caitlin, for their encouragement over his past four years at Calvin. Lucas would like to
especially send his thanks to his twin sister Corrin, who encouraged him through the stress of his senior
year fall semester. Lucas would also like to thank his Grandpa and Grandma Hoogland for their support
throughout the years. Lucas also would like to thank his girlfriend Molly Dahmer for her encouragement
and for her delicious cookies that she made to get the team through the writing of the PPFS. Finally,
Lucas would like to thank his fellow teammates who made this report happen. Lucas appreciates all of
the work that they have put in to make this project a success thus far, and Lucas looks forward to seeing
what the next semester working with them will bring.
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Grant Mathews would like to personally thank Bill and Susan Mathews for support in attending Calvin
College as well as his fiancé Blair Price for encouragement throughout the semester and for tolerating
late Friday nights spent working in the lab. Grant would also like to thank Steve, Jesse, and Lucas for
their tireless work and for their ability to make late nights working in the lab not completely
unenjoyable.
Jeshua Short would like to personally thank his grandfather, Robert Short, for his financial support
throughout the four years at Calvin. Greg and Janet Short, Jeshua’s parents, have been incredibly
encouraging over the years. In addition, Jeshua would like to thank his fellow team members for their
excellence and promotion of fun during the project’s entirety.
A final special thanks goes out to Mitchell Feria, the honorary “5th Member” of CLEAR H2O who spent a
fun-filled weekend in the Upper Peninsula with CLEAR H2O gathering hematite and hiking at Pictured
Rocks.
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3. Project Overview
The following sections refine the scope of the project and provide a more in-depth description of what
the proposed project will entail.
3.1. Purpose
CLEAR H2O has a clear and defined purpose in undertaking the project detailed in the following sections.
Water purification was selected as the project focus because it is an essential need for life, and there are
many people that do not currently have access to this resource. The creation of an arsenic-removing
filter extension would create opportunities for people to obtain pure water who otherwise would not
and in doing so, promote justice and show care for fellow humans. As engineers, CLEAR H2O believes it
their responsibility to both increase the quality of human life and to also increase the quality of Earth’s
resources. Although arsenic is not usually anthropogenic, it is a deadly contaminant that exists
abundantly in water. Thus, the creation of the proposed filter would not only raise the quality of human
life, but it would also fulfill our duty to be stewards of Earth’s resources.
3.2. Background
Water is an essential need for survival; the United Nations2 states that each person needs 20-50 liters
per day of clean water for healthy living. Organizations globally have long sought to provide clean water
to residents in developing countries by installing point-of-use filters that remove organic pathogens
from water. Unfortunately, most installed point-of-use filters do not remove inorganic contaminants
such as arsenic.
CLEAR H2O contacted a company specializing in POU applications and that company showed a great
interest in the goal of our project. This company has traditionally been at the forefront of new filtration
devices and was excited about the opportunity to donate funds towards our research and prototype
development under the condition that CLEAR H2O try and meet the list of constraints and objectives that
they provided.
3.3. Project Constraints
There are many possible solutions that could be researched to meet the ultimate goal of this project.
These solutions will vary in appearance and application, however, CLEAR H2O and their client have
developed two constraints that will focus the final prototype and eliminate several alternatives. These
constraints are detailed below.
3.3.a. Team Constraints
The filter module must remove the targeted contaminants below the levels recommended by the WHO.
The WHO1,3 has set the recommended level for arsenic concentrations at 10 ppb.
3.3.b. Client-Driven Constraints
In addition to the WHO guideline, CLEAR H2O’s client has mandated an additional constraint for the
project. The client has required that the filter clearly communicate when the effluent concentrations are
10
above the WHO guideline of 10 ppb. The communication method implemented must be simple and
unmistakable in its meaning.
3.4. Project Objectives
In addition to the constraints described in the previous section, a list of project objectives has been
developed to further narrow the form of the final prototype. These objectives are not critical to the
success of the project, but are reasonable goals that CLEAR H2O plans to accomplish throughout the
design process. Many of the objectives detailed below are intentionally narrowing the possible solution
to something that would easily work for the targeted population.
3.4.a. Team Objectives
CLEAR H2O objectives for the filter enhancement concern the following features: size, ease of use, cost
and filter power source.
Size
Point-of-use water filters are beneficial compared to other advanced filtration systems because they are
traditionally portable and easily shipped. Most of POU filters must be shipped to developing countries
and excessively sized products prove difficult to ship and even more difficult to transport in quantity to
their final destination once they have arrived in country. It is important that the extension created by
CLEAR H2O not be too cumbersome so that the filter will maintain those traditional characteristics of
portability and easiness to ship. Currently our client’s filter module is approximately 400 cm3 [~25 in3] or
the size of a standard computer mouse.
Because a filter media will be used as the removal agent in CLEAR H2O’s extension, a larger module will
be needed to increase the life of the product. However, CLEAR H2O recognizes the importance of size
and portability and as such, has placed a high importance on making the filter no larger than one liter
[~60 in3] or approximately two and half times larger than the client’s existing module.
Ease of Use
In addition to being small, POU filters are also generally easy to use and understand. The targeted
population for these filter extensions will be individuals in developing countries without much, if any,
technical background. In addition, the contaminant removed by the extension is deadly and misuse
could result in severe health effects and even death. Thus, CLEAR H2O must ensure that the filter
extension created will be unquestionably easy to use.
Furthermore, because of this objective, CLEAR H2O has already eliminated the use of chemical additives
as a means to remove the arsenic. Chemical additives are not currently used in conjunction with POU
bucket filters and adding them would increase the complexity of the current systems. Moreover,
without proper training the chemical additive could create hazardous scenarios for the user.
Cost
One of the more important characteristics of current POU systems is their affordability. Because CLEAR
H2O’s filters are targeted for developing countries, an appropriate price must be set so that the
individuals in these countries can purchase the extension. Current point-of-use water filters generally
cost anywhere from $35 to $804; however, none of these filters are capable of performing the way
11
CLEAR H2O’s extension will. As such, the cost of the extension proposed will certainly exceed current
competitive prices, but CLEAR H2O hopes to mitigate this increase in price and has established a 150%
increase in price from the client’s current price of $70 per filter ($105) as the highest tolerable.
Power Source
The last objective for the CLEAR H2O filter extension is that it should rely solely on the head of the
system to provide enough pressure for the water to filter through the enhancement and the existing
module. Many developing nations do not have a reliable power source; therefore, it is not very practical
to incorporate any electrical components in the extension. In addition, a pressurized system generally
means more complexity and a greater chance for something to mess up.
3.4.b. Client-Driven Objectives
When presented with the project proposal, the client also received the list of objectives described
above. The client indicated that the list was exhaustive and that they had no further objectives to add to
the project.
3.5. Approach
To determine the feasibility of the project proposed in the previous sections CLEAR H2O completed a
variety of tasks detailed in the following sections. These tasks included initial research, initial lab testing
and a final analysis of the project’s feasibility as a viable business venture and more importantly, a
senior design project.
3.5.a. Initial Research
Initial research was an important component in determining the feasibility of this project. To meet the
constraints and objectives detailed in Sections 3.3 and 3.4, a comprehensive understanding of available
arsenic-removing media and current point-of-use filter systems, as well as arsenic chemistry was crucial.
In addition, because Calvin College does not currently have the appropriate equipment to test low
arsenic concentrations in water, CLEAR H2O had to research potential testing methods and determine
whether or not these methods were feasible. Furthermore, existing media exhaustion and potential
media exhaustion indication methods were explored to determine how these methods could be
implemented in the prototype.
3.5.b. Initial Lab Testing
Another crucial component for determining project feasibility, initial lab testing was also completed as
part of this study. Prior to the actual lab testing, research on common laboratory tests used to
characterize water contaminants was done. With this research completed, a lab test for determining
particularly important characteristics of arsenic removing media was developed and completed. The
results from these initial tests were then used as criteria in choosing a final media type. In addition, the
results from the initial tests were compared to other lab results to ensure a viable testing method had
been selected and performed.
3.5.c. Project Feasibility
This task consisted of analyzing the data collected throughout the fall semester and determining the
ultimate feasibility of the proposed project. A series of decisions were made while analyzing the project
12
data and these decisions as well as their justification can be found in this section. Also included are the
incurred and anticipated costs for the completion of this project as well as an estimated cost for the
development of one prototype. Furthermore, a brief market analysis and marketing strategy for the
proposed prototype were completed to determine whether production of the proposed filter extension
would make a viable business venture.
13
4. Initial Research
There were three areas for which extensive research was needed to move forward with the project:
arsenic, removal media, and media exhaustion. A thorough understanding of each was required to take
the next steps in selecting media for testing, creating a lab plan, and developing a feasible method for
indicating when a prototype has been exhausted and is no longer removing arsenic.
4.1. Arsenic Research
Arsenic research was necessary for CLEAR H2O to gain a better understanding of the depth of the
problem - the health effects of arsenic, as well as the areas with high levels of groundwater
contamination. Research was also necessary to learn how arsenic enters groundwater and what factors
might impact concentration levels. Finally, a better understanding of arsenic chemistry was needed to
properly formulate a lab plan for testing.
4.1.a. Arsenic Chemistry
The following sections provide overviews of the research done on various aspects of arsenic chemistry.
General Chemistry
Arsenic is a metalloid and a natural-occurring element with atomic number 33, shown in Figure 1. As
seen in the figure below, arsenic, in its elemental form, is a solid with a yellow black or steel grey
coloration. Arsenic is widely distributed throughout the Earth’s crust, usually combined with sulfur and
other metals; it is odorless and tasteless. When combined with oxygen, chlorine, or sulfur it is labeled as
inorganic arsenic; when combined with hydrogen or carbon, arsenic is categorized as organic5.
Figure 1: Arsenic in its Many Different Elemental Forms
6-8
Arsenic has many oxidation states, however the two most prevalent forms found in groundwater are
arsenite (+3) and arsenate (+5). Under oxidizing conditions arsenate is the more likely state and under
reducing conditions, arsenite9. Arsenic “species” are determined by the pH of the water, see Figure 2
below9,10.
14
Figure 2: Arsenic Speciation for Both As(III) and As(V)10
Contamination of Water Sources
Arsenic contamination of water sources remains one of the biggest concerns for arsenic poisoning
worldwide. Existing naturally, arsenic can be found in mineral deposits primarily with sulfur and other
metals11. When the pH of groundwater increases, arsenic becomes less sorbed to the original minerals.
Thus, in groundwater where the pH is between 6.5 and 8.5 arsenic dissociates and contaminates the
aquifer12. This contamination usually occurs between 20 and 100 meters below the ground because any
surface water is not exposed to the minerals for long enough, and any water below 100 meters will be
exposed to older sediments which have been depleted of most of their arsenic13. The concentration of
arsenic in aquifers is dependent on the time of exposure and the amount of arsenic present in the
mineral deposits. Arsenic is then transported from the aquifer to other sources through rivers and
atmospheric precipitation12.
Adsorption Chemistry
Adsorption efficiency depends on high surface area and the media’s affinity for arsenate and arsenite.
The pH of water is another factor that affects media adsorption and arsenic speciation, arsenic
speciation is shown in Figure 2 above9,10.
The removal of arsenic from water by iron and aluminum oxides happens through both chemical
adsorption and ion attraction. Chemical adsorption (chemisorption) is the primary method by which
arsenate and arsenite are adsorbed. Iron and aluminum oxides form a hydrous oxide surface when
exposed to water. This surface is composed of hydroxide molecules. Iron and aluminum oxides have an
affinity for organics and inorganics, and in the presence of arsenite and arsenate, the hydroxides
precipitate off of the surface of the media allowing the arsenic molecules to bond to the remaining
oxygen molecules14. These types of bonds are known as inner-sphere complexes and the adsorption
process is known as surface complexation. Figure 3 shows the chemical reactions involved in surface
complexation.
15
Figure 3: Chemical Adsorption of Arsenic to Aluminum and
Iron Oxides by Surface Complexation (ligand exchange)16
In addition to chemisorption, some arsenic adsorption occurs as a result of ion attraction. When iron
oxide media is exposed to water below 5.5 pH the surface becomes positively charged15. This results in
weak, reversible sorption of the arsenate anions known as outer-sphere complexes17. However this
attraction is limited to low pH because between pH 5.5 and 9 the iron oxide surface is neutral15. Figure 4
shows the location of inner and outer sphere complexes.
Figure 4: Location and Orientation of Inner- and Outer-Sphere Complexes16
16
4.1.b. History of Arsenic
Regulatory History
In 1942, the United States Public Health Services (USPHS) set an interim drinking water standard at 50
μg/L; in 1962, the goal was set at 10 μg/L. This level was ruled as a minimum standard by the EPA in
2002, and as of 2006 10 μg/L is officially enforced as a standard of compliance1. The World Health
Organization has recommended the same minimum standard of 10 μg/L since 19933. This level was
chosen as the practical quantitation limit (PQL) due to limitations in testing and detection17. Because of
these detection difficulties and compliance issues, many developing countries still only require the pre-
1993 standard of 50 μg/L18. The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) set by the EPA is zero. This is
the level for which there are no possible health effects17.
Historical Uses of Arsenic
Arsenic has a long history of use in a variety of forms for different purposes. Due to its odorless and
tasteless nature, arsenic was often used as an effective poison prior to 1836, when James Marsh
developed a method for determining, post mortem, the presence of arsenic in bodily fluids. In the first
half of the 20th century, arsenic was used in pesticides. Until 2003, copper chromated arsenate was
used as a preservative in wood to resist decay19. Currently, arsenic is still widely used in the form of
gallium arsenide and arsine gas, both of which are components in semiconductors20.
4.1.c. Health Effects of Arsenic
Exposure to inorganic arsenic causes both short term and long-term health effects. These effects can be
very severe and include stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, numbness in the extremities,
blindness, and partial paralysis. Arsenic is also carcinogenic and has been linked to skin cancer as well as
cancer of the lungs, bladder, kidney, liver, and prostate. The severity and manifestation of effects vary
by method and duration of exposure as well as the level of concentration. Ingestion and dermal
interactions, as well as inhalation, are all cause for adverse health effects21. Arsenic enters the human
body and is deposited to cells where it disrupts cell enzyme activity and the production of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP). This disruption of ATP prohibits cellular function and causes the affected cells to
slowly die22.
Acute inorganic arsenic poisoning occurs when a subject consumes approximately 0.6 mg/kg/day20. The
symptoms of acute poisoning can be seen throughout the body’s systems and include nausea, diarrhea,
abdominal pain, excessive salivation, toxic cardiomyopathy (deterioration of heart muscle), skin rash,
and seizures. It is not uncommon for renal and or respiratory failure to occur20. The effects of chronic
arsenic poisoning can take years to manifest. Health effects caused by long term exposure include skin
lesions and hyperkeratosis (hardening of the skin), cancers, diabetes, neurotoxicity, and cardiovascular
disease1. Arsenic is listed as one of WHO’s 10 Chemicals of Major Health Concern1.
4.1.d. Global Concentrations
Because arsenic is a naturally occurring element, it is present around the globe, but usually in very low
concentrations. The average range for arsenic levels in soil is 3 to 4 mg/kg23. In groundwater, the
concentration of arsenic is usually below 10 μg/L. However, regions where arsenic levels can be
unusually high include mining areas, industrial sites (especially where electronic components are
produced), waste disposal sites, agricultural areas with high pesticide use, and geologic formations
containing arsenic-rich minerals23. Some regions with elevated concentrations of arsenic include
17
Bangladesh, Argentina, Vietnam, and West Bengal, India. See Figure 5 for areas with arsenic
contaminated aquifers across the globe.
Figure 5: Arsenic Contaminated Aquifers around the Globe24
Case Study: Bangladesh
The threat of arsenic poisoning is perhaps most severe in Bangladesh. In the 1970s, UNICEF began
installing tube wells to give the people of Bangladesh an alternative to drinking microbial-contaminated
surface water. These wells were not screened for arsenic because, at the time, it was not a known
contaminant. There are now over 8 million tube wells in Bangladesh from which 90% of the population
receives their drinking water (6). Increasing awareness for arsenic contamination led to the World Bank
screening wells in Bangladesh in 1998. Concentrations as high as 3000 μg/L were found. In 2001, the
number of people in Bangladesh drinking contaminated water exceeding 10 μg/L was estimated to be
46 - 57 million (6). The high levels of arsenic-rich mineral deposits results in elevated levels of arsenic in
groundwater. This coupled with the country’s low income and lack of treatment facilities results in a
high risk for contamination. See Figure 6 for arsenic levels across the country; this data was gathered by
the British Geological Survey25.
18
Figure 6: Arsenic Concentrations in Bangladesh24
Arsenic contamination is unique in that much of the contamination is not caused by anthropogenic
means. Bangladesh is a good example of this is with its contaminated aquifers resulting from natural
geologic formations. This provides an opportunity to practice good stewardship of our planet. Being a
good steward does not solely mean minimizing waste, living sustainably, and cleaning up human-caused
contamination. Stewardship is also a call to make the world a safer, more inhabitable place. This calling
may be carried out in part by purifying contaminated drinking water and limiting the threat to people in
high-risk regions.
4.2. Removal Media
There are many arsenic removing media available, including manufactured media and natural minerals
that can be pulverized and created into media. To select media for testing, CLEAR H2O needed to
determine what media were available and the criteria needed in the selection and elimination of
available media.
4.2.a. Available Media
The EPA splits arsenic removal media into three categories: iron and iron coated, alumina based, and
other25. CLEAR H2O retained these media categories, but redefined the iron and iron coated media to
iron based: natural minerals and iron based: engineered media to incorporate the research that was
conducted on natural minerals.
19
Iron-Based: Natural Minerals
Iron-based media removes arsenic through the oxidation process. When arsenic-contaminated water
comes into contact with iron oxides, oxygen is released by iron to form hydroxide in the solution. The
hydroxides in the arsenic-contaminated water then cause the arsenic to precipitate and adsorb to the
iron26.
Iron oxide media largely consists of pulverized minerals containing iron oxides. The following four
minerals contain iron oxides and are used in engineered media: hematite, magnetite, goethite, and
akageneite. Chemical formula and media characteristics are highlighted in Table 3.
Table 3: Iron-Based, Natural Minerals
Mineral Chemical Formula Appearance/Characteristics
Hematite27 Fe2O3 black/gray, brownish-red; shiny luster (if specular)
Magnetite28 Fe2+Fe3+O4 specular and black; strongly magnetic
Goethite29 FeO(OH) black or yellowish-brown
Akageneite30 Fe3+O(OH,Cl) brown
Iron-Based Media: Engineered Media
The four minerals detailed in the previous section and other iron oxides/iron hydroxides are the primary
components of various manufactured media types. To simplify media research, the team only
investigated the following iron-based media that the EPA recommended for arsenic removal: Bayoxide
E33, GFH, Media G2, and ARM 200. The manufacturers of these media and their primary minerals are
highlighted in Table 4.
Table 4: Iron-Based, Engineered Media
Media Manufacturer Primary Mineral
Bayoxide E3331 Severn Trent Goethite
GFH32 Siemens Akageneite
Media G233 Indachem Ferric-hydroxide
ARM 20034 Engelhard Hematite
Activated Alumina Media
Along with iron-based media, alumina media is also widely used in the removal of arsenic in water. Like
iron-based media, activated alumina media also sorbs arsenic due to oxidation of the activated
alumina’s surface in water26. Activated alumina also has a high surface area, which increases its
effectiveness in adsorbing arsenic. The team analyzed four different activated alumina medias
recommended by the EPA: AA-400G, AA-FS50, CPN, and Aqua-Bind MP. These media and their
manufacturers are displayed in Table 5.
20
Table 5: Alumina-Based Media
Media Manufacturer
AA-400G35 Delta Adsorpents
AA-FS5035 AA-FS50
CPN25 BASF
Aqua-Bind36 Apyron Tech.
Other Media
One media investigated that is neither iron coated nor activated alumina is MetSorb. Graver
Technologies generated MetSorb, a titanium dioxide media, to remove arsenic from water. MetSorb
claims that titanium dioxide has a “higher capacity and a lower level of ion interference” than its
competitor medias containing alumina or iron37. The final other media investigated was Apyron’s Aqua-
Bind SP-70. The media composition is currently proprietary, but Apyron indicated that this media is
better at removing high concentration arsenic in water than their activated alumina media Aqua-Bind
MP.
4.2.b. Existing Media Applications
Arsenic contamination can be mitigated through a variety of different methods, including sorption with
activated alumina or iron-based sorbents, membrane treatment processes, and precipitation coupled
with filtration. Both small-scale and large-scale filtration applications utilize these methods to remove
arsenic from water. The following sections look specifically at existing applications of activated alumina
and iron-based sorbents in these small- and large-scale operations.
Large-Scale Filtration Systems
Municipalities throughout the United States encompass arsenic removal media to maintain the 10 μg/L
maximum contaminant level. An example of a municipality incorporating arsenic removal media is
Hilltown Township in Pennsylvania. Hilltown Township had arsenic concentrations exceeding 20 ppb in
its groundwater, so the township incorporated a 300 gpm SORB 33 system that utilized Bayoxide E33 to
remove arsenic38. Like Hilltown Township, Clayton, Delaware also has arsenic concentrations above 10
ppb in groundwater. GFH was incorporated into a disinfection system to remove arsenic from the 650
gpm coming into the system39. Yet another example, California wineries recently incorporated MetSorb
to remove arsenic into a large-scale filtration system that provides water used in processing and
irrigation for the wineries40.
Point-of-Use Filters
Point-of-use filters are applied in many homes that obtain water with known elevated levels of arsenic.
These filters are usually implemented under the sink and contain arsenic-adsorbent media, a filter, and
flow control with an automatic shut-off valve. PureEarth Technologies markets household point-of-use
filtration systems that incorporate Bayoxide E33 to remove arsenic41. One filter system that PureEarth
markets is their Model CT-AR (see Figure 7), which connects to the aerator of the sink and provides 0.5
gpm of arsenic-free water out of the sink41.
21
Figure 7: Model CT-AR Countertop Arsenic Filter41
There are a few unique situations where point-of-use filters have been developed for specific developing
regions. Organizations have incorporated large-scale point-of-use filters into wells in villages to provide
water devoid of arsenic to whole communities. An example of a community point-of-use filter is
Apyron’s integrated system, which has been implemented in rural villages in India and Bangladesh42.
This community filtration system removes arsenic “from levels exceeding 3,500 ppb to below 50 ppb” in
up to 17,000 liters per day. These community point-of-use filter systems are costly and lack a method of
indicating when the adsorption media is exhausted.
Few domestic point-of-use systems have been incorporated into developing countries. In Bangladesh,
four companies are the government approved domestic filtration options: Sono, ALCAN, Sidko, and
READ-F. These domestic systems have no method of indicating when removal media is exhausted and
have bulky configurations that limit portability.
4.3. Media Exhaustion Indication
Extensive time has been dedicated to researching an effective method for communicating filter
exhaustion or to indicate that excessive contaminant breakthrough has occurred. Current methods have
been examined and a variety of potential options have been selected for further research. CLEAR H2O
recognizes that indicating when the filter is no longer working is an essential part of this project.
Two factors that will play into this decision are trust and cultural appropriateness. The user needs to be
able to trust that the filter is successfully removing arsenic and if not, it must show some type of
warning to give the user peace of mind. Cultural appropriateness will also factor into the decision for
exhaustion indication. The method employed needs to work cross-culturally and either be universally
recognized or have detailed and simple instructions printed in the language of the country where the
filter is implemented.
22
4.3.a. Arsenic Concentration Dependent Methods
CLEAR H2O researched three possible methods for indicating exhaustion dependent on the effluent
arsenic concentration: field test kits, a quartz crystal microbalance sensor, and the potential for a new
undeveloped method for colorimetric indication.
There are many field test kits, such as the Sensafe Econo-Quick kit, on the market that effectively
indicate concentrations of arsenic. CLEAR H2O was able to purchase one of these kits through Calvin's
allotted senior design budget. It was ruled out as a potential option for indicating exhaustion for three
primary reasons. First, the kit requires three reagents and a testing time of 15 minutes. There would be
no possible way to set up some type of automated testing method and it would therefore require a
technical operator to test the effluent stream. Secondly, the kits cost well over $200 for 100 test strips.
This would add too much to the cost of the filter to be a viable method. See Figure 8 below for an
example of the test strip and reference sheet. Finally, the test kit did not provide consistent enough
results when testing the same stock solution to ensure reliability.
Figure 8: Econo-Quick II Indicator Strips and Reference Sheet
Another indication method researched was a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor. “In this
approach, an arsenate-selective sorbent material, the receptor, is bound to the QCM. As the receptor
collects arsenate, its mass increases, and this is detected as a change in the vibration frequency of the
quartz crystal” 43. This method accurately measures arsenic to levels below 10 ppb but the cost of one
unit can exceed $3,000 and would increase the cost of the filter too dramatically.
CLEAR H2O hoped to find a method for indicating arsenic concentrations through a colorimetric reaction
or method of oxidation indication. There was also discussion about a theoretical design that contained a
23
material that would precipitate when in contact with concentrations of arsenic exceeding 10 ppb and
proceed to plug the filter. However, after a significant amount of research, it was determined that there
was no existing method similar to those described. The 10 ppb MCL for arsenic is so low that a type of
“trigger” reaction or oxidation-state indication would not be feasible to provide instantaneous indication
without a power source or the addition of reagents.
4.3.b. Volume Dependent Methods
CLEAR H2O evaluated two different volume-dependent exhaustion methods: a volumetric totalizer and a
manual counter. The volumetric totalizer method would attach to the filter extension and indicate the
volume of water that passes through the filter. A pre-determined minimum bed volume before
exhaustion would then be incorporated into the totalizer to result in some form of indication (flashing
light, beep, closed valve) that would warn the user that the media is exhausted.
The DigiFlow 8310T-L by Savant Electronics (see Figure 9) is an example of battery-powered volumetric
totalizer with a warning indication of exhaustion. The user sets the totalized volume in the sensor to the
volume at which the filter media will have reached exhaustion. As water flows through the DigiFlow, the
count on the LCD screen decreases until the totalized volume of water reaches the pre-set media
exhaustion volume. When the count reaches zero, an alert sounds and the LCD screen blinks, indicating
that the filter is exhausted. The user then replaces the filter cartridge and resets the sensor manually
when the new cartridge is installed.44
Figure 9: DigiFlow 8310T Flow Meter44
Another volumetric totalizer that is not battery powered is the Assured Automation Bronze Water
Meter - WM2 Series, see Figure 10. As water flows through the flow meter, the dials on the water meter
manually turn to indicate the totalized gallons that have flowed through. This flow meter has no method
of warning the user when it has reached exhaustion and no method of being reset when a new cartridge
is being used. Thus, the responsibility is up to the user to read the flow meter when the filter is being
used to make sure that the totalized volume through the filter is not above the specified exhaustion
volume.45
24
Figure 10: Assured Automation Bronze Water Meter45
A final volume-dependent method would be the use of a counter that the user would press every time
the filter is used. Assuming the volume of the bucket of water that is being filtered is known, the
counting method would be a method of indicating the number of volumes that have flown through the
filter. Ideally, after a specified number of counts that corresponds with the exhaustion bed volume, a
valve would close to prevent further flow in the system. If the technology for a valve closure does not
exist, then the responsibility of indicating exhaustion is up to the user. The user would have to know
how many usage counts the filter can undergo before exhaustion, and will have to be diligent in
examining the usage counts to determine exhaustion.
The two volume-dependent methods need to be both culturally appropriate and trustworthy. The
battery-powered volumetric flow meter has the potential of not being culturally appropriate because
the user needs to have some basic technical knowledge to ensure that the sensor is being used
correctly. Both the non-battery-powered meter and count method have the potential of not being
culturally appropriate because these methods require the user to have an understanding on when the
filter no longer removes arsenic. Making the user responsible for indicating exhaustion may result in a
loss of trust in the filter producer, especially if the users unknowingly user the filter beyond exhaustion
and contract arsenic-related illnesses.
4.3.c. Time Dependent Methods
The third method researched for indicating media exhaustion was a time dependent methodology.
Essentially this form of indication is based solely on anticipated consumption per day and an estimated
influent arsenic concentration. With these quantities known, the user has a time period of acceptable
use before the filter indicates exhaustion. For example, a user purchases the filter and three months
later a warning signal activates no matter what the usage of the filter was.
This method of exhaustion indication does not nearly actualize the full potential of the filter extension,
thus rendering it a very inefficient methodology. However, it is an effective and economical method that
has been used by other companies including Brita® and Tetra.
25
Brita® filters traditionally come with an Electronic Filter Change Indicator; however, they also offer a
Calendar Minder® indicator for certain products. This indicator is simply a little dial calendar that you
reset every time you replace the filter, see Figure 11. Below are the instructions for indicator use:
“ 1. Insert a new filter.
2. Set filter indicator to closest date 2 months from now.
3. On the date indicated, remove your filter and repeat steps 1 and 2.”46
Figure 11: Brita Calendar Minder® Indicator
Tetra is another company that implements time dependent filter exhaustion indication methods. Tetra
specializes in aquarium filtration, but their filtration systems rely on activated carbon cartridges that are
exhausted after substantial use; much like the extension that CLEAR H2O hopes to create. To create the
indication method Tetra contacted Timestrip®, a company that specialized in time and temperature
measurement, and made the following request:
“… come up with a visual reminder of the recommended end of a filter’s life, which
could be integrated into the filter itself. The label would need to be easily activated by
the consumer... and of course it would need to show at a glance when the
recommended life of the filter was over.”47
The product created can be seen in Figure 12. Basically, the user depresses the button at the bottom of
the time strip and after a designed length of time (1 month for Tetra filters) the white area of the strip
will fill. When the strip is solid red, the user replaces the filter and time strip, and then repeats the
process47.
Figure 12: Tetra Timestrip® Indicator
49
26
5. Initial Lab Testing
The following sections describe the process taken to ultimately determine arsenic testing as a feasible
goal for the design project, the selected media to undergo batch testing, and the batch tests’ procedures
and results.
5.1. Feasibility
During initial project definition, three potential target contaminants - arsenic, fluoride, and pesticides –
were considered. It was beyond the scope of the project to focus on all three contaminants, so one had
to be selected as the primary focus. Arsenic was the preferred contaminant for removal for both CLEAR
H2O and the client; however, there was uncertainty whether economical testing would be feasible with
the limited resources available to CLEAR H2O. Prior to finalizing arsenic as the target contaminant a
secure lab location had to be identified, as well as an economical testing method.
5.1.a. Available Laboratory Facilities
Prior to beginning testing, a laboratory facility on campus needed to be found for testing to take place
in. After discussion with Professor David Wunder and Professor Wayne Wentzheimer (Chemical
Engineering) and acceptable facility on campus was identified. The laboratory was equipped with a fume
hood and the appropriate lab equipment for this project’s needs. Also, card access was required to enter
the lab, which was a safety requirement that needed to be satisfied prior to conducting any arsenic
testing.
In addition to finding a laboratory facility, safety precautions were considered prior to testing. CLEAR
H2O met with Calvin Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) and discussed necessary safety precautions.
EHS provided a bucket for arsenic solution storage, personal protective equipment, and safety signs
identifying that arsenic was being tested in the lab. A City of Grand Rapids permit for arsenic disposal
was also obtained by EHS. The arsenic solution waste bucket will be analyzed by a testing facility and
then disposed of accordingly.
5.1.b. Available Testing Methods
For arsenic to be a feasible contaminant to pursue, a reliable method for testing arsenic concentrations
in water had to be determined. Two potential methods were identified: external laboratory testing and
field test kits.
External Laboratory Testing
Prein&Newhof, a local engineering consulting firm, was the preferred lab identified for arsenic testing.
Prein&Newhof’s close proximity to Calvin and internal contacts made it an ideal option for testing.
However, upon initial contact, the quoted cost per test was $20 with a turnaround time of 1-2 weeks.
This high cost per test and long turn-around time was deemed insufficient for testing.
Field Test Kits
Arsenic test kits were also investigated. The Econo Quick II test kit from Sensafe was selected because
the kit advertises a PQL of 2 ppb, offers 100 tests, and states that testing time takes 15 minutes. The test
kit was ordered for $275, and initial testing occurred to determine the accuracy of the kit. 25 tests of a
known concentration of the test solution were conducted to determine the accuracy of the testing
27
kit. Each test was consistently three or more colorimetric scales off, which was determined too
inaccurate for initial batch testing.
Since the test kit was providing inaccurate results, Prein&Newhof was inquired again for
testing. Fortunately, Prein&Newhof generously agreed to donate $4,250 worth of lab testing to the
team free of charge. This translates to approximately 250 tests ($17/test). Also, the turnaround time for
results was decreased to 3-5 days from 1-2 weeks.
5.2. Test Media Selection
Prior to batch testing, CLEAR H2O established a list of criteria to indicate which media out of the thirteen
researched would undergo batch testing. Criterion evaluated both media performance and accessibility.
A decision matrix that would assist in the selection / elimination of media based on how well the media
fulfilled the selected criteria was then created.
5.2.a. Criterion for Media Selection
To eliminate product biases generated by their respective companies, CLEAR H2O used the EPA’s Media
Performance: Laboratory Studies14 presentation and the EPA’s Treatment Options: Part 1
48 as
independent sources to compare iron-based, alumina, and other media removal efficiencies and bed
volumes. Thus, the media’s As(III) and As(V) removal efficiencies and bed volumes were two criterion
selected to assist in media selection. Besides removal efficiency and bed volumes, another criterion
chosen to asses the media was accessibility. The medias must have information easily accessible on their
respective websites, and each media company must be easy to contact for information regarding their
media via phone and/or email. Finally, to ensure a wide variety of media was tested, at least one media
from each of the three engineered media categories (activated alumina, iron coated, and other) and at
least one natural mineral were selected for testing.
5.2.b. Criterion Analysis
Table 6 and Table 7 details how the thirteen media and four minerals were dwindled down to five media
to be used for testing. Further detail of each of the criterion and how the criterion was used to eliminate
media and minerals is given in the subsequent text.
Table 6: Eliminated Media
Media Type Media Names Reason for Elimination
Minerals
Magnetite Not easily accessible
Goethite Not easily accessible
Akageneite Not easily accessible
Iron Coated
GFH14,48 Low As(III) and As(V) removal efficiency; no accessibility
Media G248 Low Bed Volume
ARM 200 Difficult to access; no EPA data
Activated
Alumina
AA-400G14,48 Low As(III) removal efficiency; low bed volume; cost
AA-FS5014,48 Low As(III) removal efficiency; low bed volume; cost
CPN48 Low Bed Volume
28
Table 7: Selected Media
Media Type Media Names Reason for Selection
Mineral Hematite Accessibility: Free gathering at Champion Mine
Iron Coated Bayoxide E33 High As(III) and As(V) removal efficiencies; High bed volume
Activated
Alumina Aqua-Bind
Used in a POU filter; accessibility; lower cost compared to
AA-FS50
Other MetSorb High As(III) and As(V) removal efficiencies; Titanium dioxide
Removal Efficiency Criterion
Removal efficiency was the first criterion analyzed. The media removal efficiencies were those found in
the EPA’s Media Performance: Laboratory Studies presentation. Thirteen different media in their
abilities to remove As (V) at a concentration of 100 μg/L were tested at three different media dosages:
500 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and 25 mg/L. MetSorb and Bayoxide E33 consistently had the highest As (V)
removal at the varying media dosages (Figure 13). AA-FS50 also had a high removal rate.
Figure 13: As(V) Removal in Thirteen Adsorption Media14
A second removal test was done for As (III) for media dosages of 100 mg/L and an As (III) concentration
of 100 μg/L. The results of this test can be seen in Figure 14. As is indicated in the figure Bayoxide E33
and MetSorb had substantial As (III) removals (98.0% for Bayoxide and 98.2% for MetSorb) while AAFS-
50 had a very low removal of As (III) at 19.1%.
29
Figure 14: As(III) Removal in Ten Adsorption Media14
Bed Volume Criterion
Tom Sorg and Darren Lytle of the EPA did additional testing on a few of the aforementioned media. In
Song and Lytles’ Treatment Options Part 148 presentation they tested the breakthrough of six different
media. As Figure 15 indicates, Bayoxide E33 and GFH had the two highest bed volumes before
breakthrough.
Figure 15: Bed Volumes of Six Different Media48
30
Accessibility Criterion
The last criterion was accessibility. Accessibility was evaluated for potential manufactured media by
contacting the companies to gauge their willingness to help the team and to provide samples for testing.
This criterion was evaluated last because it was only worth investigating if the media met the other
criteria.
For the selection of a natural mineral, the Calvin College Geology Department was consulted to
determine whether the four minerals (hematite, magnetite, goethite, and akageneite) would be easily
accessible and also easily pulverized into a media. Professor Ralph Stearley and Professor Gerry
VanKooten both indicated that magnetite, goethite, and akageneite would be difficult to obtain;
however, both professors indicated that hematite would be easily obtainable. In fact, both professors
indicated that Champion Mine (an iron mine located in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula) has a substantial
amount of specular hematite available for mining.
Decision Matrix
Using the three criteria detailed above, a decision matrix was generated to assist media selection.
Removal efficiency was given a weight of three. The removal efficiencies of both As(III) and As(V) are
important, nonetheless, bed volumes and accessibility were deemed more important, resulting in a
slightly lower weight for removal efficiency.
The bed volumes criterion was given a weight of four because it is crucial to ensure that the prototype
created will last a sufficient time period before media needs to be replaced.
Finally, accessibility was given a weight of five. This weight was the highest because CLEAR H2O did not
have substantial time to obtain media, so companies willing to provide media (a 5 was given if the
company was willing to offer the media for free) were given the highest weight.
5.2.b. Selected Media
The following sections present the final medias (see Figure 16) selected for initial laboratory testing. A
brief paragraph provides additional information about how each of the media was obtained.
Figure 16: Small Samples of Media Selected for Initial Lab Testing
Iron-Based: Natural Minerals
Hematite was selected as the natural mineral for the group to test due to the ease in accessibility. The
other three minerals (magnetite, goethite, and akageneite) are not naturally and/or abundantly
available in Michigan, so these three minerals were eliminated.
31
CLEAR H2O gathered raw specular hematite from Champion Mine in November 2013. The team drove to
the Upper Peninsula for a weekend of hematite gathering and Pictured Rocks sightseeing. Hematite of
various sizes was gathered, including a large hematite rock and hematite grains that layered the soil in
the area. For more on the trip to the Upper Peninsula, visit http://www.calvin.edu/academic-
/engineering/2013-14-team6/index.html.
Table 8: Decision Matrix for Iron-Based, Natural Minerals
Max Weight Magnetite Goethite Akageneite Hematite
Removal Efficiency 5 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Bed Volume 5 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Accessibility 5 5 2 1 1 5
Total Score: 10 5 5 25
Iron-Based: Manufactured Media
Bayoxide E33 was selected as the iron-based mineral because of its high arsenic removal efficiencies for
As(III) and As(V), its high bed volumes, and accessibility. ARM 200 was eliminated because no
information on its bed volumes or removal efficiencies was included in the two EPA documents. Media
G2 was eliminated because of its low bed volumes compared to GFH and Bayoxide E33 (see Figure 15).
Bayoxide E33 and GFH were comparable in removal efficiency and bed volumes. Thus, both media
manufacturers were contacted to see how easily accessible the media was. Severn-Trent was easily
contacted, and after explaining the project they offered to send a cubic foot of their media for free.
Multiple days were spent attempting to acquire information on GFH from Siemens with no success.
Thus, Bayoxide E33 was selected above GFH.
Table 9: Decision Matrix for Iron-Based, Engineered Media
Max Weight GFH Media G2 ARM 200 Bayoxide E33
Removal Efficiency 5 3 4 N/A N/A 5
Bed Volume 5 4 5 2 N/A 4
Accessibility 5 5 2 N/A N/A 5
Total Score: 42 8 N/A 56
Activated Alumina
Aqua-Bind was selected as the activated alumina media. CPN, AA-400G, and AA-FS50 had mediocre As
(III) removal efficiencies and bed volumes, and thus neither media appeared to be a frontrunner in being
the selected activated alumina media. Aqua-Bind was not included in the two EPA presentations, so
additional research needed to be conducted on Aqua-Bind before any decision could be made on Aqua-
Bind. After some research, it was discovered that Aqua-Bind had been extensively used in POU filters in
India and Bangladesh, which relates directly to its intended application. Research by the United Nations
University, which used an Aqua-Bind filter in Bangladesh, confirmed that Aqua-Bind is able to
32
successfully remove significant concentrations of As (III) and As (V). Finally, Aqua-Bind was contacted
and was willing to provide cartridges of two different medias (SP-70 and MP) for free. Thus, after much
consideration, CPN, AA-400G and AA-FS50 were eliminated and Aqua-Bind was chosen as the third and
fourth media selected for batch testing.
Table 10: Decision Matrix for Activated Alumina
Max Weight AA-400G AA-FS50 CPN Aqua-Bind
Removal Efficiency 5 3 2 2 N/A N/A
Bed Volume 5 4 1 1 2 N/A
Accessibility 5 5 2 2 N/A 5
Total Score: 20 20 8 25
Other Media
MetSorb was selected due to its high removal efficiencies and MetSorb’s uniqueness as the only
titanium dioxide media on the market.
Table 11: Decision Matrix for Other Media Types
Max Weight MetSorb
Removal Efficiency 5 3 5
Bed Volume 5 4 N/A
Accessibility 5 5 5
Total Score: 40
5.3. Batch Testing Theory
The initial phase of lab testing was intended to perform several batch tests in order to quantify media
performance. Kinetics and isotherm testing were the two proposed batch tests.
5.3.a. Kinetics Tests
Kinetics tests (equilibrium batch tests) are performed to determine the minimum time required to reach
adsorption equilibrium on each media. The minimum time to equilibrium dictates the required time for
future batch testing.
The basic procedure for kinetics testing involves keeping contaminant and media concentrations
constant while varying the testing time. The first step is to determine the number of time intervals that
each media will be tested at. Once time intervals are determined, a mass of media needs to be selected
that is capable of removing a significant amount of contaminant. The next step is to create a test
solution of a contaminant concentration. A consistent media mass and contaminant concentration are
then inserted in the test vials. After test vial preparation, the test vials must be placed in a shaker table.
Finally, the tests must be removed and tested for remaining contaminant concentration at the
predetermined time intervals. Equilibrium is reached when two time intervals return the same
contaminant removed11. Figure 17 shows a typical kinetics curve.
33
Figure 17: Typical Kinetics Curve11
5.3.b. Isotherm Tests
The main purpose of isotherm tests is to determine the adsorptive capacity of the media. There are two
main equations that are used to construct isotherms: the Langmuir Isotherm and the Freundlich
isotherm. For adsorptive capacity, the Freundlich isotherm is the most suitable, showing the
concentration of contaminant sorbed per media mass versus the concentration remaining in solution,
shown in Eq. 5.3.1.
� = � ∗ ���
� (5.3.1)
The variable q is the mass of contaminant sorbed per mass of media, k and n are constants based on the
sorbent and sorbate at a particular temperature, and Ceq is the concentration of contaminant
remaining11. Figure 18 shows a typical isotherm curve.
Figure 18: Typical Isotherm Curves50
34
The basic procedure for isotherm testing involves keeping contaminant concentration and testing time
constant while varying media mass. The first step is to determine how many media masses to test, in
which each tested mass interval corresponds to a data point on the isotherm. Once the masses have
been selected, a testing time must be determined to ensure adsorption equilibrium is reached. The
adsorption equilibrium time is derived from the kinetics test. A test solution is then prepared of a
specified contaminant concentration and then inserted into each vial of varying media masses. The test
vials are placed in the shaker table and shaken continuously until equilibrium for all tested media has
been reached. Once equilibrium is reached, each vial’s contaminant concentration is tested. Isotherms
are generated from the data, displaying how much contaminant was removed per mass of media.
5.4. Stock Solution
The first step of lab testing was to create a stock solution of arsenic. This stock solution contained a
higher concentration than the specified test solution of arsenic to reduce the storage volume of stock
solution needed. The stock solution was created with Sodium Meta Arsenite (NaAsO2) which dissociates
into arsenite, As(III), in solution. Arsenite (3+ oxidation state) is both more challenging to adsorb and
more problematic to human health than arsenate (5+ oxidation state). In the stock solution, 17.18 mg of
sodium arsenite was added to 1 liter of water which should have yielded a concentration of 10 mg/L of
arsenite. However, the concentration of the stock solution tested by Prein&Newhof was 7 mg/L. Refer
to APPENDIX B for Stock solution calculations.
5.5. Kinetics Testing
One round of kinetics testing was performed with 30 test samples. The samples were intended to be
tested after an initial round of isotherm tests. Upon return of the isotherm results, a flaw in the testing
method was discovered. CLEAR H2O decided not to turn in the samples from the kinetics test due to the
likelihood of error based on the previous results.
Unfortunately, based on time and testing constraints, CLEAR H2O was unable to perform additional
kinetics tests and thus relied on published information to determine a testing time that would ensure
equilibrium of all tested media.
Based on a similar test by the University of Colorado, Bayoxide E33 and MetSorb are shown to be fast
kinetics media reaching equilibrium within the first couple hours14. The test did not include AquaBind;
nonetheless, similar activated alumina reached equilibrium within 24 hours. Figure 19 shows these
kinetics curves for fast and slow media14.
CLEAR H2O decided that 24 hours would be sufficient for the required testing method based on the
results shown in Figure 19.
35
Figure 19: University of Colorado Kinetics Test for Various Media14
5.6. Isotherm Tests
Isotherm testing consists of keeping the concentration of arsenic and testing time constant while varying
the masses of media in the solution. Each mass interval is used as a data point to generate an isotherm
curve. The general procedure of an isotherm test and the procedure and results of the three isotherm
tests conducted are presented in the subsequent sections.
5.6.a. General Procedure
For each of the isotherm tests, a test solution of 100 μg/L arsenic concentration was created. This
concentration was modeled after the concentration used in the isotherm testing in the document by the
University of Colorado14. The test solution was created by extracting 1.4 mL of stock solution for every
100 mL of test solution, creating the desired concentration, shown in Eq. 5.6.1, where [C] is the stock
solution concentration, [Cs] is the desired testing concentration, Xs is the required volume of test
solution and X is the required volume of stock solution.
�� ∗ � = � � ∗ � (5.6.1)
Glass pipets were used to measure stock solution accurately and graduated cylinders were used to add
the remaining deionized water. The test solution was then mixed using a magnetic mixing pill to ensure
even mixing.
36
Media masses of MetSorb, Bayoxide E33, AquaBind MP and SP-70, and hematite were measured in
milligrams on a high accuracy scale to the tenth of a milligram and were recorded. Wax paper was used
to measure the media and transfer it to the corresponding test vial. Once the media was in the vial, 100
ml of test solution was inserted into each vial using a 100 ml pipet. Once the test solution was added to
the vial, the time of insertion was recorded. The vial was then transferred to the shaker table which was
rotating at 135 rpm. After each vial was filled, the excess test solution was used to test pH and
temperature.
After the equilibrium time was reached, the test vials were removed from the shaker table and 50 ml of
solution from each vial was extracted using a 60 ml syringe and transferred into the plastic bottles
provided by Prein&Newhof. No media was extracted in the syringe during this transfer.
5.6.b. Isotherm Test #1
For this initial test, masses of 2, 5, 7, 10, and 15 mg of each media were used in the test vials. These
masses were derived from the isotherms of a similar test done by the University of Colorado14.
Four liters of test solution were created in a large plastic pitcher (40mL stock 3960 mL water) to obtain
the calculated 100 μg/L of stock solution needed (This testing was conducted prior to knowing the actual
concentration of the stock solution). Thirty test vials were filled with 100 mL of solution: five vials of
each media type, two vials of the stock solution, and three vials of the created test solution. The test
vials were left for 36 hours on the shaker table to ensure equilibrium. The intended test time was only
24 hours; however, because the testing was conducted on a Saturday night, restricted lab access on
Sunday required the tests to run for 36 hours instead of 24 hours.
Results
The results returned from Prein&Newhof deviated far from the predicted isotherms generated for the
media. The team discovered that the stock solution was 7 mg/L and the test solution was around 56
μg/L instead of 100 μg/L. Additionally, each media type had about the same arsenic concentration as the
controls for every mass except 15 mg. At 15 mg, the results showed miniscule, if any, removal assuming
the test solution was consistently 56 μg/L. for MetSorb, Bayoxide E33, AquaBind MP, and AquaBind SP-
70. Figure 20 compares the actual isotherm to the theoretical isotherm from the referenced test. Raw
experimental data can be found in APPENDIX D .
37
Figure 20: CLEAR H2O Isotherm Test #1 Results
5.6.c. Isotherm Test #2
The goal of the second round of isotherm testing was to solve the experimental problems that occurred
during the first round of isotherm testing. CLEAR H2O determined that there must be a threshold of
media required to result in removal, and the masses used in Isotherm Test #1 were too small to result in
recordable arsenic removal. Thus, it was concluded that the media masses should be increased to
register significant arsenic removal. Also, instead of creating a large stock solution in the plastic storage
container, a 1000 mL stock solution was created in an Erlenmeyer flask. It was determined that using a
1000 mL glass flask for the stock solution instead of the plastic storage container may prevent arsenic
from sorbing to the container, which was one of the concerns raised after the first isotherm test. Finally,
the test samples were oriented on their sides to promote better mixing within each vial. When the vials
were erect, the media rested on the bottom of the vial and did not mix through the solution. By having
the test vials on the side, the media was able to mix thoroughly in the solution.
The second isotherm test tested 20 mg and 200 mg of Bayoxide E33 and MetSorb. These two media
were selected for testing because the results of the test could be compared to published results by the
EPA. In the 1000 mL flask, 14 mL of the stock solution and 986 mL of deionized water were added, see
Eq. 5.6.1. Six control samples were also created. Three controls were poured into the Prein&Newhof
plastic containers while the other three controls were placed in the glass vials. The two glass vials for
each media and the three glass vials for the controls were placed in the shaker table for 12 hours
38
because MetSorb and Bayoxide are rapid kinetics media and reach equilibrium after only a few hours
(see Section 5.5). The controls in the plastic bottles were not placed in the shaker table.
Results
The three controls left sitting in the plastic containers had an average arsenic concentration of 116 ug/L
while the three glass vial controls averaged 112 ug/L. Each media type achieved arsenic removal. The 20
mg samples removed more arsenic than the EPA document recorded [3]; however, the test solution pH
used during testing was approximately 5.0 and the pH used in the EPA document was 7 which may
attribute to removal discrepancies. Table 12 shows the results from the second round of isotherm
testing. For raw experimental data please refer to APPENDIX E.
Table 12: CLEAR H2O Isotherm Test #2 Results
Media Type Mass [mg] As Remaining [μg/L] As Removed [μg/L] q [μg/L]
Metsorb 20 23 111 5.55
200 5 100 0.5
Bayoxide
E33
20 16 100 5
200 10 106 0.53
5.6.d. Isotherm Test #3
After the improved results from the second isotherm test, CLEAR H2O decided to move forward with
another full-scale test. For the third isotherm test, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 125, and 250 mg of each media
type were tested. The test solution was created using the same method as test #2 in which 1 liter of test
solution was created in glass volumetric flasks for each media. In addition to the 8 test vials with media,
3 controls were created to determine the concentration of the test solution and variations in
concentrations. The test vials were left on their side in the shaker table for 24 hours to reach
equilibrium.
Results
Test results showed that every media had removed arsenic from the test solution except for hematite.
MetSorb produced the best isotherm curve with an R2 value of 0.707, and an ultimate removal of >95
μg/L with 125 and 250 mg of media. Bayoxide E33 had the next best isotherm with an R2 of 0.489 and an
ultimate removal of 93 μg/L with 50 mg of media. There was some variation in the Bayoxide E33 data
however, because the most removal occurred with 50 mg of media, and less with 125 and 250 mg of
media. AquaBind SP-70 produced an isotherm but once again data variation between media masses
resulted in a very low R2 value of 0.129 and an ultimate removal of 84 μg/L at 40 mg of media. The
removal of arsenic relative to media mass was inconsistent. AquaBind MP had significant variation in its
removal efficiency and had lower removal per media mass than MetSorb, Bayoxide E33, and AquaBind
SP-70. Finally, hematite showed no removal of arsenic. The results from isotherm test 3 are shown in
Figure 21 as well as the fitted power trend lines to each media results.
39
Figure 21: CLEAR H2O Isotherm Test #2 Results
The controls from each test solution showed significant variation as well. The test solution for MetSorb
varied by 11 μg/L, Bayoxide E33 varied by 17 μg/L, AquaBind SP-70 varied by 7 μg/L, AquaBind MP
varied by 9 μg/L, and hematite varied by 8μg/L. This variation in arsenic concentrations for the same test
solution may be responsible for the error in data results.
40
6. Project Feasibility
6.1. Final Media Selection
Prior to selecting a final media type, a list of criteria was developed to objectively “grade” the tested
media. The four criteria used were cost of the media, size of the media, the efficiency of the media and
finally the capacity of the media.
6.1.a. Criterion for Media Selection
Cost
Cost is an important criterion for all materials selected for use in the prototype. It is a particularly
important criterion with media selection because the media will be used in the filter cartridges and the
cartridges will be a recurring cost for the customers. Because users of this filter extension will live
predominantly in developing countries, CLEAR H2O, as well as their client, has made cost an important
objective.
Current point-of-use filters range in cost, but the cost of competitive filters tends to fall around the $35-
$804 range. That being said, no POU filter currently has the ability to do the things this extension is
anticipated to do, so the cost of this unit will exceed that of current filters. However, CLEAR H2O wants
to remain conscience of cost and keep production costs as low as possible.
Size - weight
Another important criterion to consider in the final media selection process is the size and weight of the
media selected. The client, as well as CLEAR H2O, stressed the portability of the final filter as well as the
cost. The portability of the unit is important, because these filters will be shipped long distances to reach
their ultimate destination and increased weight and size of the media will impact shipping costs. In
addition, these filters are also meant to be easily portable when they arrive at their ultimate destination.
It is therefore important that the final prototype not be too cumbersome or too heavy for a single
individual (child or adult) to carry. The density of different media can vary substantially, and the volume
of media necessary to remove the required amount of arsenic may be quite different. Thus, the more
efficient the media is at removing arsenic, the better.
Bed Volumes
The final criterion used for final media selection is the number of bed volumes that a specific volume of
media will filter effectively. The number of bed volumes indicates the number of times that a volume of
media can be filled and emptied before it is no longer effectively removing arsenic to the levels
required. For example if a cartridge was filled with 1 cubic inch of media and the media had a bed
volume of 10,000 at an arsenic concentration of 100 micrograms/liter, then it could effectively filter
10,000 cubic inches of water at the 100 micrograms/liter concentration before it loses its effectiveness.
With the number of bed volumes for each media type known, the size of the filter can be adjusted to
fulfill the amount of flow that is required to pass through the cartridge before disposal. The size of the
filter, as stated earlier, is an important consideration because it directly impacts the portability of the
final product during shipping and after installation. It also increases the cost of shipping because of the
increased weight, due to the increased volume.
41
6.1.b. Selected Media
A final media cannot be selected for prototype construction without completing further testing. Testing
will need to be performed with AquaBind SP-70, AquaBind MP, MetSorb, and Bayoxide E33 to
determine the best media to design a prototype around.
6.1.c. Discussion
CLEAR H2O recognizes that selecting a final media is a significant portion of this project, and choosing a
final media without further testing would be rushed and not backed by sufficient experimental data.
Batch testing showed a general trend of arsenic removal for all four manufactured media but none for
hematite. Because of this, hematite has been eliminated as a potential finalist and no further testing will
be done on it.
One of the factors that will influence final media selection is the number of bed volumes until
contaminant breakthrough. A test performed by the University of Colorado published on the EPA
website indicates MetSorb and Bayoxide to have high bed volumes14. Apyron, the maker of AquaBind,
claims its product also has a high capacity, but the actual bed volumes for AquaBind is unknown. The
bed volumes for all four manufactured media will need to be experimentally verified before a
completely informed decision can be made. The cost of the media will also factor into a final decision.
Costs were researched for each media, see Table 13 for cost information.
Table 13: Cost per Cubic Foot for Remaining Media
Media Cost/ft3
Metsorb $285
Bayoxide $185
Aquabind MP $175
Aquabind SP-70 $250
After testing and research are finished, the decision matrix below (Table 14) will be filled out to show
the strengths and weaknesses of each media and to help in selecting a finalist. See Section 6.5 for a
schedule of testing and strategy for gaining the information necessary to select a final media.
Table 14: Decision Matrix to be Used for Final Media Selection
Max Weight Aquabind MP Aquabind SP-70 Metsorb Bayoxide
Cost
Weight
Removal Efficiency
Bed Volumes
6.2. Media Exhaustion Indication
For the project to be feasible, a method of exhaustion indication needed to be selected for further
research and for potential prototype implementation. There are two feasible indication methods that
will require further research if they are to be incorporated in a final prototype design.
42
6.2.a. Selected Method
CLEAR H2O has concluded that the best possible method to indicate media exhaustion would be
dependent on volume. A method dependent on the influent arsenic concentration would be too costly
to realistically implement. Ideally, a volume dependent solution would incorporate a flow totalizer and
simple warning indicator without requiring a power source such as a battery or pressurization of the
system. Both of these conditions would need to be met to fulfill all of the team’s project objectives.
CLEAR H2O intends to spend more time researching a volume dependent method that meets these
objectives. If such a method does not exist, the indicator may need to be battery powered, or a hand
pump might need to be incorporated into the system to pressurize it. If the method was battery
powered, the battery would need to last much longer than the life of the filter. Also, the encasement
around the battery would need to be durable and watertight. If a hand pump was to be added it would
need to be easy enough for child to use it.
6.2.b. Discussion
The most feasible solution for exhaustion indication is a time dependent method. The Timestrip® release
indicator used by Tetra would be a cheap, easily implemented method if it can be designed for a desired
length of time. However, the time dependent method is not the ideal choice because it does not fully
utilize the media, thus resulting in large media wastes. Both methods (time and volume dependent)
assume a maximum concentration of influent arsenic, but the time dependent method also assumes the
maximum flow through the filter each day. In reality, a filter may only be used once or twice a day.
Therefore, a time dependent method would indicate the filter is exhausted long before it has neared
contaminant breakthrough.
Before a final prototype is designed, more research will need to be done on both time dependent and
volume dependent methods. CLEAR H2O hopes to find an economical method that indicates exhaustion
based on a calculated volume. This may require an external power source or pressurization of the
system. Although such a method may fail to meet one or two of the project objectives, it would
minimize waste and increase the life of the filter. CLEAR H2O acknowledges that a time dependent
method is more feasible and will keep this as a secondary solution.
6.3. Market Analysis
For the CLEAR H2O filter to be a potentially successful product, a target market, potential competitors
and a competitive analysis should be identified. The following sections outline the results of research
done to identify these factors.
6.3.a. Target Market
The majority of people in the world who live in areas with groundwater contaminated by arsenic have
no water treatment facilities to remove arsenic and no pressurized plumbing in their homes for a point-
of-use filter to be installed. Thus, the target population for the filter extension are residents in
developing countries who do not have access to the water treatment infrastructure or domestic
plumbing that is needed for arsenic to be removed from drinking water. The target market is water filter
companies and non-profit organizations who conduct development work in developing countries that
are impacted by arsenic contamination in water.
43
6.3.b. Potential Competitors
Currently, there are very few arsenic filter companies that produce point-of-use systems that are
implemented in developing countries. The following five companies produce arsenic-removing POU
filters in developing countries and could be competitors with a POU arsenic removing filter extension:
Apyron Technologies
Apyron, the makers of AquaBind MP and AquaBind SP, implemented a point-of-use system in Adahata,
India; an Indian city that had concentrations of arsenic exceeding 2,000 ppb in their groundwater. This
filter system was connected to the pump of a well, and provided 8-12 liters per minute of water with no
arsenic. Maintaining the filter requires the villagers to backwash the filter every two weeks42.
Figure 22: Apyron Competitor Filter42
Sono
The Sono Filter uses zero valent iron to remove arsenic in drinking water and provides 100 L/day of
clean water to the user51. This filtration system was developed to remove arsenic from water by Abul
Hussam and Abul K. M. Munir at George Mason University. Over 225,000 Sono filters have been
implemented in Bangladesh, Nepal, and India since 200151. The current market cost for these filters is
$35.
ALCAN
ALCAN is an activated alumina filter that offers household units and community units to remove arsenic.
Household units can treat 11,000 liters of water before reaching exhaustion and cost $52 for the
installed unit and $12 for media replacement after exhaustion52. Community systems treat 80,000 liters
before reaching exhaustion and cost $260 per installed unit and $140 for media replacement after
exhaustion. These filters are primarily used in Bangladesh52.
Sidko
Sidko filters contain GFH media, and are used for community applications. These filters clean 121,000 L
with exhaustion occurring after 6 months. Estimated cost for a filter is $4,3004.
44
READ-F
Nihon Kaisui of Japan created the READ-F filter53. READ-F incorporates cerium oxide media to remove
arsenic, and provides 40,000 L of clean water with media exhaustion occurring after 30 months of
usage4. The estimated cost for a unit is $804.
Sono, ALCAN, Sidko, and READ-F are the four filters that are commercially approved by the Bangladesh
Government to be used for arsenic removal in the country. These four filters and the Apyron POU
system would be competition for a POU arsenic removing extension, particularly in Southeast Asia
(Bangladesh, India) where the POU filtration market is saturated.
Figure 23: Four Competitor Filters with Respective Bed Volumes, Exhaustion Time and Cost4
6.3.c. Competitive Strategy
The CLEAR H2O filter will stand apart from all arsenic POU filters on the market because it is portable,
easy to use, inexpensive, gravity-fed, and requires no external power source. Most importantly CLEAR
H2O will implement a method to indicate when the media is exhausted. No other filters available on the
market meet all five of these objectives while also indicating exhaustion. These characteristics of the
CLEAR H2O filter differentiate the filter from potential competitors.
6.4. Cost Analysis
The costs associated with the design project and the anticipated costs for the final prototype design are
included in the following sections.
45
6.4.a. Development Costs – Calvin College Engineering Department
The Calvin College Engineering Department was responsible for two of the developing costs. The first
development cost was the Econo Quick II test kit from Sensafe, which costs an estimated $275 (including
shipping costs). The other cost was $400 in gas needed to make the trip to obtain hematite in the Upper
Peninsula. These costs are displayed below in Table 15.
Table 15: Development Costs - Calvin College
Date Description Credit Balance
10/18/13 Arsenic Econo-Quick II Test Kit -$275.00 -$275.00
10/31/13 Hematite Collection Trip to the UP - Gas -$400.00 -$675.00
12/16/13 Team 06 Funding $675.00 $0.00
6.4.b. Development Costs – Client
Additional funding needed will be provided by the client. The client negotiated a deal with
Prein&Newhof for a donated 250 tests to CLEAR H2O, which amounts to $4,250 ($17/test). The client
has also offered to fund additional estimated costs that will incur throughout the remainder of the
project. These costs include the material needed to produce a prototype, material fabrication, additional
tests from Prein&Newhof, and media exhaustion indicator(s). All costs displayed in Table 16 after
12/16/13 are the remaining estimated costs for the project.
Table 16: Development Costs - Client
Date Description Credit Balance
10/18/13 Prein&Newhof Tests - 250 @ $17/test -$4,250.00 -$4,250.00
10/31/13 Prein&Newhof Donation $4,250.00 $0.00
2/7/14 Media Exhaustion Indicator -$100.00 -$100.00
2/17/14 Additional Testing @ Prein&Newhof -$170.00 -$270.00
3/3/14 Prototype Materials -$40.00 -$310.00
3/17/14 Material Fabrication -$10.00 -$320.00
4/7/14 Additional Testing @ Prein&Newhof -$425.00 -$745.00
5/12/14 Anticipated Client Donations $745.00 $0.00
6.5. Looking Ahead
6.5.a. Future Improvements
CLEAR H2O has experienced many successes and setbacks with the senior design project this semester.
After reflecting on the past semester, CLEAR H2O concurred that a few improvements need to occur
during interim and second semester for the goal of the project to be realized. Testing methodology and
project management are components of these projects that must be improved as the project
progresses.
46
Testing Methodology
Significant improvement is needed in the testing methodology. Problems with pH, shaker table vial
capacity, and testing solution need to be examined. The acidity of the test solution used in the one
kinetics test and three isotherm tests was in the range of 5.0 pH to 5.5 pH. Typical ranges of solution
acidity used in the researched test were 6.0 to 8.0, which is higher than the pH of the test solutions.
Besides the pH being lower than typical testing conditions, the pH of the five test solutions used in Test
#3 were inconsistent. The test solution was made the same way each time (14 mL of stock solution and
986 mL of deionized water), yet the pH of the solutions varied from 5.09 to 5.43. The low pH used during
testing and the inconsistencies amongst identically created test solutions needs to be investigated
further during winter break and during the beginning of interim.
Shaker table vial capacity was also a problem that was encountered during lab testing. In isotherm test
#3, the shaker table had limited space for each vial to be oriented on its side, resulting in a few vials
being oriented nearly upright during shaking to compensate for space. Future testing must require that
each vial is on its side to ensure thorough shaking of the media in the solution.
The controls of the test solutions in all three isotherm tests varied in concentration. Isotherm test #3
had a control concentration minimum of 109 ppb (Control #1 for Bayoxide E33) and a maximum
concentration of 129 ppb (Control #1 for MetSorb). The control variance between the three controls for
each media was the highest for Bayoxide E33, which had a control concentration variance of 12 ppb
(109 ppb to 121 ppb). Not only did the controls vary in concentration, the controls also varied from the
calculated control concentration for the amount of arsenic that should be in solution when sodium
meta-arsenite completely disassociates. Additional research on sodium meta-arsenite dissociation in
solution needs to be completed prior to the next round of testing to attempt to explain the control
concentration variance and the control concentration deviation from the calculated theoretical
concentration.
Finally, additional information is needed on the testing method of Prein&Newhof. Prein&Newhof
conducts two testing techniques: inductively coupled plasma to test high concentrations of arsenic and a
charcoal furnace to indicate low concentrations of arsenic. A confidence interval for the two testing
methods would be useful in explaining the concentration differences of the controls.
Project Management
CLEAR H2O has identified a couple areas where project management needs to improve, including
deadline adherence and team communication. All team members agree that adherence to team
deadlines could be greatly improved upon, and communication between group members was
challenging, especially during the early weeks of the semester and during times with multiple due dates
or tests for other classes. A team meeting will be held in the upcoming weeks to discuss potential
improvements for scheduling, adhering to deadlines and communication.
6.5.b. Future Tasks
In addition to examining potential improvements that need to be completed during second semester,
CLEAR H2O also created a schedule for interim and the beginning of second semester. Multiple tasks are
going to be conducted during this time frame, including another round of batch testing, column testing,
media exhaustion testing and selection, and beginning prototype development. For a rough schedule of
procedure reference APPENDIX G.
47
Batch Testing
Based on the inconclusiveness of the initial batch testing results, and the inability to make a confident
selection of media, CLEAR H2O plans to perform another round of batch testing to confirm the
experimental procedure. Similar tests performed by the University of Colorado were the main reference
used while performing the isotherm tests explained in section 5.6. However, several variables in CLEAR
H2O’s actual procedure varied from the referenced procedure, such as pH, test volume, and media mass.
Thus, another round of isotherm testing will be conducted within the first week of interim, copying the
referenced lab procedure exactly. If the results are the same, this will validate the testing procedure and
allow the team to answer some questions from the previous isotherm tests. The results from this test
will determine whether column testing can be initiated.
Additional research will also be conducted to verify current data and improve the efficiency and
effectiveness of laboratory testing. Chemistry professors will be sought out to discuss inorganic
chemistry further and the results from the isotherm tests.
Column Testing
During the first few weeks of interim, a lab plan for column testing will be prepared. This will required
additional research and the acquisition of additional lab equipment such as testing columns, a large
reservoir for test solution storage, pumps and tubing. The lab plan should account for every possible
variable and anticipate errors in the procedure before actual testing begins.
Prototype Development
Initial prototype development will begin with the start of spring semester. PVC piping will be the primary
material used to construct the initial prototype. Initial brainstorming meetings will be conducted as a
team to determine what is required for the initial prototype, and a model will be created in 3D modeling
software to visualize the prototype before it is actually constructed. The initial prototype will be used to
further test the selected adsorption media.
6.6. Conclusion
To evaluate the feasibility of a prototype design, research and testing were conducted on arsenic
testing techniques, adsorption media, and media exhaustion indicators. Prein&Newhof, a MDEQ-
certified local laboratory, has donated 250 tests for determining arsenic concentrations, which should
be sufficient for the scope of the project. Extensive research and initial batch testing resulted in four
adsorption media being selected as feasible agents of arsenic removal: Bayoxide E33, MetSorb,
AquaBind MP, and AquaBind SP-70. Hematite was eliminated as a viable media option due to its
apparent poor removal efficiency. Further testing will be performed to determine the final media for
prototype construction. Two feasible media exhaustion indicators will be further researched: a volume-
dependent method and a time-dependent method. Initial research indicates that a time-dependent
method would be the most feasible, but a volume-dependent method would be preferred because this
method maximizes the life of the filter.
48
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[Accessed 26 November 2013].
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[Accessed 8th December 2013].
[39] Clayton County. Clayton Gets Approval to Operate New Water Treatment Facility. [Online].
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[40] Graver Technologies. Sonomo County’s Vintners Count on MetSorb From Graver Technologies to
Remove Arsenic from Water. [Online]. Available from:
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[44] Savant. Savant DigiFlow 8310T-L, LCD Display Flow Monitor, Liter model.[Online]. Available
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51
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Appendices Table of Contents A. GANTT CHART
B. MATHCAD BATCH TESTING CALCULATIONS B.1. KINETICS TESTS B.2. ISOTHERM TESTS B.3. PROJECT PROPOSAL B.4. STOCK SOLUTION B.5. STOCK SOLUTION DILUTION
C. PREIN&NEWHOF ISOTHERM TEST 1 RESULTS
D. PREIN&NEWHOF ISOTHERM TEST 2 RESULTS
E. PREIN&NEWHOF ISOTHERM TEST 3 RESULTS
F. UPCOMING PROJECT SCHEDULE
APPENDIX A
GANT CHART
� � � � � � � �
� � � � � � � �
APPENDIX B
MATHCAD BATCH TESTING CALCULATIONs
CLEAR H2ORequired Arsenic and Media For Lab Tes�ng
Batch TestsBatch TestsBatch TestsBatch Tests
Kine�cs Tests
CAs 0.100mg
L:= Concentration of arsenite in Solution
V 100 mL⋅:= Volume of each batch container
nmedia 5:= Number of media being tested
ntests 6:= Number of tests per media
N nmedia ntests⋅:= Total number of test containers required
Vtot1 N V⋅ 3L=:= Total Volume of solution required
MAs1 Vtot1 CAs⋅ 0.3 mg⋅=:= Total mass of arsenic required
Adsorp�ve Capacity Tests - Isotherms
CAs 0.1mg
L⋅= Concentration of arsenite in Solution
V 100 mL⋅:= Volume of each batch container
nmedia 5:= Number of media being tested
ntests 6:= Number of tests per media
N nmedia ntests⋅:= Total number of test containers required
Vtot2 N V⋅ 3L=:= Total Volume of solution required
MAs2 Vtot2 CAs⋅ 0.3 mg⋅=:= Total mass of arsenic required
Stock Solu�onVtest Vtot1 Vtot2+ 6 L=:= Total volume required for the batch tests
Vstock 1 L⋅:=Volume of stock solution
Ctest 0.1mg
L⋅:=
Concentration of arsenic in the test solutions
Cstock 0.6mg
L⋅:= Concentration of arsenic in stock solution (Guess)
Given
Vtest Ctest⋅ Vstock Cstock⋅=
Find Cstock( ) 0.6mg
L⋅= Concentration of arsenic in stock solution
mas Cstock Vstock⋅ 0.6 mg⋅=:= Mass of Arsenic required
Minimum Arsenic Required for Batch Tes�ng
mas 0.6 mg⋅=
Total Arsenic Trioxide Required for Batch Tes�ngThe group decided to use a stock solution of 1 mg/L us ing arsenic triox ide (As2O3). The Following
calculations show how much As2O3 must be added to obtain a stock solution of 1mg/L arsenic.
mas 1 mg⋅:= Mass of arsenic desired in solution
MWAs2O3 197.84gm
mol:= Molecular Weight of Arsenic Trioxide
MWAs2 149.84gm
mol:= Molecular Weight of Arsenic
MAs2O3 mas
MWAs2O3
MWAs2
⋅:= Ratio of arsenic to arsenic trioxide multiplied my desired
arsenic in solution.
MAs2O3 1.32 mg⋅= Mass of arsenic trioxide to add to 1 liter of water.
Stock Solu�on Dilu�on
Concentra�on Verifica�on and Test Strip Accuracy
In order to verify the concentration of the stock solution and to see how much the test strips varry
per test, the team will dilute the stock solution to 10 ug/L theoretically and each team member will
test the concentration using the test kit.
Cverify 0.01mg
L⋅:= Concentration of verification solution
Vverify 100 mL⋅:= Volume of verification solution
Vstock 1L:= Volume of Stock solution (guess)
Cstock 1mg
L:= Concentration of stock solution
Given
Vverify Cverify⋅ Vstock Cstock⋅=
Find Vstock( ) 1 mL⋅= Volume of stock solution to dilute with 99 ml of water
APPENDIX C
MSDS SHEETS
Appendix C.1 BAYOXIDE E33
BAYOXIDE E 33 HCF
Material Safety Data Sheet
Product name
Product and company identification:
1.
56094338
Supplier/Manufacturer
Material Number :
:
In case of emergency :
:Chemical family Inorganic Metal oxide.
Chemtrec (800) 424-9300 International (703) 527-3887 Lanxess Emergency Phone (800) 410-3063.
LANXESS CorporationProduct Safety & Regulatory Affairs111 RIDC Park West DrivePittsburgh, PA 15275-1112USA
For information: US/Canada (800) LANXESSInternational +1 412 809 1000
No
Dermal contact. Eye contact. Inhalation. Ingestion.
Emergency overview
Hazards identification
Routes of entry
Potential acute health effects / Over-exposure signs/symptoms
Exposure to airborne concentrations above statutory or recommended exposure limits may cause irritation of the nose, throat and lungs. May cause mechanical irritation (abrasion).
May cause mechanical irritation (abrasion). Exposure to airborne concentrations above statutory or recommended exposure limits may cause irritation of the eyes.
No known significant effects or critical hazards.
May cause mechanical irritation (abrasion).
Eyes
Skin
Inhalation
Ingestion
Physical state Solid. [Powder.]
NOT EXPECTED TO PRODUCE SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS WHEN THE RECOMMENDED INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE ARE FOLLOWED. MAY CAUSE MECHANICAL IRRITATION (ABRASION).
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Odor : Odorless.
2.
Potential chronic health effects
Carcinogenicity :
Chronic effects : Repeated or prolonged inhalation of dust may lead to chronic respiratory irritation.
Color : Black. Brown.
Medical conditions aggravated by over-exposure
: Respiratory tract disorders
No carcinogenic substances as defined by IARC, NTP and/or OSHA.
No
1/6BAYOXIDE E 33 HCF 56094338 1Version
No hazardous ingredient
Composition/information on ingredients
Name CAS number %
3.There are no ingredients present which, within the current knowledge of the supplier and in the concentrations applicable, are classified as hazardous to health or the environment and hence require reporting in this section.
No
Wash out mouth with water. Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Get medical attention if symptoms occur.
Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact flush eyes with plenty of luke warm water. Get medical attention if symptoms occur.
Wash with plenty of soap and water. Get medical attention if symptoms occur. Wash clothing before reuse. Clean shoes thoroughly before reuse.
Move exposed person to fresh air. Get medical attention if symptoms occur.
First aid measuresEye contact
Skin contact
Inhalation
Ingestion
No specific treatment. Treat symptomatically. Contact poison treatment specialist immediately if large quantities have been ingested or inhaled.
Notes to physician
:
:
:
:
:
4.
No
Use an extinguishing agent suitable for the surrounding fire.
Fire-fighting measuresExtinguishing media
Move containers from fire area if this can be done without risk.
Special protective equipment for fire-fighters
Fire-fighters should wear appropriate protective equipment and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) with a full face-piece operated in positive pressure mode.
:
5.
Special exposure hazards :
None known.
Suitable :
Not suitable :
Hazardous thermal decomposition products
: Decomposition products may include the following materials:metal oxide/oxides
No
No action shall be taken involving any personal risk or without suitable training.
Accidental release measuresPersonal precautions :
6.
Spill and Leak Procedures. : Move containers from spill area. Approach release from upwind. Prevent entry into sewers, water courses, basements or confined areas. Vacuum or sweep up material and place in a designated, labeled waste container. Avoid creating dusty conditions and prevent wind dispersal.
No
Store in accordance with local regulations. Store in original container protected from direct sunlight in a dry, cool and well-ventilated area, away from incompatible materials (see Section 10) and food and drink. Keep container tightly closed and sealed until ready for use. Containers that have been opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Do not store in unlabeled containers. Use appropriate containment to avoid environmental contamination.
Eating, drinking and smoking should be prohibited in areas where this material is handled, stored and processed. Workers should wash hands and face before eating,drinking and smoking. Avoid breathing dust.
Handling and storageHandling
Storage
:
:
7.
No
2/6BAYOXIDE E 33 HCF 56094338 1Version
Exposure controls/personal protection
Personal protection
Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.
8.
Engineering measures : Use only with adequate ventilation. If user operations generate dust, fumes, gas, vapor or mist, use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep worker exposure to airborne contaminants below any recommended or statutory limits.
Hygiene measures : Wash hands, forearms and face thoroughly after handling chemical products, before eating, smoking and using the lavatory and at the end of the working period. Appropriate techniques should be used to remove potentially contaminated clothing. Wash contaminated clothing before reusing. Ensure that eyewash stations and safety showers are close to the workstation location.
Recommended monitoring procedures
: If this product contains ingredients with exposure limits, personal, workplace atmosphere or biological monitoring may be required to determine the effectiveness of the ventilation or other control measures and/or the necessity to use respiratory protective equipment. Reference should be made to appropriate monitoring standards.Reference to national guidance documents for methods for the determination of hazardous substances will also be required.
No
Although no exposure limit has been established for this product, the OSHA PEL for Particulates Not Otherwise Regulated (PNOR) of 15 mg/m3 - total dust, 5 mg/m3 -respirable fraction is recommended. In addition, the ACGIH recommends 3 mg/m3 -respirable particles and 10 mg/m3 - inhalable particles for Particles (insoluble or poorly soluble) Not Otherwise Specified (PNOS). The following respirator is recommended if airborne concentrations exceed the appropriate standard/guideline. Dust-protection mask.
Respiratory :
Hands Gloves.:
Eyes safety glasses with side-shields.:
Skin : Wear cloth work clothing including long pants and long-sleeved shirts. Suitable protective footwear.
No exposure limit value known.
Solid. [Powder.]
>1000°C (>1832°F)
4 to 5
Insoluble in the following materials: cold water.
Odorless.
Black. Brown.
Melting/freezing point
Dynamic (room temperature): Not applicable.
Physical and chemical propertiesPhysical state
Specific gravity
Viscosity
Solubility
Odor
Color
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Flash point : Closed cup: Not applicable.
9.
Bulk density : 750 to 950 kg/m³
No
The product is stable.
No specific data.
Under normal conditions of storage and use, hazardous decomposition products should not be produced.
Excessive temperatures. At temperatures greater than 176 F (80 C), this product may become unstable and slowly auto-oxidize into Fe2O3 which generates additional heat.Under certain conditions this heat may be sufficient to cause combustible materials to ignite.
Stability and reactivityChemical stability
Conditions to avoid
Materials to avoid
Hazardous decomposition products
:
:
:
:
10.
3/6BAYOXIDE E 33 HCF 56094338 1Version
Stability and reactivity10.Possibility of hazardous reactions
: Under normal conditions of storage and use, hazardous reactions will not occur.
No
Toxicological information11.Acute toxicity
Irritation/Corrosion
Skin
Eyes
:
:
Non-irritating.
Non-irritating.
No information available.
No
No carcinogenic substances as defined by IARC, NTP and/or OSHA.Carcinogenicity
Ecological information12.Aquatic ecotoxicity
No information available.
Other ecological information
No
Waste disposal should be in accordance with existing federal, state, provincial and/or local environmental controls. The generation of waste should be avoided or minimized wherever possible. Empty containers or liners may retain some product residues. This material and its container must be disposed of in a safe way.
Waste disposal
Disposal considerations:
13.
If discarded in its purchased form, this product would not be a hazardous waste either by listing or by characteristic. However, under RCRA, it is the responsibility of the product user to determine at the time of disposal, whether a material containing the product or derived from the product should be classified as a hazardous waste. (40 CFR 261.20-24)
RCRA classification :
No
Transport information
- Not regulated.DOT Classification - -
IMDG Class
IATA-DGR Class
Regulatory information
UN number Proper shipping name
Classes PG* Label Additional information
-
14.
PG* : Packing group
0 lbsRQ :
-
- -
- - -
-- Not regulated.
Not regulated.
No
4/6BAYOXIDE E 33 HCF 56094338 1Version
None
Regulatory information
Ingredient name CAS number Concentration (%)
15.
SARA Title III Section 313 Toxic Chemicals
California Prop. 65
U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act
: Listed on the TSCA Inventory.
SARA Section 311/312 Hazard Categories
:
SARA Title III Section 302 Extremely Hazardous Substances
:
None
HAZCOM Standard Status : While this material is not considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200), this MSDS contains valuable information critical to the safe handling and proper use of the product. This MSDS should be retained and available for employees and other users of this product.
US EPA CERCLA Hazardous Subtances (40 CFR 302)
State regulations
:
:
NoneIngredient name CAS number Concentration (%)
The following chemicals are specifically listed by individual states; other product specific health and safety data in other sections on the MSDS may also be applicable for state requirements. For details on your regulatory requirements you should contact the appropraite agency in your state.
No
BAYOXIDE E 33 HCF PA - RTK HS >= 95C.I. Pigment Yellow 42 20344-49-4 >= 95
CAS numberIngredient name RQ
None
To the best of our knowledge, this product does not contain any of the listed chemicals, which the state of California has found to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm.
Potential exposure to some or all of the California Proposition 65 chemicals in this product have been determined to be below the No Significant Risk Level (NSRL)
Massachusetts Substances: MA - S Massachusetts Extraordinary Hazardous Substances: MA - Extra HS New Jersey Hazardous Substances: NJ - HS Pennsylvania RTK Hazardous Substances: PA - RTK HS Pennsylvania Special Hazardous Substances: PA - Special HS
Ingredient name CAS number State Code Concentration (%)
Other informationHazardous Material Information System
Health
Flammability
Physical hazards
:
16.
The customer is responsible for determining the PPE code for this material.
0=Insignificant 1=Slight 2=Moderate 3=High 4=Extreme *=Chronic
No
1
0
0
5/6BAYOXIDE E 33 HCF 56094338 1Version
Other information16.National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.)
Notice to reader
Date of issue
Date of previous issue
Version :
:
:
:
LANXESS' method of hazard communication is comprised of Product Labels and Material Safety Data Sheets.HMIS and NFPA ratings are provided by LANXESS as a customer service.
Indicates information that has changed from previously issued version.
12-03-2012
12-03-2012
1
Contact person : Product Safety and Regulatory Affairs
0= Minimal 1=Slight 2=Moderate 3=Serious 4=Severe
This information is furnished without warranty, express or implied. This information is believed to be accurate to the best knowledge of LANXESS Corporation. The information in this MSDS relates only to the specific material designated herein. LANXESS Corporation assumes no legal responsibility for use of or reliance upon the information in this MSDS.
No
No
00
1Health
Special
Instability/Reactivity
Flammability
6/6BAYOXIDE E 33 HCF 56094338 1Version
APPENDIX C.2 METSORB
1
HydroGlobe HMRP MSDS Effective Date 01/10/05 1. Product Identification Synonyms: Titanium (IV) Oxide; Titanium Hydroxide CAS No.: 13463-67-7 ; 20338-08-3 Molecular Weight: 79.87 116 Chemical Formula: TiO2 Ti(OH)4 2. Composition/Information on Ingredients Ingredient CAS No Percent --------------------------------------- ------------ ------- Titanium Dioxide 13463-67-7 30-100% Titanium Hydroxide 20338-08-3 0-30% 3. Hazards Identification Emergency Overview -------------------------- CAUTION! MAY CAUSE IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES, AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. MAY AFFECT LUNGS. Potential Health Effects ---------------------------------- Inhalation: May cause mild irritation to the respiratory tract. Ingestion: Not expected to be a health hazard via ingestion. Skin Contact: May cause mild irritation and redness. Eye Contact: May cause mild irritation, possible reddening. Chronic Exposure: Long-term exposure to titanium dioxide dust may result in mild fibrosis (scarring of the lungs). Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing lung disease may be more susceptible to the effects of this substance. 4. First Aid Measures Inhalation: Remove to fresh air. Get medical attention for any breathing difficulty. Ingestion: Not expected to require first aid measures. If large amounts were swallowed, give water to drink and get medical advice. Skin Contact: Immediately flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention if irritation develops.
2
Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention if irritation persists. 5. Fire Fighting Measures Fire: Not considered to be a fire hazard. Explosion: Not considered to be an explosion hazard. Fire Extinguishing Media: Use any means suitable for extinguishing surrounding fire. Special Information: In the event of a fire, wear full protective clothing and NIOSH-approved self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece operated in the pressure demand or other positive pressure mode. 6. Accidental Release Measures Ventilate area of leak or spill. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment as specified in Section 8. Spills: Sweep up and containerize for reclamation or disposal. Vacuuming or wet sweeping may be used to avoid dust dispersal. 7. Handling and Storage Keep in a tightly closed container, stored in a cool, dry, ventilated area. Protect against physical damage. Containers of this material may be hazardous when empty since they retain product residues (dust, solids); observe all warnings and precautions listed for the product. 8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection Airborne Exposure Limits: Titanium Dioxide:- OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) is 15 mg/m3 (TWA). ACGIH Threshold Limit Value (TLV) - 10 mg/m3 (TWA), A4 - Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. Titanium Hydroxide: -OSHA PEL and ACGIH TLV do not exist Ventilation System: A system of local and/or general exhaust is recommended to keep employee exposures below the Airborne Exposure Limits. Local exhaust ventilation is generally preferred because it can control the emissions of the contaminant at its source, preventing dispersion of it into the general work area. Please refer to the ACGIH document, Industrial Ventilation, A Manual of Recommended Practices, most recent edition, for details. Personal Respirators (NIOSH Approved): If the exposure limit is exceeded, a half-face dust/mist respirator may be worn for up to ten times the exposure limit or the maximum use concentration specified by the appropriate regulatory agency or respirator supplier, whichever is lowest. A full-face piece dust/mist respirator may be worn up to 50 times the exposure limit, or the maximum use concentration specified by the appropriate regulatory agency, or respirator supplier, whichever is lowest. For emergencies or instances where the exposure levels are not known, use a full-facepiece positive-pressure, air-supplied respirator. WARNING: Air-purifying respirators do not protect workers in oxygen-deficient atmospheres.
3
Skin Protection: Wear protective gloves and clean body-covering clothing. Eye Protection: Use chemical safety goggles and/or full face shield where dusting or splashing of solutions is possible. Maintain eye wash fountain and quick-drench facilities in work area. 9. Physical and Chemical Properties Appearance: White Powder. Odor: Odorless. Solubility: Insoluble in water. Specific Gravity: 4.26 pH: (slurry) ca. 6 - 7 % Volatiles by volume @ 21C (70F): 0 Boiling Point: 2500 - 3000C (4532 - 5432F) Melting Point: 1855C (3371F) Vapor Density (Air=1): Not applicable. Vapor Pressure (mm Hg): Not applicable. Evaporation Rate (BuAc=1): No information found. 10. Stability and Reactivity Stability: Stable under ordinary conditions of use and storage. Hazardous Decomposition Products: No information found. Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur. Incompatibilities: For Titanium Dioxide: A violent reaction with lithium occurs around 200C (392F) with a flash of light; the temperature can reach 900C. Violent or incandescent reaction may also occur with other metals such as aluminum, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and zinc. Conditions to Avoid: Dusting and incompatibles. 11. Toxicological Information Toxicological Data: No LD50/LC50 information found relating to normal routes of occupational exposure. Investigated as a tumorigen and mutagen. Carcinogenicity: Titanium Dioxide has been classified by the American Congress of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) as an A4 carcinogen- Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen.(1999 TLVs and BEIs,” p. 67). It has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as group 3- Not Classifiable as to its Carcinogenicity to Humans. 12. Ecological Information Environmental Fate: No information found. Environmental Toxicity: For Titanium Dioxide, 96 Hour LC50 for fathead minnows >1,000mg/l 13. Disposal Considerations Whatever cannot be saved for recovery or recycling should be managed in an appropriate and approved waste disposal facility. Processing, use or contamination of this product may change the waste management options. State and local disposal regulations may
4
differ from federal disposal regulations. Dispose of container and unused contents in accordance with federal, state and local requirements. This is not regulated by RCRA specifically. 14. Transport Information Not regulated. 15. Regulatory Information --------\Chemical Inventory Status - Part 1\--------------------------------- Ingredient TSCA EC Japan Australia ----------------------------------------------- ---- --- ----- --------- Titanium Dioxide (13463-67-7) Yes Yes Yes Yes --------\Chemical Inventory Status - Part 2\--------------------------------- --Canada-- Ingredient Korea DSL NDSL Phil. ----------------------------------------------- ----- --- ---- ----- Titanium Dioxide (13463-67-7) Yes Yes No No --------\Federal, State & International Regulations - Part 1\---------------- -SARA 302- ------SARA 313------ Ingredient RQ TPQ List Chemical Catg. ----------------------------------------- --- ----- ---- -------------- Titanium Dioxide (13463-67-7) No No No No --------\Federal, State & International Regulations - Part 2\---------------- -RCRA- -TSCA- Ingredient CERCLA 261.33 8(d) ----------------------------------------- ------ ------ ------ Titanium Dioxide (13463-67-7) No No No Chemical Weapons Convention: No TSCA 12(b): No CDTA: No SARA 311/312: Acute: Yes Chronic: Yes Fire: No Pressure: No Reactivity: No (Pure / Solid) Australian Hazchem Code: No information found. Poison Schedule: No information found. WHMIS: This MSDS has been prepared according to the hazard criteria of the Controlled Products Regulations (CPR) and the MSDS contains all of the information required by the CPR. 16. Other Information NFPA Ratings: Health: 1 Flammability: 0 Reactivity: 0 Label Hazard Warning: CAUTION! MAY CAUSE IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES, AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. MAY AFFECT LUNGS.
5
Label Precautions: Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Wash thoroughly after handling. Avoid breathing dust. Keep container closed. Use with adequate ventilation. Label First Aid: In case of contact, immediately flush eyes or skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical attention if irritation develops or persists. If inhaled, remove to fresh air. Get medical attention for any breathing difficulty. Product Use: Laboratory Reagent. Revision Information: Initial MSDS issue ************************************************************************ Graver Technologies Inc. provides the information contained herein in good faith but makes no representation as to its comprehensiveness or accuracy. This document is intended only as a guide to the appropriate precautionary handling of the material by a properly trained person using this product. Individuals receiving the information must exercise their independent judgment in determining its appropriateness for a particular purpose. GRAVER TECHNOLOGIES INC. MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE WITH RESPECT TO THE INFORMATION SET FORTH HEREIN OR THE PRODUCT TO WHICH THE INFORMATION REFERS. ACCORDINGLY, GRAVER TECHNOLOGIES INC. WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR DAMAGES RESULTING FROM USE OF OR RELIANCE UPON THIS INFORMATION. Prepared by Graver Technologies Inc., 200 Lake Drive, Glasgow, DE 19702. 302-731-1700.
APPENDIX C.3 AQUIBIND MP
APPENDIX C.4 AQUABIND SP-‐70
APPENDIX C.5 HEMATITE
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10353 -HEMATITE
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETHEMATITE
1. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION TRADE NAME: HEMATITE
CHEMICAL CLASS: Naturally occuring mineral.
APPLICATIONS: Oil well drilling fluid additive. Weighting agent.
EMERGENCY TELEPHONE: 281-561-1600 SUPPLIER: Supplied by Federal Industrial Products, A Business Unit of M-I L.L.C. P.O. Box 42842, Houston, Texas 77242-2842TELEPHONE: 281-561-1509FAX: 281-561-7240 CONTACT PERSON: Sam Hoskin
2. COMPOSITION, INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
CAS No.: CONTENTS : EPA RQ: TPQ:INGREDIENT NAME:14808-60-7 0-5 % Silica, crystalline, quartz1317-60-8 95-100 % Hematite
3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION EMERGENCY OVERVIEW:
CAUTION! MAY CAUSE EYE, SKIN AND RESPIRATORY TRACT IRRITATION. Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Avoid breathing airborne product. Keep container closed. Use with adequate ventilation. Wash thoroughlyafter handling.
This product is a/an red to black powder. May form explosive dust-air mixtures. Slippery when wet. Dike and contain spills. Keep out of sewers and waterways. No significant immediate hazards for emergency response personnel are known.
ACUTE EFFECTS:HEALTH HAZARDS, GENERAL:
Particulates may cause mechanical irritation to the eyes, nose, throat and lungs. Particulate inhalation may lead to pulmonary fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and bronchial asthma. Dermatitis and asthma may result from short contact periods.
INHALATION: May be irritating to the respiratory tract if inhaled. INGESTION: May cause gastric distress, nausea and vomiting if ingested. SKIN: May be irritating to the skin. EYES: May be irritating to the eyes.
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CHRONIC EFFECTS:CARCINOGENICITY:
IARC: Not listed. OSHA: Not regulated. NTP: Not listed.
ATTENTION! CANCER HAZARD. CONTAINS CRYSTALLINE SILICA WHICH CAN CAUSE CANCER. Risk of cancer depends on duration and level of exposure.
IARC Monographs, Vol. 68, 1997, concludes that there is sufficient evidence that inhaled crystalline silica in the form of quartz or cristobalite from occupational sources causes cancer in humans. IARC classification Group 1.
ROUTE OF ENTRY:
Inhalation. Skin and/or eye contact. TARGET ORGANS:
Respiratory system, lungs. Skin. Eyes. 4. FIRST AID MEASURES GENERAL: Persons seeking medical attention should carry a copy of this MSDS with them. INHALATION: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. Perform artificial respiration if breathing has stopped. Get medical attention. INGESTION: Drink a couple of glasses water or milk. Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by a physician. Never give
anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention. SKIN: Wash skin thoroughly with soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing. Get medical attention if any discomfort
continues. EYES: Promptly wash eyes with lots of water while lifting the eye lids. Continue to rinse for at least 15 minutes. Get medical
attention if any discomfort continues. 5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES AUTO IGNITION TEMP. (°F): N/DFLAMMABILITY LIMIT - LOWER(%): N/DFLAMMABILITY LIMIT - UPPER(%): N/D EXTINGUISHING MEDIA:
Use extinguishing media appropriate for surrounding fire. SPECIAL FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES:
No specific fire fighting procedure given. UNUSUAL FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARDS:
No unusual fire or explosion hazards noted. HAZARDOUS COMBUSTION PRODUCTS:
This material is not combustible. No specific hazardous combustion products noted. 6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES PERSONAL PRECAUTIONS:
Wear proper personal protective equipment (see MSDS Section 8). SPILL CLEAN-UP PROCEDURES:
Avoid generating and spreading of dust. Shovel into dry containers. Cover and move the containers. Flush the area with water. Do not contaminate drainage or waterways. Repackage or recycle if possible.
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7. HANDLING AND STORAGE HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
Avoid handling causing generation of dust. Wear full protective clothing for prolonged exposure and/or high concentrations. Eye wash and emergency shower must be available at the work place. Wash hands often and change clothing when needed. Provide good ventilation. Mechanical ventilation or local exhaust ventilation is required.
STORAGE PRECAUTIONS:
Store at moderate temperatures in dry, well ventilated area. Keep in original container. 8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS, PERSONAL PROTECTION
ACGIH TLV: OTHER:OSHA PEL:CAS No.: TWA: STEL: TWA: STEL: TWA: STEL: UNITS:INGREDIENT NAME:
Silica, crystalline, quartz 14808-60-7 * 0.1 mg/m3 resp.dust
1317-60-8 10 * 5 * mg/m3Hematite INGREDIENT COMMENTS:
* OSHA PELs for Mineral Dusts containing crystalline silica are 10 mg/m3 / (%SiO2+2) for quartz and 1/2 the calculatedquartz value for cristobalite and tridymite. * The PEL given here for Hematite is for Iron Oxide Fume; the TLV is for IronOxide dust and fume.
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:
ENGINEERING CONTROLS:
Use appropriate engineering controls such as, exhaust ventilation and process enclosure, to reduce air contamination and keep worker exposure below the applicable limits.
VENTILATION: Supply natural or mechanical ventilation adequate to exhaust airborne product and keep exposures below the applicable
limits. RESPIRATORS: Use at least a NIOSH-approved N95 half-mask disposable or reuseable particulate respirator. In work environments
containing oil mist/aerosol use at least a NIOSH-approved P95 half-mask disposable or reuseable particulate respirator. For exposures exceeding 10 x PEL use a NIOSH-approved N100 Particulate Respirator.
PROTECTIVE GLOVES:
Use suitable protective gloves if risk of skin contact. EYE PROTECTION:
Wear dust resistant safety goggles where there is danger of eye contact. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING:
Wear appropriate clothing to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact. HYGIENIC WORK PRACTICES:
Wash promptly with soap and water if skin becomes contaminated. Change work clothing daily if there is any possibility of contamination.
9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES APPEARANCE/PHYSICAL STATE: Powder, dust.
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COLOR: Red. to Black.ODOR: Metallic.SOLUBILITY DESCRIPTION: Insoluble in water.MELT./FREEZ. POINT (°F, interval): 2849DENSITY/SPECIFIC GRAVITY (g/ml): 5.24 TEMPERATURE (°F): 68VAPOR DENSITY (air=1): N/AVAPOR PRESSURE: N/A TEMPERATURE (°F): 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY STABILITY: Normally stable. CONDITIONS TO AVOID:
Not relevant. HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION:
Will not polymerize. POLYMERIZATION DESCRIPTION:
Not relevant. MATERIALS TO AVOID:
Strong acids. Strong oxidizing agents. HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS:
No specific hazardous decomposition products noted. 11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION:
No toxicological data is available for this product. 12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION:
Contact M-I Environmental Affairs for ecological information. 13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS WASTE MANAGEMENT:
This product does not meet the criteria of a hazardous waste if discarded in its purchased form. Under RCRA, it is the responsibility of the user of the product to determine at the time of disposal, whether the product meets RCRA criteria for hazardous waste. This is because product uses, transformations, mixtures, processes, etc, may render the resulting materials hazardous.Empty containers retain residues. All labeled precautions must be observed.
DISPOSAL METHODS:
Recover and reclaim or recycle, if practical. Should this product become a waste, dispose of in a permitted industrial landfill. Ensure that containers are empty by RCRA criteria prior to disposal in a permitted industrial landfill.
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10353 - HEMATITE
14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION PRODUCT RQ: N/A U.S. DOT:U.S. DOT CLASS: Not regulated. CANADIAN TRANSPORT:TDGR CLASS: Not regulated. SEA TRANSPORT:IMDG CLASS: Not regulated. AIR TRANSPORT:ICAO CLASS: Not regulated. 15. REGULATORY INFORMATION REGULATORY STATUS OF INGREDIENTS:
CAS No: TSCA: CERCLA: SARA 302: SARA 313: DSL(CAN):NAME:14808-60-7 Yes No No No YesSilica, crystalline, quartz1317-60-8 Yes No No No YesHematite
US FEDERAL REGULATIONS:WASTE CLASSIFICATION: Not a hazardous waste by U.S. RCRA criteria. See Section 13. REGULATORY STATUS: This Product or its components, if a mixture, is subject to following regulations (Not meant to
be all inclusive - selected regulations represented):
SECTION 313: This product does not contain toxic chemical subject to the reporting requirements of Section 313 of Title III of the Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act of 1986 and 40 CFR Part 372.
SARA 311 Categories:1: Immediate (Acute) Health Effects.2. Delayed (Chronic) Health Effects.The components of this product are listed on or are exempt from the following international chemical registries:
TSCA (U.S.)DSL (Canada)EINECS (Europe)
STATE REGULATIONS:STATE REGULATORY STATUS: This product or its components, if a mixture, is subject to following regulations (Not meant to
be all inclusive - selected regulations represented):.Pennsylvania Right-to-Know.Illinois Right-to-Know.New Jersey Right-to-Know.
PROPOSITION 65: This product contains the following chemical(s) considered by the State of California's Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 as causing cancer orreproductive toxicity, and for which warnings are now required:Silica, crystalline
CANADIAN REGULATIONS:
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10353 - HEMATITE
LABELS FOR SUPPLY:
REGULATORY STATUS: This Material Safety Data Sheet has been prepared in compilance with the Controled Product
Regulations.
Canadian WHMIS Classification: D2A - Other Toxic Effects: Very Toxic Material 16. OTHER INFORMATION NPCA HMIS HAZARD INDEX: * 1 Slight HazardFLAMMABILITY: 0 Minimal HazardREACTIVITY: 0 Minimal HazardNPCA HMIS PERS. PROTECT. INDEX: E - Safety Glasses, Gloves, Dust Respirator USER NOTES: N/A = Not applicable N/D = Not determined INFORMATION SOURCES: OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits, 29 CFR 1910, Subpart Z, Section 1910.1000, Air
Contaminants.ACGIH Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents (latest edition).Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 9th ed., Lewis, R.J. Sr., (ed.), VNR, New York, New York, (1997).IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Silica, Some Silicates, Coal Dust, and para-Aramid Fibrils, Vol. 68, World Health Organization, Lyon, France, 1997.Product information provided by the commercial vendor(s).
PREPARED BY: Sam Hoskin REVISION No./Repl. MSDS of: 1 / February 1993 MSDS STATUS: Approved. DATE: August 5, 1998 DISCLAIMER:MSDS furnished independent of product sale. While every effort has been made to accurately describe this product, some of the data are obtained from sources beyond our direct supervision. We cannot make any assertions as to its reliability or completeness; therefore, user may rely on it only at user's risk. We have made no effort to censor or conceal deleterious aspects of this product. Since we cannot anticipate or control the conditiions under which this information and product may be used, we make no guarantee that the precautions we have suggested will be adequate for all individuals and/or situations. It is the obligation of each user of this product to comply with the requirements of all applicable laws regarding use and disposal of this product. Additional information will be furnished upon request to assist the user; however, no warranty, either expressed or implied, nor liability of any nature with respect to this product or to the data herein is made or incurred hereunder.
APPENDIX D
PREIN&NEWHOF ISOTHERM TEST 1 RESULTS
Date: 22-Nov-13
Customer Name: Calvin College
3201 Burton SW
Grand Rapids, MI 49546
Contact Name: Attn: Grant
3201 Burton SW
Grand Rapids, MI 49546
Project: Arsenic Study
Matrix: AQUEOUSLab Order: 1311510
Sampled By: Client
Project No: 2130001
Client Sample ID: S-10
Lab ID: 1311510-001 Collection Date: 11/16/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/20/20130.005 mg/L 17.00
Client Sample ID: S-1
Lab ID: 1311510-002 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/20/20130.005 mg/L 10.685
Client Sample ID: A-SP (2)
Lab ID: 1311510-003 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/20/20130.005 mg/L 10.056
Client Sample ID: A-SP 5)
Lab ID: 1311510-004 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/20/20130.005 mg/L 10.057
Client Sample ID: A-SP (7.5)
Lab ID: 1311510-005 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/20/20130.005 mg/L 10.055
Page 1 of 5BaseReport-
Continuous
3260 Evergreen Drive, NE Grand Rapids, MI 49525 t. 616-364-7600 f. 616-364-4222 www.preinnewhof.com
Project: Arsenic Study
Matrix: AQUEOUSLab Order: 1311510
Sampled By: Client
Project No: 2130001
Client Sample ID: A-SP (10)
Lab ID: 1311510-006 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/20/20130.005 mg/L 10.052
Client Sample ID: A-SP (15)
Lab ID: 1311510-007 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/20/20130.005 mg/L 10.050
Client Sample ID: A-MP (2)
Lab ID: 1311510-008 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/20/20130.005 mg/L 10.054
Client Sample ID: A-MP (5)
Lab ID: 1311510-009 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/20/20130.005 mg/L 10.053
Client Sample ID: A-MP (7.5)
Lab ID: 1311510-010 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/20/20130.005 mg/L 10.053
Client Sample ID: A-MP (10)
Lab ID: 1311510-011 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/20/20130.005 mg/L 10.046
Client Sample ID: A-MP (15)
Lab ID: 1311510-012 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/20/20130.005 mg/L 10.046
Page 2 of 5BaseReport-
Continuous
3260 Evergreen Drive, NE Grand Rapids, MI 49525 t. 616-364-7600 f. 616-364-4222 www.preinnewhof.com
Project: Arsenic Study
Matrix: AQUEOUSLab Order: 1311510
Sampled By: Client
Project No: 2130001
Client Sample ID: H (2)
Lab ID: 1311510-013 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/20/20130.005 mg/L 10.053
Client Sample ID: H (5)
Lab ID: 1311510-014 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/20/20130.005 mg/L 10.051
Client Sample ID: H (7.5)
Lab ID: 1311510-015 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/20/20130.005 mg/L 10.052
Client Sample ID: H (10)
Lab ID: 1311510-016 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/21/20130.005 mg/L 10.066
Client Sample ID: H (15)
Lab ID: 1311510-017 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/21/20130.005 mg/L 10.064
Client Sample ID: M (2)
Lab ID: 1311510-018 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/21/20130.005 mg/L 10.060
Client Sample ID: M (5)
Lab ID: 1311510-019 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/21/20130.005 mg/L 10.060
Page 3 of 5BaseReport-
Continuous
3260 Evergreen Drive, NE Grand Rapids, MI 49525 t. 616-364-7600 f. 616-364-4222 www.preinnewhof.com
Project: Arsenic Study
Matrix: AQUEOUSLab Order: 1311510
Sampled By: Client
Project No: 2130001
Client Sample ID: M (7.5)
Lab ID: 1311510-020 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/21/20130.005 mg/L 10.055
Client Sample ID: M (10)
Lab ID: 1311510-021 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/21/20130.005 mg/L 10.054
Client Sample ID: M (15)
Lab ID: 1311510-022 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/21/20130.005 mg/L 10.051
Client Sample ID: B (2)
Lab ID: 1311510-023 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/21/20130.005 mg/L 10.057
Client Sample ID: B (5)
Lab ID: 1311510-024 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/21/20130.005 mg/L 10.060
Client Sample ID: B (7.5)
Lab ID: 1311510-025 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/21/20130.005 mg/L 10.056
Client Sample ID: B (10)
Lab ID: 1311510-026 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/21/20130.005 mg/L 10.051
Page 4 of 5BaseReport-
Continuous
3260 Evergreen Drive, NE Grand Rapids, MI 49525 t. 616-364-7600 f. 616-364-4222 www.preinnewhof.com
Project: Arsenic Study
Matrix: AQUEOUSLab Order: 1311510
Sampled By: Client
Project No: 2130001
Client Sample ID: B (15)
Lab ID: 1311510-027 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/21/20130.005 mg/L 10.048
Client Sample ID: Control 1
Lab ID: 1311510-028 Collection Date: 11/17/2013
Received Date: 11/19/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/21/20130.005 mg/L 10.056
Page 5 of 5BaseReport-
Continuous
3260 Evergreen Drive, NE Grand Rapids, MI 49525 t. 616-364-7600 f. 616-364-4222 www.preinnewhof.com
APPENDIX E
PREIN&NEWHOF ISOTHERM TEST 2 RESULTS
Date: 02-Dec-13
Customer Name: Calvin College
3201 Burton SW
Grand Rapids, MI 49546
Contact Name: Attn: Grant
3201 Burton SW
Grand Rapids, MI 49546
Project: Arsenic Study
Matrix: AQUEOUSLab Order: 1311717
Sampled By: Client
Project No: 2130001
Client Sample ID: 1.1
Lab ID: 1311717-001 Collection Date: 11/25/2013
Received Date: 11/26/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/29/20130.005 mg/L 10.116
Client Sample ID: 1.2
Lab ID: 1311717-002 Collection Date: 11/25/2013
Received Date: 11/26/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/29/20130.005 mg/L 10.115
Client Sample ID: 1.3
Lab ID: 1311717-003 Collection Date: 11/25/2013
Received Date: 11/26/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/29/20130.005 mg/L 10.117
Client Sample ID: 2.1
Lab ID: 1311717-004 Collection Date: 11/25/2013
Received Date: 11/26/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/29/20130.005 mg/L 10.121
Client Sample ID: 2.2
Lab ID: 1311717-005 Collection Date: 11/25/2013
Received Date: 11/26/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/29/20130.005 mg/L 10.109
Page 1 of 2BaseReport-
Continuous
3260 Evergreen Drive, NE Grand Rapids, MI 49525 t. 616-364-7600 f. 616-364-4222 www.preinnewhof.com
Project: Arsenic Study
Matrix: AQUEOUSLab Order: 1311717
Sampled By: Client
Project No: 2130001
Client Sample ID: 2.3
Lab ID: 1311717-006 Collection Date: 11/25/2013
Received Date: 11/26/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/29/20130.005 mg/L 10.108
Client Sample ID: B20
Lab ID: 1311717-007 Collection Date: 11/25/2013
Received Date: 11/26/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/29/20130.005 mg/L 10.016
Client Sample ID: B200
Lab ID: 1311717-008 Collection Date: 11/25/2013
Received Date: 11/26/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/29/20130.005 mg/L 10.010
Client Sample ID: M20
Lab ID: 1311717-009 Collection Date: 11/25/2013
Received Date: 11/26/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/29/20130.005 mg/L 10.023
Client Sample ID: M200
Lab ID: 1311717-010 Collection Date: 11/25/2013
Received Date: 11/26/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 11/29/20130.005 mg/L 1< 0.005
Page 2 of 2BaseReport-
Continuous
3260 Evergreen Drive, NE Grand Rapids, MI 49525 t. 616-364-7600 f. 616-364-4222 www.preinnewhof.com
APPENDIX F
PREIN&NEWHOF ISOTHERM TEST 3 RESULTS
Date: 11-Dec-13
Customer Name: Calvin College
3201 Burton SW
Grand Rapids, MI 49546
Contact Name: Attn: Grant
3201 Burton SW
Grand Rapids, MI 49546
Project: Arsenic Study
Matrix: AQUEOUSLab Order: 1312166
Sampled By: Client
Project No: 2130001
Client Sample ID: M-C1
Lab ID: 1312166-001 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/6/20130.005 mg/L 10.129
Client Sample ID: M-C2
Lab ID: 1312166-002 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/6/20130.005 mg/L 10.123
Client Sample ID: M-C3
Lab ID: 1312166-003 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/6/20130.005 mg/L 10.118
Client Sample ID: M-5
Lab ID: 1312166-004 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/6/20130.005 mg/L 10.088
Client Sample ID: M-10
Lab ID: 1312166-005 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/6/20130.005 mg/L 10.042
Page 1 of 9BaseReport-
Continuous
3260 Evergreen Drive, NE Grand Rapids, MI 49525 t. 616-364-7600 f. 616-364-4222 www.preinnewhof.com
Project: Arsenic Study
Matrix: AQUEOUSLab Order: 1312166
Sampled By: Client
Project No: 2130001
Client Sample ID: M-20
Lab ID: 1312166-006 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/6/20130.005 mg/L 10.015
Client Sample ID: M-30
Lab ID: 1312166-007 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/9/20130.005 mg/L 10.013
Client Sample ID: M-40
Lab ID: 1312166-008 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/9/20130.005 mg/L 10.012
Client Sample ID: M-50
Lab ID: 1312166-009 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/9/20130.005 mg/L 10.006
Client Sample ID: M-125
Lab ID: 1312166-010 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/9/20130.005 mg/L 1< 0.005
Client Sample ID: M-250
Lab ID: 1312166-011 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/9/20130.005 mg/L 1< 0.005
Client Sample ID: B-C1
Lab ID: 1312166-012 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/6/20130.005 mg/L 10.109
Page 2 of 9BaseReport-
Continuous
3260 Evergreen Drive, NE Grand Rapids, MI 49525 t. 616-364-7600 f. 616-364-4222 www.preinnewhof.com
Project: Arsenic Study
Matrix: AQUEOUSLab Order: 1312166
Sampled By: Client
Project No: 2130001
Client Sample ID: B-C2
Lab ID: 1312166-013 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/6/20130.005 mg/L 10.104
Client Sample ID: B-C3
Lab ID: 1312166-014 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/9/20130.005 mg/L 10.121
Client Sample ID: B-5
Lab ID: 1312166-015 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/9/20130.005 mg/L 10.046
Client Sample ID: B-10
Lab ID: 1312166-016 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/9/20130.005 mg/L 10.031
Client Sample ID: B-20
Lab ID: 1312166-017 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/9/20130.005 mg/L 10.021
Client Sample ID: B-30
Lab ID: 1312166-018 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/9/20130.005 mg/L 10.020
Client Sample ID: B-40
Lab ID: 1312166-019 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/9/20130.005 mg/L 10.012
Page 3 of 9BaseReport-
Continuous
3260 Evergreen Drive, NE Grand Rapids, MI 49525 t. 616-364-7600 f. 616-364-4222 www.preinnewhof.com
Project: Arsenic Study
Matrix: AQUEOUSLab Order: 1312166
Sampled By: Client
Project No: 2130001
Client Sample ID: B-50
Lab ID: 1312166-020 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/9/20130.005 mg/L 10.007
Client Sample ID: B-125
Lab ID: 1312166-021 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/9/20130.005 mg/L 10.011
Client Sample ID: B-250
Lab ID: 1312166-022 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/9/20130.005 mg/L 10.015
Client Sample ID: AMP-C1
Lab ID: 1312166-023 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/9/20130.005 mg/L 10.127
Client Sample ID: AMP-C2
Lab ID: 1312166-024 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/9/20130.005 mg/L 10.120
Client Sample ID: AMP-C3
Lab ID: 1312166-025 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/9/20130.005 mg/L 10.118
Client Sample ID: AMP-5
Lab ID: 1312166-026 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/9/20130.005 mg/L 10.101
Page 4 of 9BaseReport-
Continuous
3260 Evergreen Drive, NE Grand Rapids, MI 49525 t. 616-364-7600 f. 616-364-4222 www.preinnewhof.com
Project: Arsenic Study
Matrix: AQUEOUSLab Order: 1312166
Sampled By: Client
Project No: 2130001
Client Sample ID: AMP-10
Lab ID: 1312166-027 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.094
Client Sample ID: AMP-20
Lab ID: 1312166-028 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.121
Client Sample ID: AMP-30
Lab ID: 1312166-029 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.076
Client Sample ID: AMP-40
Lab ID: 1312166-030 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.095
Client Sample ID: AMP-50
Lab ID: 1312166-031 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.019
Client Sample ID: AMP-125
Lab ID: 1312166-032 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.041
Client Sample ID: AMP-250
Lab ID: 1312166-033 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/11/20130.005 mg/L 1< 0.005
Page 5 of 9BaseReport-
Continuous
3260 Evergreen Drive, NE Grand Rapids, MI 49525 t. 616-364-7600 f. 616-364-4222 www.preinnewhof.com
Project: Arsenic Study
Matrix: AQUEOUSLab Order: 1312166
Sampled By: Client
Project No: 2130001
Client Sample ID: SP-C1
Lab ID: 1312166-034 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.111
Client Sample ID: SP-C2
Lab ID: 1312166-035 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.114
Client Sample ID: SP-C3
Lab ID: 1312166-036 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.118
Client Sample ID: SP-5
Lab ID: 1312166-037 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.061
Client Sample ID: SP-10
Lab ID: 1312166-038 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.056
Client Sample ID: SP-20
Lab ID: 1312166-039 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.029
Client Sample ID: SP-30
Lab ID: 1312166-040 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.042
Page 6 of 9BaseReport-
Continuous
3260 Evergreen Drive, NE Grand Rapids, MI 49525 t. 616-364-7600 f. 616-364-4222 www.preinnewhof.com
Project: Arsenic Study
Matrix: AQUEOUSLab Order: 1312166
Sampled By: Client
Project No: 2130001
Client Sample ID: SP-40
Lab ID: 1312166-041 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/11/20130.005 mg/L 10.016
Client Sample ID: SP-50
Lab ID: 1312166-042 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.036
Client Sample ID: SP-125
Lab ID: 1312166-043 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.040
Client Sample ID: SP-250
Lab ID: 1312166-044 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.030
Client Sample ID: H-C1
Lab ID: 1312166-045 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.116
Client Sample ID: H-C2
Lab ID: 1312166-046 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.119
Client Sample ID: H-C3
Lab ID: 1312166-047 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.111
Page 7 of 9BaseReport-
Continuous
3260 Evergreen Drive, NE Grand Rapids, MI 49525 t. 616-364-7600 f. 616-364-4222 www.preinnewhof.com
Project: Arsenic Study
Matrix: AQUEOUSLab Order: 1312166
Sampled By: Client
Project No: 2130001
Client Sample ID: H-5
Lab ID: 1312166-048 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.119
Client Sample ID: H-10
Lab ID: 1312166-049 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.122
Client Sample ID: H-20
Lab ID: 1312166-050 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.130
Client Sample ID: H-30
Lab ID: 1312166-051 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.133
Client Sample ID: H-40
Lab ID: 1312166-052 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/10/20130.005 mg/L 10.122
Client Sample ID: H-50
Lab ID: 1312166-053 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/11/20130.005 mg/L 10.118
Client Sample ID: H-125
Lab ID: 1312166-054 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/11/20130.005 mg/L 10.111
Page 8 of 9BaseReport-
Continuous
3260 Evergreen Drive, NE Grand Rapids, MI 49525 t. 616-364-7600 f. 616-364-4222 www.preinnewhof.com
Project: Arsenic Study
Matrix: AQUEOUSLab Order: 1312166
Sampled By: Client
Project No: 2130001
Client Sample ID: H-250
Lab ID: 1312166-055 Collection Date: 12/4/2013
Received Date: 12/5/2013
Analyses Result Units Date AnalyzedPQL DF
METALS, DRINKING WATER SM3113B Analyst: SB
Arsenic 12/11/20130.005 mg/L 10.112
Page 9 of 9BaseReport-
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3260 Evergreen Drive, NE Grand Rapids, MI 49525 t. 616-364-7600 f. 616-364-4222 www.preinnewhof.com
APPENDIX G
UPCOMING PROJECT SCHEDULE
Appendix Table: Upcoming Project Schedule Date Task Description 1/8/14 Team Meeting Discuss Potential Improvements on Project 1/10/14 Batch Testing Plan EPA replicated isotherm batch plan 1/13/14 Batch Testing EPA replicated isotherm batch test 1/17/14 Column Test Lab Plan Column testing procedure 1/20/14 Begin Column Test Multiple column tests for 2-‐3 media 1/28/14 Media Exhaustion Selection Exhaustion method selected 2/7/14 Initial Prototype Design Prototype design and AutoCAD drawing
