Prokaryotes

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

They are Everywhere

Very cold, hot, salty, acidic environments They exist in our digestive systems, and

in our mouths They also help to recycle carbon and

other important nutrients in the soil

2 branches of Monera

Bacteria and Archaea Archaea – extremophiles – they live in

very extreme conditions Thermophiles – live in very hot

conditions Halophiles – live in very salty conditions Methanogens – archaea bacteria that

live in anaerobic conditions and produce methane gas

Pili on bacteria

Shapes of Bacteria

Bacilli – rod shaped bacteria Coccus – round bacteria (strep/staph) Spirochetes – spiral-shaped bacteria (ex.

Syphilis) Clostridium botulinum – causes botulism

– produces endospores that can remain dormant for years

Shapes

Endospores - Anthrax

Bacterial Reproduction

Bacteria reproduce by binary fission Binary fission - when the bacteria

continuously copy their DNA and divide rapidly.

Conjugation – the exchange of genetic material between two bacterial cells

Conjugation

Bacterial Nutrition

Photoautotrophs – bacteria that photosynthesize – ex. Cyanobacteria

Chemoautotrophs – make food from CO2 and other chemicals

Chemoheterotrophs – obtain food from an organic source

Cyanobacteria

Bacterial Pneumonia

Lyme Disease

Lyme Disease

Bacteria that cause disease

Bacteria and other microorganisms that cause disease are called pathogens.

Some bacteria produce exotoxins. Exotoxins are poisons that are very harmful.

Ex. Staphylococcus aureus produces a flesh eating exotoxin.

Endotoxins are found in the bacterial cell membrane

Ex. Salmonella has an endotoxin in its cell membrane that causes food poisoning

Bacteria and chemical recycling

Bacteria recycle nitrogen and carbon in the soil.

Bacteria decompose dead and decaying matter and return vital nutrients to the soil.

Bioremediation

Bioremediation – the use of bacteria decomposers to treat our sewage

Bacteria are also used to clean oil spills

Gram positive and negative

Gram staining is a way to determine the type of bacterial infection present.

The cell wall determines whether it is a gram positive or negative bacteria.

Gram Staining

Other facts about bacteria

Live with other things in symbiotic relationships

Ex. Cows do not digest cellulose, but feed on grass. They have bacteria in their guts to break down the cellulose. This is a mutualistic relationship

Mutualism - when both organisms benefit from the relationship.

Bacteria can also use flagella to move