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Proline -rich proteins (PRPs). Nan Jiang. Plant cell wall proteins Structural proteins Hydroxyproline -rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) Proline -rich proteins (PRPs) Research paper. Plant cell wall proteins. Structural proteins: the major part of cell wall proteins - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Proline-rich proteins (PRPs)
Nan Jiang
• Plant cell wall proteins
• Structural proteins
• Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs)
• Proline-rich proteins (PRPs)
• Research paper
Plant cell wall proteins
A. Structural proteins: the major part of cell wall proteins Functions: contribute to the cell wall strength control cell wall assembly, expansion, hydration, and permeability serve as possible nucleation sites for lignification and as sources of signaling molecules
B. Other proteins: small amount, including: the enzymatic, lipid transfer, signaling, and defense proteins
Structural proteinsBased on the enrichment in specific amino acids and the presence of repeated sequence motifs, they can be classified into two groups:
(1) the glycine-rich proteins (GRPs)
(2) the hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs)
HydroxyprolineHydroxyproline: formed within the endoplasmic reticulum through hydroxylation of proline by the enzyme prolyl hydroxylase (PHD).
Proline Hydroxyproline
α-Ketoglutarate Succinate
McDonough MA. (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(26):9814-9
Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs)
Protein class % Protein % Sugar Peptide periodicity
Hyp-O-glycosylation
Repetitive units
Proline-rich proteins (PRPs)
80~100 0~20 Highly periodic Lightly glycosylated
Pro-Hyp-Val-Tyr-Lys motif
Extensins ~45 ~55 Periodic Moderate glycosylated
Ser-Hyp4 motif
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs)
1~10 90~99 Least periodic Highly glycosylated
Ser-Hyp-Hyp-Ara-Pro-Ara-Pro or Ara-Hyp motif
HRGPs: the major components of structural cell wall proteins. They all are glycosylated and contain hydroxyproline (Hyp).
The structure of PRPs, Extensins, and AGPs
PRPs
Extensins
Buchanan, Gruissem and Jones. (2000) Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants, chapter 2
AGPs
Proline-rich proteins (PRPs)
The expression of PRP genes is influenced by wounding, endogenous and fungal elicitors, ethylene, drought, and light.
PRPs can be glycosylated on certain Ser by Ser-α-galactosyltransferase or certain Hyp by Hyp-β-arabinosyltransferase.
PRPs contain repeated PPVX(K/T) motifs or its variants.
PRPs are implicated in the integrity of the cell wall, the structural maintenance of organs and defense reaction to pathogen infection.
Proline-rich proteins (PRPs)
PRPs display tissue- and cell-specific patterns of expression.
There are four PRPs in Arabidopsis: AtPRP1, AtPRP2, AtPRP3, and AtPRP4.
Four members (OsPRP1.1-1.4) of OsPRP1 gene family showed expression divergence in spatial specificity.
Class Motif type Distribution of motifs
Proline rich domains
Genes
I Pentapeptide PPVXK/T (X= H, Y or E)
Tandem C-terminal MtPRP2, SbPRP2
II PPYV Tandem N-terminal AtPRP1, AtPRP3
III PPV or PV/IYKKPCPP (Cys-rich)
Dispersed C-terminal AtPRP2, AtPRP4, OsPRP3
IV PEPK Tandem Whole protein OsPRP, TaPRP
V PKPE, P(V/E)PPK Tandem C-terminal OsPRP1.1-4
The classification of Proline-rich proteins (PRPs)
The phylogenetic tree of Proline-rich proteins (PRPs)
The approaches to study PRPs
A. Immunolocalization: to verify the tissue location of PRPsBattaglia M. (2007) Planta 225(5):1121-33
B. Northern Blot or RT-PCR: identify PRP genes are highly expressed in which part or developmental stage of plant
Menke U. (2000) Plant Physiol 122(3): 677–686Gothandam KM. (2010) Plant Mol Biol 72(1-2):125-35
C. Generation of T-DNA overexpression or knockout mutantsWang R. (2006) J Exp Bot 57(11):2887-97Gothandam KM. (2010) Plant Mol Biol 72(1-2):125-35
OsPRP3, a flower specific proline-rich protein of rice, determines extracellular matrix
structure of floral organs and its overexpression confers cold-tolerance
Kodiveri Muthukalianan Gothandam • Easwaran Nalini • Sivashanmugam Karthikeyan • Jeong Sheop Shin
OsActin, rice actin used as a positive control
Expression analysis of OsPRP3
OsPRP3 transcript was accumulated in flower and not in leaf.
Different developmental stages of flower: 1 young flower; 2 immature flower; 3 mature flower
Expression analysis of OsPRP3
OsPRP3 was highly expressed in mature flower.
Leaves from overexpression transgenic plants accumulated the OsPRP3 transcript at higher level.
RB and LB, the right and left border of the T-DNA; Ubi, Ubiquitin promoter; Tnos, nos terminator; hph, hygromycin phosphotransferase.
Generation of overexpression mutants
1–9 Individual overexpressed transgenic plants; WT, wild type leaf.
Gus linker, the expression of the trigger dsRNA; 1–10, Individual RNAi transgenic plants; WT, wild type flower.
Generation of knockout mutants
OsPRP3 cDNA clone was subcloned into both sides of the GUS linker in antisense and sense orientations; NPTII, Kanamycin resistance gene; HPT, hygromycin resistance gene.
Flowers from RNAi plants showed either suppression or a complete knockout of the gene transcription.
Top panel, the immunoblot probed with OsPRP3 specific antibody. Bottom panel, the corresponding SDS–PAGE gel (silver stained). L leaf; F flower
OsPRP3 protein expression among these mutants
OsPRP3 protein was expressed in the leaf of the overexpression plant, but the proteins was absent in the flower of the knockout plant.
A, Immunolocalization of OsPRP3 in the leaves from the overexpression transgenic; B, the wild-type plants. CH Chloroplast; CW cell wall
Where is the OsPRP3 localized?
OsPRP3 localized on cell wall, and it is a cell wall protein.
Phenotype overexpression transgenic and wild type plants grown at 4°C.
Cold treatment
Overexpression transgenic plant was more tolerant to the cold stress than the wild type plant.
Expression analysis of cold regulated genes in rice leaves after 0, 1, 2, 3, 7 and 14 days under 4°C cold-stress.
Cold-tolerance
Cold-regulated genes
Increased OsPRP3 did not alter transcript levels of these cold inducible genes.
Cold-stress assay
Real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis of OsPRP3 in 4°C cold treated leaves.
OsPRP3 mRNA level in the cold-treated transgenic plants was increased constantly.
Upper, cross section of control (untreated); Lower, cold-treated transgenic (overexpression); Right, magnification of mesophyll cells. UE upper epidermis; LE lower epidermis; VB vascular bundle; MC mesophyll cells; CP chloroplast.
Structural injuries caused by cold treatment
Overexpression plant leaves retain the cell wall integrity.
Upper, cold treated wild type; Lower, cold treated (RNAi) leaves; Right, magnification of mesophyll cells. Arrows indicates the mesophyll cells that lost their cell wall.
Structural injuries caused by cold treatment
Wild type and RNAi plant leaves lost their cell wall integrity.
Left, spikelet of RNAi plant; Inset box, magnification of an abnormal flower; Right, wild type.
WT osprp3Characterization of OsPRP3 RNAi transgenic plants
Tetrazolium staining of anther.
WT osprp3
Characterization of OsPRP3 RNAi transgenic plants
The anther of the mutant flower produced non-viable pollen.
Anther locule at micropsore stage of anther development. ep epidermis; ms microspore; t tapetum.
WT OsPRP3 osprp3
Characterization of OsPRP3 RNAi transgenic plants
The anther of the knockout mutant did not contain tapetum.
Magnification of the interlocking of lemma and palea. le lemma; pa palea; ep epidermis; sl sclerenchyma layer; vb vascular bundle.
WT OsPRP3 osprp3
Characterization of OsPRP3 RNAi transgenic plants
Palea histology showing different cell layers. ep epidermis; sl sclerenchyma layer; ie inner epidermis.
WT OsPRP3 osprp3Characterization of OsPRP3 RNAi transgenic plants
The knockout plant showed a severe reduction in sclerenchyma layer and inner epidermis.
Summary• OsPRP3 was flower-specific.
• OsPRP3 is a cell wall protein of rice flower.
• OsPRP3 confers cold tolerance by stabilizing the cell wall integrity.
• OsPRP3 plays a crucial role in determining the extracellular matrix structure of anther, palea and lemma.
Thanks.