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Propaganda
Terms• Ideology: A set of ideas and beliefs that often
seem natural, and are instilled in citizens unconsciously through the dominant class.
• Indoctrination: The process of inculcating ideas and beliefs without critical reflection or examination.
• Control: To exercise authoritative or dominating influence over an individual or group.
• Consent: To express willingness, or to comply.
What is Propaganda?
• Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitudes and perceptions of a community toward a cause or position.
• War propaganda glorifies military indoctrination as the highest form of patriotism while simultaneously demonizing the enemies of the state.
War Propaganda
• Modern governments employ propaganda to incite public outcries for war in order to advance their agendas in foreign policy.
• Nazi Germany: The Arian Race• US invasion of Vietnam: Freeing the people of
Vietnam and the world of Communism • Rwanda: Dehumanization of fellow citizens,
“Cockroaches” • Canada in Afghanistan: Fighting Terrorism and
maintaining global and domestic security
WWI War Propaganda
• H.G Wells, Rudyard Kipling, Conan Doyle were influential in forming or changing public opinion.
• British authors support Britain in their war effort, creating hysteria around the Hun enemy.
• Created pamphlets dehumanizing the Germans, and their aggressive militarism.
The German Hun
• The “German Hun” was a perpetuated caricature among the British and French propagandists.
• Demonized beyond human recognition, as ape like soldiers who attacked defenseless women and children.
• Similar to the extremist Hutus description of the Tutsis as “Cockroaches”
Mythology
• 1915, the French propaganda unit produce a picture of a Belgian baby without hands claiming the “Hun” chopped them off, and in some accounts claiming they later ate them.
• Creates visceral reaction and hysteria. Enemy’s actions are so inhuman that cannot be negotiated with through diplomatic channels.
• “Either your with us or with the terrorists”.
War Fever
• Journalist George Seldes: “ It wasn’t until December 1918, when I came to Coblenz with the American Army that I realized how fooled I had been by all that poisonous propaganda”
• Rudyard Kipling: “If any question why we died, tell them, because their fathers lied” Andersen, 2006).
Battle of the Somme
• July 1st – November, 1916.
• British: 420,000 killed
• French: 200,00 killed
• Germans: Over 500,000 killed
• First day of attack British lose nearly 60,000 men
• Media coverage inaccurate to say the least
Failure of the Media
• Journalists were relied on official dispatches or greatly reduced the horrifying truth.
• Many journalists felt it was their duty to keep moral high in the home front.
• After the British lose 60,000 men on the first day, Philip Gibbs reports: “It is, on balance, a good day for England and France. It is a day of promise in this war” (Andersen, p.12, 2006).