Properties and Carbon and Nutrient Storage Potential of ......through their effects on soil moisture regimes, aeration, temperature profiles, soil chemistry, and even the accumulation

วารสารวทิยาศาสตรแ์ละเทคโนโลย ีมหาวทิยาลยัอุบลราชธานี ปีที ่18 ฉบบัที ่2 พฤษภาคม – สงิหาคม 2559

39

Properties and Carbon and Nutrient Storage Potential of Forest Soils in a Highland Community Forest, Chiang Mai Province

Taparat Seeloy-ounkaew*1 and Soontorn Khamyong2 1Chachoen Sao Rice Research Center, Chachoen Sao 24150, THAILAND

2Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, THAILAND *Email: [email protected]

บทคดัย่อ ศกึษาสมบตัดินิและศกัยภาพการสะสมคาร์บอนและธาตุอาหารในดนิป่าชุมชนบา้นหว้ยขา้วลบี อ าเภอแมว่าง จงัหวดัเชยีงใหม ่สุ่มขุดหลุมดนิจ านวน 3 หลุม เกบ็ตวัอย่างดนิตามความลกึเพื่อศกึษาสมบตัทิางกายภาพและเคม ีพบว่าเนื้อดนิเป็นดนิร่วนเหนียวปนทราย ดนิบนมคีวามหนาแน่นค่อนขา้งต ่าถงึต ่ามากและค่อนขา้งต ่าถงึปานกลางในดนิที่ลกึลงไป ปฏกิริยิาดนิเป็นกรดปานกลางถงึกรดจดั ดนิบนมปีรมิาณอนิทรยีวตัถุปานกลางถงึสูงมากและมปีรมิาณปานกลางถึงต ่ามากในดนิที่ลกึลงไป ปรมิาณอินทรยีวตัถุ คาร์บอนและไนโตรเจนในดนิลกึ 2 เมตร มคี่า 413.34+259.19, 239.74+150.33 และ 20.77+12.95 Mg ha-1 ตามล าดบั ขณะที่ปรมิาณฟอสฟอรสัที่เป็นประโยชน์ โพแทสเซียม แคลเซียม แมกนีเซียมและโซเดียมที่สกดัได้ มคี่าตามล าดบั คือ 90.13+33.72, 3650.46+809.61, 1139.32+387.23, 467.01+54.86 และ 168.19+63.30 kg ha-1 วตัถุต้นก าเนิดดิน การจดัการปา่ชุมชนและการใชป้ระโยชน์ของคนในชุมชนมผีลใหส้มบตัดินิและปรมิาณการสะสมคารบ์อนและธาตุอาหารในดนิมคีวามแตกต่างกนั

ค ำส ำคญั: พืน้ทีส่งู ปา่ชุมชน ดนิปา่ไม ้ธาตุอาหารในดนิ

Abstract This study investigated the soil properties and potentials of carbon and nutrient storages in soil

at Ban Huay Khaw Leeb (HKL) community Forest, Mae Wang district, Chiang Mai province. Three soil pits were made and soil samples were taken along soil profiles for analysis of physical and chemical properties. Results showed that the soil textures in this forest were sandy clay loam, and the density of the surface soil was very low to moderately low and moderately low to medium in deeper soils. The soil reaction was strongly and moderately acids. The organic matter was medium to very high in surface soil and medium to very low in deeper soils. The average amounts of organic matter, carbon and nitrogen storages in 2 m soil depth were 413.34+259.19, 239.74+150.33, and 20.77+12.95 Mg ha-1 respectively, whereas available P, extractable K, Ca, Mg, and Na amounts were: 90.13+33.72, 3650.46+809.61, 1139.32+387.23, 467.01+54.86, and 168.19+63.30 kg ha-1 respectively The differences of parent rocks, community forest management, and utilization by villagers affected soil properties and the amounts of carbon and nutrient storage in this soil.

Keywords: Highland; Community forest: Forest soil; Nutrient in soil


40

Introduction Soil consists of material, roots of plants, microbial and animal biomass, organic matter in various states of decay, water, and a gaseous atmosphere [1]. It is more than just a medium for the growth of land plants and a provider of physical support, moisture, and nutrients – it is a dynamic system that serves as a home for myriad of organisms, a receptor for nature’s waste, a filter for toxic substances, and a storehouse for scarce nutrient ions. [2]. Forest soils are considered to be soils that presently support forest cover. They differ in many ways from agronomic soils in that they have forest floors and organic layers that cover the mineral soil, have diverse fauna and flora that play major roles in their structure and function, and are often wet or steep, shallow to bedrock, or have a high stone content. Soil layers that occur at great depths are important to forests. The physics of soils is fundamental to their temperature, water relations, chemistry, and the life that depends on them. Differences in soil physics among soils, or within a soil over time, have major influences on tree growth. Soil texture refers to the size of mineral particles in the soil, and soil structure concerns the three-dimensional conglomerations of mineral particles and organic matter. Also, the chemistry of soil solutions includes many different elements and inorganic compounds. The soil solution is the immediate source of most nutrients used by plants, and its composition and dynamics depend on interactions with the solid phases of the soil. Cation exchange reactions are important for elements such as calcium, potassium, aluminum, and specific ion exchange is important for phosphate and sulfate. The total concentration of ions in solutions

influences the acidity of the soil solution and the exchange reaction between it and the solid phases. Early research in forest soils was dominated by basic scientific studies, and some very important early soil science research was done on forest soils [1] [2]. The main problem of global warming is the increase in the amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere. Carbon can be stored in different compartments including plant biomass, organic layers on the forest floor, and minerals in soils. Carbon begins its cycle through forest ecosystems when plants assimilate atmospheric CO2 through photosynthesis into reduced sugars. Soil humus represents the major accumulation of carbon in most ecosystems because it remains un-oxidized for centuries. It is the most important long-term carbon storage site in ecosystems. Research on soil properties and storage of carbon and nutrients in community forests (pine and pine-montane) in Thailand is rare, and most of it is conducted by universities and published only in reports or theses. Seanchanthong [3] studied different forest soils in Pang Ma Pha district, Mae Hong Son province from six forest types, dry dipterocarp forest (DDF), mixed deciduous forest (MDF), dry dipterocarp-mixed deciduous forest (DDF-MDF), pine-dry dipterocarp forest (P-DDF), pine-lower montane forest (P-LMF), and lower montane forest (LMF). It was found that the soil characteristics varied based on the different forest types. Soil types in DDF, MDF, and DDF-MDF were classified in mainly order Alfisols, the parent rock was limestone, and some soils were in order Inceptisols according to sandstone/granite rocks. Soils under P-DDF, P-LMF, and LMF were classified in order Ultisoils. The soil density in


41

most forests except LMF was high. The gravel amount was low in limestone soils with fine texture, but higher amount were found in soils of sanstone/granic rocks with coarse texture. Soil reaction was also variable based on different forest communities. This study had similar results to that of Khamyong [4] that reported the soil properties in Doi Sutep-Pui National Park. Other studies of forest soils were completed by Nongnuang et al. [5], Pornleesangsuwan et al. [6], Seeloy-ounkeaw et al. [7], Seramethakun et al. [8], Wattanasuksakul et al. [9], and Wong-in [10]. The objectives of this research were to (1) study the forest soils in a community forest, including the physical and chemical properties, and (2) assess the amounts of carbon and nutrient storage in these soils. Data were collected from the community and was relevant to the management of its forest and watershed management areas. Materials and Methods 1. Research area Huay Khaw Leeb (HKL) village is a Karen community (village no. 8) in Mae Win sub-district, Mea Wang district, Chiang Mai province. The altitude range of this village area is between 900 and 1,500 m above sea level, the parent rock in the area is granite, and agriculture is the main occupation of the villagers. The villagers are Buddhist.The village area is divided into three land uses: (1) community forest, (2) residential area, and (3) agricultural land. The villagers can cut and utilize the community forest under the regulations and permission of the head of the village. .

2. Methodology 1. Soil Sampling Study of the soil in this forest took place on January 10, 2014. Three soil pits were dug at a depth of 200 cm at selected locations on the ridge, slope, and foothills, and soil samples were collected along the layer of soil profiles. Soil sampling was taken from 13 layers for differences of each layer, 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-60, 60-80, 80-100, 100-120, 120-140, 140-160, 160-180, and 180-200 cm. The soil composite samples were obtained from the same layers along three soil depths. They were later analyzed for physical and chemical properties in a laboratory and preliminary soil classification was completed. 2. Soil Analysis The soil physical properties:

(1) Soil texture and analysis for particle size distribution were taken by the hydrometer method.

(2) Bulk density and gravel contents were determined by the core method.

The soil chemical properties: (1) Soil reaction by the use of a pH

meter; pH (H2O) (soil:water = 1:2) [11]. (2) Total N by the use of the Micro

Kjedahl method [12]. (3) Extractable phosphorus by Bray II

and Colorimetric method and measured by atomic absorption spectophotometer [13], [14].

(4) Extractable base including potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium extracted by ammonium acetate solution 1N, pH 7.0 and read by Atomic Absorption Spectophotometer [15], [16].

(5) Cation exchange capacity (CEC) extracted by ammonium acetate solution 1 N, pH


42

7.0 [17]. (6) Base saturation percentage (%BS)

can be defined as the amount of basic cations that occupy the cation exchange sites divided by the total cation exchange capacity (CEC) [18].

(7) Organic matter and carbon contents were analyzed by the wet oxidation method [24].

The amounts of nutrients accumulated in the soils including total C and N, available P, extractable K, Ca, Mg, and Na were calculated from their contents and soil mass for each layer along the soil profiles.

Results The forest type of this community forest on the ridge is mostly pine-montane, whereas the valley has montane forests. The soils were classified in order Ultisols, sub-order Humults, great group Palehumults, and sub-group Typic Palehumults. They were well developed soils with low base saturation (<35%). The soil profiles were developed as A-AB/BA-Bt-BC with 3-5 cm thickness of organic layers, and had high clay accumulation in the sub-soils.

1. Soil properties 1. Soil physical properties

Soils’ physical properties profoundly influence the growth and distribution of trees through their effects on soil moisture regimes, aeration, temperature profiles, soil chemistry, and even the accumulation of organic matter (see Table 1).

1) Bulk density (BD) In Pedon 1, the density in the surface soil at 0-5 cm depth was low, 1.20 Mg m-3, and moderately low at 5-60 cm depth, 1.26-1.40 Mg m-3. The densities were medium to moderately

high in deeper soil (60-200 cm), 1.43-1.66 Mg m-

3, except for moderately low (1.39 Mg m-3) at 160-180 cm depth. In Pedon 2, the densities in the surface soil at 0-30 cm depth were very low, 0.70-0.99 Mg m-3. The densities were low to medium in deeper soil (30-200 cm), 1.04-1.41 Mg m-3. In Pedon 3, the densities at 0-40 cm depth were very low, 0.63-0.99 Mg m-3, and low at 40-60 cm depth, 1.19 Mg m-3. The densities were moderately low to medium in deeper soil (60-200 cm), 1.22-1.56 Mg m-3. The soil densities in natural pine forest at Kanlayaniwattana district, Chiang Mai province was moderately low to medium (1.30-1.5 Mg m-1 [8]. The lower densities in surface soils of this forest were caused by the high content of organic matter. The densities increased with soil depth. 2) Gravel content In Pedon 1, the gravel content in the surface soil (0-10 cm depth) were measured to be 2.95-3.41%. It was 2.13-10.64% in the deeper soil (10-200 cm). In Pedon 2, the gravel content in surface soil at 0-10 cm depth varied between 3.28 and 6.54%, whereas that in the deeper soil was 3.35-7.45%. For Pedon 3, the gravel content in soil at 0-10 cm depth was 8.65-8.71%, while the deeper soil (10-200 cm) had the content of 2.57-13.11%. Gravel content varied along soil profiles. It involved the development in soil profiled and the difficulty of the decomposition of parent rocks. The report of Seramethakun [8] showed that the pine and montane forests in Kanlayaniwattana disitrict, Chiang Mai province had low content in the topsoil of 3.20-4.30% at 0-66 cm and higher in deeper soil.


43

Table 1 Physical properties in soil profiles of HKL forest

Soil depth Bulk density Gravel Soil particle

distribution (%)

Soil texture (cm) (Mg m-3) * (%) Sand Silt Clay

Pedon 1 0-5 1.20 L 2.95 74.80 13.00 12.20 sandy loam 5-10 1.31 ML 3.41 67.30 16.20 16.50 sandy loam 10-20 1.26 ML 4.28 64.70 18.80 16.50 sandy loam 20-30 1.38 ML 9.09 64.70 18.10 17.20 sandy loam 30-40 1.40 ML 4.58 62.20 15.50 22.30 sandy clay loam 40-60 1.38 ML 7.49 57.10 15.50 27.40 sandy clay loam 60-80 1.50 M 3.29 57.10 18.10 24.80 sandy clay loam 80-100 1.46 M 5.43 57.10 18.10 24.80 sandy clay loam 100-120 1.59 M 2.94 57.10 17.30 25.60 sandy clay loam 120-140 1.43 M 2.13 57.10 18.10 24.80 sandy clay loam 140-160 1.48 M 10.64 59.60 15.60 24.80 sandy clay loam 160-180 1.39 ML 10.09 59.60 16.30 24.10 sandy clay loam 180-200 1.66 MH 6.87 59.60 15.60 24.80 sandy clay loam Pedon 2 0-5 0.70 VL 6.54 72.00 14.70 13.30 sandy loam 5-10 0.99 VL 3.28 64.60 18.90 16.50 sandy loam 10-20 0.96 VL 4.00 67.20 18.80 14.00 sandy loam 20-30 0.96 VL 3.80 67.20 16.30 16.50 sandy loam 30-40 1.04 L 3.45 62.10 18.80 19.10 sandy loam 40-60 1.12 L 3.35 59.50 18.10 22.40 sandy clay loam 60-80 1.19 L 3.65 57.00 15.60 27.40 sandy clay loam 80-100 1.28 ML 3.41 54.40 16.50 29.10 sandy clay loam 100-120 1.10 L 7.45 51.90 16.40 31.70 sandy clay loam 120-140 1.23 ML 4.17 54.40 13.90 31.70 sandy clay loam 140-160 1.36 ML 6.19 51.90 16.40 31.70 sandy clay loam 160-180 1.41 M 4.63 54.40 16.50 29.10 sandy clay loam 180-200 1.38 ML 3.38 57.00 15.60 27.40 sandy clay loam Pedon 3 0-5 0.63 VL 8.65 69.70 17.20 13.10 sandy loam 5-10 0.77 VL 8.71 69.70 15.50 14.80 sandy loam 10-20 0.79 VL 4.14 69.70 14.70 15.60 sandy loam 20-30 0.86 VL 3.20 59.50 17.30 23.20 sandy clay loam 30-40 0.99 VL 3.68 54.40 17.30 28.30 sandy clay loam 40-60 1.19 L 2.57 54.40 17.30 28.30 sandy clay loam 60-80 1.22 ML 3.15 51.90 17.20 30.90 sandy clay loam 80-100 1.34 ML 3.78 51.90 17.20 30.90 sandy clay loam 100-120 1.38 ML 3.20 51.90 17.20 30.90 sandy clay loam 120-140 1.38 ML 3.52 54.40 17.30 28.30 sandy clay loam 140-160 1.56 M 8.82 54.40 21.50 21.10 sandy clay loam 160-180 1.42 M 4.53 54.40 22.30 23.30 sandy clay loam 180-200 1.36 ML 13.11 67.20 22.30 10.50 sandy loam

*Note: VL = very low, L = low, ML = moderately low, M = medium, MH = moderately high [21], [22],

[23], [24]


44

3) Soil particle distribution and textures The combination of sand, silt, and clay particles in soil is important to physical properties, water potential, organic matter binding, cation exchange, and overall biotic activity. Soil particle Sand particle: In Pedon 1, the percentages of sand particle at 0-10 cm depth varied between 67.30-74.80%, and they decreased with soil depth to 57.10-64.70%. In Pedon 2, the percentages of sand particle at 0-10 cm depth were in a range of 64.60-72.00%. They decreased with soil depth to 51.90-67.20%. In Pedon 3, the percentages of sand particle at 0-10 cm had about 69.70%. They decreased with soil depth to 51.90-69.70%. Silt particle: In Pedon 1, the percentages of silt particle at 0-10 cm depth had values between 13.00-16.20%. They varied between 15.50-18.80% in the deeper soil. In Pedon 2, the percentages of silt particle at 0-10 cm depth were in a range of 14.70-18.90%. They were 13.90-18.80% in the deeper soil. In Pedon 3, the percentages of silt particle at 0-10 cm depth were about 15.50-17.20%. They were 14.70-17.30% in the deeper soil (10-140 cm), and it was higher at 140-200 cm depth at 21.50-22.30%. Clay particle: Pedon 1, the percentages of clay particle at 0-10 cm depth varied between 12.20-16.50%, and some increase occurred in the deeper soil (16.50-27.40%). In Pedon 2, the percentages of clay particle at 0-10 cm were between 13.30-16.50%, and they were 14.0-31.70% in the deeper soil. In Pedon 3, the percentages of clay particle at 0-10 cm depth were in a range of 13.10-14.80%. The contents

increased in the deeper soil (10-180 cm depth) (15.60-30.90%), but decreased at 180-200 cm to 10.50%. Soil Textures In Pedon 1, the soil at 0-30 cm depth had a moderately coarse texture of sandy loam. The deeper horizons (30-200 cm) had a moderately fine texture of sandy clay loam. In Pedon 2, the soil at 0-40 cm depth had a moderately coarse texture of sandy loam. The deeper horizons (40-200 cm) were a moderately fine texture of sandy clay loam. In Pedon 3, the soil at 0-20 cm depth had a moderately coarse texture of sandy loam. In the deeper soil (20-180 cm depth) had a moderately fine texture of sandy clay loam, and a moderately coarse texture of sandy loam at 180-200 cm. The surface soils in the HKL forest had a moderately coarse texture, whereas the deeper soil had a moderately fine-texture. In other areas of natural forest, most soil texture was sandy clay and clay loam in surface soil and clay accumulation in deeper soil [6] [8] [19]. 2. Soil chemical properties The chemistry of soils is fascinatingly complex, involving inorganic reactions between solid phase (including minerals, mineral surfaces, and organic matter), the liquid phase (near surfaces and in the bulk soil solution), and an incredible diversity of soil organisms (see Table 2).


45

Table 2 Chemical properties in soil profiles of HKL forest

Soil depth (m)

pH OM OC Total N C/N

Available P

Extractable (mg kg-1) CEC B.S. % * % * % * (m

g kg-1)

* K * Ca * Mg * Na

* (Cmol kg-1)

* (%)

* Pedon 1 0-5

5.48

strongly acid

4.73

VH

2.74

VH

0.23

M 11.93

22.52

MH

275.4

2

VH

178.5

7

VL

81.98

L 13.83

VL

9.70

ML

24.15

L 5-10

5.48

strongly acid

3.14

MH

1.82

MH

0.16

L 11.38

24.17

MH

241.5

3

VH

49.52

VL

43.02

L 12.73

VL

7.20

ML

17.79

L 10-20

5.30

strongly acid

1.93

M 1.12

M 0.10

L 11.19

31.91

H 203.3

9

VH

11.43

VL

19.48

VL

6.02

VL

5.60

ML

13.70

L 20-30

5.09

strongly acid

1.63

M 0.95

M 0.08

VL

11.82

22.52

MH

177.9

7

VH

12.86

VL

12.18

VL

7.50

VL

5.55

ML

11.80

L 30-40

5.36

strongly acid

1.70

M 0.99

M 0.06

VL

16.43

7.48

ML

186.4

4

VH

19.05

VL

17.86

VL

5.86

VL

5.65

ML

13.23

L 40-60

4.71

very strongly acid

0.79

L 0.46

L 0.04

VL

11.46

2.17

VL

207.6

3

VH

71.43

VL

40.58

L 8.59

VL

5.05

ML

25.05

L 60-80

4.71

very strongly acid

0.41

VL

0.24

VL

0.02

VL

11.89

1.48

VL

203.3

9

VH

95.24

VL

43.02

L 7.73

VL

4.55

L 30.55

L 80-100

5.77

moderately acid

0.29

VL

0.17

VL

0.02

VL

8.41

0.69

VL

220.3

4

VH

119.0

5

VL

47.89

L 20.86

VL

4.20

L 39.29

M 100-120

5.48

strongly acid

0.29

VL

0.17

VL

0.02

VL

8.41

3.22

L 207.6

3

VH

83.33

VL

38.96

L 8.20

VL

4.35

L 30.10

L 120-140

5.46

strongly acid

0.38

VL

0.22

VL

0.02

VL

11.02

0.69

VL

241.5

3

VH

119.0

5

VL

39.77

L 7.58

VL

4.60

L 34.32

L 140-160

5.79

moderately acid

0.35

VL

0.20

VL

0.02

VL

10.15

0.52

VL

224.5

8

VH

130.5

8

VL

37.34

L 14.53

VL

4.95

L 32.39

L 160-180

5.41

strongly acid

0.32

VL

0.19

VL

0.02

VL

9.28

0.43

VL

211.8

6

VH

190.4

8

VL

34.90

VL

6.95

VL

5.20

ML

34.94

L 180-200

5.99

moderately acid

0.35

VL

0.20

VL

0.02

VL

10.15

0.61

VL

258.8

6

VH

107.1

4

VL

43.02

L 7.50

VL

5.35

ML

29.73

L Pedon 2 0-5

6.23

slightly acid

7.36

VH

4.27

VH

0.36

M 11.86

15.13

MH

305.0

8

VH

797.6

2

L 43.83

L 4.38

VL

19.15

MH

26.92

L 5-10

5.86

moderately acid

6.60

VH

3.83

VH

0.33

M 11.60

9.48

ML

271.1

9

VH

357.1

4

VL

36.53

L 5.86

VL

17.30

MH

16.25

L 10-20

5.30

strongly acid

6.54

VH

3.79

VH

0.33

M 11.49

10.69

M 262.7

1

VH

95.24

VL

64.94

L 3.13

VL

13.60

M 12.53

L 20-30

5.26

strongly acid

5.64

VH

3.27

VH

0.28

M 11.68

8.78

ML

343.2

2

VH

59.52

VL

34.90

VL

7.42

VL

15.90

MH

9.44

L 30-40

4.99

very strongly acid

4.44

H 2.58

H 0.22

M 11.71

7.39

ML

296.6

1

VH

71.43

VL

14.61

VL

8.52

VL

11.55

M 11.05

L 40-60

4.72

very strongly acid

3.51

H 2.04

H 0.18

L 11.31

5.04

L 300.8

5

VH

47.62

VL

12.99

VL

4.92

VL

9.50

ML

11.99

L 60-80

5.14

strongly acid

2.51

MH

1.46

MH

0.13

L 11.20

4.69

L 182.2

0

VH

35.71

VL

21.92

VL

7.11

VL

8.35

ML

10.29

L 80-100

5.24

strongly acid

2.10

M 1.22

M 0.11

L 11.07

6.69

ML

313.5

6

VH

15.24

VL

25.16

VL

5.94

VL

8.20

ML

13.61

L 100-120

5.08

strongly acid

2.05

M 1.19

M 0.10

L 11.89

6.52

ML

245.7

6

VH

17.14

VL

20.29

VL

3.36

VL

9.10

ML

9.89

L 120-140

4.96

very strongly acid

1.98

M 1.15

M 0.10

L 11.48

8.00

ML

262.7

1

VH

35.71

VL

19.48

VL

6.64

VL

10.20

M 10.23

L 140-160

4.97

very strongly acid

2.10

M 1.22

M 0.11

L 11.07

9.47

ML

236.2

9

VH

35.71

VL

18.67

VL

8.59

VL

9.55

ML

10.23

L 160-180

5.19

strongly acid

1.81

M 1.05

M 0.09

VL

11.66

7.13

ML

266.9

5

VH

35.71

VL

19.48

VL

14.53

VL

8.55

ML

12.73

L 180-200

5.23

strongly acid

2.07

M 1.20

M 0.10

L 12.01

6.17

ML

250.0

0

VH

12.86

VL

19.48

VL

15.31

VL

8.50

ML

10.99

L Pedon 3 0-5

5.77

moderately acid

9.99

VH

5.79

VH

0.49

M 11.82

18.17

MH

233.0

5

VH

285.1

7

VL

116.0

7

L 15.78

VL

23.95

H 12.77

L 5-10

5.99

moderately acid

8.24

VH

4.78

VH

0.44

M 10.86

13.39

M 283.9

0

VH

142.8

6

VL

69.81

L 11.56

VL

19.30

MH

10.75

L 10-20

5.63

moderately acid

9.58

VH

5.56

VH

0.48

M 11.58

13.39

M 203.3

9

VH

130.9

5

VL

69.81

L 11.33

VL

20.20

H 8.95

L 20-30

5.90

moderately acid

5.96

VH

3.46

VH

0.29

M 11.92

6.35

ML

216.1

0

VH

35.71

VL

49.51

L 10.70

VL

13.35

M 8.93

L 30-40

5.86

moderately acid

3.86

H 2.24

H 0.19

L 11.78

3.39

L 220.3

4

VH

11.90

VL

23.54

VL

11.72

VL

8.85

ML

9.85

L 40-60

5.72

moderately acid

3.21

MH

1.86

MH

0.16

L 11.64

2.17

VL

220.3

4

VH

10.48

VL

13.80

VL

14.53

VL

7.40

ML

10.75

L 60-80

5.98

moderately acid

1.81

M 1.05

M 0.09

VL

11.66

1.91

VL

207.6

3

VH

12.86

VL

13.80

VL

15.00

VL

4.70

L 16.53

L 80-100

6.01

slightly acid

1.96

M 1.14

M 0.10

L 11.37

0.95

VL

182.2

0

VH

21.90

VL

17.86

VL

14.45

VL

3.85

L 20.48

L 100-120

5.99

moderately acid

1.89

M 1.10

M 0.10

L 10.96

0.87

VL

190.6

8

VH

18.57

VL

13.80

VL

13.36

VL

3.60

L 20.97

L 120-140

5.96

moderately acid

1.46

ML

0.85

ML

0.07

VL

12.10

0.43

VL

207.6

3

VH

10.95

VL

9.74

VL

16.41

VL

2.95

VL

25.07

L 140-160

5.99

moderately acid

1.28

ML

0.74

ML

0.07

VL

10.61

0.43

VL

161.0

2

VH

10.00

VL

11.36

VL

16.56

VL

2.55

VL

24.69

L 160-180

5.86

moderately acid

1.28

ML

0.74

ML

0.06

VL

12.37

0.52

VL

173.7

3

VH

10.00

VL

11.36

VL

16.09

VL

2.35

VL

28.09

L 180-200

5.90

moderately acid

1.22

ML

0.71

ML

0.06

VL

11.79

0.78

VL

169.4

9

VH

8.10

VL

7.36

VL

16.88

VL

1.90

VL

32.10

L

Note: * VL = very low, L = low, ML = moderately low, M = medium, MH = moderately high, H =

high, VH = very high [21], [22], [23], [24].

1) Soil reaction (pH) The pH of soils is important for a variety of reasons, including the solubility of aluminum (which is toxic to many plants and organisms), the weathering of minerals, and the distribution of cations on the exchange complex. The soil reaction is considered as pH values.

In Pedon 1, the reaction in soil at 0-40 cm depth was strongly acid (pH = 5.09-5.48), and very strongly acid at 40-80 cm depth (pH = 4.71). They were strongly acid to moderately acidic in deeper soil (pH = 5.41-5.99). In Pedon 2, the surface soil at 0-10 cm depth was slightly to moderately acid (pH = 5.86-6.23), and the deeper soil (10-200 cm) was strongly to very strongly


46

acidic (pH = 4.72-5.30). In Pedon 3, the reaction throughout 2 m soil profile was almost moderately acidic (pH = 5.63-5.99) except at 80-100 cm where it was slightly acid (pH = 6.01). The soil reaction of surface soil in HKL forest was slightly, moderately, and strongly acidic, while the subsoil was moderately, strongly, and strongly acidic. The soil reaction also varied with locations in this forest. 2) Soil organic matter (OM) In Pedon 1, the content of soil organic matter at 0-5 cm depth was very high (4.73%), moderately high at 5-10 cm (3.14%), medium at 10-40 cm (1.70-1.93%), low at 40-60 cm (0.79%) and very low in deeper soil (0.29-0.41%). In Pedon 2, the content of soil organic matter at 0-30 cm depth was very high (5.64-7.36%), moderately high to high at 30-80 cm (2.51-4.44%), and medium (1.81-2.10%) in the deeper soil. In Pedon 3, the content of soil organic matter at 0-30 cm depth was very high (5.96-9.99%), moderately high to high at 30-60 cm (3.21-3.86%), medium (1.81-1.96%) at 60-120 cm and moderately low (1.22-1.46%) in the deeper soil. The content of organic matter in surface soil at 0-10/30 cm depth under the HKL forest was almost very high. It decreased to low in the deeper soil. 3) Soil organic carbon (OC) The carbon content in soils of the community forest varied in the same way as soil organic matter since it is calculated from the assumption that the organic matter consists of 58% organic carbon on average. 4) Total nitrogen and carbon/nitrogen ratios In Pedon 1, the nitrogen content was medium in surface soil (0-5 cm depth) at 0.23%,

low (0.10-0.16%) at 5-20 cm, and very low in deeper soil (0.02-0.08%). The carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios in soil varied between 8.41 and 16.43. In Pedon 2, the N content was medium in soil at 0-40 cm depth (0.22-0.36%) and low to very low (0.09-0.18%) in the deeper soil. The C/N ratios in soil varied between 11.07 and 12.01. In Pedon 3, the nitrogen content was medium in soil at 0-30 cm depth (0.29-0.49%), and low to very low (0.06-0.19%) in the deeper soil. The C/N ratios in soil varied between 10.61 and 12.37. The nitrogen content in soil of this forest was medium at 0-5/40 cm depth and low to very low in the deeper soils. The C/N ratios varied between 8.41 and 12.37. 5) Available phosphorus (P) The phosphorus form of importance in forest ecosystems is phosphate, and the phosphate cycle includes both biological and geochemical components. Phosphate exists in a wide variety of compounds, but the P atom remains joined with four oxygen atoms. In Pedon 1, the concentrations of available P in soil at 0-30 cm depth was moderately high to high (22.52-31.91 mg kg-1), moderately low (7.48 mg kg-1) at 30-40 cm and very low to low (0.43-3.22 mg kg-1) in the deeper soils. In Pedon 2, the available P in surface soil (0-5 cm depth) was moderately high (15.13 mg kg-1) and low to medium (4.69-10.69 mg kg-1) in the deeper soil. In Pedon 3, the available P in surface soil (0-5 cm depth) was moderately high (18.17 mg kg-1), moderately low to medium (6.35-13.39 mg kg-1) at 5-30 cm, and very low to low (0.43-3.39 mg kg-1) in the deeper soils. The concentrations of available P in soil under the HKL forest varied between moderately


47

high to high and moderately low. They were very low in the deeper soils. 6) Extractable potassium (K) The concentrations of extractable K in 2 m soil depths of Pedon 1, Pedon 2, and Pedon 3 were very high throughout the soil profiles. 7) Extractable calcium, magnesium and sodium Calcium (Ca): In Pedon 1, the concentrations of extractable Ca were very low throughout the soil profile. The values varied between 11.43 and 190.48 mg kg-1. In Pedon 2, the extractable Ca was low in surface soil (0-5 cm depth) at 797.62 mg kg-1, and very low in the deeper soil (12.86-357.14 mg kg-1). In Pedon 3, the extractable Ca was very low throughout soil profile at between 8.10 and 285.17 mg kg-1. Magnesium (Mg): In Pedon 1, the concentrations of extractable Mg were low (43.02-81.98 mg kg-1) in surface soil at 0-10 cm depth, and very low to low in deeper soil (12.18-47.89 mg kg-1). In Pedon 2, the extractable Mg was low in surface soil at 0-20 cm depth at between 36.53 and 64.94 mg kg-1, and very low in deeper soil (12.99-34.90 mg kg-1). In Pedon 3, the extractable Mg was low in surface soil at 0-30 cm depth at between 49.51 and 116.07 mg kg-1, and very low in deeper soil (7.36-23.54 mg kg-1). Sodium (Na): The concentrations of extractable Na in 2 m soil profiles of all soil pits in community forests were low to very low (3.13-20.56 mg kg-1). 8) Cation exchange capacity (CEC)

In Pedon 1, the CEC value in soil at 0-60 cm depth was moderately low (5.05-9.70 cmol kg-1) and low to moderate low (4.20-5.35 cmol kg-

1) in the deeper soil. For Pedon 2, the CEC in soil at 0-40 cm depth was medium to moderately high

(11.55-19.15 cmol kg-1) and moderate low to medium (8.20-10.20 cmol kg-1) in the deeper soil. In Pedon 3, the CEC in soil at 0-20 cm depth was moderately high to high (19.30-23.95 cmol kg-1), moderately low to medium (7.40-13.35 cmol kg-1) at 20-60 cm depth, and very low to low (1.90-4.70 cmol kg-1) in the deeper soil.

9) Base saturation (%BS) The BS content in soil profiles of Pedon 1, Pedon 2, and Pedon 3 was low throughout the soil profiles but the values were different. In Pedon 1, the values varied between 11.80 and 34.94%, except at 80-100 cm depth it was medium (39.29%). In Pedon 2 and Pedon 3, the values varied between 9.44 and 26.92 and 8.93 and 32.10% respectively.

2. Amounts of nutrient storage in soils Table 3 shows the amounts of carbon and nutrient storage in soil depth. Carbon: The amount of carbon was high in the surface soil and decreased in the deeper soil. The average total amounts of carbon in 2 m soil profiles was 239.74+150.33 Mg ha-1, separated to be Pedon 1, Pedon 2, and Pedon 3 as 66.41, 318.25, and 334.56 Mg ha-1 respectively. At the one-meter soil depth, the amount of carbon storage in Pedon 1 was 53.36 Mg ha-1 (80.34% of total amount in 2 m soil depth), Pedon 2 had the amount of 227.87 Mg ha-1 (71.66%), and Pedon 3 had the amount of 276.01 Mg ha-1 (82.50%). More than 70% of the carbon amount was stored at 1 meter. In other locations in Thailand, the montane forest (altitude, 1,700 m) in the Doi Inthanon National Park had the amount of soil carbon as 124.87 Mg ha-1 [20]. So this forest was able to store carbon at a higher amount than the


48

montane forest at Doi Inthanon with an altitude of 1,700 m. Total N: The amounts of total N storage in 2 m soil profiles of Pedon 1, Pedon 2, and Pedon 3 in this forest were 5.83, 27.59, and 28.89 Mg ha-1 respectively. The average amount was 20.77+12.95 Mg ha-1. Available P: The amounts of available P stored in 2 m soil depth of Pedon 1, Pedon 2, and Pedon 3 in this forest were 78.88, 128.04, and 63.48 kg ha-1 respectively. The average amount was 90.13+33.72 kg ha-1. Extractable K: The amounts of available K stored in 2 m soil profiles of Pedon 1, Pedon 2, and Pedon 3 in the HKL community forest were 3024.67, 4564.81, and 3361.89 kg ha-

1 respectively. The average amount was 3650.46+809.61 kg ha-1. Extractable Ca: The amounts of available Ca stored in 2 m soil profiles of Pedon 1, Pedon 2, and Pedon 3 in the HKL community forest were 1369.65, 1356.05, and 692.25 kg ha-1 respectively. The average amount was 1139.32+387.23 kg ha-1. Extractable Mg: The amounts of available Mg stored in 2 m soil profiles of Pedon 1, Pedon 2, and Pedon 3 in the HKL community forest were 526.66, 418.71, and 455.67 kg ha-1 respectively. The average amount was 467.01+54.86 kg ha-1. Extractable Na: The amounts of available Na stored in 2 m soil profiles of Pedon 1, Pedon 2, and Pedon 3 in the HKL community forest were 135.97, 127.48, and 241.11 kg ha-1 respectively. The average amount was 168.19+63.30 kg ha-1. In natural forest at Doi Sutep-Pui National Park [4], the montane forest stored

available P, extractable K, Ca, Mg, and Na in 100 cm soil depth as 18.05, 495.92, 255.62, 81.1, and 102.63 kg ha-1 respectively, and the pine-montane forest recorded 16.00, 434.18, 165.82, 65.45, and 76.23 kg ha-1 respectively. The amounts of nutrient are dissimilar due to parent rock, soil depth, and types of forest.

Conclusion The forest types in this study was

montane and pine-montane. The soil properties were different according to soil depth and varied according to each nutrient.

The soil texture in this forest was sandy clay loam, and the densities of surface soil was very low to moderate low and moderately low to medium in deeper soils. Soil reaction was strongly acidic and moderately acidic. The organic matter was medium to very high in surface soil and medium to very low in deeper soils. The amounts of organic matter, organic carbon and nitrogen storage in 2 m soil depth were 413.34+259.19, 239.74+150.33, 20.77+12.95 Mg ha-1 on average respectively, and the amounts of available P, extractable K, Ca, Mg and Na were 90.13+33.72, 3650.46+809.61, 1139.32+387.23, 467.01+54.86, and 168.19+63.30 kg ha-1 respectively. This information is useful to the community to manage their forest soils and know more about their own resources, especially the carbon amount that their community forest was able to store in soils and not release to the atmosphere, thus reducing the global warming situation at present.


49

Table 3 Amounts of carbon and nutrient storage in soil of the HKL forest

Soil depth

OM C Total N Available P

Extractable (kg ha-1) (cm) (Mg ha-1) (kg ha-1) K Ca Mg Na

Pedon 1 0-5 19.73 11.44 0.96 9.39 114.89 74.49 34.20 5.77 5-10 11.98 6.95 0.61 9.22 92.17 18.90 16.42 4.86 10-20 15.38 8.92 0.80 25.43 162.06 9.11 15.52 4.80 20-30 11.83 6.86 0.58 16.35 129.20 9.34 8.84 5.44 30-40 12.17 7.06 0.43 5.35 133.47 13.64 12.79 4.20 40-60 11.45 6.64 0.58 3.15 301.05 103.57 58.84 12.46 60-80 5.47 3.17 0.27 1.97 271.40 127.09 57.41 10.31 80-100 3.97 2.30 0.27 0.95 301.93 163.13 65.62 28.58 100-

120

3.65 2.12 0.25 4.05 261.12 104.80 49.00 10.31 120-

140

5.30 3.08 0.28 0.96 337.03 166.12 55.50 10.58 140-

160

4.73 2.74 0.27 0.70 303.31 176.36 50.43 19.62 160-

180

4.60 2.67 0.29 0.62 304.46 273.74 50.15 9.99 180-

200

4.23 2.45 0.24 0.74 312.58 129.38 51.95 9.06 Total 114.50 66.41 5.83 78.88 3,024.67 1,369.65 526.66 135.97 Pedon 2 0-5 52.20 30.28 2.55 10.73 216.39 565.75 31.09 3.11 5-10 33.41 19.38 1.67 4.80 137.30 180.81 18.49 2.97 10-20 68.18 39.55 3.44 11.14 273.89 99.29 67.70 3.26 20-30 58.55 33.96 2.91 9.11 356.31 61.79 36.23 7.70 30-40 42.58 24.69 2.11 7.09 284.42 68.49 14.01 8.17 40-60 62.94 36.51 3.23 9.04 539.49 85.39 23.29 8.82 60-80 42.09 24.41 2.18 7.86 305.53 59.88 36.76 11.92 80-100 32.92 19.09 1.72 10.49 491.50 23.89 39.44 9.31 100-

120

37.29 21.63 1.82 11.86 447.03 31.18 36.91 6.11 120-

140

32.14 18.64 1.62 12.99 426.44 57.97 31.62 10.78 140-

160

30.85 17.89 1.62 13.91 347.12 52.46 27.43 12.62 160-

180

25.62 14.86 1.27 10.09 377.88 50.55 27.57 20.57 180-

200

29.93 17.36 1.45 8.92 361.50 18.60 28.17 22.14 Total 548.71 318.25 27.59 128.04 4,564.81 1,356.05 418.71 127.48 Pedon 3 0-5 79.32 46.01 3.89 14.43 185.05 226.43 92.16 12.53 5-10 53.56 31.07 2.86 8.70 184.54 92.86 45.38 7.51 10-20 121.69 70.58 6.10 17.01 258.35 166.34 88.67 14.39 20-30 69.58 40.36 3.39 7.41 252.29 41.69 57.80 12.49 30-40 38.92 22.57 1.92 3.42 222.16 12.00 23.73 11.82 40-60 53.96 31.30 2.69 3.65 370.41 17.62 23.20 24.43 60-80 29.66 17.20 1.47 3.13 340.19 21.07 22.61 24.58 80-100 29.20 16.93 1.49 1.42 271.42 32.62 26.61 21.53 100-

120

27.45 15.92 1.45 1.26 276.97 26.97 20.04 19.41 120-

140

21.15 12.27 1.01 0.62 300.83 15.87 14.11 23.78 140-

160

16.42 9.53 0.90 0.55 206.59 12.83 14.58 21.25 160-

180

18.00 10.44 0.84 0.73 244.34 14.06 15.98 22.63 180-

200

17.91 10.39 0.88 1.14 248.77 11.89 10.80 24.78 Total 576.82 334.56 28.89 63.48 3,361.89 692.25 455.67 241.11 Averag

e

413.34+259.

19

239.74+150.

33

20.77+12.

95

90.13+33.

72

3,650.46+809.

61

1,139.32+387.

23

467.01+54.

86

168.19+63.

30


50

References [1] Killham, K. 1994. Soil ecology. Cambridge:

Cambridge University press. [2] Fisher, R. and Binkley, D. 2000. Ecology

and management of forest soil. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

[3] Seanchanthong, D. 2005. Plant species diversity and soil characteristics of forest communities in Pang Ma Pha district, Mae Hong Son province. MS Thesis: Chiang Mai University. Chiang Mai.

[4] Khamyong, N. 2009. Plant species diversity, soil characteristics and carbon accumulation in different forests, Doi Suthep-Pui national park, Chiang Mai province. MS thesis: Chiang Mai University.

[5] Nongnuang, S.; Khamyong, S.; Anongrak, N. and Sri-ngernyuang, K. 2012. Soil carbon and nutrient accumulation in Pinus kesiya plantation at Boa Kaew Watershed Management Station, Chiang Mai province. Journal of Agriculture, 28 (1):31-40.

[6] Pornleesangsuwan, A.; Khamyong, S.; Anongrak, N. and Sri-ngernyuang, K. 2011. “Plant communities, soil characteristics and nutrient storages in fragment lower montane forest, Samoeng district, Chiang Mai province.” Journal of Agriculture, 27 (3):247-258.

[7] Seeloy-ounkeaw, T.; Khamyong, S.; Anongrak, N.; Sri-ngernyuang, K. and Onpraphai, T. 2014. “Characteristics of forest soils with different management in Ban Nong Tao community forests, Mae Wang district, Chiang Mai

province.” J Sci Technol MSU 2014, 33 (5): 1-9.

[8] Seramethakun, T.; Khamyong, S.; Anograk, N. and Kongkaew T. 2012. “Soil properties and carbon-nutrient storages in Natural pine forest, Kanlayaniwattana district, Chiang Mai province.” Journal of Agriculture, 28 (3):217-228.

[9] Wattanasuksakul, S.; Khamyong, S.; Anongrak, N. and Sri-ngernguang, K. 2012. “Impacts of forest fire on soil physic-chemical properties and nutrient storages in Dry dipterocarp forest, In Takin Silvicultural Research Station, Chiang Mai province.” Journal of Agriculture, 28 (1): 12-19.

[10] Wong-in, P. 2011. Assessment of plant species diversity, forest condition and carbon stocks in dry dipterocarp forest ecosystem on granitic rock at Petrified wood forest park, Ban Tak district, Tak province. MS thesis: Chiang Mai University.

[11] Mclean, E.O. 1982. Soil pH and lime requirement, In: Methods of soil analysis Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, A.L. Page (ed.) (2nd edition), Inc. Publisher, Medison, Wisconsin: Amer. Soc. Agron.,USA.

[12] Bremner, J.M. and Mulvaney, C.S. 1982. Total nitrogen. In A. L. Page, R. H. Miller and D.R. Keeney (eds.), Methods of soil analysis part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, A. L. Page (ed.), 2nd edition, Inc. Publisher, Medison, Wisconsin: Amer. Soc. Agron., USA.


51

[13] Bray, R.A. and Kunzt, L.T. 1945. “Determination of total organic and available form of phosphorus in soil.” Soil Sci. 59: 39-45.

[14] Olsen, S.R. and Sommers, L.E. Phosphorus. In A. L. Page, R. H. Miller and D.R. Keeney (eds.). 1982. Methods of soil analysis part 2 Chemical and microbiological properties. 2th edition, Inc., Publisher Madison, Wisconsin: Amer. Soc. Agron., USA.

[15] Lanyon, L.E. and Heald, W.R. 1982. Magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium. In: A. Klute (eds.), Methods of soil analysis part 2 (Chemical and microbiological properties) 2th ed. Madison, Wisconsin: American Society of Agronomy.

[16] Peech, M. 1945. “Determination of exchangeable cation and exchange capacity of soil rapid micro method utilizing centrifuge and spectrophotometer.” Soil Sci., 59: 25-28.

[17] Summer, M.E. and Miller, W.P. 1996. Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficients, In: J.M. Bigham (ed.), Method of soil analysis. Part 3. Chemical methods. Madison, Wisconsin: Amer. Soc. of Agron.

[18] Coleman, N.T. and Thomas, G.W. 1964. “Buffer curves of acid clays as affected by the presence of ferric iron and aluminum.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 28: 187-190.

[19] Nelson, D.W. and Sommers, L.E. 1982. “Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter.” In A. L. Page, R. H. Miller and D.R. Keeney (eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2 Chemical and Microbiological Properties. 2th edition. Madison, Wisconsin: Amer. Soc. Agron.

[20] Satienperakul, K. 2013. Economic value evaluation of forest plantation and montane forest ecosystems for restoration of highland head watershed in northern Thailand. PhD thesis: Chiang Mai University.

[21] Soil Survey Staff. 1972. Soil Survey laboratory methods and procedures for collecting soil samples. Soil Survey Investigation Report No. 1 Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Dept. Agric., Washington D.C.: U.S. Govt. Printing Office.

[22] Land Classification Division and FAO Project Staff. 1973. Soil interpretation handbook for Thailand. Bangkok: Dept. of Land Development, Min. of Agri. and Cooperative.

[23] Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. U.S. Dept. of Agr. Handbook No. 18. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

[24] Land Use Planning Division. 1993. Report on land suitability study for high land development planning in Chiang Mai province. Bangkok: Land Development Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.

Documents

Properties and Carbon and Nutrient Storage Potential of ......through their effects on soil moisture regimes, aeration, temperature profiles, soil chemistry, and even the accumulation