Proposal for approval by CIDOC CRM-SIGcidoc-crm.org/crmba/sites/default/files/2016-12-3#... · An extension of CIDOC CRM to support buildings archaeology documentation Proposal for

Definition of the CRMba model 1

Definition of the CRMba An extension of CIDOC CRM to support buildings archaeology documentation

Proposal for approval by CIDOC CRM-SIG

Document Type: Current Editorial Status: Under Revision since [3/12/2016]

Version 1.4

December 2016

Currently Maintained by PIN S.c.r.l.

Contributors: Paola Ronzino, Franco Niccolucci, Achille Felicetti, Martin Doerr and others.


Index 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 4

1.1.1 Scope ........................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.2 Status ........................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1.3 Naming Convention ..................................................................................................................... 5

1.2 Class and Property hierarchies ........................................................................................................... 6 1.2.1 Buildings archaeology model class hierarchy, aligned with portions from the CRMarchaeo,

CRMsci, CRMinf, and the CIDOC CRM class hierarchies .................................................................. 7 1.2.2 Buildings archaeology model property hierarchy ........................................................................ 8

1.3 Buildings archaeology model Class Declarations .............................................................................. 9 B1 Built Work .................................................................................................................................. 9 B2 Morphological Building Section ................................................................................................. 9 B3 Filled Morphological Building Section ..................................................................................... 10 B4 Empty Morphological Building Section ................................................................................... 10 B5 Stratigraphic Building Unit ....................................................................................................... 10

1.4 Buildings archaeology model Properties Declarations ..................................................................... 12 BP1 is section of (has section) ........................................................................................................ 12 BP2 is constituent of (is constituted by) ......................................................................................... 12 BP3 is spatial temporary equal to ................................................................................................... 12 BP4 terminates the constituency (constituency was terminated by) ............................................... 13 BP5 initiates the constituency (constituency was initiated by) ....................................................... 13 BP11 is connected to ...................................................................................................................... 14 BP11.1 in the mode of .................................................................................................................... 13 BP11.2 is connected through .......................................................................................................... 13 BP13 used specific object (was specific object used by) ................................................................ 14 BP14 re-used specific object (was specific object re-used by) ....................................................... 14

1.5 Referred to CIDOC CRM Classes and properties ............................................................................ 16 1.5.1 CIDOC CRM Classes ................................................................................................................ 16

E5 Event ......................................................................................................................................... 16 E7 Activity ..................................................................................................................................... 16 E12 Production ............................................................................................................................... 17 E18 Physical Thing ......................................................................................................................... 18 E24 Physical Man-Made Thing ...................................................................................................... 19 E52 Time-Span ............................................................................................................................... 19 E53 Place ........................................................................................................................................ 20 E55 Type ........................................................................................................................................ 21 E92 Spacetime Volume .................................................................................................................. 21

1.5.2 CIDOC CRM Properties ............................................................................................................ 23 P2 has type (is type of) ................................................................................................................... 23 P4 has time-span (is time-span of).................................................................................................. 23 P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of) .................................................................................... 23 P46 is composed of (forms part of) ................................................................................................ 24 P101 had as general use (was use of) ............................................................................................. 25 P103 was intended for (was intention of) ....................................................................................... 25 P108 has produced (was produced by) ........................................................................................... 25

1.6 Referred to Scientific Observation Model Classes and properties ................................................... 26 1.6.1 Scientific Observation Model Classes ....................................................................................... 26

S20 Physical Feature ...................................................................................................................... 26 1.7 Referred to Excavation Model Classes and properties ..................................................................... 27

1.7.1 Excavation Model Classes ......................................................................................................... 27 A2 Stratigraphic Volume Unit ........................................................................................................ 27 A3 Stratigraphic Interface .............................................................................................................. 27 A6 Group Declaration Event .......................................................................................................... 28 A7 Embedding ................................................................................................................................ 28 A8 Stratigraphic Unit ..................................................................................................................... 28

1.7.2 Excavation Model Properties ..................................................................................................... 29 AP11 has physical relation (is physical relation of) ....................................................................... 29


AP15 is or contains remains of (is or has remains contained in) .................................................... 29 AP16 assigned attribute to (was attributed by) ............................................................................... 29 AP18 is embedding of (is embedded) ............................................................................................. 30 AP19 is embedding in (contains embedding) ................................................................................. 30


1.1 Introduction

Historic buildings are, in most cases, the result of a series of matter addition and removal due to

construction and destruction activities that modified their appearance over the various historical

periods. The identification of these processes, together with the analysis of the different building

techniques and the materials utilized over its existence, provides archaeologists with an understanding

of the continuity and discontinuity of matter and activities on a built structure. All these strands of

information can be used to produce a detailed understanding of the development of any building,

whether standing or in ruins, and to identify significant phases of the monument’s appearance

throughout the centuries.

After an accurate analysis of specific metadata standards for the documentation of the built heritage, a

complex mapping between them was carried to understand whether these standards enable to record the

semantics of the building’s components. The result of the mapping (Ronzino et al. 2012) demonstrated

that such standards, although very rich in their structure, fail in describing the completeness of

information about the building and the relationships among its parts and with the whole. Moreover, the

mapping between the Archaeological Monument/Archaeological Complex (MA/CA) form - the most

complete among the standards analysed - and the CIDOC CRM, highlighted the need to add more

specialized concepts to the latter to describe the very complex structure of the buildings, especially as

concerns the analytical description of the asset (static and functional components) and the relationship

among its parts.

1.1.1 Scope

The CRMba is an ontology and RDF Schema to encode metadata about the documentation of

archaeological buildings (Ronzino 2015, Ronzino et al. 2015). The model was conceived to support the

process of recording the evidences and the discontinuities of matter on archaeological buildings, in

order to identify the evolution of the structure throughout the centuries and to record the relationships

between each of the building components among them and with the building as a whole. It aims at

expressing the semantic relations of the stratigraphic units of a standing building, taking into account

the stratigraphic analysis theory of the standing buildings (Brogiolo 1988, Parenti 2002, Schuller 2002,

Morriss 2004).

The goal of the CRMba conceptual model is to provide support to:

understand the building structure and its development;

recognize the use of a building and how it evolved over the years;

identify the various phases of the building as a result of construction, transformation,

modification and reuse;

support the investigation and interpretation of the material evidence in the standing structures;

understand the correlation between parts of a buildings and whole;

recognize, analyse and interpret the stratigraphy of standing structures and of ruins;

support the dating process through the identification of the Stratigraphic Relationship (SR)

between the various Stratigraphic Units (SU), which can be inferred by the identification of

the Stratigraphic Interfaces (SI).

The model is built on the same principles of the CIDOC CRM. As in CRM, indeed, the semantics of

the building are rendered as properties between two classes. The model reuses, when appropriate, parts

of the CIDOC CRM classes and properties, and refers to other CRM extensions that were developed to

ensure the completeness of documentation. In particular, the CRMba model incorporates parts of the

CRMgeo, a detailed model of generic spatio-temporal topology and geometric description (Doerr &

Hiebel 2013); parts of CRMsci, a model for scientific observation, measurements and processed data in

descriptive and empirical sciences (such as biology, geology, geography, cultural heritage

conservation, etc.) and CRMarcheo, a model developed for the documentation of archaeological

excavations.


Fig.1 The CRMba conceptual model

1.1.2 Status

CRMba is the result of a research carried out in the framework of the ARIADNE project and is part of

the outcome of the PhD thesis by Paola Ronzino with title “CRMba. A CRM extension for buildings

archaeology information modelling” (Ronzino 2015). The model is the result of a collaboration

between PIN (Italy), FORTH (Greece) and the Central Institute for Cataloguing and Documentation

(Italy). The first need that the model attempts to meet is to create a common ground for the integration

of archaeological records about the documentation of buildings archaeology, from raw data to official

documentation produced according to national and institutional standards. This document describes a

community model which has been approved by CRM SIG to be formally and methodologically

compatible with CIDOC CRM. However, in a broader sense, it is always open to any possible

integration and addition that may become necessary as a result of its practical use on real

archaeological problems on a large scale. The model is intended to be maintained and promoted as an

international standard. CRMba has been harmonized with CRMarchaeo to allow the analysis of the

stratifications of buildings or part of buildings that are found, either connected or unconnected, in

subsurface stratifications.

1.1.3 Naming Convention

All the classes declared were given both a name and an identifier constructed according to the

conventions used in the CIDOC CRM model. For classes that identifier consists of the letter B

followed by a number. Resulting properties were also given a name and an identifier, constructed

according to the same conventions. That identifier consists of the letters BP followed by a number,

which in turn is followed by the letter “i” every time the property is mentioned “backwards”, i.e., from

target to domain (inverse link). “B” and “BP” do not have any other meaning. They correspond

respectively to letters “E” and “P” in the CIDOC CRM naming conventions, where “E” originally

meant “entity” (although the CIDOC CRM “entities” are now consistently called “classes”), and “P”

means “property”. Whenever CIDOC CRM classes are used in our model, they are named by the name

they have in the original CIDOC CRM. CRMsci classes and properties are referred with their

respective names, classes denoted by S and properties by O, CRMarchaeo classes and properties are

referred with their respective names, classes denoted by A and properties by AP.

B2 Morphological Building

Section

B4 Empty Morphologic

Building Section

B3 Filled Morphologic

Building Section

B1 Built Work

E24 Physical Man-Made

Thing

AP12 confines

P46 is composed of

S20 Physical FeatureBP2 is constituted byB5 Stratigraphic Building

Unit

A2 Stratigraphic Volume Unit

A8 Stratigraphic Unit

A3 Stratigraphic Interface

AP12i is confined by

S20 Physical Feature


1.2 Class and Property hierarchies

The CIDOC CRM model declares no “attributes” at all (except implicitly in its “scope notes” for

classes), but regards any information element as a “property” (or “relationship”) between two classes.

The semantics are therefore rendered as properties, according to the same principles as the CIDOC

CRM model.

Although they do not provide comprehensive definitions, compact mono hierarchical presentations of

the class and property IsA hierarchies have been found to significantly aid in the comprehension and

navigation of the model, and are therefore provided below.

The class hierarchy presented below has the following format:

• Each line begins with a unique class identifier, consisting of a number preceded by the

appropriate letter “E”, “B”, “A”, “S”

• A series of hyphens (“-”) follows the unique class identifier, indicating the hierarchical

position of the class in the IsA hierarchy.

• The English name of the class appears to the right of the hyphens.

• The index is ordered by hierarchical level, in a “depth first” manner, from the smaller to the

larger sub hierarchies.

• Classes that appear in more than one position in the class hierarchy as a result of multiple

inheritance are shown in an italic typeface.


1.2.1 Buildings archaeology model class hierarchy, aligned with portions from the CRMarchaeo, CRMsci, and the CIDOC CRM class hierarchies

This class hierarchy lists:

• all classes declared in CRMba

• all classes declared in CRMsci, CRMarchaeo, CRMinf and CIDOC CRM that are declared as

superclasses of classes declared in the CRMba model,

• all classes declared in CRMsci, CRMarchaeo, CRMinf or CIDOC CRM that are either domain or

range for a property declared in the CRMba,

• all classes declared in CRMsci, CRMarchaeo, CRMinf and CIDOC CRM that are either domain or

range for a property declared in CRMsci, CRMarchaeo, CRMinf or CIDOC CRM that is declared as

superproperty of a property declared in the CRMba,

• all classes declared in CRMsci, CRMarchaeo, CRMinf and CIDOC CRM that are either domain or

range for a property that is part of a complete path of which a property declared in CRMba is declared

to be a shortcut.

E1 CRM Entity

E2 - Temporal Entity

E3 - - Condition State

E5 - - - Event

E7 - - - - Activity

E11 - - - - - Modification

E12 - - - - - - Production

E79 - - - - - - Part Addition

E80 - - - - - - Part Removal

E77 - Persistent Item

E70 - - Thing

E18 - - - - Physical Thing

S20 - - - - - Physical Feature

E26 - - - - - Physical Feature

A8 - - - - - - Stratigraphic Unit

A2 - - - - - - - Stratigraphic Volume Unit

B5 - - - - - - - - Stratigraphic Building Unit

A3 - - - - - - - Stratigraphic Interface

E19 - - - - - Physical Object

E22 - - - - - - Man-Made Object

E24 - - - - - Physical Man-Made Thing

B1 - - - - - - Built Work

B2 - - - - - - - Morphologic Building section

B3 - - - - - - - - Filled Morphologic Building Section

E52 - Time-Span

E53 - Place

S20 - - Physical Feature

B4 - - - Empty Morphological Building Section

E92 - Spacetime Volume


1.2.2 Buildings archaeology model property hierarchy, aligned with portions from the CRMarchaeo, CRMsci, and the CIDOC CRM property hierarchies This property hierarchy lists:

• all properties declared in CRMba,

• all properties declared in CRMsci, CRMarchaeo, CRMinf, and CIDOC CRM that are declared as

superproperties of properties declared in CRMba,

• all properties declared in CRMsci, CRMarchaeo, CRMinf and CIDOC CRM that are part of a

complete path of which a property declared in CRMba, is declared to be a shortcut.

Property

id

Property Name Entity – Domain Entity - Range

BP1 is section of (has section) B2 Morphological Building Section B1 Built Work

BP2 is constituent of (is constituted by) B5 Stratigraphic Building Unit B1 Built Work

BP3 is spatial temporary equal to E92 Spacetime Volume E92 Spacetime Volume

BP4 terminates the constituency (constituency is terminated by)

E80 Part removal B2 Morphological Building Section

BP5 initiates the constituency

(constituency is initiated by)

E79 Part addition B2 Morphological Building

Section BP8 is adjacent to B2 Morphological Building Section B2 Morphological Building

Section

BP11 is connected to B2 Morphological Building Section B2 Morphological Building Section

BP11.1 in the mode of BP11 is connected to E55 Type

BP11.2 is connected through BP11 is connected to E24 Physical Man Made Thing

BP13 used specific object (is specific object used by)

E12 Production B5 Stratigraphic Building Unit

BP14 re-used specific object (was specific

object re-used by)

E12 Production B5 Stratigraphic Building Unit


1.3 Buildings archaeology model Class Declarations

The classes of CRMba are comprehensively declared in this section using the following format:

. Class names are presented as headings in bold face, preceded by the class’s unique identifier;

• The line “Subclass of:” declares the superclass of the class from which it inherits properties;

• The line “Superclass of:” is a cross-reference to the subclasses of this class;

• The line “Scope note:” contains the textual definition of the concept the class represents;

• The line “Examples:” contains a bulleted list of examples of instances of this class.

• The line “Properties:” declares the list of the class’s properties;

• Each property is represented by its unique identifier, its forward name, and the range class that

it links to, separated by colons;

• Inherited properties are not represented;

• Properties of properties, if they exist, are provided indented and in parentheses beneath their

respective domain property.

B1 Built Work

Subclass of: E92 Spacetime Volume

E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

Superclass of: B2 Morphological Building Section

Scope note: This class comprises instances of man-made things such as freestanding buildings,

components of buildings, and complexes of buildings. It refers to man-made

environments, typically large enough for humans to enter, serving a practical

purpose, being relatively permanent and stable (AAT). Instances of built works are

composed of parts that share an aspect of role, which often perform a distinct

function.

Examples: The Bishop’s Palace

The ruins of Loropéni

The Coliseum

Properties: BP1 has section (is section of): B2 Morphological Building Section

BP2 is constituted by (is constituent of): B5 Stratigraphic Building Unit

P108 was produced by (has produced): E12 Production

P16 was used for (used specific object): E7 Activity

P103 was intended for (was intention of): E55 Type

B2 Morphological Building Section

Subclass of: B1 Built Work

Superclass of: B3 Filled Morphological Building Section

Scope note: This class comprises instances of man-made things that are considered functional

units for the whole building (e.g. rooms, foundations, roof, and so forth). A B2 is a

geometric feature with volume and is a Spacetime Volume (E92). A B2 is composed

of (P46) parts that are completely filled with matter (B3 Filled Morphological

Building Section), which confines (AP12) empty spaces (B4 Empty Morphological

Building Section) that are the result of the intentional disposition of a set of B3.

Examples: The western wall of the Cathedral

The corner tower

The battlements of the palace perimeter

Properties: BP1 is section of (has section): B1 Built Work

BP4 constituency is terminated by (terminates the constituency): E80 Part Removal

BP5 constituency is initiated by (initiates the constituency): E79 Part addition

BP11 is connected to: B2 Morphological Building Section


BP11.2 is connected through: B2 Morphological Building Section

P108 was produced by (has produced): E12 Production

P16 was used for (used specific object): E7 Activity

P46 is composed of (forms part of): B3 Filled Morphological Building Section

B3 Filled Morphological Building Section

Subclass of: E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

B2 Morphological Building Section

Scope note: This class comprises instances of man-made things that are completely filled with

matter. Instances of Filled Morphological Building Section are components of the

functional units of a built work. These elements like walls, floors and ceilings have

properties such as dimensions, material etc. The intentional disposition of a set of B3

defines portions of space that are completely void, e.g. a window, a doorway and so

forth.

Examples: The ionic columns of the portico

The walls that surround a room

Properties: P46 forms part of (is composed of): B2 Morphological Building Section

AP12 confines (is confined by): BP4 Empty Morphological Building Section

B4 Empty Morphological Building Section

Subclass of: S20 Physical Feature

Scope note: This class comprises identifiable features that are physically attached to particular

physical objects. Instances of B4 Empty Morphological Building Section are

components of the functional units that form a built work.

Example of B4 are the empty spaces that are formed by their surrounding walls,

floors and ceiling. Empty spaces are fundamental elements in modelling

environments like BIM that need to have explicit space objects where the spaces are

formed by the surrounding objects (Underwood et al. 2009). Instances of B4 are

portions of the space resulting from the intentional disposition in the space of a set of

Filled Morphological Building Sections. The void space must be intentionally

obtained to serve a function for the building.

Examples: The intercolumniation of a portico

The Gate of Felicity of Topkapı Palace

The compluvium of the roof of a Roman Domus

The portico of the Temple of Ercole Vincitore (B1) is composed of columns (B3)

that confine (AP12) the intercolumniation (B4)

Properties: AP12 is confined by (confines): BP3 Filled Morphological Building Section

B5 Stratigraphic Building Unit

Subclass of: A2 Stratigraphic Volume Unit

Scope note: This class comprises instances of physical things that represents the minimal

construction unit of a built work. The B5 Stratigraphic Building Unit is a constituent

part of a B2 Morphological Building Section. The Stratigraphic Building Unit (B5)

represents a single evidence of human activity intentionally performed on the

building: e.g. the presence of mortar, vestments or any of the discontinuities of matter

that can be observed on a wall surface. The term constituency is used within the

model with the meaning: “the status of being a constituent part”.

Instances of Stratigraphic Building Unit are, for example, a single wall or the various

architectonic components that constitute the Morphologic Building Section.

Examples: The fresco decoration of the great hall


Properties: BP2 is constituent of (is constituted by): B1 Built Work

AP2 is confined by (confines): A3 Stratigraphic Interface

BP13 is specific object used by (used specific object): E12 Production

AP11 has physical relations (is physical relation of): B5 Stratigraphic Building Unit


1.4 Buildings archaeology model Properties Declarations

The properties of the CRM Buildings Archaeology information modelling are

comprehensively declared in this section using the following format:

Property names are presented as headings in bold face, preceded by unique

property identifiers;

The line “Domain:” declares the class for which the property is defined;

The line “Range:” declares the class to which the property points, or that

provides the values for the property;

The line “Quantification:” declares the possible number of occurrences for

domain and range class instances for the property. Possible values are:

1:many, many:many, many:1;

The line “Scope note:” contains the textual definition of the concept the

property represents.

BP1 is section of (has section)

Domain: B2 Morphological Building Section

Range: B1 Built Work

Quantification: many to one (0,n:0,1)

Scope note: This property is used to link the Morphological Building Sections that

are part of a Built Work

Examples: The great hall (BP1 is section of) the Bishop’s Palace

BP2 is constituent of (is constituted by)

Domain: B5 Stratigraphic Building Unit

Range: B1 Built Work

Quantification: many to one (0,n:0,1)

Scope note: This property describes the relation between a Morphological Building

Section (e.g. a wall) and any Stratigraphic Building Section. When the

SBU and the MBS are equal we can use the shortcut: B5 SBU (BP2 is

constituent of) B1 Built Work.

Examples: The fresco of the great hall (BP2 is constituent of) the northern wall

BP3 is spatial temporary equal to

Domain: E92 Spacetime Volume

Range: E92 Spacetime Volume

Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)


Scope note: This property is used to relate the Spacetime Volume of two entities

(Morphological Building Units and Stratigraphic Building Section).

When the two STV overlap, the two entities are equal.

Examples: The STV of the plaster that completely covers the wall surface (BP3 is

spatial temporary equal to) the STV of the masonry.

BP4 terminates the constituency (constituency was terminated by)

Domain: E80 Part removal

Range: B2 Morphological Building Section


Scope note: This property is used to describe the constituency (being part of) of a

Stratigraphic Building Section with a Filled Morphological Building

Section. The constituency ends when an entity (FMBS) is diminished

by matter.

Examples: The removal of the fresco from the northern wall (BP4 terminates the

constituency) of the fresco to the wall.

BP5 initiates the constituency (constituency was initiated by)

Domain: E79 Part addition



Scope note: This property is used to describe the beginning of the constituency of a

Stratigraphic Building Unit with a Morphological Building Section.

This starts when substance is added to a Morphological Building Unit.

Examples: The painting of the fresco on the northern wall (BP5 initiates the

constituency) of the painting to the wall.

BP11 is connected to

Domain: B2 Morphological Building Section


Quantification: one to many (0,n:0,1)

Scope note: This property identifies the instance of B2 Morphological Building

Section which is connected to another instance of B2 Morphological

Building Section. The instance of E24 Physical Man Made Thing

through which the connection between the two instances of B2

Morphological Building Section is made, can be recorded using the

property BP11.2 is connected through.

Examples: The great hall (B2) is connected to the sacristy (B2).

Properties: BP11.1 in the mode of: E55 Type


BP11.2 is connected through

Domain: BP11 is connected to

Range: E24 Physical Man Made Thing


Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E24 Physical Man Made Thing

through which the connection between the two instances of B2

Morphological Building Section is made.

Examples: The great hall (B2) is connected to (B11) the sacristy (B2) is connected

through the corridor (E24).

BP13 used specific object (was specific object used by)

Domain: E12 Production

Range: B5 Stratigraphic Building Unit


Scope note: This property is used to describe an instance of a physical object that is

used in the production of new substance that constitutes the

Morphological Building Section (i.e. a Stratigraphic Building Section)

Examples: The construction of the new façade (BP13 used specific object) the

staircase.

BP14 re-used specific object (was specific object re-used by)

Domain: E12 Production

Range: B5 Stratigraphic Building Unit


Scope note: This property is used to describe an instance of a physical object that is

re-used in the production of new substance that constitutes the

Morphological Building Section (i.e. a Stratigraphic Building Section)

Examples: The stones of the Roman theatre (BP14 was specific object re-used by)

the construction of the fountain.

BP15 is equal to

Domain: B5 Stratigraphic Building Unit

Range: B3 Filled Morphological Building Section


Scope note: This property is used to relate a Stratigraphic Building Section with a

Morphological Building Section when the former is equal to the latter.

Examples: The northern wall (BP 15 is equal to) the SBU “northern wall”.



1.5 Referred to CIDOC CRM Classes and properties

Since Buildings Archaeology Model refers to and reuses, wherever appropriate, large parts of the

CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model, this section provides a comprehensive list of all constructs used

from CIDOC CRM, together with their definitions following the CIDOC CRM version 6.2.1, October

2015 maintained by CIDOC CRM - SIG.

1.5.1 CIDOC CRM Classes

E5 Event Subclass of: E4 Period

Superclass of: E7 Activity

E63 Beginning of Existence

E64 End of Existence

Scope note: This class comprises changes of states in cultural, social or physical systems,

regardless of scale, brought about by a series or group of coherent physical, cultural,

technological or legal phenomena. Such changes of state will affect instances of E77

Persistent Item or its subclasses.

The distinction between an E5 Event and an E4 Period is partly a question of the

scale of observation. Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an E5 Event is an

‘instantaneous’ change of state. At a fine level, the E5 Event can be analysed into its

component phenomena within a space and time frame, and as such can be seen as an

E4 Period. The reverse is not necessarily the case: not all instances of E4 Period give

rise to a noteworthy change of state.

Examples:

the birth of Cleopatra (E67)

the destruction of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD (E6)

World War II (E7)

the Battle of Stalingrad (E7)

the Yalta Conference (E7)

my birthday celebration 28-6-1995 (E7)

the falling of a tile from my roof last Sunday

the CIDOC Conference 2003 (E7)

In First Order Logic:

E5(x) ⊃ E4(x)

Properties:

P11 had participant (participated in): E39 Actor

P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at): E77 Persistent Item

E7 Activity Subclass of: E5 Event

Superclass of: E8 Acquisition

E9 Move

E10 Transfer of Custody

E11 Modification

E13 Attribute Assignment

E65 Creation

E66 Formation

E85 Joining

E86 Leaving

E87 Curation Activity


Scope note: This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that

result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented.

This notion includes complex, composite and long-lasting actions such as the

building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the

opening of a door.

Examples:

the Battle of Stalingrad

the Yalta Conference

my birthday celebration 28-6-1995

the writing of “Faust” by Goethe (E65)

the formation of the Bauhaus 1919 (E66)

calling the place identified by TGN ‘7017998’ ‘Quyunjig’ by the people of Iraq

Kira Weber working in glass art from 1984 to 1993

Kira Weber working in oil and pastel painting from 1993


E7(x) ⊃ E5(x)

Properties:

P14 carried out by (performed): E39 Actor

(P14.1 in the role of: E55 Type)

P15 was influenced by (influenced): E1 CRM Entity

P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing

(P16.1 mode of use: E55 Type)

P17 was motivated by (motivated): E1 CRM Entity

P19 was intended use of (was made for): E71 Man-Made Thing

(P19.1 mode of use: E55 Type)

P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of): E5 Event

P21 had general purpose (was purpose of): E55 Type

P32 used general technique (was technique of): E55 Type

P33 used specific technique (was used by): E29 Design or Procedure

P125 used object of type (was type of object used in): E55 Type

P134 continued (was continued by): E7 Activity

E12 Production Subclass of: E11 Modification

E63 Beginning of Existence

Scope note: This class comprises activities that are designed to, and succeed in, creating one or

more new items.

It specializes the notion of modification into production. The decision as to whether

or not an object is regarded as new is context sensitive. Normally, items are

considered “new” if there is no obvious overall similarity between them and the

consumed items and material used in their production. In other cases, an item is

considered “new” because it becomes relevant to documentation by a modification.

For example, the scribbling of a name on a potsherd may make it a voting token. The

original potsherd may not be worth documenting, in contrast to the inscribed one.

This entity can be collective: the printing of a thousand books, for example, would

normally be considered a single event.

An event should also be documented using E81 Transformation if it results in the

destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using

parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate

identities and matter is preserved, but identity is not.

Examples:


the construction of the SS Great Britain

the first casting of the Little Mermaid from the harbour of Copenhagen

Rembrandt’s creating of the seventh state of his etching “Woman sitting half

dressed beside a stove”, 1658, identified by Bartsch Number 197 (E12,E65,E81)


E12(x) ⊃ E11(x)

E12(x) ⊃ E63(x)

Properties:

P108 has produced (was produced by): E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

E18 Physical Thing Subclass of: E72 Legal Object

E92 Spacetime Volume

Superclass of: E19 Physical Object

E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

E26 Physical Feature

Scope Note: This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, man-

made or natural.

Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CRM

distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical

Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land etc. Most instances of E19 Physical

Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the

surrounding matter.

An instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies not only a particular geometric space,

but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which

occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime. We include in the occupied

space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces, such

as the interior of a box. Physical things consisting of aggregations of physically

unconnected objects, such as a set of chessmen, occupy a number of individually

contiguous spacetime volumes equal to the number of unconnected objects that

constitute the set.

We model E18 Physical Thing to be a subclass of E72 Legal Object and of E92

Spacetime volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as

defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance

we can discuss the physical extent of an E18 Physical Thing without representing

each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This

model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E18 Physical

Thing is matter while a spacetime volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime.

However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E18 Physical Thing is

regarded to be unique to it, due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and

existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E18 Physical Thing.

Therefore this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore

corresponds to the intuitions of natural language.

The CIDOC CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or

gaseous states.

Examples:

the Cullinan Diamond (E19)

the cave “Ideon Andron” in Crete (E26)

the Mona Lisa (E22)



E18(x) ⊃ E72(x)

E18(x) ⊃ E92(x)

Properties:

P44 has condition (is condition of): E3 Condition State

P45 consists of (is incorporated in): E57 Material

P46 is composed of (forms part of): E18 Physical Thing

P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of): E39 Actor

P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of): E39 Actor

P51 has former or current owner (is former or current owner of): E39 Actor

P52 has current owner (is current owner of): E39 Actor

P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of): E53 Place

P58 has section definition (defines section): E46 Section Definition

P59 has section (is located on or within): E53 Place

P128 carries (is carried by): E90 Symbolic Object

P156 occupies (is occupied by): E53 Place

E24 Physical Man-Made Thing Subclass of: E18 Physical Thing

E71 Man-Made Thing

Superclass of: E22 Man-Made Object

E25 Man-Made Feature

E78 Collection

Scope Note: This class comprises all persistent physical items that are purposely created by

human activity.

This class comprises man-made objects, such as a swords, and man-made features,

such as rock art. No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required

to justify regarding an object as man-made. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on

bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.

Examples:

the Forth Railway Bridge (E22)

the Channel Tunnel (E25)

the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78)


E24(x) ⊃ E18(x)

E24(x) ⊃ E71(x)

Properties:

P62 depicts (is depicted by): E1 CRM Entity

(P62.1 mode of depiction: E55 Type)

P65 shows visual item (is shown by): E36 Visual Item

E52 Time-Span Subclass of: E1 CRM Entity

Scope note: This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics,

having a beginning, an end and a duration.

Time Span has no other semantic connotations. Time-Spans are used to define the

temporal extent of instances of E4 Period, E5 Event and any other phenomena valid

for a certain time. An E52 Time-Span may be identified by one or more instances of

E49 Time Appellation.


Since our knowledge of history is imperfect, instances of E52 Time-Span can best be

considered as approximations of the actual Time-Spans of temporal entities. The

properties of E52 Time-Span are intended to allow these approximations to be

expressed precisely. An extreme case of approximation, might, for example, define

an E52 Time-Span having unknown beginning, end and duration. Used as a common

E52 Time-Span for two events, it would nevertheless define them as being

simultaneous, even if nothing else was known.

Automatic processing and querying of instances of E52 Time-Span is facilitated if

data can be parsed into an E61 Time Primitive.

Examples:

1961

From 12-17-1993 to 12-8-1996

14h30 – 16h22 4th

July 1945

9.30 am 1.1.1999 to 2.00 pm 1.1.1999

duration of the Ming Dynasty


E52(x) ⊃ E1(x)

Properties:

P78 is identified by (identifies): E49 Time Appellation

P79 beginning is qualified by: E62 String

P80 end is qualified by: E62 String

P81 ongoing throughout: E61 Time Primitive

P82 at some time within: E61 Time Primitive

P83 had at least duration (was minimum duration of): E54 Dimension

P84 had at most duration (was maximum duration of): E54 Dimension

P86 falls within (contains): E52 Time-Span

E53 Place Subclass of: E1 CRM Entity

Scope note: This class comprises extents in space, in particular on the surface of the earth, in the

pure sense of physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter.

The instances of E53 Place are usually determined by reference to the position of

“immobile” objects such as buildings, cities, mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic

marks. A Place can be determined by combining a frame of reference and a location

with respect to this frame. It may be identified by one or more instances of E44 Place

Appellation.

It is sometimes argued that instances of E53 Place are best identified by global

coordinates or absolute reference systems. However, relative references are often

more relevant in the context of cultural documentation and tend to be more precise.

In particular, we are often interested in position in relation to large, mobile objects,

such as ships. For example, the Place at which Nelson died is known with reference

to a large mobile object – H.M.S Victory. A resolution of this Place in terms of

absolute coordinates would require knowledge of the movements of the vessel and

the precise time of death, either of which may be revised, and the result would lack

historical and cultural relevance.

Any object can serve as a frame of reference for E53 Place determination. The model

foresees the notion of a "section" of an E19 Physical Object as a valid E53 Place

determination.

Examples:

the extent of the UK in the year 2003

the position of the hallmark on the inside of my wedding ring

the place referred to in the phrase: “Fish collected at three miles north of the

confluence of the Arve and the Rhone”


here -> <-


E53(x) ⊃ E1(x)

Properties:

P87 is identified by (identifies): E44 Place Appellation

P89 falls within (contains): E53 Place

P121 overlaps with: E53 Place

P122 borders with: E53 Place

P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for): E18 Physical Thing

P168 place is defined by (defines place) : E94 Space Primitive

E55 Type Subclass of: E28 Conceptual Object

Superclass of: E56 Language

E57 Material

E58 Measurement Unit

Scope note: This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled

vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CRM classes. Instances of

E55 Type represent concepts in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are

used to name instances of CRM classes.

E55 Type is the CRM’s interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These

can be represented in the CRM as subclasses of E55 Type, forming hierarchies of

terms, i.e. instances of E55 Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower

term). Such hierarchies may be extended with additional properties.

Examples:

weight, length, depth [types of E54]

portrait, sketch, animation [types of E38]

French, English, German [E56]

excellent, good, poor [types of E3]

Ford Model T, chop stick [types of E22]

cave, doline, scratch [types of E26]

poem, short story [types of E33]

wedding, earthquake, skirmish [types of E5]


E55(x) ⊃ E28(x)

Properties:

P127 has broader term (has narrower term): E55 Type

P150 defines typical parts of(define typical wholes for): E55 Type

E92 Spacetime Volume

Subclass of: E1 CRM Entity

Superclass of: E4 Period

E18 Physical Thing

E93 Presence

Scope note: This class comprises 4 dimensional point sets (volumes) in physical spacetime

regardless its true geometric form. They may derive their identity from being the

extent of a material phenomenon or from being the interpretation of an expression

defining an extent in spacetime. Intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime

Volume, Place and Timespan are also regarded as instances of E92 Spacetime

Volume. An instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is either contiguous or composed

of a finite number of contiguous subsets. Its boundaries may be fuzzy due to the


properties of the phenomena it derives from or due to the limited precision up to

which defining expression can be identified with a real extent in spacetime. The

duration of existence of an instance of a spacetime volume is trivially its

projection on time.

Examples:

the spacetime Volume of the Event of Ceasars murder

the spacetime Volume where and when the carbon 14 dating of the

"Schoeninger Speer II" in 1996 took place

the spatio-temporal trajectory of the H.M.S. Victory from its building to its

actual location

the spacetime volume defined by a polygon approximating the Danube river

flood in Austria between 6th

and 9th

of August 2002


E92(x) ⊃ E1(x)

Properties:

P10 falls within (contains): E92 Spacetime Volume

P132 overlaps with: E92 Spacetime Volume

P133 is separated from: E92 Spacetime Volume

P160 has temporal projection: E52 Time-Span

P161 has spatial projection: E53 Place


1.5.2 CIDOC CRM Properties This section contains the complete definitions of the properties of the CIDOC CRM Conceptual

Reference Model version 6.2.1 October 2015 referred to by BRMba.

P2 has type (is type of) Domain: E1 CRM Entity

Range: E55 Type

Superproperty of. E1 CRM Entity.P137 exemplifies (is exemplified by):E55 Type


Scope note: This property allows sub typing of CRM entities - a form of specialisation – through

the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus.

The CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to

describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than

is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the

CRM may by specialised into any number of sub entities, which can be defined in the

E55 Type hierarchy. E51 Contact Point, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail

address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL” etc. none of which figures

explicitly in the CRM hierarchy. Sub typing obviously requires consistency between

the meaning of the terms assigned and the more general intent of the CRM entity in

question.

Examples:

“[email protected]” (E51) has type e-mail address (E55)


P2(x,y) ⊃ E1(x)

P2(x,y) ⊃ E55(y)

P4 has time-span (is time-span of) Domain: E2 Temporal Entity

Range: E52 Time-Span

Quantification: many to one, necessary, dependent (1,1:1,n)

Scope note: This property describes the temporal confinement of an instance of an E2 Temporal

Entity.

The related E52 Time-Span is understood as the real Time-Span during which the

phenomena were active, which make up the temporal entity instance. It does not

convey any other meaning than a positioning on the “time-line” of chronology. The

Time-Span in turn is approximated by a set of dates (E61 Time Primitive). A

temporal entity can have in reality only one Time-Span, but there may exist

alternative opinions about it, which we would express by assigning multiple Time-

Spans. Related temporal entities may share a Time-Span. Time-Spans may have

completely unknown dates but other descriptions by which we can infer knowledge.

Examples:

the Yalta Conference (E7) has time-span Yalta Conference time-span (E52)


P4(x,y) ⊃ E2(x)

P4(x,y) ⊃ E52(y)

P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of) Domain: E7 Activity

Range: E5 Event



Scope note: This property identifies the relationship between a preparatory activity and the event it is

intended to be preparation for.

This includes activities, orders and other organisational actions, taken in preparation

for other activities or events.

P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of) implies that an activity succeeded in

achieving its aim. If it does not succeed, such as the setting of a trap that did not

catch anything, one may document the unrealized intention using P21 had general

purpose (was purpose of):E55 Type and/or P33 used specific technique (was used

by): E29 Design or Procedure.

Examples:

Van Eyck’s pigment grinding in 1432 (E7) had specific purpose the painting of

the Ghent altar piece (E12)


P21(x,y) ⊃ E7(x)

P21(x,y) ⊃ E55(y)

P46 is composed of (forms part of)

Domain: E18 Physical Thing

Range: E18 Physical Thing

Subproperty of: E92 Spacetime Volume. P132 overlaps with: E92 Spacetime Volume

Superproperty of:E19 Physical Object. P56 bears feature (is found on): E26 Physical Feature


Scope note: This property allows instances of E18 Physical Thing to be analysed into component

elements.

Component elements, since they are themselves instances of E18 Physical Thing,

may be further analysed into sub-components, thereby creating a hierarchy of part

decomposition. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be shared between multiple

wholes, for example two buildings may share a common wall. This property does not

specify when and for how long a component element resided in the respective whole.

If a component is not part of a whole from the beginning of existence or until the end

of existence of the whole, the classes E79 Part Addition and E90 Part Removal can

be used to document when a component became part of a particular whole and/or

when it stopped being a part of it. For the time-span of being part of the respective

whole, the component is completely contained in the place the whole occupies.

This property is intended to describe specific components that are individually

documented, rather than general aspects. Overall descriptions of the structure of an

instance of E18 Physical Thing are captured by the P3 has note property.

The instances of E57 Material of which an item of E18 Physical Thing is composed

should be documented using P45 consists of (is incorporated in).

Examples:

the Royal carriage (E22) forms part of the Royal train (E22)

the “Hog’s Back” (E24) forms part of the “Fosseway” (E24)


P46(x,y) ⊃ E18(x) P46(x,y) ⊃ E18(y) P46(x,y) ⊃ P132(x,y) P46(x,y) ⊃ (uzw)[E93(u) ∧ P166 (x,u) ∧ E52(z) ∧ P164(u,z) ∧ E93(w) ∧ P166 (y,w) ∧ P164(w,z) ∧ P10(w,u)]


P101 had as general use (was use of) Domain: E70 Thing

Range: E55 Type


Scope note: This property links an instance of E70 Thing to an E55 Type of usage.

It allows the relationship between particular things, both physical and immaterial,

and general methods and techniques of use to be documented. Thus it can be asserted

that a baseball bat had a general use for sport and a specific use for threatening

people during the Great Train Robbery.

Examples:

Tony Gill’s Ford Mustang (E22) had as general use transportation (E55)


P101(x,y) ⊃ E70(x)

P101(x,y) ⊃ E55(y)

P103 was intended for (was intention of) Domain: E71 Man-Made Thing

Range: E55 Type


Scope note: This property links an instance of E71 Man-Made Thing to an E55 Type of usage.

It creates a property between specific man-made things, both physical and

immaterial, to Types of intended methods and techniques of use. Note: A link

between specific man-made things and a specific use activity should be expressed

using P19 was intended use of (was made for).

Examples:

this plate (E22) was intended for being destroyed at wedding reception (E55)


P103(x,y) ⊃ E71(x)

P103(x,y) ⊃ E55(y)

P108 has produced (was produced by) Domain: E12 Production

Range: E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

Subproperty of: E11 Modification. P31 has modified (was modified by): E24 Physical Man-Made

Thing

E63 Beginning of Existence. P92 brought into existence (was brought into existence

by): E77 Persistent Item

Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note: This property identifies the E24 Physical Man-Made Thing that came into existence

as a result of an E12 Production.

The identity of an instance of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing is not defined by its

matter, but by its existence as a subject of documentation. An E12 Production can

result in the creation of multiple instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.

Examples:

The building of Rome (E12) has produced Τhe Colosseum (E22)


P108(x,y) ⊃ E12(x)

P108(x,y) ⊃ E24(y)

P108(x,y) ⊃ P31(x,y)

P108(x,y) ⊃ P92(x,y)


1.6 Referred to Scientific Observation Model Classes and properties

Since Buildings Archaeology model refers to and reuses, wherever appropriate, parts of Scientific

Observation Model this section provides a comprehensive list of all constructs used from that model,

together with their definitions following the CRMsci, together with their definitions following version

1.2 maintained by FORTH.

1.6.1 Scientific Observation Model Classes This section contains the complete definitions of the classes of the Scientific Observation Model

referred to by Excavation Model

S20 Physical Feature

Subclass of:

E18 Physical Thing

E53 Place

Superclass of:

E25 Man-Made Feature

E27 Site

S22 Segment of Matter

Equivalent to:

E26 Physical Feature (CIDOC-CRM)

Scope Note:

This class comprises identifiable features that are physically attached in an

integral way to particular physical objects. An instance of S20 Physical Feature

also represents the place it occupies with respect to the surrounding matter. More

precisely, it is the maximal real volume in space that an instance of S20 Physical

Feature is occupying during its lifetime with respect to the default reference space

relative to which the feature is at rest. In cases of features on or in the surface of

earth, the default reference is typically fixed to the closer environment of the

tectonic plate or sea floor. In cases of features on mobile objects, the reference

space is typically fixed to the geometry of the bearing object.

Instances of E26 Physical Feature share many of the attributes of instances of E19

Physical Object. They may have a one-, two- or three-dimensional geometric

extent, but there are no natural borders that separate them completely in an

objective way from the carrier objects. For example, a doorway is a feature but

the door itself, being attached by hinges, is not.

Instances of E26 Physical Feature can be features in a narrower sense, such as

scratches, holes, reliefs, surface colors, reflection zones in an opal crystal or a

density change in a piece of wood. In the wider sense, they are portions of

particular objects with partially imaginary borders, such as the core of the Earth,

an area of property on the surface of the Earth, a landscape or the head of a

contiguous marble statue. They can be measured and dated, and it is sometimes

possible to state who or what is or was responsible for them. They cannot be

separated from the carrier object, but a segment of the carrier object may be

identified (or sometimes removed) carrying the complete feature.

This definition coincides with the definition of "fiat objects" (Smith &Varzi,

2000, pp.401- 420), with the exception of aggregates of “bona fide objects”.

Examples:

- the temple in Abu Simbel before its removal, which was carved out of solid

rock

- Albrecht Duerer's signature on his painting of Charles the Great

- the damage to the nose of the Great Sphinx in Giza

- Michael Jackson’s nose prior to plastic surgery


1.7 Referred to Excavation Model Classes and properties

Since Buildings Archaeology model refers to and reuses, wherever appropriate, parts of CRMarchaeo

Model this section provides a comprehensive list of all constructs used from that model, together with

their definitions following the CRMarchaeo, together with their definitions following version 1.4

maintained by PIN.

1.7.1 Excavation Model Classes This section contains the complete definitions of the classes of the Excavation Model referred to by

CRMba.

A2 Stratigraphic Volume Unit

Subclass of: A8 Stratigraphic Unit

Superclass of:

Scope Note: This class comprises connected portions of terrain or other solid structure on, in, or

under the surface of earth or seafloor exhibiting some homogeneity of structure or

substance and completely bounded by surfaces or discontinuities in substance or

structure with respect to other portions of the terrain or surfaces of objects/finds.

An instance of A8 Stratigraphic Unit may contain physical objects.The internal

continuity and the boundaries of an instance of A8 Stratigraphic Unit should

be of a kind that can be attributed to a single genesis event or process and have the

potential to be observed.

One genesis event may have created more than one SU.An instance of A8

Stratigraphic Unit is regarded to exist as long as a part of its matter is

still in place with respect to a surrounding reference space such that its spatial

features can be associated with effects of the genesis process of interest. Normally at

least one of the surfaces (such as the lower one) from its genesis event will remain

during its existence.

This also implies that a certain degree of coherent (“conformal”) deformation is

tolerable within its time-span of existence. Therefore the place an instance of A8

Stratigraphic Unit occupies can be uniquely identified with respect to the surrounding

reference space of archaeological interest.

Examples:

The stratigraphic deposit unit number (2) of Figure 5 representing the filling of a post

hole

A3 Stratigraphic Interface

Subclass of: A8 Stratigraphic Unit

Superclass of:

Scope Note: This class comprises coherent parts of the boundary surface, which appears as the

result of a stratigraphic genesis event or process. The interface marks the extreme

limit of the effect of a genesis or modification event, and indicates in particular

where the effect of this event ended. Each event of creation/destruction of a

deposition layer implies the creation of new interfaces. Thus there are two main types

of interface: those that are surfaces of strata (that can be directly related to the

corresponding stratum via the AP12 confines property), and those that are only

surfaces, formed by the removal or destruction of existing stratifications.

Examples:

The Stratigraphic Interface number [19] confines the number (2) Stratigraphic

Volume Unit, in Figure 5

Properties:


AP12 confines (is confined by): A2 Stratigraphic Volume Unit

A6 Group Declaration Event

Subclass of: S5 Inference Making

Superclass of:

Scope Note: This class comprises activities resulting in the assignment of a common attribute to

several Stratigraphic Units. This may be due to an archaeologists interpretation of

them being part of one physical thing, like postholes being part of one building.

Examples:

The excavator declared the post holes [7] and [8] in Figure 4 to be part of one

building

Properties:

AP16 assigned attribute to (was attributed by): A8 Stratigraphic Unit

P141 assigned: E18 Physical Thing

A7 Embedding

Subclass of: S16 State

Superclass of:

Scope Note: This class comprises the states of instances of E18 Physical Things of being partially

or completely embedded at a particular position with relative stability in one or more

A2 Stratigraphic Volume Units. Normally, an embedding is expected having been

stable from the time of generation on of the first A2 Stratigraphic Volume Unit that

surrounds it. However, it may also be due to later intrusion. As an empirical fact, the

expert may only be able to decide that a particular embedding is not recent, i.e., has

been persisting for longer than the activity that encountered it. This class can be used

to document the fact of embedding generally with respect to the surrounding matter

or more specifically with respect to a more precise position within this matter. It

further allows for specifying temporal bounds for which a particular embedding has

been existing as specified according to evidence.

Examples:


building

Properties:

AP17 is found by (found): S19 Encounter Event

AP18is embedding of (is embedded): E18 Physical ThingA

P19is embedding in (contains embedding): A2 Stratigraphic Volume Unit

AP20is embedding at (contains): E53 Place

A8 Stratigraphic Unit

Subclass of: S20 Physical Feature

Superclass of:

Scope Note: This class comprises S20 Physical Features that are either A2 Stratigraphic Volume

Units or A3 Stratigraphic Interfaces

Examples:


building

Properties:

AP11 has physical relation (is physical relation of): A8 Stratigraphic Unit

AP15 is or contains remains of (is or has remains contained in): E18 Physical Thing


1.7.2 Excavation Model Properties This section contains the complete definitions of the properties of the Excavation Model version 1.4

referred to by CRMba.

AP11 has physical relation (is physical relation of) Domain: A8 Stratigraphic Unit

Range: A8 Stratigraphic Unit

Subproperty of:

Superproperty of:


Scope note: This property identifies the physical relationship between two A8 Stratigraphic Units.

The type of physical relationships found between stratigraphic units in archaeological

documentation is documented through the property AP 11.1 has type

Examples: • fills

• is filled by

• cuts

• is cut by

• is bonded with

• butted

• jointed

• above

• below


Properties: AP11.1 has type: E55 Type

AP15 is or contains remains of (is or has remains contained in) Domain: A8 Stratigraphic Unit


Subproperty of:

Superproperty of:


Scope note: This property associates an E18 Physical Thing that is found within an A8

Stratigraphic Unit with the stratigraphic unit. This property is a shortcut for the fully

articulated path from E18 Physical Thing through A7 Embedding to A8 Stratigraphic

Unit.

Examples:


Properties:

AP16 assigned attribute to (was attributed by) Domain: A6 Group Declaration Event

Range: A8 Stratigraphic Unit

Subproperties: E13 Attribute Assignment. P140 assigned attribute to (was attributed by): E1 CRM

Entity

Superproperty of:



Scope note: This property indicates the Stratigraphic Unit that was assigned by an A6 Group

Declaration Event.

Examples:


Properties:

AP18 is embedding of (is embedded) Domain: A7 Embedding


Subproperty of:

Superproperty of:


Scope note: This property identifies the E18 Physical Thing that is contained in an A7

Embedding.

Examples:


Properties:

AP19 is embedding in (contains embedding)

Domain: A7 Embedding

Range: A2 Stratigraphic Volume Unit

Subproperty of:

Superproperty of:


Scope note: This property identifies the A2 Stratigraphic Volume Unit that contains the A7

Embedding.

Examples:


Properties:

Documents

Proposal for approval by CIDOC CRM-SIGcidoc-crm.org/crmba/sites/default/files/2016-12-3#... · An extension of CIDOC CRM to support buildings archaeology documentation Proposal for