Upload
jackson-stevenson
View
262
Download
2
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Propositional Equivalences
Section 1.2
Example
• You cannot ride the roller coaster if you are under 4 feet tall unless you are older than 16 years old.
Basic Terminology
• A tautology is a proposition which is always true. p p
• A contradiction is a proposition that is always false. p p
• A contingency is a proposition that is neither a tautology nor a contradiction. p q r
Logical Equivalences
• Two propositions p and q are logically equivalent if they have the same truth values in all possible cases.
• Two propositions p and q are logically equivalent if p q is a tautology.
• Notation: p q or p q
Determining Logical Equivalence
• Use a truth table.• Show that (p q) and p q are
logically equivalent.• Not a very efficient method, WHY?• Solution: Develop a series of
equivalences.
Important Equivalences
Identityp T pp F p
Double Negation( p) p
Dominationp T Tp F F
Idempotentp p pp p p
Important Equivalences
Commutativep q q pp q q p
Associative(p q) r p (q r)(p q) r p (q r)
Distributivep (q r) (p q) (p r)p (q r) (p q) (p r)
De Morgan’s(p q) p q(p q) p q
Important Equivalences
Absorptionp (p q) pp (p q) p
Negationp p Tp p F
Example
• Show that (p (p q)) and p q are logically equivalent.
Important Equivalences Involving Implications
p → q p qp → q q → p
(p → q) (p → r) p → (q r)(p → q) (p → r) p → (q r)
p↔ q (p → q) (q → p)
Example
• Show that (p q) (p q) is a tautology.
Next Lecture
• 1.3 Predicates and Quantifiers