Prospect of Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery used in ... - … of LiFePO4... · Prospect of Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Used in Energy Storage ... PSI Proprietary & Confidential

Prospect of Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Used in Energy Storage

Mike Yang, Ph.D.

March 28th , 2014

1

Phoenix Silicon International Corporation

PSI Proprietary & Confidential

Material manufacturers

and LIB manufacturers,

which are to make

aggressive investment, are

significantly affected

because EV market is not

set up as planned.

LIB market for automotive

is supposed to be harsh as

severe price game.

When it comes to ESS,

there is no winner yet in

the market because the

market is still being

growing. Lots of attention

has been focused on its

potential.

Why ESS is Noted

2

Source: Nomura Research Institute, 2014

Growing

Expectation

Toward ESS

Growing needs for storage

The following problems

occur against increase and

expansion of new energy

(PV, WP) peak demand.

• Increase of unstable

power

• System congestion

• Surplus of wind and

solar power

• Aging of power

equipment

• Power shortage at its

peak demand

Each country (state)

government, actively

promotes the new rules

and subsidies to develop

its industry

Expectation toward EV

as substitute


Why ESS is Noted

3


ESS market will grow rapidly.

LIB for ESS market forecast (optimistic case)

Market - MWh

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

0 2011 2015 2020

(MW

h)

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

0

Market – million$

mill

ion

$

2011 2015 2020


4

Source: Smart Grid Insight 2012

Grid-Scale ESS Market Estimation


Segmentation of Psi’s ESS

5


Psi’s ESS market is comprised of 2 kinds of market: existing market

and new market

Small UPS Large UPS Telecomm.

3 hours (300W) 3 hours (3.6kW) 3 hours (2.3kW)

LIB Market

for ESS

Existing Market

New Market (Grid Energy System) Beside PV/WP

generation facility At Power Grid

Grid stability


Global PV Industry Goes Healthful

6

Source: Smart Grid Insight 2012

Healthful supply-demand

trend

Over supply percentage

has down to less than 20%

Market place diverse

Japan and other region

increasing and German

decreasing

(due to subsidy policy)

European market expected

to be down to 20% and

Asian (Japan + China)

market expected to be

around 40%


Inexorable Cost Reduction

7 Source: Citi Research, Bloomberg New Energy Finance

Solar module price

declines from 1972

show an overall

learning rate of 22%...

…though in recent

years (from 2008)

that learning rate has

increased to 40%.

In reality, the actual

learning rate is

likely to be around

30%


Solar in Peak Electricity Demand


Solar has stolen the peak of the

electricity demand curve

An actual German electricity demand

curves (in sunny day)

Doubling (simulated) the penetration of

wind and solar, with the same electricity

demand curves

During the sunny period, the power

from conventional generator will be

less than the economics of baseload

generation


Energy Storage Becomes Inevitable


Solar has a specific generation profile tilted towards the middle of the day As solar installation rates growing, midday electricity

generation will causes grid stability problem Energy demand/supply imbalance leads to grid

instability, Grid instability is costly for the industry Solar storage as a viable solution to mitigate grid

instability


Battery Storage Becomes Inevitable


Any excess generation above the

natural run rate of conventional

baseload is stored (upper figure)

and spread across the day (lower

figure)


Battery Storage Becomes Inevitable

11 Sourced by multiple material

Batteries and storage could mitigate this problem to an extent by spreading solar’s excess peak generation across the ‘shoulders’

This would allow more conventional plants to operate at a natural run rate.

There is still need certain amount of capacity payments (conventional plants) to cover backup generation to replace solar’s shortfall during the winter

Partly driven by the growth of PV, over 720 MW of distributed energy storage will be deployed in the U.S. between 2014 and 2020. (GTM Research, 2014 February)


Regulatory Landscape

12

Energy Investment Tax Credit

FERC 992 FERC 784 FERC 755

Government Body

IRS FERC FERC FERC

Jurisdiction United States Unites States United States TSOs U.S. wholesale markets

Effective Expires 12/31/16 11/22/13 7/18/13 Rules implemented as of 2012-2014

Summary

10%-30% tax credit for purchasers of energy storage systems

Revises the interconnection Fast Track threshold from 2 MW to 5MW, contingent upon line voltage and/or distance from a substation and amperage; includes energy storage in the definition of small generating facility

Similar to FERC 755, but for transmission providers

Creates a fast-regulation service in wholesale power markets; fast-regulation resources are compensated for speed and accuracy using a mileage payment

Capacity Requirement

N/A Market driven N/A Market driven

Value 10%-30% tax credit N/A N/A N/A

Sourced by Navigant Consulting 2014

FERC: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission IRS: Internal Revenue Service TSO: Transmission System Operator



13 Sourced by Navigant Consulting 2014

SGIP AB 2514 Solar PV+ESS

Government Body State of California CPUC KfW

Jurisdiction California California Germany

Effective As of 2009 Target announced in 2013 2013-2014

Summary

$1,620/kW for advanced energy storage up to 3MW and behind the meter (independent or tied to distributed generation)

1,325 MW by 2020 for California IOUs, excludes pumped hydro over 50MW; IOUs may shift up to 80% of the requirement between the transmission and distribution systems

€2,640 to €3,600 per system; 1.4% interest loan to cover remainder


N/A 702 MW for transmission, 437MW for distribution systems, 199 MW for behind-the-meter storage

PV system is typically 7 kW to 10kW peak, the BESS is typically 4kWh to 8kWh

Value $57,892,500 for emerging technologies (including storage) in 2014

N/A €25 million per year



14

Ontario LTEP Micro-grid Program Capacity Market New Jersey

Government Body

OPA Department of Energy and Environmental Protection (Connecticut)

ERCOT Office of Clean Energy at the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities

Jurisdiction Ontario Connecticut Texas New Jersey

Effective 2013 onward Effective 7/1/2012 Proposed Proposed

Summary

A proposed design and outline for an energy storage procurement framework by 1/31/2014

3-year resiliency program to build micro-grids - $15 million/year - Round 1 concluded (9 projects) - Round RFP under

development - Indirectly supports energy

storage

Non-binding vote October 2013 made the reserve margin a requirement; specific margin is undetermined

Between $5 million and $10 million during the next 4 years for energy storage; up to $2.5 million in the fiscal year 2014


Minimum 50MW N/A Undetermined until Texas PUC develops a proposal

N/A

Value N/A $45,000,000 N/A $2.5 million per year

Sourced by Navigant Consulting 2014

OPA: Ontario Power Authority ERCOT: Electric Reliability Council of Texas


Energy Storage Subsidy Program

15

Germany: New installation of solar PV systems with battery storage Retrofit existing PV installations (after 1.1.2013) with battery

storage system Battery system has to be operational for a minimum of 5

years Battery system must be installed on German ground Battery system provider must give a guarantee of minimum 7

years Until Nov. 2013, 1900 home or small companies have used

this program Source: NRI (Battery Japan, 2014)


Energy Storage in the Grid

16

Source: Sandia National Lab. report

CES: Community Energy Storage


Value of Energy Storage

17

Source: EPRI report 2010

Note:

DESS: Distributed Energy Storage System

ISO: Independent System Operators


Energy Storage Technologies

18

Source: EPRI report 2010


Energy Storage System with Psi Batteries

19

3U Battery Pack Specification

20

Product Model 48V40Ah battery module(2kwh)

Minimum Capacity 36 Ah at 8 A discharge

Nominal Capacity 40 Ah at 8 A discharge

Operating Voltage 40 V to 56 V

Nominal Voltage 51.2 V

Charge Voltage 58.4 V

Charge Method Constant current, constant voltage

Over Charge Protection Warning 3.9 V for each cell

Over Discharge Protection Warning 2.3 V for each cell

Maximum Continue Discharge Current 40 A

Max. Charge Current 40 A

Cycle Life 2000 cycles with Capacity≧32 Ah

at 8 A charge/discharge rate.

Operating Temperature

Charge 0 to 45℃

Discharge -20 to 60℃

Storage Temperature

Short Period (less than 1 month) -20 to 45℃

Long Period (less than 3 months) -20 to 35℃

Vertical Dimension 3U

Weight of pack ~ 25 kg

Initial Internal Impedance < 50 mΩ

3U Battery Pack Application

21

Model Name RBC102N120JP00-R

AC input

Normal grid voltage 100 Vac

Operation grid range 80~120 Vac

Maximum AC input current 15A

Operation frequency range 50Hz(60Hz) 2Hz,

auto detection

Power factor > 0.9 at full load

AC output

Normal output range 100Vac 5%

Maximum output power 1500VA/1000W

Bypass mode

Max. bypass current 15A, (max. 1500VA)

Battery

Battery model Psi 3U standard

Battery capacity 2000Wh/400Wh

Discharge time @ 500W 3.6hrs/7.2hrs

Discharge time @ 1000W 1.8hrs/3.6hrs

Charge time 4.6Hrs/9.2hrs

Solar charger

Input voltage (max.) 45Vdc

MPPT voltage range 20~40Vdc

MPPT tracker 1 tracker

Input power (max.) 270W2

Output power (max.) 500W


22

Oper

atin

g P

ow

er (

KW

)

Operating Time (Hours)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0 1

5 1

0 1

5

PC Power Station

Electric Pallet Stacker

Forklift

AG

F A

GV

Golf Kart

Medical e-Kart

Industrial Application

AGV/AGF/Forklift/Golf Kart


UPS Battery System

Smart UPS for Industrial

and Family Use

System: 500KVA UPS

Industrial Customers

System: 15K~1000KVA UPS

Industrial Customers

System: 1K~10KW UPS

Customer: Regular Family

Energy Storage Application

500KVA System

Managed by Central Facility Control System

Mod-bus communication protocol Battery Charging Voltage: 410V DC Plant Battery Capacity:

1.1 MWh. Installed in the largest LCD factory

in Taiwan since 2010.

High Voltage UPS

25

Installation Jan./2010

Input 1ϕ, 277 VAC ±10%, 60Hz

Output 1ϕ, 277 VAC ±10%, 60Hz

Power 6kw

Solar panel 3.6kw

Battery cell PSI, LiFePO4, 40138, 3.3V/10Ah

Battery System 52.8V DC/10.6kwh

Energy Storage System for PV

Battery pack data (PV off)

The charge efficiency = 9.09/9.90 = 91.8% 放電曲線

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.0014:42:33

14:47:23

14:52:13

14:57:03

15:01:53

15:06:43

15:11:33

15:16:23

15:21:13

15:26:03

15:30:53

15:35:43

15:40:33

15:45:23

15:50:13

15:55:03

15:59:53

16:04:43

16:09:33

16:14:23

16:19:13

16:24:03

16:28:53

16:33:43

16:38:33

16:43:23

時間

放

電

電池電壓

(V)放電電流(A)放電功率(kW)放電度數

(度)D.O.D (%)

充電曲線

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

16:44:43

17:00:13

17:15:43

17:31:13

17:46:43

18:02:13

18:17:43

18:33:13

18:48:43

19:04:13

19:19:43

19:35:13

19:50:43

20:06:13

20:21:43

20:37:13

20:52:43

21:08:13

21:23:43

21:39:13

21:54:43

22:10:13

22:25:43

22:41:13

22:56:43

23:12:13

時間

充

電

電池電壓(V)充電電流(A)充電功率

(kW)充電度數(度) D.O.C (%)


Installation Jul./2010

Input 3ϕ, 380 ~ 460 VAC , 50 / 60Hz

Output 3ϕ, 0 ~ 400 VAC , 0~60Hz/400Hz max.

Power 75kw

Battery cell PSI , LiFePO4 , 40138 , 3.3V/10Ah

Battery pack 528 VDC/10.6kwh (160S2P)

Battery pack: 10 modules



Power Management Battery

• User: Japanese residential

• Module: 4 KWh (48V)

• System: 2 modules in parallel

• System management bus: Mod_bus/RS485

28

EV/E-Bus

Energy

Storage/

UPS

Car

Start Up

Emergency Light

Single

Cell

Pack Unit Mounted and

dismounted friendly

Remanufacturing

Easily and friendly

Renovation

Cell Design and Performance: (1) Safety (2) Long cycle life: over 2K cycles (3) Cell design for remanufacturing easily and operation 30 years (4) Green material for all parts of cell.

SOH<30-40%

SOH<20%

SOH<60-70%


PSI LiFePO4 Characteristics & Advantages

Safety & Environment: Free of lead and sulfuric acid pollution.

Free of Li-Co and Li-Mn unsafe characteristics.

Cycle Life & Durability Projected cycle life of PSI battery > 10~20 years.

Tolerant of high operating temperature and LiFePO4 battery cell achieves optimal performance at 35ºC.

High C-rate Charge / Discharge: LiFePO4 offers impressive high-rate charge and discharge performance; such

characteristic makes it ideal for UPS applications

Portability: 66% lighter than lead-acid given identical capacity. Thus, requiring less peripheral

support and is much more portable.

Compatibility & Maintenance: More compatible with existing lead-acid charger provided with the same charging

voltage.


Thank you!!

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Prospect of Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery used in ... - … of LiFePO4... · Prospect of Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Used in Energy Storage ... PSI Proprietary & Confidential