P R O T E C T I N G O U R W A T E R S F R O M A Q U A T I C I N V A S I V E S P E C I E S : P H A S E I I ( P R O J E C T N O : F -

F 1 6 - 2 7 )

Report Prepared for:

Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program

Report Prepared by:

Jennifer Vogel, P.Ag, Executive Director

Khaylish Fraser, Aquatic Invasive Species Program Coordinator

Chris Harkness, B.Sc., Consultant

2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Central Kootenay Invasive Species Society (CKISS) (formerly the Central Kootenay Invasive Plant

Committee) would like to acknowledge that this project was completed with the financial support of the

“Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program on behalf of its program partners BC Hydro, the Province of

BC, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, First Nations and the public”. Further leveraged funding was provided

by Columbia Power Corporation and Columbia Basin Trust.

In addition we would like to gratefully acknowledge the following organizations and representatives for

lending their assistance, expertise and in-kind support to the success of this project:

CKISS Aquatic Invasive Species Working Group

BC Hydro

BC Parks

Columbia Shuswap Invasive Species Society

Eastshore Freshwater Habitat Society

Friends of Kootenay Lake

Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program Invasive Plant Summer Crew

Invasive Species Council of BC

Hamish Kassa, Columbia Shuswap Regional District

Matthias Herborg, BC Ministry of Environment

Martina Beck, BC Ministry of Environment

Marley Bassett, Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations

Jolene Raggett, BC Ministry of Environment

Salmo Watershed Streamkeepers Society

Sheila Street, FortisBC Electric Inc.

Slocan Lake Stewardship Society

Teck Metals Ltd.

Thomas Woolf, Idaho State Department of Agriculture

Terry Anderson, BC Ministry of Environment

Tim Hicks, Columbia Basin Trust

Todd Larsen, East Kootenay Invasive Species Council

Tom Woolf, Idaho Department of Agriculture

Val Miller, Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resources

3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Aquatic invasive species (AIS) pose a significant threat both economically and ecologically to

waterbodies in the West Kootenay region of British Columbia. It is known that the aquatic invasive

plants Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) and curlyleaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus)

are present throughout Kootenay Lake and the Columbia and Kootenay Rivers. In addition, there are

confirmed populations of flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus), yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus) and

purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) within the Pend D’Oreille River on the American side of the border

(note: yellow flag iris is confirmed throughout the Canadian portion of the Pend D’Oreille River). Species

such as zebra and quagga mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. rostriformis bugenis) have been

detected in western states as close as Colorado and Utah and in Manitoba.

The popularity of the Kootenays as a recreational boating destination increases the potential risk of an

accidental introduction of a number of high priority AIS. In addition, species already present within the

region could easily be introduced to other waterbodies currently free of AIS. The public play an

important role in preventing the introduction and spread of AIS. While knowledge and awareness of AIS

is growing, it is essential to continue to educate the public on methods and behaviours to minimize

impacts. A number of presentations and interviews were given to the general public and target

audiences on identification, sampling and Invasive Species Council of BC (ISCBC) supported programs

such as “Clean, Drain, Dry” (for boaters and anglers), and “Don’t Let it Loose” (pet and aquarium trade).

In 2015, the Province launched their mandatory watercraft inspection program, and this program will

continue in 2016. The CKISS and two other regional invasive species societies provided three additional

mobile boatwash units for use within the Canadian Columbia Basin. Dedicated inspection crews

inspected and completed decontaminations of mussel-infested boats as required.

Priority waterbodies within the region were surveyed and sampled for the presence of invasive aquatic

plants and zebra and quagga mussels (ZQM). Substrate equipment used to detect the presence of

juvenile and adult ZQM were inspected monthly from July through October. In total, 49 plankton

samples were collected and analyzed for ZQM veligers from 17 waterbodies. Littoral surveys for invasive

plants were conducted on Whatshan, Mosquito, Catherine, Nancy Greene, Staubert, Wilson, Little

Wilson, Summit, Box, Upper Little Slocan, Fish, Bear, Cottonwood, Six Mile, Sasquatch, Rosebud and Erie

Lakes as well as on the west-end of Trout Lake and the Tye Beach area of Kootenay Lake. High risk/use

areas such as boat launches, marinas and fishing access sites were visited and surveyed on Slocan Lake,

the Lower Columbia River and Arrow Lake south of Syringa Park to determine the presence or extent of

AIS infestations in these systems.

Plankton samples were analysed using cross-polarized light microscopy in the laboratory by a certified

analyst. All samples were negative for the presence of Dreissenid larvae. Similarly, no juvenile or adult

zebra or quagga mussels were detected on any of the substrate equipment.

Slocan and Trout Lakes were both found to be free of aquatic invasive plants. No submerged aquatic

invasive plants were discovered as a result of the littoral surveys. A small patch of fragrant water lily

(Nymphaea odorata) discovered in Nancy Greene Lake in 2014 has been substantially reduced as a

result of mechanical control. Known infestations of I. pseudacorus at Nancy Greene Lake were visited

and no plants were found to be growing. One clump of Nymphaeae odorata was found growing near

4

the boat launch on Erie Lake and the flower head was removed. Numerous patches of yellow flag iris

were present in the riparian zone of Erie Lake. In addition, riparian surveys and mechanical control of

seedheads for yellow flag iris and purple loosestrife were conducted at the Bird Marsh and Slocan Pools

on Kootenay River and for yellow flag iris on the Pend D’Oreille; funds were provided by partner

stakeholders.

P. crispus and M. spicatum have increased both in densities and distributions from 2014 at most sites

sampled in the Lower Columbia River. M. spicatum was present at all sampling points on Kootenay Lake

where native vegetation occurred. P. crispus was only discovered at one sampling point near Tye Beach.

Watercress (Nasturtium officianale) was reported to have been found in a drainage ditch near the

Kootenay Lake community of Boswell by a concerned citizen. This sighting will be confirmed in 2016.

Management and control measures should be implemented in order to stop and reverse the continued

expansion of populations of AIS present in the region. At current levels of infestation hand removal

methods are recommended due to their selectiveness and low ecological impacts. No large monotypic

stands of AIS were detected to warrant the use of mechanical harvesters. This could change rather

rapidly however if no action is taken.

Zebra and quagga mussel and aquatic plant monitoring should continue on priority waterbodies in order

to detect new infestations early thus allowing for the implementation of a rapid response plan.

Continued outreach and education to the public on best management practices coupled with

collaborative activities with bordering districts and states will greatly assist in preventing the

establishment and spread of AIS throughout the region.

5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................... 2

Executive Summary................................................................................................................................................ 3

1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 7

2.0 Goals and Objectives ....................................................................................................................................... 8

3.0 Study Area ........................................................................................................................................................ 8

4.0 Methods ......................................................................................................................................................... 10

4.1 Aquatic Invasive Plants .............................................................................................................................. 10

4.2 Zebra and Quagga Mussel Monitoring .................................................................................................... 10

Veliger (larvae) Monitoring ......................................................................................................................... 10

Juvenille and Adult Monitoring .................................................................................................................. 13

4.3 Education and Outreach ........................................................................................................................... 13

5.0 Results ............................................................................................................................................................ 15

5.1 Aquatic Invasive Plants .............................................................................................................................. 15

5.2 Zebra and Quagga Mussel Monitoring .................................................................................................... 19

5.3 Education and Outreach ........................................................................................................................... 19

6.0 Discussion ....................................................................................................................................................... 20

7.0 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................................... 22

8.0 References ...................................................................................................................................................... 25

APPENDIX A .......................................................................................................................................................... 27

APPENDIX B .......................................................................................................................................................... 29

6

List of Figures

Figure 1. Map of the Central Kootenay Invasive Species Society region ........................................................... 9

Figure 2. Sampling points on Erie Lake from 2014 indicating presence of ● Iris pseudacorus...................... 16

Figure 3. Sampling points on Erie Lake from 2015 indicating presence of ● Iris pseudacorus and

● Nymphaea odorata .......................................................................................................................................... 16

Figure 4. Location of ● Nymphaea odorata at Nancy Greene Lake ................................................................. 17

List of Tables

Table 1. Locations where zebra and quagga mussel veliger sampling occurred around the Central

Kootenay region in 2012, 2014 and 2015 .......................................................................................................... 11

Table 2. Locations of substrate samplers around the Central Kootenay region, 2015 .................................. 13

Table 3. Education and outreach activities focused on aquatic invasive species undertaken by the Central

Kootenay Invasive Species Society in 2015 and 2016 ....................................................................................... 14

Table 4. Density, Distribution and Estimated Area of Curlyleaf Pondweed (P. crispus) at sampling sites on

the Lower Columbia River in 2014 and 2015 ..................................................................................................... 18

Table 5. Density, Distribution and Estimated Area of Eurasian Milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) at sampling

sites on the Lower Columbia River in 2014 and 2015 ....................................................................................... 18

7

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Aquatic invasive species (AIS) include non-native fish, animal and plant species that have been

introduced into an aquatic ecosystem (ocean, lake, river or stream), where they have not been found

historically. The risk of AIS introductions to British Columbia’s waters in general, is escalating rapidly,

due to a number of factors including, but not limited to, increased global trade, illegal dumping of

horticultural and aquarium species, and water-based recreation. Once introduced, AIS such as Eurasian

watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus), zebra mussels (Dreissena

polymorpha) and quagga mussels (D. rostriformis bugensis) can spread aggressively and rapidly,

resulting in harmful consequences for native species found in natural aquatic ecosystems (CKISS, 2016).

The waterbodies in the Columbia basin specifically, have been assigned a high-very high risk status for

the survival and subsequent invasion of zebra and quagga mussels (Therriault et al., 2012). Moreover,

freshwater ecosystems are more vulnerable to aquatic invasive species invasions than terrestrial

ecosystems (Vander Zanden and Olden, 2008; Loo et al., 2007; Hanson, 2012). For instance, more than

70 percent of North America’s native freshwater mussel species are extinct or imperiled, to which many

factors have been attributed, including the introduction of nonindigenous mollusks (Williams et al.,

1992; Barnhart and Neves, 2005).

As a result of previous surveys, it was determined that aquatic invasive plants were present in

waterbodies throughout the Central Kootenays. M. spicatum and P. crispus are present throughout the

Kootenay-Columbia system and have expanded their range and abundance since 2010. (Golder

Associates Ltd. and Poisson Consulting Ltd., 2015) have observed a gradual increase in aquatic

vegetation (dominantly M. spicatum) in low water velocity areas throughout the Lower Columbia River.

In 2011, the CKISS Aquatic Working Group (AWG) was formed to guide CKISS in prioritizing aquatic

invasive species management. In 2015, a new regional Columbia Basin (CB) Steering Committee was

struck. Several members of the CKISS AWG transferred over to the CB Steering Committee to better

serve the regional Columbia Basin perspective. The CKISS AWG will serve to provide a venue for

information and knowledge sharing and an opportunity to collaborate on funding and management

activities where appropriate at a CKISS regional level. The CB Steering Committee inaugural meeting will

take place in April 2016.

In 2014 and 2015, with support from the Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program (FWCP), Columbia

Power Corporation (CPC), Columbia Basin Trust (CBT), FortisBC Electric and Ministry of Forests, Lands

and Natural Resource Operations (MFLNRO), Phase I and II activities of the Protecting Our Waters from

Aquatic Invasive Species Project were implemented throughout the CKISS region. This has resulted in the

coordination and delivery of an extensive aquatic invasive species-monitoring program.

8

2.0 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

The goals and objectives of this project were to:

1) Monitor high priority waterways with the CKISS region for Early Detection Rapid Response

(EDRR) species, such as zebra and quagga mussels (ZQM) and provincially listed plant species.

2) Survey priority waterbodies in the region for the presence of AIS.

3) Record area, density and distribution levels at sites where AIS are found in accordance with the

province’s Invasive Alien Plant Program (IAPP) standards.

4) Collect plankton samples from priority waterbodies to be analysed for the presence of zebra and

quagga mussel veligers.

5) Monitor substrate samplers for the presence of juvenile or adult zebra and quagga mussels.

6) Collaborate with local stewardship groups and other partners to increase the region’s capacity

to prevent the introduction and spread of AIS.

7) Increase public awareness of AIS and educate about best practices such as Clean, Drain, Dry.

8) Support regional, provincial, and cross-border initiatives to ensure a coordinated approach to

AIS prevention and management.

3.0 STUDY AREA

The study area for this project is the Central Kootenay Invasive Species Society’s (CKISS) working region,

which is approximately 30,500 km2 (Figure 1). This region is located in the southwestern portion of the

Canadian Columbia River basin. There were 20 waterbodies surveyed for plants and 16 surveyed for

ZQM in the CKISS region, as well as two waterbodies for plants and one for ZQM that lie just outside of

this region to the north (Staubert and Trout Lakes). All of the surveyed waterbodies eventually flow into

the Columbia River.

Surveys for aquatic invasive plants and zebra and quagga mussels (ZQM) occurred on Box, Cottonwood,

Erie, Fish, Upper Little Slocan, Mosquito, Nancy Greene, Rosebud, Staubert, Whatshan, Wilson, Slocan,

Kootenay, and Lower Arrow Lakes, and the Columbia River. Whereas, Catherine, Bear, Trout, Summit,

Little Wilson, Sasquatch, and Six Mile Lakes were surveyed for aquatic invasive plants only, while Upper

Arrow Lake and Pend D’Oreille River were surveyed only for ZQM.

FIGURE 1. MAP OF THE INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT AREAS WITHIN THE UPPER CANADIAN COLUMBIA BASIN

10

4.0 METHODS

4.1 AQUATIC INVASIVE PLANTS

Aquatic invasive plant surveys were carried out in accordance with the British Columbia Aquatic Invasive

Species Survey Methods developed by the BC Ministry of Environment

(https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hra/invasive-species/Publications/BC_Aquatic_Sampling_March2015.pdf).

The list of 2015 target species for aquatic invasive plant surveys can be found in Appendix A.

The entire littoral zones of Cottonwood, Rosebud, Erie, Nancy Greene, Fish, Bear, Box, Little Slocan,

Staubert, Little Wilson, Sasquatch and Six Mile Lakes were surveyed by kayak or canoe while a motorized

watercraft was used to survey Summit and Wilson Lakes. An employee from the Columbia Shuswap

Invasive Species Society assisted with surveys on Staubert and Trout Lakes for training purposes. The

littoral zone of the southern portion of Whatshan Lake was surveyed with the use of a canoe. The

western end of Trout Lake near the wharf and highest concentration of cabins, as well as the Tye Beach

area of Kootenay Lake were also surveyed with the use of a motorized watercraft. A hard rake attached

to a rope was deployed at approximately 100m intervals throughout the littoral zone and aquatic plants

(if present) were retrieved and identified using a dichotomous key (Warrington, 1980). Between rake

tosses, the littoral zone was visually scanned in order to detect any vegetation that seemed out of the

ordinary (resembling a target species, growing aggressively, etc.). For each sampling point UTM’s,

depth, substrate, plants found (native and non-native), invasive riparian plants present and other

relevant data was recorded. Where riparian or aquatic invasive plants were found, the data was

entered into the IAPP (Invasive Alien Plant Program) database following provincial standards.

Slocan Lake, Arrow Lake (south of Syringa Provincial Park) and the Lower Columbia River were surveyed

using the “Lake and Reservoir Shore Surveys” protocol outlined in the British Columbia Aquatic Invasive

Species Survey Methods document. High risk/use sites such as boat launches, marinas and fishing access

points were visited. Rake tosses were conducted at 25m intervals (where possible) along the shoreline

for 100m in either direction from the original access point. Data was recorded as described in the

littoral surveys in the previous paragraph.

After consultation with Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations staff, it was

ascertained that the Ministry would conduct aquatic invasive plant surveys in the Pend D’Oreille

Reservoir. However, treatment and management of yellow flag iris was completed by CKISS staff and

FWCP staff members. In addition, yellow flag iris and purple loosestrife was mechanically controlled at

the Bird Marsh and Slocan Pools through additional stakeholder funds.

4.2 ZEBRA AND QUAGGA MUSSEL MONITORING

VELIGER (LARVAE) MONITORING

Monitoring for zebra and quagga mussel (D. polymorpha and D. rostriformis bugensis) veligers occurred

during the months of July, August, September, and October. All monitoring activity was in accordance

with the British Columbia Aquatic Invasive Species Survey Methods developed by the BC Ministry of

11

Environment. CKISS employees, project contractors, local stewardship groups and other partners

undertook monitoring for veligers and adults.

In total, twenty-eight sites were monitored in 2015 (Table 1). At all monitoring sites, a 64-micron

plankton net was deployed into the water to a maximum depth of six metres, and not less than one

metre for vertical tows, or to a distance of six metres for horizontal tows. Samples were condensed into

collection bottles and preserved for shipment to a certified analyst to detect any presence of zebra or

quagga mussel veligers.

In 2015, the BC Ministry of Environment collected plankton sample(s) at Summit and Trout Lakes;

therefore, the CKISS did not monitor these waterbodies.

TABLE 1. LOCATIONS WHERE ZEBRA AND QUAGGA MUSSEL VELIGER SAMPLING OCCURRED AROUND THE CENTRAL

KOOTENAY REGION IN 2012, 2014 AND 2015

Waterbody Common site name

Location

Sampled

in 2012

Sampled

in 2014

Sampled

in 2015

Columbia River Gyro Park

boat launch 11 U 448416 E 5438837 N x x x

Columbia River Old Bridge, Trail 11 U 449030 E 5437859 N x x -

Columbia River Robson boat launch 11 U 449159 E 5464857 N - - x

Slocan Lake New Denver

boat launch 11 U 472937 E 5536986 N x x x

Slocan Lake Silverton

boat launch 11 U 474012 E 5533607 N x x x

Slocan Lake Slocan

boat launch 11 U 465959 E 5513126 N x x x

Kootenay Lake Balfour

boat launch 11 U 502978 E 5496721 N x x x

Kootenay Lake

Kokanee Creek

Provincial Park

boat launch

11 U 491774 E 5495242 N - x x

Kootenay Lake Lakeside Park

boat launch 11 U 479581 E 5484086 N - x x

Kootenay Lake Kaslo boat launch 11 U 506664 E 5529470 N x - x

Kootenay Lake Riondel Marina 11 U 510285 E 5513027 N - x x

12

Waterbody Common site name

Location

Sampled

in 2012

Sampled

in 2014

Sampled

in 2015

Kootenay Lake Kuskanook Marina 11 U 524508 E 5460867 N - x x

Kootenay Lake Boswell Marina 11 U 516895 E 5478782 N - - x

Upper Arrow Lake Nakusp boat launch 11 U 443099 E 5565193 N x x x

Lower Arrow Lake

Syringa Creek

Provincial Park

boat launch

11 U 436701 E 5465721 N x x x

Lower Arrow Lake Scottie’s Marina 11 U 439709 E 5465863 N - - x

Pend D’Oreille River Buckley campground

boat launch 11 U 464006 E 5431944 N x x x

Pend D’Oreille River Boat launch 11 U 459550 E 5428779 N x - -

Pend D’Oreille River Boat launch 11 U 472683 E 5429718 N - - x

Upper Little Slocan

Lake Boat launch 11 U 452640 E 5503327 N - x x

Summit Lake Three Island Lodge

boat launch 11 U 452951 E 5556340 N - x -

Box Lake Boat launch 11 U 449084 E 5561866 N - x x

Nancy Greene Lake Boat put-in 11 U 431397 E 5456224 N - x x

Rosebud Lake Boat put-in 11 U 480334 E 5432608 N - x x

Trout Lake Boat launch 11 U 462126 E 5610471 N - x -

Trout Lake Boat put-in 11 U 480303 E 5595508 N - x -

Staubert Lake Boat put-in 11 U 454841 E 5614426 N - x x

Fish Lake Boat put-in 11 U 486998 E 5543674 N - x x

Wilson Lake Boat launch 11 U 456954 E 5564743 N - x x

Mosquito Lake Boat launch 11 U 424222 E 5576051 N - - x

Erie Lake Boat launch 11 U 474368 E 5448649 N - - x

Whatshan Lake Boat launch 11 U 419801 E 5530251 N - - x

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Waterbody Common site name

Location

Sampled

in 2012

Sampled

in 2014

Sampled

in 2015

Cottonwood Lake Boat launch 11 U 481529 E 5475280 N - - x

JUVENILLE AND ADULT MONITORING

The installation of substrate samplers was dependent on approval from the appropriate authority,

public safety, and depth requirements. In 2015, four substrate samplers were in place at various

locations around the Central Kootenay region, and were monitored in accordance with the British

Columbia Aquatic Invasive Species Survey Methods developed by the BC Ministry of Environment (Table

2). Samples were collected from substrates only if suspect organisms were seen or felt.

TABLE 2. LOCATIONS OF SUBSTRATE SAMPLERS AROUND THE CENTRAL KOOTENAY REGION, 2015

Waterbody

Common site

name

Nearest

town

Location

Monitoring Organization

Kootenay Lake Riondel Marina Riondel 11 U 510285 E 5513027 N Eastshore Freshwater

Habitat Society

Kootenay Lake Tye beach

Marina Ymir 11 U 515246 E 5464080 N

Nature Conservancy of

Canada

Kootenay Lake Kuskanook

Marina Creston 11 U 524508 E 5460867 N CKISS

Slocan Lake Slocan boat

launch Slocan 11 U 465959 E 5513126 N CKISS

4.3 EDUCATION AND OUTREACH

The Central Kootenay Invasive Species Society engaged in a variety of outreach activities directed at the

general public and specific target audiences in order to raise awareness about aquatic invasive species,

such as zebra and quagga mussels, and to promote the province-wide Clean, Drain, Dry, and Don’t Let it

Loose programs (Table 3).

14

TABLE 3. EDUCATION AND OUTREACH ACTIVITIES FOCUSED ON AQUATIC INVASIVE SPECIES UNDERTAKEN BY THE

CENTRAL KOOTENAY INVASIVE SPECIES SOCIETY IN 2015 AND 2016

Date Details Target Audience Number of people

reached

January 8 Presentation: West Kootenay Fly Fishing

Club members Anglers 21

March 21 & 22 Hosted aquatic invasive species (AIS)

educational booth: Fly Fishing Symposium

Anglers and general public 1500

April 21 Presentation: Kootenay Lake Partnership

Steering Committee members Professionals 17

May 6 Hosted AIS educational booth: Columbia Mountains Institute of Applied Ecology

Regulated Rivers Conference Professionals 125

May 25 Hosted AIS roundtable discussion:

Columbia Basin Watershed members General public 35

May 29 & 30 Outreach event: Western Painted Turtle

Awareness General public 18

June 11 Advertisement:

West Kootenay Go & Do magazine, Summer/Fall 2015 issue

Tourists, general public Distribution:

40,000 publications

June 12 Hosted AIS educational booth: Wild and

Scenic Film Festival General public 58

June 20 Hosted AIS educational booth: BC Parks

Family Fishing Day Anglers and general public 37

June 21 Hosted AIS educational booth: Nelson Rod and Gun Club’s Family Fishing Day

Anglers and general public 190

June 27 Hosted AIS educational booth: CKISS

10th Anniversary Biodiversity Bonanza General public 43

July 8 Article: The Spokesman-Review

newspaper Topic: American bullfrog

Distribution: Spokane and the Inland Northwest

and online

July 12 Article: The Boundary Sentinel

newspaper

Topic: BC’s Mussel Defense Program and mandatory

watercraft inspection stations

Distribution: 10 communities and

online

July 13 Article: Cranbrook Daily Townsman

newspaper

Topic: BC’s Mussel Defense Program and mandatory

watercraft inspection stations

Distributed throughout the

Cranbrook region

July 15 Article: The Valley Voice newspaper Topic: AIS and volunteer

recognition

Distribution: 22 communities and

online

August 11 AIS outreach event: Where the Wild

Things Are Topic: American bullfrog 12

August 12 Hosted AIS educational booth: Toadfest General public 200

August 26 Article: Rossland Telegraph newspaper Topic: AIS and mandatory

watercraft inspection stations Distributed online

September 11 Interview: Sport Fishing on the Fly TV

show Topic: AIS and mandatory

watercraft inspection stations Distribution: 2

channels across

15

Date Details Target Audience Number of people

reached

N.A. and online

September 13 Hosted AIS educational booth: Hills

Garlic Festival General public 4600

September 16 CKISS Field Tour and AGM CKISS members and Board of Directors and general public

23

September 27 Hosted AIS educational booth: BC Rivers

Day General public 100

September 24 Presentation and Field Trip: Wildflower

School Grades 6-8 students 30

October 24 Hosted AIS educational booth: Friends

of Kootenay Lake’s Annual Summit General public, Stewardship

groups, First Nations 120

November 2 Presentation: Selkirk College Recreation, Fish, and Wildlife

students 28

February 4, 2016

Presentation: West Kootenay Fly Fishing Club members

Anglers 12

5.0 RESULTS

5.1 AQUATIC INVASIVE PLANTS

No submerged aquatic invasive plants were discovered at any of the small or medium sized lakes (Bear,

Box, Cottonwood, Rosebud, Fish, Erie, Nancy Greene, Wilson, Little Wilson, Mosquito, Catherine,

Sasquatch, Upper Little Slocan, Summit, Staubert, Sasquatch or Six Mile Lakes) as a result of this study.

Points sampled on Trout, Whatshan and Slocan lakes were also found to be free of aquatic invasive

plants. All survey data for plant surveys (UTM’s, substrate, depth, vegetation present, etc.) is presented

in the attached Microsoft Excel file with a separate spreadsheet allocated to each waterbody.

Eleven relatively small patches of yellow flag iris (three less than in 2014) were present on the shores of

Erie Lake just west of Salmo (Figures 2 and 3). These patches varied in size from less than 0.5m2 with one

individual plant to 20m2 containing several clumps of plants. Clumps or individual plants were found

sporadically encircling the entire shoreline of the lake, with the greatest densities occurring in the

southwest corner. On Nancy Greene Lake, known locations of infestations of I. pseudacorus, which have

been manually treated for several years, were visited. No I. pseudacorus plants were found growing at

any of these sites. The riparian zone on Nancy Greene Lake was also scanned during the course of the

littoral survey for invasive plants and no I. pseudacorus was discovered, suggesting there is a possibility

that this species may have been eradicated Nancy Greene Lake.

16

FIGURE 2. SAMPLING POINTS ON ERIE LAKE FROM 2014 INDICATING PRESENCE OF ● IRIS PSEUDACORUS

FIGURE 3. SAMPLING POINTS ON ERIE LAKE FROM 2015 INDICATING PRESENCE OF ● IRIS PSEUDACORUS AND

● NYMPHAEA ODORATA

A small patch (1m x 2m) of Nymphaea odorata discovered and treated in Nancy Greene Lake in 2014

(Figure 4) was manually treated again in early July. The lake was then surveyed in September and

although the area of the patch had not decreased, the density had been cut in half. This patch of plants

was found growing at the end of a trail leading from a pullout on Hwy 3. This species is listed on CKISS’s

17

EDRR (Early Detection-Rapid Response) list as a species not currently present in CKISS’s region. It has

become established in Christina Lake, the next community west of Nancy Greene Provincial Park on

Hwy. 3. One clump of N. odorata (<0.1 m 2) was found growing close to a boat launch on Erie Lake (also

located at the end of a trail leading from a pullout on Hwy. 3) and the lone flower head was removed.

FIGURE 4. LOCATION OF ● NYMPHAEA ODORATA AT NANCY GREENE LAKE

In the section of Kootenay Lake surveyed from Tye Beach south to Next Creek, M. spicatum was present

at each sampling point where native vegetation (Myriophyllum sibiricum, Elodea canadensis,

Potamogeton gramineus, P. richardsonii or Stuckenia pectinatus) was growing and was the only

macrophyte found in five other sampling points. P. crispus was present at only one location. P. crispus

and M. spicatum have increased both in area, distributions and densities at many sites sampled in the

Lower Columbia River over 2014 levels. The results of these point surveys are presented in Tables 4 and

5.

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TABLE 4. DENSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND ESTIMATED AREA OF CURLYLEAF PONDWEED (P. CRISPUS) AT SAMPLING

SITES ON THE LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER IN 2014 AND 2015

2014 2015

Site Location Zone Easting Northing Estimated area (ha)

Distribution : Density1

Estimated area (ha)

Distribution : Density1

Beaver Ck Provincial Park

11 455309 5435001 0.105 5 : 2 0.1 5 : 2

Fort Sheppard 11 454891 5434319 0.0045 2 : 1 0.009 4 :1

Fort Sheppard 11 454874 5431447 0.0001 1 : 1 0.004 2 : 1

Sunningdale, East Trail

11 447835 5440176 0.5 5 : 2 0.5 5 : 2

Gyro Park boat launch

11 448338 5430952 0.0001 2 : 2 0.0009 4 : 2

Millennium Park, Fish Habitat Compensation

11 452518 5463096 0.0375 2 : 1 0.004 2 : 1

Millennium Park, Dog Walk Park

11 452390 5462882 0.0001 2 : 2 0.0002 3 : 2

Robson, Lion's Head boat launch

11 450888 5464656 0.003 5 : 2 0.003 5 : 2

Millennium Park, Dog Walk Park

11 452394 5462998 0.003 3 : 2 0.004 3 : 2

Millennium Park, Dog Walk Park

11 452387 5462910 0.002 2 : 1 0.003 2 : 1

TABLE 5. DENSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND ESTIMATED AREA OF EURASIAN MILFOIL (MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM) AT

SAMPLING SITES ON THE LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER IN 2014 AND 2015

2014 2015

Site Location

Zone Easting Northing Estimated area (ha)

Distribution : Density1

Estimated area (ha)

Distribution : Density1

Zuckerberg Island slough

11 452154 5462793 0.075 2 : 1 0.09 4 :1

Zuckerberg Island

11 452210 5462627 0.15 4 : 3 0.15 4 : 3

1 Distribution and Density are codes commonly used in BC’s Invasive Alien Plant Program protocol as outlined at https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hra/plants/forms/FS1260.pdf pg. 2.

19

2014 2015

Site Location

Zone Easting Northing Estimated area (ha)

Distribution : Density1

Estimated area (ha)

Distribution : Density1

slough

Millennium Park

11 452394 5462998 0.003 2 : 1 0.01 5 : 1

Millennium Park

11 452387 5462910 0.002 4 : 2 0.015 4 : 2

Beaver Ck Provincial Park

11 455309 5435001 0.004 2 : 1 0.009 4 : 2

5.2 ZEBRA AND QUAGGA MUSSEL MONITORING

On the four submerged substrate samplers, no juvenile or adult zebra or quagga mussels (ZQM) were

detected. A total of 49 plankton samples were analyzed for the presence of ZQM veligers, and all

samples were negative. Results of 2015 monitoring can be found in Appendix B.

5.3 EDUCATION AND OUTREACH

The Central Kootenay Invasive Species Society reached over 7000 Columbia Basin residents in 2015

through various workshops, events, field tours, presentations, and exhibition opportunities; this is three

times more than in 2014.

Through engagement in various outreach methods, the Central Kootenay Invasive Species Society was

able to disseminate thousands of educational resources, increase awareness about aquatic invasive

species (AIS) and their impacts, provide training for AIS identification and sampling techniques, and

promote best practices such as Clean, Drain, Dry (for water-based recreational equipment) and Don’t Let

it Loose (for pet and aquarium trade).

Through our improved marketing and communication, the CKISS engaged with the regional media in the following ways:

9 interviews completed with local radio stations and the CBC

Over 20 press releases were sent to regional media contacts, resulting in 18 published articles

Clean, Drain, Dry advertising in West Kootenay Go & Do (magazine) publication o Over 40,000 copies were printed and available throughout the region

Interviewed by Sport Fishing on the Fly, which airs across North America o Highlighted the provincial watercraft inspection stations and promoted the Clean, Drain,

Dry program CKISS would like to acknowledge that FWCP and their generous contribution were mentioned verbally at

all associated events and/or during media interviews.

20

6.0 DISCUSSION

It is well documented that non-native, highly invasive aquatic species such as zebra and quagga mussels

(ZQM) cause significant negative impacts to the natural function of aquatic ecosystems (Therriault et al.,

2012; Turner, 2010). Moreover, there is no method by which to eradicate these species once they have

become established in a water body. Therefore, through the implementation of a proactive ZQM

surveying and monitoring program, which would enable the enactment of the Provincial Early Detection

Rapid Response (EDRR) plan were they to be discovered, the CKISS’ Protecting Our Waters from Aquatic

Invasive Species project has continued to protect the habitat quality, biodiversity, and overall ecological

integrity of water bodies in the Central and West Kootenay portions of the Columbia Basin.

Furthermore, zebra and quagga mussels have the greatest impact on pelagic fish species due to their

high-volume filter feeding of select phytoplankton (Ontario, 2016).. It is known that the region’s native

Kokanee salmon stocks are currently in decline and that several other native fish species, such as

burbot, bulltrout, and westcoast cutthroat trout are already listed provincially and/or federally

(Burrows, 2016; Gov., 2016). So, in turn, this program has also provided protection to the viability of

basin fisheries.

Through the protection of native fish populations, the CKISS’ AIS project has indirectly protected the

native mussel populations that are present in our regions waterbodies because native mussels’ life

cycles require native fish species as hosts. Native freshwater mussels are ecologically significant because

they are indicators of ecosystem health, important components of freshwater biodiversity, and a major

food source. Unfortunately, more than 70 percent of North America’s native freshwater mussel species

are extinct or imperiled, to which many factors have been attributed, including the introduction of

nonindigenous mollusks (Williams et al., 1992).

Once introduced into a system, a relatively small window of opportunity is available for preventing the

establishment of invasive plant species such as M. spicatum, U. butomus and N. odorata. Early detection

and rapid response (EDRR) is critical in preventing these species from becoming established. Once

established it becomes difficult if not impossible to eradicate AIS from a waterbody and the expense

increases exponentially. EWM removal has been ongoing yearly in Christina and Champion Lakes for the

past thirty years. In 2010 a budget of $136,000 was allocated for M. spicatum management and crews

were unable to meet their objectives, leaving some known sites untreated (Caswell, 2010). The ponds at

VanDusen Botanical Gardens are cleared of N. odorata twice yearly, only to return as a dense mat within

a few weeks (C. Sayre, Curator of Collections, personal communication, July 15, 2015). Based on a 2013

economic impact report released by the Ministry of Environment, the projected economic losses to BC

are estimated at $21.7 million considering only impacts to hydro generation, recreational use, and water

utilities (ISCBC, 2013). It is therefore essential to make all efforts to prevent AIS from entering previously

uninfected waterbodies and to detect and treat new infestations as quickly as possible.

The recent discovery of new infestations of N. odorata in the region highlight the importance and

effectiveness of the EDRR program. Left untreated this species will colonize the entire littoral zone up to

a water depth of approximately 2.75m. A thick mat of leaves will reduce light penetration and prevent

wind mixing in the littoral zone, resulting in extensive areas of low oxygen and a reduction in native

species (Dept. of Ecology, Washington State, n.d.). Erie and Nancy Greene Lakes are particularly

vulnerable to extensive colonization by N. odorata due to the presence of large areas of relatively

21

shallow water depths. N. odorata is a highly attractive plant and is therefore quite popular with water

gardeners. It has been spread to numerous waterbodies throughout BC including Christina Creek on

Hwy 3 in the Boundary region. Nancy Greene and Erie Lakes are both located on major highways and in

each case N. odorata was discovered at the end of a trail leading from the highway. This suggests that

this species was intentionally transported to and disposed of at these sites.

In the Kootenay-Columbia system, the levels of infestation of both M. spicatum and P. crispus had

surpassed an EDRR situation by 2010. From a management perspective this system presents a number

of challenges. Its large size, varied topography and remoteness of sections in the system limit

management options. To further complicate issues, it is suspected that hybridization is occurring

between M. spicatum and the native milfoil M. sibiricum in Kootenay Lake. Leaf segment numbers and

leaf length measurements can effectively distinguish M. spicatum and M. sibiricum; however, hybrids

are intermediate for these characters and such measurements frequently overlap with respect to their

parental taxa (Moody and Les. 2007). This was the case in the Tye Beach area of Kootenay Lake where

M. spicatum (>16 leaf segments) and M. sibiricum (<12 leaf segments) were identified to be growing

amongst plants with 12-14 leaf segments. It is believed that hybrids have the potential to out-compete

M. spicatum in certain environmental circumstances due to hybrid vigour and selection for competitive

traits and may result in the loss of native milfoils through genetic contamination (Moody and Les. 2002).

Should hybrids be introduced to a new environment, they may also escape detection due to difficulties

in positively identifying them without costly DNA analysis.

Collaboration and information sharing with other agencies continue to be key strategies in combatting

AIS. Staubert and Trout Lakes lie within the jurisdiction of the Columbia Shuswap Invasive Species

Society (CSISS) however they are just beginning to develop an AIS program of their own. CSISS staff has

accompanied CKISS for the past two years for plant surveys for these lakes with the intention that they

will take over monitoring activities in 2016.

CKISS has recently collaborated with the Okanagan Nation Alliance and Golder Associates Ltd. on a

proposal to control M. spicatum in the Lower Columbia River. This would be a pilot program, pending

funding, to evaluate the efficacy of treating known infestations with the use of divers and benthic

barriers. CKISS has to date only conducted shoreline surveys in the Columbia River. Data collected by

(Golder and Poisson, 2015) over the past several years illustrate the limitations of the “Shore Survey

Method” as populations of M. spicatum have been observed and recorded in areas only accessible by

boat. In Lake Revelstoke, M. spicatum was found growing approximately 200m from a popular

Provincial Park boat launch even though there was ample suitable habitat close to the launch (Harkness,

2015). This infestation may have been missed if a boat had not been used for surveying, however many

areas (shallow water habitats, sloughs, marinas, etc.) are more effectively surveyed by shore. M.

spicatum and P. crispus are beginning to infiltrate many of these shallow water habitats and may begin

to displace native vegetation if not controlled.

Preventative actions can drastically reduce the introduction and spread of AIS in waterbodies, and as

such are a critical component of various regional, provincial, and cross-border initiatives such as the

Canadian Columbia Basin Regional AIS Program, the 100th Meridian Initiative, and the Idaho Invasive

Species Program (Vander Zanden and Olden, 2008). By working collaboratively with the organizations

involved in these initiatives to deliver internationally accepted behaviour change programs such as

Clean, Drain, Dry (CDD), the CKISS’ AIS project has ensured a proactive, strategic, and coordinated

22

approach to AIS prevention and management. Education and outreach programs that focus on

prevention, in conjunction with mandatory watercraft inspection stations, have proven to be effective at

preventing the introduction of ZQM in places such as Idaho and Montana despite these species being

present in neighbouring jurisdictions (T. Woolf, personal communication, Feb 3, 2016; U.S. Geological

Survey, 2016). Considering this, it is reasonable to assume that the preventative actions initiative, CDD,

which the CKISS has been promoting since 2012, as well as our partnership with the BC Mussel Defense

Program’s watercraft inspection stations, could be a major contributing factor to the absence of ZQM in

the region’s waterbodies.

The CKISS’ education and outreach activities also continued to expand the capacity to collaboratively

prevent the introduction and spread of AIS throughout the Columbia Basin. Local stewardship groups

and other partners, as well as thousands of local residents were educated by various means such as, but

not limited to, workshops, events, field tours, presentations, exhibitions, training and media. These

activities provided the opportunity for residents to learn about AIS; their environmental, ecological, and

social impacts; how they spread; identification techniques; monitoring techniques; best management

practices; legislation, and reporting.

Volunteer efforts by stewardship groups (Salmo Watershed Streamkeepers Society) and concerned

citizens have undoubtedly attributed to the reduction and/or control of I. pseudacorus populations at

Erie Lake. Since beginning to treat I. pseudacorus several years ago, the Salmo Watershed

Streamkeepers Society feel they have reduced population levels substantially on Erie Lake (B.

Henderson, personal communications). This same group of volunteers could also begin controlling N.

odorata at this lake. In Washington State, N. odorata infestations were eliminated in three years when

residents faithfully removed all emerging leaves and flowers (Dept. of Ecology, Washington State, n.d.).

7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

Since all of the waterbodies in the Columbia basin have been assigned a high-very high risk status for the

survival and subsequent invasion of zebra and quagga mussels (ZQM) it is essential that annual

monitoring for ZQM continue because it is critical for early detection, which would allow the Province to

enact an Early Detection Rapid Response plan. Moreover, the vulnerability of aquatic ecosystems to

invasive species in general, the drastic decline of native mussels, and the many listed native aquatic

species present in this region’s waterbodies, further highlight the need for a long-term zebra and quagga

mussel monitoring program. Monitoring for mussel veligers via plankton collection and analysis is the

first line of defence in this program and the more samples that can be collected from a waterbody the

greater the confidence of presence/absence sampling.

The inclusion of mandatory watercraft inspection stations into the Provincial Mussel Defense Program in

2015 was an important contributing factor to keeping Columbia basin waters free from zebra and

quagga mussels, and allowed the CKISS additional AIS prevention partnership opportunities. It is

recommended that these stations continue to be active around the region, that the number of stations

be increased, and that the stations are active for a longer period throughout the year in an effort to

intercept all high-risk watercraft.

23

Recreational boating activity and the overland transport of watercraft are key pathways of the

introduction and spread of AIS, therefore, public outreach and educational initiatives that promote

preventative actions and best practices such as Clean, Drain, Dry and Don’t Let it Loose must be ongoing.

Other effective means by which to prevent the spread of AIS while simultaneously providing education

include collaboration between fishing derby and regatta organizers and BC Mussel Defense Program

staff so that watercraft inspection stations are active for these events. Because of the association

between boating and AIS spread, marina operators should continue to be encouraged to install and

monitor substrate samplers for juvenile/adult zebra and quagga mussels. Marinas are preferred

locations for this type of equipment because they are near access points, moored boats are more

susceptible to mussel attachment than boats than frequently enter/exit water, and substrates that have

not been installed in marinas have been targets of vandalism and theft in the past.

Current infestations of P. crispus and M. spicatum in the region allow for easy dispersal and spread to

other waterbodies. Recent discoveries of N. odorata in the region indicate that there is a continued

threat of new species entering the regions waterbodies. Parrotfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum),

water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus) have all been discovered

growing in regions bordering the Central Kootenays (Stewart, 2014, J. Parsons, Washington State Dept.

of Ecology, personal communications). Annual monitoring of priority waterbodies should continue in

order to facilitate a rapid response should new infestations of aquatic invasive plants be discovered.

Removal measures should be undertaken in order to control the growth of P. crispus and M. spicatum.

Currently hand removal and localized benthic barriers would be the best options available. If funded, the

pilot program proposed by Golder, the Okanagan Nation Alliance and CKISS could provide an excellent

opportunity to gauge the effectiveness of these control methods in this system and could possibly be

implemented in Kootenay Lake and the Kootenay River.

Areas targeted for removal should be prioritized based on factors including; benefits or harm to native

species (particularly species listed as threatened or endangered) and sensitive ecosystems, impacts and

effectiveness of control method chosen, accessibility, safety, cost and desired objectives.

Control methods should be site specific. Before control methods are undertaken sites should be pre-

surveyed as aquatic plant communities can change drastically from year to year. It is also important to

have pre- and post-treatment data to measure successes and gauge efficiency.

Populations of P. crispus and M. spicatum have expanded at a number of shallow water habitats on the

Columbia River. These situations still represent localized EDRR opportunities and should be controlled by

hand. At low water some of these sites (such as the shallow sloughs around Millennium Park, Castlegar)

can be accessed with waders or by snorkeling. These methods would greatly reduce associated costs.

Genetic testing of milfoil populations in the Kootenay-Columbia system should be conducted in order to

determine if hybridization is occurring. This will help with future management decisions in controlling M.

spicatum populations. Currently the geographical extent of invasive hybrid watermilfoils in North

America is unknown and should be pursued by additional sampling (Moody and Les. 2002).

A more detailed survey of Slocan Lake should be conducted by watercraft. M. spicatum is likely to

invade areas in oligotrophic lakes that have native species already present because these areas provide

an optimal environment for growth (Madsen and Wersal, 2009). Galena Environmental Ltd. has mapped

24

the macrophyte beds for this lake in 2006 and these could be revisited. No aquatic invasive plants were

discovered at the time of this previous mapping.

The existing populations of N. odorata at Nancy Greene and Erie Lakes should continue to be treated

and monitored. This species reproduces by seed and spreads by rhizomes. Plants and rhizomes should

be removed in mid-July prior to seed development and again in mid-September. The littoral zone of the

lake should be surveyed at these times in order to detect new infestations.

In addition to cross-border management of invasive plant species, CKISS should continue to collaborate

with cross-border partners, regional stakeholders and the Province on the implementation of an

American Bullfrog Surveillance and Eradication program, given the recent confirmation of their presence

in the Central Kootenay region.

Jurisdictional boundaries are not recognized by invasive species, which highlights the importance of

creating or continuing collaborative efforts between BC, Alberta and the USA. Expanding the network of

partners working towards the common goals of preventing the introduction and spread of aquatic

invasive species, and mitigating their impacts where they do exist, will continue to be an effective

strategy to protect the ecological integrity of our waters.

25

8.0 REFERENCES

Barnhart C. and Neves D. 2005. Overview of North American Freshwater Mussels. Available from:

https://owpubauthor.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/aqlife/ammonia/upload/II

-Barnhart.pdf. Accessed 2016 Feb 9.

Burrows J. 2016. Kootenay Lake Fisheries Update &West Arm Shore Spawning Intro. Presented at: 2015

Kootenay Lake Summit; Nelson, BC.

Caswell D. 2010. Eurasian Milfoil Control 2010-Regional District of Kootenay Boundary Christina Lake

Eurasian milfoil control program report. Available from:

http://www.rdkb.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=bQsNsDZQXwA%3D&tabid=525. Accessed 2014

Nov 7.

CKISS. 2016. Aquatic Invasive Species. Available from: http://ckiss.ca/species/aquatic/. Accessed 2016

May 5.

Department of Ecology, Washington Stat. N.d. Non-Native Invasive Freshwater Plants. Fragrant Water

Lily (Nymphaea odorata). Available from:

http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/weeds/aqua005.html. Accessed 2016 Feb 21.

Golder Associates Ltd. and Poisson Consulting Ltd. 2015. Lower Columbia River Fish Population Indexing

Surveys – 2014 Investigations. Report prepared for BC Hydro generations, Water License

Requirements, Castlegar, BC. Golder Report No. 1314920102: 66p. + 8 app.

Government of B.C. 2016. B.C. Conservation Data Centre Home. Available from:

http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/cdc/. Accessed 2016 Feb 12.

Hanson E. 2012. Watercraft inspection and decontamination for quagga/zebra mussels. Proceedings of

the Take Action Training Conference; 2012 May 7-10; Kamloops.

Harkness C. 2015. North Columbia Priority Aquatic Invasive Species Surveys 2015. Prepared for the

Columbia Shuswap Invasive Species Society. Available from:

http://columbiashuswapinvasives.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/North-Columbia-Priority-

Aquatic-Invasive-Species-Surveys-2015.pdf. Accessed 2016 Feb 23.

ISCBC. 2013. Invasive Species Council of BC Take Action (CDD) Program 2012 Final Report. Available

from: http://bcinvasives.ca/documents/ISCBC_Take_Action_-

_Clean_Drain_Dry_Project_Report_FINAL.pdf. Accessed 2015 Feb 20.

Loo S.E., R.P. Keller and B. Leung. 2007. Freshwater invasions: using historical data to analyse spread.

Available from: http://biology.mcgill.ca/faculty/leung/articles/Loo_DD07.pdf. Accessed 2016

Feb 4.

Madsen J.D. and R.M. Wersal. 2009. Aquatic Plant Community and Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum

spicatum L.) Management Assessment in Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho for 2008. Available from:

http://www.gri.msstate.edu/publications/docs/2009/03/5706GRI_5032_2009.pdf. Accessed

2015 Feb 27.

26

Moody M.L. and D.H. Les. 2002. Evidence of hybridity in invasive watermilfoil (Myriophyllum)

populations. Available from: http://www.pnas.org/content/99/23/14867.full. Accessed 2016

Feb 22.

Moody M.L. and D.H. Les. 2007. Geographic distribution and composition of invasive hybrid watermilfoil

(Myriophyllum spicarum x M. sibiricum) populations in North America. Available from:

http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/people/les/Manuscript_Files/Biol_Inv_9(559)%5B2007%5D.

pdf. Accessed 2016 Feb 22.

Ontario’s Invading Species Awareness Program. 2016. Zebra Mussels Invade Ontario Waters. Available

from: http://www.invadingspecies.com/invaders/invertebrates/zebra-and-quagga-mussels/.

Accessed 2016 Feb 2.

Stewart, B. 2014. Boundary Invasive Aquatic Species Surveys Awareness 2014. Boundary Invasive

Species Society. Available from:

http://www.rdkb.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=pZ_bxYjBx2Y%3d&tabid=590. Accessed 2016

Feb 23.

Therriault T.W., Weise A.M., Higgins S.N., Guo Y., and Duhaime J. 2012. Risk Assessment for Three

Dreissenid Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha, Dreissena rostriformis bugensis, and Mytilopsis

leucophaeata) in Canadian Freshwater Ecosystems. Available from: http://www.dfo-

mpo.gc.ca/csas-sccs/Publications/ResDocs-DocRech/2012/2012_174-eng.html. Accessed 2016

Feb 4.

Turner C.B. 2010. Influence of Zebra (Dreissena polymorpha) and Quagga (Dreissena rostriformis) Mussel

Invasions on Benthic Nutrient and Oxygen Dynamics. Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic

Sciences [serial online]; 67(12): 9. Available from: EBSCOhost/Academic Search Complete.

Accessed 2014 Mar 18.

U.S. Geological Survey. 2016. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species. Available from:

http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/. Accessed 2016 Feb 3.

Vander Zanden M.J. and Olden J.D. 2008. A Management Framework for the Secondary Spread of

Aquatic Invasive Species. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences [serial online}; 65:

11. Available from: EBSCOhost/Academic Search Complete. Accessed 2012 Oct 13.

Warrington. 1980. Studies on Aquatic Macrophytes Part XXXIII. Aquatic Plants of British Columbia.

Province of British Columbia. Ministry of Environment. Available from:

http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wat/wq/plants/plantbook.pdf. Accessed 2015 Sep 20.

Williams J.D., Warren M.L., Cummings K.S., Harris J.L. and Neves R.J. 1992. Conservation Status of

Freshwater Mussels of the United States and Canada. Available from:

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/239794675_Conservation_Status_of_Freshwater_Mu

ssels_of_the_United_States_and_Canada. Accessed 2016 Feb 9.

27

APPENDIX A

2015 TARGET SPECIES FOR AQUATIC INVASIVE PLANT SURVEYS IN BC

Common Name Scientific Name Type

American beachgrass Ammophila breviligulata Semi-aquatic tidal

Amphibious yellow cress Rorippa amphibian Semi-aquatic emergent

Bigfoot clover Marsilea macropoda Semi-aquatic emergent/terrestrial ground cover

*Brazilian elodea Egeria densa Aquatic submerged

*Cabomba Cabomba caroliniana Aquatic submerged

*Common cordgrass Spartina anglica Semi-aquatic tidal

Common frogbit Hydrocharis morsus-range Aquatic submerged

Curly leaf pondweed Potamogeton crispus Aquatic submerged

*Dense-flower cordgrass Spartina densiflora Semi-aquatic tidal

Eurasian watermilfoil Myriophyllum spicatum Aquatic submerged fresh water/brackish

European beach grass Ammophila arenaria Semi-aquatic tidal

*European common reed Phragmites australis subsp australis Semi-aquatic freshwater/tidal

European lake sedge Carex acutiformis Semi-aquatic emergent

European water clover Marsilea quadrifolia Aquatic

European waterlily Nymphaea alba

Evergreen blackberry Rubus laciniatus Semi-aquatic freshwater/tidal

Fanwort Cabomba caroliniana Feathered mosquito-fern Azolla pinnata Aquatic

*Flowering rush Butomus umbellatus Aquatic submerged/Semi aquatic emergent freshwater/brackish

Fragrant water lily Nymphaea oderata Aquatic emergent

*Garden yellow loosestrife Lysimachia vulgaris Semi-aquatic emergent

Giant chickweed Myosoton aquaticum Semi-aquatic emergent

Giant knotweed Fallopia sachalinensis Semi-aquatic emergent

Giant manna grass Glyceria maxima Semi-aquatic emergent

*Giant reed Arundo donax Semi-aquatic emergent

Giant salvinia Salvinia molesta Himalayan balsam Impatiens glandulifera Semi-aquatic emergent

Himalayan blackberry Rubus armeniacus *Hydrilla Hydrilla verticillata Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica Semi-aquatic emergent

Johnson grass Sorghum halepense Semi-aquatic emergent

28

*Kudzu Pueraria montana Semi-aquatic emergent

*Major oxygen weed Lagarosiphon Aquatic submerged

Parrot feather Myriophyllum aquaticum Aquatic submerged

Purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria Semi-aquatic emergent

Russian olive Elaeagnus angustifolia *Salt meadow cordgrass Spartina patens Semi-aquatic tidal

Saltcedar/Tamarisk Tamarix ramosissima Semi-aquatic emergent

*Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora Semi-aquatic tidal

Variable-Leaf-Milfoil Myriophyllum heterophyllum

*Water chestnut Trapa natans Aquatic submerged

*Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes Aquatic emergent

*Water lettuce Pistia stratiotes Aquatic

*Water soldier Stratiotes aloides Aquatic submerged/emergent

Watercress Nasturtium officinale Semi-aquatic emergent

Yellow flag iris Iris pseudacorus Riparian

Yellow floating heart Nymphoides peltata Aquatic submerged

29

APPENDIX B

Results of the zebra and quagga mussel veliger monitoring program around the Central Kootenay region

in 2015

Waterbody

Common site name or Nearest

town

Date sampled

Zebra/Quagga

Veliger

Others

Box Lake Boat launch 09/16/2015 - ostracoda

Columbia River Gyro Park boat launch 07/16/2015 - ostracoda

Columbia River Gyro Park boat launch 08/12/2015 - -

Columbia River Gyro Park boat launch 09/18/2015 - -

Columbia River Robson boat launch 07/08/2015 - ostracoda

Columbia River Robson boat launch 08/20/2015 - ostracoda

Columbia River Robson boat launch 09/23/2015 - -

Cottonwood Lake Boat launch 09/09/2015 - -

Erie Lake Boat launch on NW shore 10/09/2015 - ostracoda

Fish Lake New Denver 09/15/2015 - ostracoda

Kootenay Lake Kaslo Bay 07/13/2015 - -

Kootenay Lake Kaslo Bay 08/10/2015 - ostracoda

Kootenay Lake Kuskanook Marina 07/31/2015 - ostracoda

Kootenay Lake Kuskanook Marina 08/28/2015 - ostracoda

Kootenay Lake Kuskanook Marina 10/02/2015 - ostracoda

Kootenay Lake Boswell Marina 07/31/2015 - -

Kootenay Lake Boswell Marina 08/20/2015 - -

Kootenay Lake Boswell Marina 09/30/2015 - -

Kootenay Lake Riondel boat launch 08/27/2015 - -

Kootenay Lake Riondel boat launch 10/02/2015 - -

Kootenay Lake Lakeside Park boat launch 07/27/2015 - ostracoda

Kootenay Lake Lakeside Park boat launch 09/01/2015 - ostracoda

Kootenay Lake Lakeside Park boat launch 09/29/2015 - ostracoda

Kootenay Lake Balfour boat launch 09/01/2015 - -

Kootenay Lake Balfour boat launch 09/29/2015 - -

Kootenay Lake Kokanee Ck. Provincial Park boat launch

09/01/2015 - -

Kootenay Lake Kokanee Ck. Provincial Park boat launch

09/29/2015 - -

Upper Little Slocan Lake

Boat put-in 09/17/2015 - ostracoda

Lower Arrow Lake Syringa Ck. Provincial Park boat launch

07/21/2015 - -

Lower Arrow Lake Scotties Marina wharf 09/23/2015 - -

Mosquito Lake Forest Rec. site boat launch 07/23/2015 - -

30

Waterbody

Common site name or Nearest

town

Date sampled

Zebra/Quagga

Veliger

Others

Nancy Green Lake Boat launch 09/11/2015 - -

Pend D'Oreille River Buckley Campground boat launch

07/08/2015 - ostracoda

Pend D'Oreille River Buckley Campground boat launch

08/20/2015 - ostracoda

Pend D'Oreille River Buckley Campground boat launch

09/13/2015 - ostracoda

Pend D'Oreille River Remac 09/12/2015 - ostracoda

Rosebud Lake Boat launch 09/09/2015 - ostracoda

Slocan Lake Slocan boat launch 07/16/2015 - -

Slocan Lake Slocan boat launch 08/21/2015 - -

Slocan Lake New Denver boat launch 07/16/2015 - -

Slocan Lake New Denver boat launch 08/19/2015 - -

Slocan Lake Silverton boat launch 07/19/2015 - -

Slocan Lake Silverton boat launch 08/19/2015 - -

Staubert Lake Boat put-in at east end 09/30/2015 - -

Upper Arrow Lake Nakusp boat launch 07/20/2015 - -

Upper Arrow Lake Nakusp boat launch 08/18/2015 - ostracoda

Upper Arrow Lake Nakusp boat launch 09/25/2015 - -

Whatshan Lake Whatshan Lk. Retreat boat launch

07/22/2015 - ostracoda

Wilson Lake Boat put-in at Rec. site 10/02/2015 - -