Protecting People and Things Different But the Same DYCOR USA Special Applications Division

Protecting People and ThingsProtecting People and ThingsDifferent But the SameDifferent But the Same

DYCOR USADYCOR USASpecial Applications DivisionSpecial Applications Division

BackgroundBackground

We cannot protect everything, all the time, against We cannot protect everything, all the time, against every threatevery threat

Our ability to protect is a function of time, place, Our ability to protect is a function of time, place, determination, design, and circumstancesdetermination, design, and circumstances

Protective strategies cannot be static, they must Protective strategies cannot be static, they must evolve as the threat evolvesevolve as the threat evolves

Our ability to protect is diminished by a “rule Our ability to protect is diminished by a “rule based” mentalitybased” mentality

Primary ThreatsPrimary Threats

Intentional actsIntentional acts Terrorists / Insiders / CriminalsTerrorists / Insiders / Criminals

Methods of attackMethods of attack Explosives / ContaminationExplosives / Contamination

TargetsTargets

Government buildingsGovernment buildings Commercial buildingsCommercial buildings Infrastructure facilitiesInfrastructure facilities Transportation hubsTransportation hubs Public venuesPublic venues

Facility DynamicsFacility Dynamics

Changes in population and concentration Changes in population and concentration over a given period of timeover a given period of time Generally predictableGenerally predictable Can be studied and analyzedCan be studied and analyzed

Exploitable for attackExploitable for attack Commuter operationsCommuter operations Workplace arrival and departureWorkplace arrival and departure Gathering placesGathering places Security queuing areasSecurity queuing areas

Facility Population DynamicsFacility Population Dynamics

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0:00

7:00

9:00

12:0

0

16:0

0

18:0

00:

00

Lobby

Cafeteria

Total Population

Explosive ThreatsExplosive Threats

VERY

SMALL SMALL MEDIUM LARGE VERY LARGE EXTRA LARGE

0 1 25 250 1,000 5,000 40,000

LETTER

PIPE BOMB

HIDDEN

BRIEFCASE

PIPEBOMB

BOX

HAVERSACK

HIDDEN

LARGEBOX

CAR

PICKUP

VAN

EXPLOSIVESIZE

CAR

VAN

PICKUP

VAN

TRUCK

LARGETRUCK

SEMITRUCK

LBS TNT

OPM/SANG (5))

METHODOF

IMPLACEMENT

WORLD TRADE CENTER

OK CITY (168)

KHOBAR TOWERS (19)

BEIRUT (241)

TYPICAL LETTER BOMBS

PIPE BOMBS

PAN AM 103 (274)ATLANTA (1)

Personal Injury From BlastPersonal Injury From Blast

> 80% of injuriesfrom a blast are caused by impactfrom objects,especially flying glass

PRESSURE 800 psi.

YIELD (TNT Equiv.) 20,000 lb. YIELD (TNT Equiv.) 4000 lb.

STANDOFF 80 feet STANDOFF 15 feet

PRESSURE 9600 psi.

Standoff vs. EffectStandoff vs. Effect

19 dead 168 dead

Blast Analysis – Personnel Range to EffectsBlast Analysis – Personnel Range to Effects

Blast Analysis – Personnel Protective StandoffBlast Analysis – Personnel Protective Standoff

Blast Analysis – Structural ResponseBlast Analysis – Structural Response

Structural Damage Predictions

High damage Medium damageLow damage No damage

1000 lbexplosive

Structural response can bemodeled and estimated for a specific explosive threat

Protective Strategies - BlastProtective Strategies - Blast

Standoff – standoff – standoff !!Standoff – standoff – standoff !! Distance = protection from a blast Distance = protection from a blast

eventevent Restrict vehicle traffic around Restrict vehicle traffic around

the facilitythe facility Re-route deliveries, inspect Re-route deliveries, inspect

vehiclesvehicles Enforce restriction with barriers Enforce restriction with barriers

and landscapingand landscaping


Establish sacrificial space in the facilityEstablish sacrificial space in the facility Move critical operations away from the most Move critical operations away from the most

accessible and vulnerable areasaccessible and vulnerable areas

Threat

Before After

Mission Support

Public access

Mission Critical

Utilities


Identify structural elements that could be exploited in an Identify structural elements that could be exploited in an attackattack


Observe personnel flow and concentration Observe personnel flow and concentration Building design and facility functions channel trafficBuilding design and facility functions channel traffic

Open facility earlier, use more entrances if possibleOpen facility earlier, use more entrances if possible Stagger employee work hoursStagger employee work hours Minimize exposure time in non-secure areasMinimize exposure time in non-secure areas Anticipate crowds – assign sufficient security resources to minimize Anticipate crowds – assign sufficient security resources to minimize

processing delaysprocessing delays

Improve structural and physical security in areas where Improve structural and physical security in areas where people congregatepeople congregate Install fragment retention film or blast curtains to reduce glass injuriesInstall fragment retention film or blast curtains to reduce glass injuries Consider use of visual obscuration (reflective film on windows)Consider use of visual obscuration (reflective film on windows) Splinter protection barriersSplinter protection barriers

Contamination ThreatsContamination Threats

ChemicalChemical Toxic industrial chemicals (TICs)Toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) Lethal agents (Sarin)Lethal agents (Sarin)

Biological (Anthrax)Biological (Anthrax) Radiological (Radium)Radiological (Radium) Delivery methodsDelivery methods

Aerial dispersal (aerosol cloud)Aerial dispersal (aerosol cloud) Contact (mail, package)Contact (mail, package) Manually placedManually placed By-product of explosionBy-product of explosion

Damages - ContaminationDamages - Contamination

Effects on personnelEffects on personnel Depends on agent and amount of exposureDepends on agent and amount of exposure Physical effects show in seconds to days Physical effects show in seconds to days

DeathDeath Protracted illnessProtracted illness Unable to return to workUnable to return to work

Effects on facilitiesEffects on facilities Widespread contamination possibleWidespread contamination possible Lengthy decontamination processLengthy decontamination process Loss of use / serviceLoss of use / service Financial disaster (Est. $42 M USD – Hart Bldg.)Financial disaster (Est. $42 M USD – Hart Bldg.)

Contamination Analysis – Material TransportContamination Analysis – Material Transport

Computer modelsComputer models Exterior environmentExterior environment

HPAC (Hazard Prediction & Assessment Capability)HPAC (Hazard Prediction & Assessment Capability) Can run with predicted or actual weather informationCan run with predicted or actual weather information

Interior environmentInterior environment Limited availabilityLimited availability Labor intensiveLabor intensive

Material specificMaterial specific CompositionComposition AmountAmount PersistencePersistence

Vulnerabilities - ContaminationVulnerabilities - Contamination

LocationLocation Proximity or downwind to hazardous production or storage sites Proximity or downwind to hazardous production or storage sites

and transportation routesand transportation routes Air handlingAir handling

Fresh air intakes located near ground levelFresh air intakes located near ground level Limited filtration capabilities (large particulates)Limited filtration capabilities (large particulates) Multiple air handling systems without central controlMultiple air handling systems without central control

Limited or no hazard sensing capabilityLimited or no hazard sensing capability Package and mail handlingPackage and mail handling

Direct deliveries to lobby and other public access areasDirect deliveries to lobby and other public access areas Poor inspection and isolation protocolsPoor inspection and isolation protocols

No inspection of personal itemsNo inspection of personal items Limited situational awareness (warning & procedures)Limited situational awareness (warning & procedures)

Protective Strategies - ContaminationProtective Strategies - Contamination

Know your neighborhoodKnow your neighborhood Check with government & Check with government &

commercial sourcescommercial sources Fire DepartmentFire Department Emergency planning & permitting Emergency planning & permitting

agenciesagencies Railroad and trucking companiesRailroad and trucking companies

Research material hazard dataResearch material hazard data Understand general propertiesUnderstand general properties Protective methodsProtective methods Decontamination issuesDecontamination issues


Facility improvementsFacility improvements Identify location of fresh air Identify location of fresh air

intakesintakes Relocate intakes to top of Relocate intakes to top of

building if possiblebuilding if possible Understand capabilities of air Understand capabilities of air

filter unitsfilter units Consider adding additional Consider adding additional

filtration stagesfiltration stages Install master shut-off for all Install master shut-off for all

air handling systemsair handling systems Isolate/dedicate air handling Isolate/dedicate air handling

unit for mail roomunit for mail room Determine hazard sensing Determine hazard sensing

capabilitycapability Install additional sensingInstall additional sensing


Procedural improvementsProcedural improvements Employ a trans-shipment facility, Employ a trans-shipment facility,

isolate the mail/package isolate the mail/package receiving area within the facilityreceiving area within the facility

Establish comprehensive inspection Establish comprehensive inspection protocolsprotocols

Obtain equipment to contain Obtain equipment to contain suspicious articlessuspicious articles

Obtain materials for immediate Obtain materials for immediate decontaminationdecontamination

Spot inspection of employee Spot inspection of employee personal itemspersonal items

100% inspection of visitor 100% inspection of visitor personal itemspersonal items


Crisis operations planningCrisis operations planning Connect to local emergency notification networksConnect to local emergency notification networks

Reverse “911”Reverse “911”

Establish internal emergency notification proceduresEstablish internal emergency notification procedures Incorporate contamination events into crisis response Incorporate contamination events into crisis response

planningplanning Determine capabilities to provide “shelter in place” Determine capabilities to provide “shelter in place”

protectionprotection Consider “urge to flee” responseConsider “urge to flee” response Assign assets to secure the facility until cleared to leaveAssign assets to secure the facility until cleared to leave

SummarySummary

The addition of people to any facility complicates the The addition of people to any facility complicates the protection processprotection process

Effective protection planning depends on an understanding of Effective protection planning depends on an understanding of the environment, facility functions, and population dynamicsthe environment, facility functions, and population dynamics

Reorganization of building space and functions can offer Reorganization of building space and functions can offer substantial protective benefitssubstantial protective benefits

Procedural and facility improvements can greatly enhance Procedural and facility improvements can greatly enhance personnel security and safetypersonnel security and safety

Contact DataContact Data

Dycor USA, Inc.Dycor USA, Inc.Corporate HeadquartersCorporate Headquarters401-A Cooley Mill Road401-A Cooley Mill Road

Havre de Grace, MD 21078-1319Havre de Grace, MD 21078-1319 Phone: 410-734-9414Phone: 410-734-9414Fax: 410-734-0334Fax: 410-734-0334Email:Email: [email protected]@dycorusa.com

Documents

Protecting People and Things Different But the Same DYCOR USA Special Applications Division