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Name: ______________________________________ Date: _____ Per:_____

Protein Synthesis

Quiz and Test Dates:

6C Explain the purpose and process of transcription and translation using models of DNA and RNA.

6D Recognize that gene expression is a regulated

6E Identify and illustrate changes in DNA and evaluate the significance of these changes such as gene mutations and

chromosomal mutations

4B Investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and

synthesis of new molecules

5C Describe the roles of DNA, RNA and environmental factors in cell differentiation.

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Major Themes of Protein Synthesis:

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Protein Synthesis (Gene Expression) Notes

Proteins (Review) Proteins make up all ______________ materials

Proteins are composed of _______________ __________ – there are _____ different amino acids

Different ________________ are made by ___________________ these 20 amino acids in different combinations

Proteins are manufactured (made) by the _______________________

Function of proteins:

1. Help fight ________________

2. Build new body ________________

3. ___________________ used for digestion and other chemical reactions are proteins

(Enzymes _____________ ______ the __________ of a reaction)

4. Component of all ___________ _____________________

Genes Genes are ________________ _________________ for our bodies

They are the _____________for building all the ____________that make our body ______________.

Genes are made of ___________

Gene Expression Not all genes are active or __________________ at the same time.

Why? Because the cell would produce _______________that it did not need - this is a waste of _______ and _____________________.

_______________ ______________ (protein synthesis) is when the product of a _______, or a _________ protein is being produced by a ________.

o Some genes are ____________ expressed – _________________ o Some genes are ______________ expressed – _________________________________ o Some genes are expressed _________________ and turned ____________________________.

Making a Protein—Transcription

First Step: _______________ of genetic information from _____ to _____ called ____________________

Why? DNA has the ______________ ________ for the ___________ that needs to be made, but proteins

are made by the ribosomes—ribosomes are outside the ____________ in the ______________________.

DNA RNA Protein Trait

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DNA is too ____________ to leave the nucleus (___________ stranded), but RNA ______ ____________

the nucleus (___________ stranded).

Part of DNA temporarily ________ and is used as a ____________ to assemble ______________________

nucleotides into _____________________ ______ (mRNA).

mRNA then goes through the ________ of the nucleus with the DNA ________ and attaches to the ______________________.

Making a Protein—Translation

Second Step: ________________ of mRNA into a ____________ is called ______________________.

____________ ______ (tRNA) carries ________ __ _______ from the cytoplasm to the ______________.

These amino acids come from the ________ ____ ______. Proteins we eat are broken down into

individual __________ _______ and then simply __________________ into new ________________

according to the needs and directions of our ______.

A series of _________ adjacent _________ in an mRNA molecule

codes for a specific amino acid—called a ______________.

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A triplet of nucleotides in tRNA that is ______________________

to the __________ in mRNA—called an ___________________.

Each tRNA codes for a _________________ amino acid.

mRNA carrying the _____ ________________ and tRNA carrying __________ _______ meet in the

___________________.

Amino acid

Anticodon

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Amino acids are joined together to make a _______________.

Use one of the codon charts on the next page to find the amino acid sequence coded for by the following mRNA strands.

CAC/CCA/UGG/UGA

______________________/______________________/______________________/______________________

AUG/AAC/GAC/UAA

______________________/______________________/______________________/______________________

Polypeptide = _______________

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1st

Bas

e

2nd Base

3rd B

ase

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A sequence of a gene can be changed in several ways. These changes or ________________can cause no effect to the individual (They could code for the exact same protein even with the new base) OR they can cause large effects to the individual . 3 examples of gene mutations that happen at a certain point (called___________________________):

1. ___________________________ - a mutation in which 1 nucleotide is ________________ for another

2. __________________________________ - a mutation in which 1 or more ____________ nucleotides are added to the DNA.

3. ____________________________ - a mutation in which 1 or more nucleotides are taken out or ______________________ .

Table 1: Single-Base Mutation Associated with Sickle-Cell Anemia

Sequence for Wild-Type Hemoglobin

ATG GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GAG GAG AAG TCT GCC GTT ACT

Start Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu Lys Ser Ala Val Thr

Sequence for Mutant (Sickle-Cell) Hemoglobin

ATG GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GTG GAG AAG TCT GCC GTT ACT

Start Val His Leu Thr Pro Val Glu Lys Ser Ala Val Thr

A T

C A

G C

A T

C T

G A

C

A T

C C

G

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Name______________________________ Date _______________ Pd_______

Protein Synthesis

1. All living materials are made up of what organic compound? _________________________________

2. Proteins are made in what cell organelle? __________________________________

3. What are the 2 processes of protein synthesis? 1. _______________________________________

2. _______________________________________

4. What is transcription? ________________________________________________________________ 5. What type of RNA is made in transcription? ___________

6. Where in the cell does DNA produce one mRNA strand? ____________________

7. The mRNA leaves through _____________ in the nucleus and goes to the ______________________.

8. What is translation? _________________________________________________________________

9. What RNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes? ________________

10. Where do cells get most amino acids with which to build the proteins that they need?

____________________________

11. What RNA goes to the ribosome that has the genetic (DNA) code on it? __________

12. When amino acids are bonded together, what organic compound is made? _____________________

13. How many bases (nucleotides) code for one amino acid? ___________

14. One strand of DNA reads: ……………………………………………… A C T C G A A T C G A T

Using the complementary code make an mRNA strand: From the mRNA code make the tRNA code:

15. How many amino acids have been coded for in the question above? _____________

16. The sequence of the bases in a segment of DNA is important to cells because sequences contain the code for making _________________.

17. A research scientist places nucleotide chains of AAA AAA in a test tube under conditions that allow

proteins to form. When the test tube is analyzed at a later time it is found to contain only the amino acid lysine. Is lysine composed of adenine or coded by AAA? _________________________________

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18. Which of the following base pair sequences could be produced in DNA replication? (Circle answer.)

5’ ACCCUT 3’ 5’ AGTCAT 3’ 5’ AATCAT 3’ 5’ AGTCAT 3’ 3’ UGGGTA 5’ 3’ CTGACG 5’ 3’ UUAGUA 5’ 3’ TCAGTA 5’

19. The diagram below represents a segment of a chromosome from a kangaroo. Kangaroos are animals that

contain a pouch to in which females carry their young, marsupials, and are classified in the same order of mammals as wallabies, sugar gliders, and possums.

What is most likely located at point A on the chromosome? (Circle one answer.)

Spindle fibers Centrioles Nucleic Acids Nucleus 20.

What process is occurring in the diagram above? (Circle one answer.)

Replication Transcription Translation 21. Genetic information usually flows in one specific direction. Using the following words, fill in the blanks to

show the flow of genetic information.

Proteins, DNA, RNA

_____________ _____________ _____________

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SEQUENCING: Read the following steps of protein synthesis and put in the correct order:

A. mRNA and tRNA meet in the ribosomes

B. Ribosomes make the protein

C. mRNA nucleotides match up to DNA

D. mRNA leaves the nucleus with the DNA code, and goes to the ribosomes

E. DNA temporarily unzips

22. 1st __________

23. 2nd__________

24. 3rd __________

25. 4th __________

26. 5th __________ 27. Label the following diagram with these terms: mRNA, codon, ribosome, and protein.

28. The chart below shows some of the mRNA codons and their corresponding amino acids.

___________

___________

___________

___________

Ala – Ile – Trp - Ala

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Write the base sequence that codes for the amino acid sequence shown above?

________ ________ ________ ________ 29.

Students compared the germination rates of seeds that had been exposed to radiation with that of normal non-irradiated seeds. Their results are shown in the graph above. Compare the germination rate of non-irradiated seeds with the germination rate of irradiated seeds. What could you conclude?

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

30. In 1668, Francesco Redi wanted to test the idea of spontaneous generation, the belief that life can come

from non-living materials. He set up an experiment similar to the one shown below.

Redi’s Experiment Disproving Spontaneous Generation

After several days, maggots appeared on the meat in the uncovered jar but not in the covered jar. Redi concluded that maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat and that no spontaneous generation of maggots from meat occurred. Why do you think maggots did not form in both jars? __________________________________________________________________________________

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Replication, Transcription, Translation Practice

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Name: _________________________________________ Per: _____

Cell Cycle Performance Task

Goal: To prepare a Cancer Treatment Pamphlet for the American Cancer Society.

You will be creating a pamphlet about a cancer of your choice. This can be done by hand or on the computer.

If hand written make sure it is printed neatly and is colored with graphics where needed. Be sure to include

the following sections (All sections should be clearly identified and explained).

Title and Explanation about the type of cancer

Cancer’s Effect on Cell Growth and Cell Reproduction; how could the cancer you picked possibly be fatal

Symptoms

Treatment/Cellular Response to treatment

Prevention

Citations – At least 3 sources

Pamphlet Grading Rubric

Title/ Cancer Explanation: _________/15 pts

Cancer’s Effect on Cell Growth: _________/15 pts

Symptoms: _________/15 pts

Treatment/Cellular Response: _________/15 pts

Prevention: _________/15 pts

At least Three Illustrations/Pictures: _________/15 pts

Works Cited Information: _________/5 pts

Neatness, creativity, format: _________/5 pts

Total _________/100 pts

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Highlight the type of Cancer you will research:

Bladder

Brain

Breast

Colon

Endometrial (uterus)

Gastric (stomach)

Kidney

Leukemia (blood cancer)

Liver Cancer

Lung Cancer

Melanoma (Skin Cancer)

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (immune

system)

Osteosarcoma (bone cancer)

Pancreatic

Prostate

Skin Cancer (not melanoma)

To make your brochure, either use the cancer brochure template or make your own by folding paper into three equal sections and number pages as follows:

Front of paper Back of paper

Page 1: Cancer type

Some graphic or drawing

Your name and period

Page 2: Explain how cancer occurs, include specific

symptoms, any lifestyle choices associated with

this type of cancer, is it fatal, what effect does it

have on cell growth and reproduction

Page 5: Research/Citations

At least 3 sources

Page 3: Treatment options

Include how the cells respond to the treatment

Page 6: Interesting facts

*Also include at least 3 pictures

Page 4: How common is it? Is any particular group

more likely to get it than another?

Is it preventable? What steps can be taken to

prevent it, if any?

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Name ___________________________________ Per. _________

Mutations practice

The 3 types of point mutations are:

1. _________________________________

2. _________________________________

3. _________________________________

Label each of the following point mutations:

4.

____________________________ ______________________________

______________________________ _______________________________

______________________________ ______________________________

AATCGC

AAACGC

AATCGC

AATCC

AATCGC

AATGCGC

DNA before mutation

DNA before mutation

DNA before mutation

DNA after mutation

DNA after mutation

DNA after mutation

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For each station, decide what type of mutation it is, and fill in the information on the disease it causes:

Station #

Type of mutation Disease it causes and symptoms of the disease

1

2

3

4

5

For the following stations decide what type of mutation it is

Station #

Type of mutation

6

7

8

9

10

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Genetic Mutation By: Suzanne Clancy, Ph.D. © 2008 Nature Education

Citation: Clancy, S. (2008) Genetic mutation. Nature Education 1(1)

A single base change can create a devastating genetic disorder or a beneficial

adaptation, or it might have no effect. How do mutations happen, and how do they

influence the future of a species?

Although the human genome consists of 3 billion nucleotides, changes in even a single base pair can result

in dramatic physiological malfunctions. For example, sickle-cell anemia is a disease caused by the

smallest of genetic changes. Here, the alteration of a single nucleotide in the gene for the hemoglobin

protein (the oxygen-carrying protein that makes blood red) is all it takes to turn a normal hemoglobin

gene into a sickle-cell hemoglobin gene. This single nucleotide change alters only one amino acid in the

protein chain, but the results are devastating.

Beta hemoglobin (beta globin) is a single chain of 147 amino acids. As previously mentioned, in sickle-cell

anemia, the gene for beta globin is mutated. The resulting protein still consists of 147 amino acids, but because

of the single-base mutation, the sixth amino acid in the chain is valine, rather than glutamic acid. This

substitution is depicted in Table 1.

Table 1: Single-Base Mutation Associated with Sickle-Cell Anemia

Sequence for Wild-Type Hemoglobin

ATG GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GAG GAG AAG TCT GCC GTT ACT

Start Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu Lys Ser Ala Val Thr

Sequence for Mutant (Sickle-Cell) Hemoglobin

ATG GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GTG GAG AAG TCT GCC GTT ACT

Start Val His Leu Thr Pro Val Glu Lys Ser Ala Val Thr

Molecules of sickle-cell hemoglobin stick to one another, forming rigid rods. These rods cause a person's red

blood cells to take on a deformed, sickle-like shape, thus giving the disease its name. The rigid, misshapen

blood cells do not carry oxygen well, and they also tend to clog capillaries, causing an affected person's blood

supply to be cut off to various tissues, including the brain and the heart. Therefore, when an afflicted individual

exerts himself or herself even slightly, he or she often experiences terrible pain, and he or she might even

undergo heart attack or stroke—all because of a single nucleotide mutation (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Sickle-cell anemia is characterized by

deformed red blood cells.

A sickle-shaped red blood cell is shown among a group

of healthy red blood cells. A change in a single amino

acid in one of the hemoglobin proteins is responsible for

causing the abnormal sickle shape of this red blood cell.

Courtesy of EM Unit, UCL Medical School, Royal Free

Campus, Welcome Images.

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Sickle-cell anemia is one of hundreds of life-threatening disorders that are known to be caused by a change in

just one of those 3 billion A's, T's, C's, or G's. Because so many diseases are associated with mutations, it is

common for mutations to have a negative connotation. However, while many mutations are indeed deleterious,

others are "silent"; that is, they have no discernible effect on the phenotype of an individual and remain

undetected unless a molecular biologist takes a DNA sample for sequence analysis. In addition, some mutations

are actually beneficial. For example, the very same mutation that causes sickle-cell anemia in affected

individuals (i.e., those people who have inherited two mutant copies of the beta globin gene) can confer a

survival advantage to unaffected carriers (i.e., those people who have inherited one mutant copy and one normal

copy of the gene, and who generally do not show symptoms of the disease) when these people are challenged

with the malaria pathogen. As a result, the sickle-cell mutation persists in populations where malaria is

endemic.

Beyond the individual level, perhaps the most dramatic effect of mutation relates to its role in evolution; indeed,

without mutation, evolution would not be possible. This is because mutations provide the "raw material" upon

which the mechanisms of natural selection can act. By way of this process, those mutations that furnish

individual organisms with characteristics better adapted to changing environmental conditions are passed on to

offspring at an increased rate, thereby influencing the future of the species.

Types of Changes in DNA

The DNA in any cell can be altered through environmental exposure to certain chemicals, ultraviolet radiation,

other genetic insults, or even errors that occur during the process of replication. If a mutation occurs in a germ-

line cell (one that will give rise to gametes, i.e., egg or sperm cells), then this mutation can be passed to an

organism's offspring. This means that every cell in the developing embryo will carry the mutation. As opposed

to germ-line mutations, somatic mutations occur in cells found elsewhere in an organism's body. Such

mutations are passed to daughter cells during the process of mitosis (Figure 2), but they are not passed to

offspring conceived via sexual reproduction.

As mentioned, sickle-cell anemia is the result of a change in a single nucleotide, and it represents just one class

of mutations called point mutations. Changes in the DNA sequence can also occur at the level of the

chromosome, in which large segments of chromosomes are altered. In this case, fragments of chromosomes can

be deleted, duplicated, inverted, translocated to different chromosomes, or otherwise rearranged, resulting in

changes such as modification of gene dosage, the complete absence of genes, or the alteration of gene sequence.

The type of variation that occurs when entire areas of chromosomes are duplicated or lost, called copy number

variation (CNV), has especially important implications for human disease and evolution. Table 2 summarizes

the types of mutations and provides examples of various diseases associated with each.

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Name________________________________________ Dates __________________________Period______

BIOLOGY WARM-UPS

All warm ups will be taken up for a grade.

Date:

Date:

Date:

(Over)

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Date:

Date:

Date:

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Amino Acid Chart

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