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Failed in Italy Popes directly involved with affairs of state Spanish/HRE Hapsburgs support Pope –Dominant in Southern Italy and Venetia Italian Peninsula remained loyal to Catholicism
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Protestant Reformation
Pope
Believers
Clergy Monks/Nuns
Failed in Italy• Popes directly involved with affairs of
state• Spanish/HRE Hapsburgs support
Pope–Dominant in Southern Italy and Venetia
• Italian Peninsula remained loyal to Catholicism
• Catholic Church was a source of wealth for Italians
• Italian Renaissance and Papal patronage made Italy rich
• Italian universities made questioning theological questions unheard of
Succeeded in Northern Euro• Church members pay church tax
– Tax $ went to Rome– Rulers saw none of the $ locally– Rulers resented this!
• Church critics appeal to nationalistic sentiment– Luther = German– Wyclif = English– Huss = Bohemian (S. German or Slav)
• Reformers back Centralization of monarchy
• Nobles saw chance to seize Church land
• Printing press spread ideas quickly• Northern universities were more
liberal and allowed for theological debate
CausesCauses1. Corruption within
• Simony, Nepotism, Pluralism, Absenteeism
2. Church division• Avignon Papacy• Great Schism of the West• Conciliar Movement
3. Renaissance Humanism4. Renaissance Secularism5. Critics6. Sale of Indulgences7. Renaissance Popes
Early Critics: John Wyclif1320-1384
English FriarCriticized vices of clergy
Criticized Papal taxes and authorityAnti-transubstantiation
Scripture, not tradition, is authorityFollowers = Lollards
Lollard peasant revolt (1381) hurt Wyclif’s cause
Early Critics: Jon Huss1369-1415
Czech PriestSimilar to Wyclif in many ways
Bohemia support Huss: State challenge to Papal authority
Followers = HussitesHuss burned at stake: Council of Constance
Renaissance Critics: Erasmus1466-1536
True religion = inward sincerityPious devotion
Outward ritual and ceremony meaninglessScripture is guide; not priesthood
Severe Humanist critic (Christian Humanism)
In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Critics: More1478-1535
Idea of communal livingNo class distinctions
No competition (economic)Defied Henry VIII
Catholic martyr (executed by Henry)
Utopia
Storyline• Renaissance Popes focus on
patronage of arts and wealth• Pope Leo X authorize Tetzel to sell
Indulgences to help pay for re-building of St Peter’s Basilica–Indulgences used since Crusades to
raise funds–Tetzel expands their use/application
• Martin Luther wrote 95 Thesis questioning use of Indulgences (1517)–Luther meant to reform Church from
within (Luther was a monk)• 95 Thesis widely read • N German States used Luther to
express their ideas or further their political/economic goals
• Papal delegates and Luther debate: Luther refused to recant
• Luther excommunicated• German states hide/support Luther• Henry VIII uses Luther to further his
ends and breaks from Rome• Other’s began protests and were
supported by various states–John Calvin, John Knox, Zwingli,
Wesley, etc
Martin Luther1483-1546
Justification by Faith2 Sacraments
True Authority = BiblePriesthood of followers
ConsubstantiationBishops = Administrators only
Reject Papal authorityClergy may marry
Religious services in the vernacularChurch is subordinate to the State
Key Events regarding Luther1. Posting of 95 Thesis (1517)2. Debate with Johann Eck in Leipzig
(1520)• Luther Excommunicated
3. Diet of Worms (1521)• Luther Outlawed by HRE
4. Peasants Revolt (1524-1525)• Swabian Peasant uprising (12 Articles)• Luther Admonished them
• We should obey rulers here on Earth• Catholics & Lutherans suppressed uprising
5. Confessions of Augsburg (1530)• Written by Philip Melanchthon• Compromise in attempt to reconcile
Lutheranism & Catholicism• Rejected by Catholics• Became central statement of Lutheran belief
6. League of Schmalkalden (1531)– Formed by German princes to defend
against Charles V drive to re-Catholicize German States
– Francis I of France allied with the League (even though he was Catholic – see below)
7. Hapsburg-Valois Wars (1521-1555) – France try to keep Germany divided (aiding
Lutherans accomplished this aim)– Charles victorious over the League in 1547
(too late – Lutheranism held too much sway)
8. PEACE OF AUGSBURG (1555)• Temporary end to Lutheran-Catholic
Struggle in German States• Cuius regio, eius religio
“Whose the religion, his the religion”• Princes choose Lutheran or Catholic for his
state• Re-affirmed independence of German
States• Ensured division of German States (stunted
German Nationalism)
Still to Come…Still to Come…• Calvinism• Zwingli• Anglicanism• Anabaptists and Mennonites• Unitarianism• Presbyterianism• Catholic Counter Reformation