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PROTO-BALTIC gtgtgt|||ltltlt
An excerpt of text from Virdainas copy Jos Pashka 2012
Warning - RWA xenophobes may find this content emotionally disturbing
gt Link to Google Translate URL lt
People lie The evidence doesnt lie
- Grissom
The IE Satem poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper Culture ( R1a1a1 Z280 w multiple
variants ) appeared well over five thousand years ago in forested regions by the Middle amp Upper Dnieper river and its tributaries - also including a wide area extending East towards the Don along with an early Northeastern variant (LWb
allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants amp Z92 L235 ) which developed of related East Baltic speaking forest-zone Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultures that spread North and East up to the Ural Mountains together are seen as Northern extensions ( 3300 - 1800 BCE Loze 1992 Tab1 ) of the poly-ethnic Corded Ware ( R1a- M417
Z283 ) culture horizon (re mtDNA N1a1) [ Note - the (DNA) citations are only partial
general indicators] There were altogether really quite a few (R1a1a1 Z280 Northern
variants ) Baltic Satem speaking cultures - the early West Baltic ( Pamariai Bay Coast ) Barrow culture in the West - the growing Middle Dnieper in the middle with a Dnieper-Desna variant - and the geographically immense East Baltic speaking Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultures settled among (and eventually merging with among others) neighboring Finno-Ugrics ( N1c1) and Narva substratum on territory in the North amp East - up to the Ural mountains and
Kama-Volga rivers A later phase of the Catacomb ( MVK - Mnogovalikovo ) amp Pit-grave ( Poltavka ) influenced border Fatyanovo-Balanovo was the Corded Ware Abashevo culture To the South of these bordered complexes like Sosnica that later became the Baltic-type Milograd amp Bondarikha ( gt Jukhnovo ) cultures Beyond that southern region were the non-Baltic yet closely related Indo-European Satem Āryan Yamna and autonomous Satem Corded Ware Proto-Slavic Komarov culture horizons Nearby Globular Amphora types and others to the West had coalesced with Lengyel TRB people into Corded Ware ( R1a1a- Z283 M458 M284 ) variants including pre-proto-Germanic although Centum Globular Amphora also significantly influenced Middle Dnieper and the Fatyanovo culturally ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 Česnys et al 1990 ) as well as by contributing substratum populations Proto-Slavic ( mtDNA U4a2a ) evolved from Southwestern early Satem speaking poly-ethnic steppe variants of the lower Middle Dnieper culture horizon neighboring a distinct SW Monteoru culture of a Satem related Proto-Dacian variant Corded Ware R1a1a1 Z282 - an ancestral mutation for Z280 and Z284 genetically illuminates the close familial bond of Vikings Slavs and Balts - a bond rekindled much later with the unified
Jaacutetvįgai Яцьвягі Yotvingians
Balto-Slavic is a convenient linguistic generalization of the complex multi-regional poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper cultural horizon and generic at best Regional semi-autonomous variant subgroups ( forest vs steppe ) within the geography of the poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture area explains most irreducible incongruities between Baltic and Slavic ( eg Slavic participle in -L ) Neither offshoot can be any older than the other ( R1a1a- Z280 ) although East Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a1- Z280 Northern variants amp Z92 or N1c1 ) remains extraordinarily archaic to this day Luckily the specific East Baltic speakers tribal blood marker of the LWb allele transcends often misinterpreted R1a1a amp
N1c1 DNA identifications Excavations between the rivers Orell and Samara have uncovered burials of a syncretic nature that attest contacts between the spheres of the Corded Ware and Yamna cultures It may indicate early and prolonged contacts between polyethnic Proto-Indo-Iranians ( R1a- Z93 ) and the ancestors of many East Balts and East Slavs ( R1a1a- Z280 Z92 ) which had evolved as somewhat related neighboring Satem cultures ( Lith sviestas churned milk Avestan xšvid- milk Lith žastas Sanskrit hastas arm from elbow Lith kada tada kataras antaras when then which other Sanskrit kadā tadā kataras antaras id Vėjus - Vāyus wind Ašvieniai - Ashvins
Divine Twins myth) and much later as integrated metallurgic co-workers by
Sintashta-Arkaim ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re ceramic lt gt laquocheckedraquo ornaments ) they
would fish šapalas- śapharas together share ominously wild-eyed aršus - ǝrǝšiš ( see below ) sojourns then sing astonishing supra-lyrical Daina - Dhēnā praise to the warm dawning Ūšas - Uṣas light MtDNA N1a1a1 - 294 A specific E
Baltic Fatyanovo laquocheckedraquo double diamond rhombus pottery design verifies
Sintashta-Arkaim era contacts and is later found on Alakul Fedorovo amp Kandahar valley Mundigak Period VI ceramics in Afghanistan Lith piešalas
Sanskrit peśalas Cool
The ethnogenesis of the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Culture grew from conservative peripheral IE Satem dialects closely adjoined to Yamna Pit-grave Satem as well as Catacomb culture neighbors with additional diverse admixture of Dnieper Repins and other originally non-IE peoples ( I2a E-V13 amp T ) from Dnieper-Donets and Tripolye (Temematian) C2 - which were by now also of mixed origin and probably bi-lingual along with admixture of TRB Lengyels BBC Centum Globular Amphora from the Carpathian area ( including some late
Baden ) and western Corded Ware folk From this multi-ethnic convergence and chaotic fusion spawned the unique ethnogenesis of the mainly Satem Middle Dnieper culture in contrast with other ethnic cultures that were expanding outward Although Fatyanovo-Balanovo as an early variant of upper Middle Dnieper did quickly expand ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants ) into the forest zone to the Northeast Hence the elusive retro centralist appearance of languages descended from the Middle Dnieper culture and its linguistic neighbors This explains why one finds unique Celtic-Baltic isogloss terms or separate Greek-Baltic isoglosses or Indo-Iranian-East Baltic isoglosses ( see
below ) Baltic is ( like IE ) the linguistic flagship of multiculturalism Structured theories are a poor match to interpret the initial formative chaos of this multicultural foundation for the Middle Dnieper culture horizon Embrace the chaos
Globular Amphora Substratum gtgtgt|||ltltlt
This poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper Culture was a regionally diverse mosaic a synthesis or fusion of local variant groups - a vortex of converging multi-ethnic cultural influences Frequent interaction between the central European Dniester Tripolye C2 refugees which may also have spoken variants of a pidgin Centum as well as their native Temematian language and the northern Middle Dnieper Tripolye C2 amp TRB bi-lingual populace ( I2a E-V13 amp T ) perhaps account as sources and range of non-IE tauras - like archaisms and innovations in polyethnic Middle Dnieper Fatyanovo as well as traditions of central European copper metallurgy The Middle Dnieper region became a proverbial melting pot with input from all directions and many cultures To the West C-14 dates reflect an amalgamation of Globular Amphora with Tripolye and later TRB or Funnel Beaker culture Lengyels and BBC ( G2a R1b ) for near a millennium in Poland amp Germany ( R1a1a- M458 ) then along with other groups ( R1a1a- Z284 L448 ) influenced the earlier TRB assimilated Erteboslashlle-Ellerbek ( I1-M253 - Y-DNA ) natives even into Scandinavia as some GAC did earlier while expanding the amber trade with the Narva of the Baltic region and their Uralic neighbors Some outlier GAC Centum speakers ( eg Smolensk area )
were assimilated by the pioneering Satem East Balts The Middle Dnieper Steppe Repin ( mtDNA K amp H ) contribution to poly-ethnic Globular Amphora is reflected by Tocharian Germanic proclivities and the Centum Globular
Amphora substratum ( GAS ) contribution to the Baltic languages ( klau- šlav- or akmuo- ašmuo- ) and their lexicons ( pẽku ) Illich-Svitych prudently referred to it as some Centum ( Illich-Svitych 1963 ) But hybrid semantically oversteps this creole impact Since this amalgamation occurred at the earliest periods of contact and was integrated with varied poly-ethnic Globula Amphora Centum speakers the Euro-Repin Centum traces blended in smoothly Enigmatic linguistic Centum reflexes may merely reflect common poly-ethnic bilingual contacts The new Satem immigrants may have encountered possibly three different other languages besides theirs We know from DNA that there was gradual assimilation The study of Baltic languages thus provides a unique perspective for Tocharian Proto-Germanic Repin investigations or Latin Germanic ERC affinities from Usatovo GAC origins Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements there ( Brazaitis 2005 fig 5 Girininkas 2009 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import like pešti pešus pẽšis Kailas ( re Sudovian Kayles Gothic Hails ) The Euro-Repin Centum ( ERC ) features of East amp especially West Baltic are like a window into one component of an archaic Proto-Germanic ( also see BBC below ) just as Uralic languages have frozen Baltic words in time Apples don‟t fall far from the apple tree
Euro-Repin Centum
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Centum Globular Amphora poly-ethnic culture ( plural dative m development
of verbal postfixes GAC gt CWC Baltic-Slavic-Germanic isoglosses ) with its TRB amp Lengyel substrate pre-BBC influences and Euro-Repin component contributed significantly to the Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo ( Berezanskaja
1971 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) ethno-genesis via substratum and contact Many irreducible Centum Satem incongruities in East Baltic Satemization amp Ruki were influenced by GAS lt Globular Amphora Substratum lt ERC lt Euro-Repin-Centum The Finnish word laiha thin from Fatyanovo residual pioneers implies East Baltic Ruki was perhaps compromised over time by a substratum influence yielding later Lith liesa instead of lieša The archaeological record clearly shows that substratum was Globular Amphora oriented and that it had extensive trade networks ( the flint amber trade ) with other central Europe cultures such as Baden For the Centum GAS ( mtDNA K ) ratʔas relationship of Old Irish roth Lithuanian ratas and Sanskrit
ratha - see below as well as the interpretation of Sintashta checked lt gt
ceramic ornamentation by Oleg Mochalov ( 2008 - Samara State Pedagogical
University ) Both tartan and striped ( see EB sgntr darža below ) textile folk designs co-exist to this day in Latvia and Lithuania perhaps from Euro-Repin amp NE Tripolye origins Middle Dnieper Centum Repin is the link between the similiar weave pattern of Turim Basin Tocharians and ancient Hallstatt ( GAC ) textiles of Euro-Repins Baltic Perkūnas reflects a GAS assimilated ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive Slavic Satem Ruki amp velarless Perun would support this assertion as
does the archaeological record around 3000 BCE Fatyanovo East Baltic influenced Globular Amphora as well Finnish stem tuhante - 1000 implies Centum Globular Amphora substratum quickly adopted unique innovative Fatyanovo Satem terms ( one-leftover - w later GAC-BBC p lt q ) and took them elsewhere - just as Fatyanovo used new GAS- ERC terms far and wide This mutual integration is the basis for vague linguistic terms like Northern Indo-European supported by Germanic-Baltic isoglosses ( aldija vs perga ) Circular linguistic polemics now can utilize such terms as GAS or ERC regarding Baltic Slavic or Germanic for that matter Pedal to the metal
Poly-Ethnic Reductionism 101 gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Middle Dnieper burial customs of males laid on their right side - females on their left was already practiced by some forest-steppe Satems Maykop burial traditions of orienting the male head to the Southwest and the female to the Northeast was followed by the Fatyanovo-Balanovo Northern Z92 offshoot of Middle Dnieper as did other regional sub-groups of it as opposed to other Corded Ware variants Most burial remains exhibit dolichocranial features The vortex of this Middle Dnieper Culture multi-ethnic fusion was in part propelled by a devastating climatic change known as the Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase that took place prior to the Middle Dnieper cultures synthesis coupled with the mobility of the wheel A perfect storm Regional variant steppe dialects from the southern part of this multi-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture would contribute to the ethno-genesis of the Slavs neighboring an earlier outlier Satem Proto-Dacian dialect near Baden As with the neighboring related Catacomb or Centum-Globular Amphora ( R1a- M458 ) polyethnic cultures the Satem Middle Dnieper culture had quite a few (lt link R1a1a- Z280 etc ) regionally diverse variant subgroups that spawned later peripheral cultures
The mythical Balto-Slavic (SVO) is none other than a Middle Dnieper cultural horizon of various unique regional yet distinctly polyethnic Europeanized conservative core IE Satem dialects neighboring related Pit-grave Yamna Āryan Satem (SOV) to their East as well as the nearby Catacomb culture (SOV) and Europeanized Centum Globular Amphora type languages (SVO) to their West Contact with Dnieper-Don Repins (SOV) is implied by unique Slavic Baltic Tocharian isoglosses Hollow based flint arrowheads of the Middle Dnieper culture bear a undeniable resemblance with Pit-grave Yamna and Catacomb culture counterparts ( pre-Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian ) as does some pottery River lake and marsh food including mollusks ( Latv sence ) were important food sources Pontic steppe Catacomb amp East Baltic bored stone hammer-axes are almost interchangeable and of course some aspects of their languages (re Grk Poimenes Lith Piemenes and the merger of Genitive amp
Ablative) Armenian Baltic Slavic and Indo-Iranian share innovations of the 1st person plural pronoun East Balt and Andronovo four five or seven-bulbed stone bored maces ( Lith vėzdras Skt vajrah ) are nearly identical as are their
archaic Ashvins Ašvieniai Divine Twins mythology as well It is no surprise that the Indo-Iranian and Baltic future tense echo each other as do many cultural terms and words This reflective Greek Sanskrit Lithuanian relationship is more than just a bridge between East and West (like Ket amp Navajo
amp Q ) it is a timeless Harmony letting even a blind man to view all Humanity as Family
These Satem core components of varied pre-Baltic pre-Slavic cultures migrated from the Sredny Stog culture (4500-3350 BCE) which with the Khvalynsk culture evolved from the Samara PIE homeland culture (5500-5000
BCE) on the Volga River Artifacts connect Samara with the earlier ( 7th
millenium BCE) polyethnic Indo-Uralic Seroglazovo culture by the Ural river probably validating the Indo-Uralic theory of V Thomsen from 1869 (re miti
languages)
Pots Dont Talk - They Speak - Volumes gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Most migrations were often due to prolonged climatic changes such as the Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase (4200 BCE colder 3500 BCE drier) population pressure on natural resources and or favorable new frontiers to colonize The migrations by each group resulted in different ethnic assimilations (Dnieper
Repins Dnieper-Donets Tripolye C2 amp Globular Amphora ) during the migrations and even more so at the eventual settlement regions (eg Uralic Comb amp Pitted Ware
Cultures and polyethnic Globular Amphora with non-Uralic Nemunas amp Narva Substratum U4
U5b2 ) The Fatyanovo custom of adding chamotte-grog or crushed shell to pottery reflects cultures like Narva ( amp later Globular Amphora-Narva poly-ethnic -
Česnys et al 2006 ) populations of the East Baltic and also older pottery by the Dnieper Rapids (Surskii island - circa 6000 BCE) and later Don-steppe cord impressed ceramics associated with Dnieper-Donets steppe cultures Twin horse heads ( Ašvieniai sky motif ) and boar tusks also culturally link Satem Balts to Syezzhe by Samara From the Samara culture to the present speakers of the archaic roots of Baltic type ( and Slavic ) languages have been indisputably polyethnic in various degrees in their long mosaic evolution The divergence of language is usually happening while there is also a convergence of languages Europe today is like an unmarked ancient sack of mixed genetic seeds The Sudovians ( Dainavians Yotvingians ) Galindians Pomesanians and various Prussians together formed a closely related Baltic language group known as the Western Balts ( West Baltic Barrow cultures ) to which one should also include the ancient Curonians The languages of both the Western and Eastern Balts ( Lithuanian Samogitian and Latvian ) evolved from the varied poly-ethnic Pre-Baltic Satem languages that migrated ( each differently ) from the late Sredny Stog horizon and subsequent Middle Dnieper culture regional variant subcultures These early Baltic language settlement areas of which ( the lower
reaches of the Vistula Daugava the Nemunas basin the upper reaches of the Dnieper amp even
to the Urals ) - is known to have developed into the (1) Early East Baltic Area of
Northern amp NE dialects ( w LWb ) and (2) Early West Baltic Area of Western amp Coastal dialects The Sudovians Prussians and Curonians can be regarded as links in a chain of this latter group while the Lithuanians Žemaitians
( Samogitians ) and Latvians ( R1a1a1 L235 L784 amp Z92) are considered to be the remnants (R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants) of a more Northern Early East-Baltic ( LWb allele ) area migration The differences between East and West Baltic cultures are reflected by Y-DNA data currently processed by the U of AZ ( re
Sintashta C14 dates ) in Tucson
The Eastern most dialects of the Early East-Baltic area ( Fatyanovo-Balanovo ) did not survive intact to be documented beyond numerous hydronyms and many archaic loanwords in various Finnic languages ( gyenta gyentar ) and Indic ( dhēnā śapharas rathas ) as well as contributing later to Russian dialects (re
ГОЛЯДЬ Terje Mathiassen amp Sprachbund notion ) There are loanwords in Saacutemi from Volga-East-Baltic that show no indications of Finnic sound changes ( ie
Saacutemi luossalt Volga-Baltic lašiša vs Finnish lohi salmon ) which help to approximately date a common source language for Finnic and Saami - and trade with Volga-Balts The loanwords were decidedly not prestigious items of an arrogant elite ie Saacutemi duovli Latvian dagla tinder or for example North Saacutemi suoidni hay Finnish heinauml id Lith šienas id Finnish ranta shore Lith krantas id
From reconstructions of the many cultural loanwords in Finno-Uralic by linguists amp those found in Vedic one might gather that the languages of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo Volga-Balts resembled a very archaic ( circa 2800 BCE ) East Baltic Samo-Lettic (w their Solar cult amp Sun songs) surviving ( LWb allele
R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants Z92 L235 L784 amp Kz) and evolving for the most part into Modern East-Baltic Lithuanian Žemaitian and Latvian and being culturally preserved in their dainos dainās especially those with a solar theme Many East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo artifacts exhibit designs reflecting such solar themes Abashevo rosettes mirror Latvian sun sign folk designs
Lexical Provenance gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Some regard the central Latvian system of three intonations ( also in Samogitian-
Žemaitian ) as an archaism of the Baltic group while others (Stang 1966 142 ) view the 3 tones as a reflection of accent retraction due to contact with another language ( a new broken tone from where stress was retracted to a syllable which originally had acute tone ) These related Northern Boat Axe tribes include the D Balts of the late great Balticist V Mažiulis Given the earlier political assassination of Lithuanian linguist Jonas Kazlauskas by the KGB (Deacutejagrave Vu - again - re Maris Prof Yuri Anduganov ) it perhaps was a safer label than a more accurate Ural Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a12 etc Z92 L235 type Kz ) or more inflammatory yet factual Volga-Kama Balts Neutralizing scholars is so
passeacute The settlement of East Balts in Russia three thousand years before the arrival of East Slavs was not politically expedient information nor particularly welcome It still isnt welcomed to this day like the Turim Basin ( VRC )
Tocharians in China Note loanwords into Finno-Ugric below (Gordeev 1967
180-203 Redei 1986 25-26) - of a specifically archaic East Baltic lexical Fatyanovo provenance ie žalga dagla darža vežys (v)āžys gentar kela ratas tilta kāras deivas not some amorphous Proto Balto-Slavic Finnish Perkele amp Votiak Perkịno reflect a Fatyanovo Baltic ldquoalpinerdquo velar that is altogether absent in Slavic Perun Details details details
Baltic amp Uralic in Vedic
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The old names of the various groups were derived from nearby hydronyms such as the historic Lamai by the Lama river or the Eastern Galindai ( ГОЛЯДЬ
) Some of these Eastern Balts by the Ural mountains evidently merged culturally with or extended to the nearby cosmopolitan poly-ethnic Abashevo culture which became a major component of the Sintashta Arkaim culture ( Kuzmina 2000 Pryakhin et al 2001 ) later becoming one of many conservative Alakul dialects to Pre-BMAC Proto-Indo-Aryan ( Proto-Vedic ) Some Abashevo pottery looks quite similar to and even blends specific darža designs from Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) which indicates East Baltic Corded Ware culture (Kuzmina OV 2000) integration in the Abashevo ethnogenesis as well as in later Sintashta-Arkaim One of the uniquely Fatyanovo-Balanovo trademark ceramic designs ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 ) was a pecular darža checkered double row diamond rhombus (
languotas raštas rūtains ) pattern which found its way into both Andronovo amp Timber Grave ( Srubna Pozdnyakovo ) ceramics and culture ( copyjp ) It is also indisputably evident in Andronovo Fedorovo artifacts ( re Kuzmina 2007 p 653
fig 41 Urefty pottery 3 amp 44 p 628 fig 19 5 Smolino pottery Also fig 101 14 Mundigak
Period VI Kandahar valley ) Lith piešalas Sanskrit peśalas Buckle up
If unique designs were assimilated unique words were probably assimilated as well Ratas isnt some amorphous proto-balto-slavic word Ratas is GAS East Baltic just like its unique trademark darža checkered ceramics ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) of Fatyanovo barley amp hemp farmers Baltic in Vedic Checked mate Que rico A Uralic component of poly-ethnic Balanovo culture ( Goldin 1999 130 ) may also account for old Uralic words in Andronovo culture and adding chamotte-grog in ceramics Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link the panta between the two disparate cultures of Poltavka and Volosovo-Garino Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered pottery connects Poltavka amp Volosovo-Garino revealing the conduit for cultural exchange The Southern
most peripheral Baltic dialects were from the Sosnica cultural complex ( gt
Milograd amp Jukhnovo cultures ) which much later on assimilated with migrating Eastern Slavic speakers ( R1a1a- Z92 ) Yet it should be remembered that neither Satemization or Ruki match genetic charts very well
Map of the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Cultures
with Dative Plural M amp R1a- M417 Z283
The early ancestors of the West Balts ( R1a1a- Z280 ) were the West Baltic Barrow culture and the Mazovia-Podlasie groups of the Trzciniec culture along the Bug river basin which bordered the autonomous Komarov ( Proto-Slavic ) culture of the Podolian Uplands further to the South The Baltic Trzciniec (Streaked pottery) culture was related to the autonomous Komarov culture but different as ceramics metalwork hydronyms and burial rites indicate This difference can be seen in the word for mans best friend dog where West Baltic had suns vs Old Church Slavic pьsъ or rock - Baltic akmō ašmō vs OC Slavic kamy West Baltic pausē pine vs Slavic bor or sosna (lt sopsna ) and also with many fundamental lexical and mythological disparities In contrast note East Baltic šuo with Kalasha šua dog or Lith puš-es pines and Waigali puċ pine (see Haplogroup U4 below) The West-Satem branch relatedness is illustrated by the word for name - West Baltic emens Albanian emen and Slavic imę vs more Central-Satem East Baltic Lithuanian vardas
The West Baltic Barrow culture and Trzciniec evolved into the later Pomeranian culture ( R1a1a- Z280 L365 ) horizon The West Baltic dialect area flourished with their lively amber trade with the Unitice culture and beyond Even as late as the Early Iron Age (600 BCE) the southern limit of the large Sudovian culture territory bordered the SlavicScythian Chernoles culture Scytho-Sarmatian (Ossetic) and Slavic isoglosses can be illustrated in Ossetic terminology of agriculture ( yoke harvest reaping-hook ) - in somatic terminology ( ear ) and in kinship ( sister brother mother father mother and father-in-law ) The Slavic and Mid-Iranian RUKI had much in common as well as Slavic loss of word-final -s which may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by Timber Grave Iranian contact (re U3)
The Neuri of Herodotus gtgtgt|||ltltlt
According to Herodotus (approx 450 BCE) the Neuri ( Νέσροι ) were a tribe living
North of the Tyres (Dneister river) and the furthest nation beyond the Scythian farmers along the course of the river Hypanis (Bug river) The Bug river meets the Naura ( Baltic name for the Narew ) river The Naura river leads one to Galinda and Suduva Since trade increased recognition the Neuri of Herodotus were possibly related to the Galindians and Sudovians Herodotus also mentions the wild white horses nearby that grazed by a great lake which scholars today suggest are the Podlesie marshes by the Bialowieza Forest Yotvingian Tarpans from the Bialowieza Forest seasonally faded to near white in Winter In 500 BCE Eastern Europe climate was much cooler and wetter There is still a town in Poland named Nur ( Νσρ) 52deg 40 0 N 22deg 18 0 E along the upper Bug River near the Bialowieza Forest The Nurzec river runs nearby and the local district currently bears the rivers name Balts traditionally take ethnonyms from local hydronyms The Baltic verbal roots nur- to immerse or niur- to get murky may be sources of the local hydronym Archaeologists have excavated a fortified settlement and an open settlement near Moloczki Poland by the Nurzec river There are probably many more yet unexcavated in Ziemia Nurska as the area is known as Udmurt nur swamp might contradict this theory
The Balts of Ptolemy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Greek geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd Century AD mentioned only two
Baltic tribal nations the Γαλίνδαι and Σοσδινοί Romans coins ( Tiberius
Caligula ) unearthed in Suduva predate Ptolemys account Σουδινοί was
possibly a typo for Σουδιυοί (re Ιαησγγιωνες) It is of interest to note that an early differentiation of dialects also took place in the Central Eastern dialects evolving early Lithuanian Žemaitian Latvian at a period when the neuter gender was still common in East Baltic ( Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish kela reel spool
Old Prussian kelan wheel )
The Western Balts gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Western Baltic dialect that later gave rise to the Sudovian Galindian Pomesanian and various Prussian languages is one of the dialects of the Early-Western Baltic Area ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) The Coastal West Balts emerged as yet another dialect (Curonian language) of the Peripheral Early-West Baltic Area near the bordering dialects of the Central Early-East Baltic language area The Western Balts were a poly-ethnic hybrid mix of Corded Ware Satem peoples on outliers of Funnel Beaker Globular Amphora with Nemunas - Narva substratum ( GAS ) population Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements there
( Brazaitis 2005 fig 5 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import
Thus the Western Balts should include the Sudovians ( Яцьвягі ) Galindians Pomesanians and various Prussians and also the Curonians the former comprising the Southern group and the latter the Coastal Northern group This explains the close similarity between Sudovian ( Yotvingian ) Galindian Pomesanian and Prussian A successful modern revival of the Prussian language is now known as New Prussian A link to their Prussian language website is provided below
The Old Prussian Sembian dialect though exhibits a prolonged influence ( Pratorius corrupt Prussian ) from the influx of nearby Curonians when compared to the more distant Pomesanian or Sudovian The Sembian dialect of the Old Prussian Catechisms has muti tawas (mother father) whereas the Pomesanian of the Elbing Vocabulary has mothe towis The chronicled Sudovian Occopirmus similarly differs from the Catechism Sembian ucka- Farther inland away from coast and Curonians we do find Prussian Tlokunpelk - Bears Marsh Galindian did not historically border the Curonians and was close to Sudovian in many respects
Certain innovations (ie thousand participle ) that occurred in the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 L235 L784 N1c1 ) dialects are not reflected in the
Peripheral ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) Western Baltic dialects ( with attrition to 4 core
declensional cases re neighboring Gothic) Each area also had different mixtures of substratum populations involved in their ethno-genetic formations ( re LT F-U
Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) and later neighboring influences The Peripheral West Baltic dialects exhibit an archaic appearing declension which gives one a unique window into both Baltics and the Northern Indo-European GAS influenced dialects and the influence of diverse substratum on varied evolutions The currently spoken East Baltic dialects are more evolved expressive and elegant Bi-lingual West East Baltic speakers adopted East Baltic rather quickly
The traditional academic construct of a seven case declensional system for early Proto Indo-European is as synthetic as it is theoretically convenient ( Jeannette DeBusk Cox )
Only nominative genitive dative and accusative forms have constant
intercrossing functions in various Indo-European languages while forms used for the instrumental or locative cases (traditionally declared to be Common Indo-
European) have related functions eg the IE -ois may occur in the instrumental case in one language and in the locative case in other ones or -ō (apophonically) -ē occurs as -āt in the Indo-Iranian ablative and as -it in the Hittite instrumental Such intercrossing elements were used for semi-paradigmatic adverbial forms differently paradigmatized in the various Indo-European languages (V Toporov V J Mažiulis)
Eastern amp Western Baltic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Some very archaic lexical differences exist between the Western Baltic ( R1a1a-
Z280 L366 etc ) dialects and the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92
L235 N1c1 ) dialects The word for fire is just such an example The Western Balts used the word panu whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ugnis Another example is the word for wheel The Western Balts used the word kelan whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ratas These words have cognates in other ancient Indo-European languages ( For the
Centum GAS ratʔas relationship between Old Irish roth Lithuanian ratas and
Sanskrit ratha - see below ) That such diversity of basic terminology existed within Proto-Baltic illustrates the antiquity of the West East Baltic vocabulary inherited from the late Sredny Stog horizon (3500-3350 BCE) into the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Middle Dnieper culture ( R1a1a- Z280 ) horizon that influenced the evolution of divergent dialects by cultural contacts Outliers of Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva populations added poly-ethnic substratum cultural influence ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 Česnys et al 1990
Mochalov OD 2001-2002 ) to Fatyanovo contributing a residual non-Satem vocabulary of their central European GAS Centum words like pẽku - livestock ( vsSatem Lith pešti pešus pẽšis OCS pьsъ ) and perhaps gradually compromising East Baltic Ruki Non-IE East Baltic substratum ( Pit Comb Ware N1c1 Uralic amp Nemunas-Narva w U5b2 ) bilinguals were perhaps a phonetic impetus behind Dative Plural -m- from -b- for example Baltic žambas Estonian hammas as well as the custom of adding chamotte-grog to ceramics ( re LT F-U Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) The Dative Plural -m- from -b- probably reflects early Baltic area GAC trade network contact dialects The loss of the neuter gender in East Baltic was due to primarily inherited dynamics of rearrangement Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains yet Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of the language - even after the era when dialects became languages The formative influence of poly-ethnic substratum populations on the various early Baltic-type dialects thus becomes easily apparent even for a layman to grasp
In regard to variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele in regions of East vs West Balts provides solid scientific proof of an ancient genetic distinction ( E Baltic -
W Baltic lt R1a- Z280 ) between speakers of the two Baltic groups Theories of a Proto-Balto-Slavic split around 1000 BCE (eg Kortlandt 1982 181) naively contradict the immense volume of linguistic archaeological and emerging genetic DNA (lt link ) Corded Ware evidence Latvia has eleven C-14 dates of Corded Ware Culture ( Loze 1992 A Kriiska 2001 ) with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (w 954 probability) A fish diet ( eg šapalas ) may lessen those calculations a little bit but not greatly
Another key feature of West Baltic languages is the asigmatic nominative singular neuter gender ending in -n This is noted in such words as kelan ( wheel ) azeran ( lake ) and dadan ( milk ) There are also many neuter gender words that end in -u such as panu ( fire ) pẽku ( livestock ) as well as alu ( mead re Latvian aluot ) of which the later two may well be from Centum Globular Amphora substratum and amber trade contacts Note Old Prussian panno ( re panu-staklan ) and Gothic fōn Armenian hur hnoc Old Prussian druwis Iranian dhruvi- indicate the core Satem foundation of West Baltic Aswinan amp dadan certainly do The neuter gender asigmatic -n exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp [ re neuter vaška beeswax gt Finnish vaha ] The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords or modern East Baltic ( Prussian median vs Samogitian medė forest ) once again dating a the West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 )
pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-Svitych 1963 42-44 see below ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as Lydian The developements of the Slavic neuter are being still debated This isogloss could provide insight about the Novosvobodna Maykop type steppe burial orientation tradition of Fatyanovo males to SW females to NE as well as Novosvobodna Maykop type metallurgic influences on Fatyanovo [ re
Samogitian medė forest Finnish metsauml - forest Estonian mets Votic meccauml Karelian mečču id Lule Saacutemi miehttjēn far away Saacutemi meahcci forest fringe Hungarian ( ) messze far distant East Baltic tilta bridge - Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish silta bridge Estonian sild Volgaic Erzya śid-al sed id lt Skt sētu- band bridge Latvian sēta fence ]
A very unique feature preserved in the West Baltic languages is the Genitive singular declensional ending in -as for words that end in -as or -an in the Nominative case Hittite also shared this feature -aš lt -os as well as perhaps neighboring Gothic ( nomgensg harjis ) nearby in the West although mere appearances may be misleading Neighboring Wielbark culture ( Gothic
I1-M253 - Y-DNA ) interaction with West Baltic tribes especially the Galindians appears to have been co-operative and mutually beneficial The border between the two may account for certain Gothic type loanwords into the Baltic languages This Gen -as declensional ending is as disconcerting for
expedited Balto-Slavic theories as the East Baltic neuter although it does strengthen and lend support to the effect of GAS Such a generalized declensional feature is noted in a word like Nominative singular pēdan ( ploughshare ) Genitive singular pēdas or in the West Baltic Genitive singular Deivas ( Gods ) and in places names ( re Wilkaskaymen ) Many unique features of West Baltic are relics from the Proto-Indo-European Sredny Stog horizon (4500-3350 BCE) as is the deduced archaic East Baltic ( amp R1a1a- Z92
Slavic ) singular neuter with -d resembling a Lydian type developement - unlike West Baltic
West Baltic has the same four nominal accent classes as does Lithuanian but it has retained the original accentual state of Dnieper Baltics ( an acute rising
accent and a circumflex falling accent) The first class is the acute barytone paradigm The second is the circumflex barytone paradigm Thirdly the acute mobile paradigm Lastly the circumflex mobile paradigm
The Archaeological Record gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Reading from the archaeological record one can associate dates of 3200 - 2300 BCE with various material artifacts (toy wheeled wagon) and increased plant ( hemp and wheat ) pollens that appear to indicate the arrival of Baltic speaking peoples in the Baltic region who appear gradually and slowly settled in well among native populations ( recently arrived Uralic Comb amp Pitted Ware Cultures
( N1c1 ) mixed with an older Nemunas amp Narva Substratum w U5b2 amp Centum Globular
Amphora outliers ) Recent archaeological finds of Triticum and Cannabis pollen circa 5600 BCE from the Akali Neolithic Narva-Kunda settlement in East Estonia ( A Poska L Saarse et al 2006 ) places Cannabis cultivation in the Baltic region much further back into antiquity than even the Corded or Pitted Ware eras Also the East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants also Z92 ) had more close contact with Uralic (eg Kiukainen culture ) and nearby Pit-grave Yamna Āryan speaking cultures than the West Balts ( Sanskrit hastas amp Lith
žastas ) After 2750 BCE the agricultural record intensifies ( Rimantienė et al
1999 ) as well as beginning East Baltic copper ( varis ) amp bronze metallurgy near the Ural Mountains The East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo era metallurgy proceeded the Seima-Turbino culture horizon ( vaška = Old East Baltic
neuter )
A forest-zone polyethnic ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Abashevo culture by the Urals emerged with MVK Catacomb influenced early Eastern Balts Volga Finns and Pit-grave Pre-Indo-Aryans from the steppe-zone using the same process Migrations often follow climate changes ( re the
Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase ) around the 3rd millennium BCE the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BCE amp the 12th century BCE Each migration would encounter different native ethnic groups and influence the dominant language during assimilation of those ethnic natives Indo-European peoples amp languages have ALWAYS been multi-ethnic The new molecular DNA archaeology proves it beyond question We are all related - literally
The high incidence of Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 suggest long term relations and admixture with the Uralic speaking population of the Baltic Volga and Ural region which may have had a conservative influence on the East Baltic Satem dialects and speakers Note Kurdish varg vs Komi Zyryan voumlrkas wolf N1c appears to emanate East amp West from the Ural region probably with its origin in Khakassia The divergence of language is usually happening while there is also a convergence of languages
Fatyanovo-Balanovo gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The early Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture ( 3300 - 1800 BCE Loze 1992 Tab1 ) was an Northeastern extension of the East Baltic Corded Ware culture (w mtDNA
N1a1a1 R1a1a1 ldquoM‟srdquo also Z92 LWb allele ) following various rivers in the North like the Oka to the upper Volga and Kama confluence in what is now Russia Fatyanovo developed from an early Northern variant of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon It is here that pottery displays a unique Fatyanovo Baltic style of mixed Corded Ware and Globular Amphora ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 )
features amp exhibits a trademark checked motif design ornamentation not found with the steppe cultures ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) thus allowing their contacts with those cultures to be tracked - even into Sintashta amp beyond The parallel lines motif may represent a darža or a tilled garden plot ( re Finnish tarha lt Fatyanovo ) perhaps from Dnieper Satems or GAS ( copyjp ) Compare the darža motif to the Bronocice farmers pot ( re CWC Eulau-Shughnan
DNA ) Fatyanovo hemp provided a water resistant fishing line for hooks and nets ( amp herbal medication ) and barley provided bread ( Latv miezē ) Fatyanovo migrations also correspond to regions with hydronyms of an East Baltic language dialect mapped by linguists as far as the Oka river and the upper Volga as well as regions with elevated frequencies of the rare LWb allele Spreading eastward down the Volga and beyond they discovered amp exploited the copper ores of the the western Ural foothills and started long term settlements in the lower Kama river region The East Balt Paimenes herdsmen brought their ešva - tarpan horse šėmas gōvs - gray cow avis - sheep parša - pig (neut) ratas - wheel ašis - axle tilta - bridge žalga - long fishing pole for šapalas red finned dace in the jaura - marsh a pada - clay pōdas - pot of kāras medu - honeycomb honey apiculture amp daržai - tilled crop plots - including javas - cereal grain maižis - barley šaras - seed sālis - salt along with varia - copper metallurgy and a tūšanti - thousand ( see below ) of their dainās - Holy Songs of their šventa - spiritual beliefs about dermė - harmony and the celestial -deivas
Trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo
checked ceramic darža motif copyjp
Fatyanovo cemeteries would sometimes have graves of not only people but also bear and other animals which are buried with ritual close by in individual graves Solar designs ( Solar cult clan re Saulės Rẽtis ) commonly adorn East Baltic Fatyanovo ceramics as do trademark checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Livestock includes cattle ( Y-DNA H10 ) horses sheep pigs and dogs ( North Saami šūvon trained dog ) and apiculture Balanovo livestock initially had more swine and sheep than other livestock Excavations indicate hunting and fishing ( žalga šapalas ) was often practiced ( Lougas 1999 ) as well as swidden agriculture ( Krasnov 1971 ) They gathered hazel nuts Excavations indicate Fatyanovo cultivated barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972
Jaanits 1992 49 ) Bone wrist guards imply they were accomplished archers Two-wheeled wagons (Goldina 1999) are also typical finds ( re ratas ) as are toy wheels There are a profusion of sites in the northern Baltic countries including
the Kazan Russia (Volga-Kama) region The more metallurgically exploited Ural region of the Fatyanovo culture was designated as the Balanovo culture (2900-
2100 BCE) from a cemetery found near the town Balanovo cemeteries had both kurgan ( Lith kapas ) and flat type burials ( like Abashevo - Kuzmina 2007
p221 ) The funeral chambers were wooden constructions in rectangular pits with the deceased wrapped in birch bark or hides
SW amp NE gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Balanovo copper metallurgy has its roots in central European cultural traditions which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper Cultural area Balanovo jewelry duplicates specific designs of a Central European provenance perhaps derived from the Centum Globular Amphora substratum assimilated into the Middle Dnieper - Fatyanovo cultures East Baltic lexicon also has unique isoglosses with Central European Celto-Italic dialects w ERC GAC bilinguals which also shared the BBC amp TRB substrate found in the Centum Globular Amphora horizon ( semti ratas peku ) Emulating the earlier poly-ethnic Globular Amphora ERC culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers adorned their ceramics with specific solar or unique designs ( re
Globular Amphora amp Narva substratum w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) valued pork ( parša ) high among livestock and practiced copper metallurgy But quite unlike the Globular Amphora culture stone cist burials with heads oriented to the East Satem Fatyanovo-Balanovo orientated male burials to the Southwest ( ДАКрайнов 1964 1972 re 188-192 ) - per steppe Maykop custom - as did the nearby related Satem Pit Grave culture and the much later early phase Sarmatian burials of Pokrovka Even a distant Afanasievo migration burial east of the Ural river with its Repin traits orientated the male to the southwest By 2600 BCE the Fatyanovo Balanovo culture and its copper metallurgy was firmly established in the Volga-Kama Ural region East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo Ural metallurgy was the nexus for a revolution that would sweep across the steppes and beyond
Cis-Ural Metallurgy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The villages were composed of above ground wooden houses built from logs with saddled roofs and had fenced enclosures ( Udmurt kar - town site Komi kar -
site of ancient town Mordvinian Erzya kardas - enclosure courtyard w -as ending lt
East-Baltic gardas - enclosure vs Ossetian kaeligrt - id ) East Baltic Balanovo and Finno-Uralic Volosovo peoples apparently mixed well ( LWb allele amp N1c1 ) without too much conflict as they did with steppe peoples with whom they they had contact via trade with the Caucacus metalworkers The East Balt association with amber is quite old ( ДАКрайнов 1972 1973 Loze 1979 1993 ) Chuvash jandar and Hungarian ( w LWb ) gyentar - amber gyenta - resin reflect the legacy of an archaic adjectival -tar neuter suffixed Balanovo
( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin Skt jatu - resin jātarūpa - golden ( lt jęta-rūpa Lith gentaro-rupis re Skt jā-ta- Lith gen-tis ) Avestan toponym jatara- resinous Corded Ware Balanovo amp Abashevo metallurgy would provide significant impetus to Seyma-Turbino metallurgy ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked celt-axes lt gt ) Komi ram- calm peace and
erd- field reflect peaceful interaction with the Volga-Balts ( Lith erdvas ardvas
Saacutemi aacutervas ) Note Komi rit - evening and Lettic riets- sunset The pirtis - log shed (sauna) of the pioneering Volga-Balts was evidently noticed and emulated by the locals ( Mari poumlrt Saacutemi barta) Finnish Orja - slave Estonian [gen] Orja Udmurt Var Komi Ver Mokša Urauml Erzya Ure - slave indicates some later conflicts with the Āryans - as do some archaeological sites ( note - all the various late Finnic Āryan terms lack archaic nominative s - like later Timber-
Grave Iranian ) In contrast Saacutemi Oarje just designates a direction ( Abaev 1981 85
) Variations (re mtDNA Z1a V ) among Saacutemi mtDNA now show an earlier link to the Volga-Ural region ( M Ingman et al 2007 ) Neither the LT Aukštaičiai nor the Saacutemi have any common European mtDNA H1 ( ) The Saacutemi may well have an old folk saying similar to Oh well there goes the neighborhood but it has eluded my research into it
Residual Stratum gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Scholars are still perplexed by the imbalance or lopsided ratio of loanwords between East Baltic and the Uralic languages This is because the bulk of Baltic loanwords into Uralic arent loanwords per se but rather residuals of a scattered ( LWb allele R1a Z92) stratum language reflecting the widespread and prolonged assimilation of bilingual archaic East Baltic speaking Fatyanovo-Balanovo Battle Axe settlers and their poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a N1c1 ) descendants ( Finnish heimo sisar Saacutemi gaacuteibmi ) with the numerically dominant Uralic tribes for millennia The merging of Comb and Corded Ware ceramics ( w chamotte or grog ) and other associated artifacts reflect this hybrid cultural horizon ( Lith šeškas Mari šāškə Veps hāhk re Sanskrit śaśakas ) The Kiukainen culture is one example Multi-room houses also appear Some isolated pockets of poly-ethnic Baltic speakers such as the ГОЛЯДЬ survived intact even up to historic times North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92 N1c1) with tl dl consonant cluster changes gt kl gl - like East Baltic implies multiple pockets of poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a1a Z92 N1c1 ) East Baltic speakers there Yet the rate of assimilation eventually outpaced the passage of substratum language inheritance Hence the additional impact of not uncommon Baltic-Uralic bilingualism ( eg Kiukainen culture ) on the structure of Finnic languages along with a myriad of archaic common everyday ( EB neuters - heinauml hay tarha
garden plot silta bridge ) terminology Uralic impacted Baltic as well The absence of weaponry or conflict terms is notable - and in hindsight altogether wise Fatyanovo-Balanovo East Baltic ( w GAS ) had became an established regional poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) substratum language ( paimen herder )
throughout its range ( re LWb allele ) Although numerically overwhelmed its innovative broad-based ( apiculture agriculture building amp metallurgy ) cultural impact proved enduring - as expressed in the Kiukainen culture Scholars are not fond of such dramatic re-assessments even when molecular DNA amp traditional archaeology clearly illuminates the mounting dateable evidence The challenging complexity of Finno-Ugrian origins and evolution has only grown with recent studies yet traditional archaeology acknowledges that Fatyanovo-Uralic contact ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 N1c1 ) zones precede Āryan-Uralic contact ( Krajnov 1972 251-252 Gurina 1963 133 139 Khalikov 1969 205 Tretrsquojakov
1966 135 ) Fatyanovo used chamotte admixture in ceramics like their neighbors ( Laitinen et al 2002 ) Some Aryan loanwords in Uralic may reflect a poly-ethnic Alakul forest re-intrusion and were diffused by a subsequent F-U speakers migration as implied by DNA genetics And the earliest Corded Ware words found in Uralic are an identifiable archaic East Baltic ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem
1000 ) as exemplified by a shared vocabulary ( Mari karas šāškə Lith šeškas
Sanskrit śaśakas ) amp the singular neuter and not some amorphous pre-Baltic that vanished without a trace
Kela vs Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Overlapping the Southern edge of the Fatyanovo - Balanovo region by where the rivers flow South another group of the East Baltic-type Satem Corded Ware pottery tradition ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) later
developed that is called the Abashevo culture ( 2400 - 1800 BCE ) after a nearby village East of Kazan Russia The Abashevo culture exhibited strong influences from both Pit-grave and MVK Catacomb cultures on its Baltic-type Corded Ware traditions Abashevo metallurgy was proportionally less weapon-oriented than that of their Pit-grave Āryan neighbors exhibiting more utilitarian or artistic ornamental products That being said Abashevo weapon metallurgy was innovative and the designs were adopted by Andronovo cultures Unlike the Pit-grave Āryans of the bordering steppe the forest dwelling Abashevo like the Balanovo mixed some with the local Volosovo ( N1c1 ) hunters amp foragers influencing their culture in many ways The Abashevo relations with Seima - Turbino were also apparently fruitful for each other (East Baltic Fatyanovo kela
Finnish kela - reel spindle Fatyanovo amp Lith ratas Finnish amp Estonian ratas - wheel North
Saami raacutehtis - id Fatyanovo amp Lith kepti Saami giksa- kopša- to cook) The archaic East Baltic kela vs ratas usage invites scholarly investigation of the neuter in East Baltic as well as assessing Globular Amphora poly-ethnic Substratum influence from ERC Finnish taivas Estonian taevas amp Saacutemi daivas - heaven reflect an archaic East Baltic influence still heard in Saule noiet dievā or Saule iet dievu of the old Latvian Dainās ( re H Biezais 1961
Gimbutas 1958 46 ) Lithuanian still has dievop dieviep declensions Perhaps
Saacutemi taiw Hungarian taacutej and Khanty tai - locus are also related if heaven is a place - somewhere
Like Balanovo sites many Abashevo settlements were also by the copper laden southwestern foothills of the Urals and as the Volga-Kama area Balanovo East-Balts did left ample kurgan burials and flat graves as part of their Abashevo burial rite Late Abashevo artifacts were found in Sintashta ( Pre-Vedic ) culture graves Sintashta also had not only one but two flat grave cemeteries along with the expected more prestigious kurgans Sintashta ceramics display the influence of early Abashevo amp Fatyanovo-Balanovo pottery styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) just as many
Sintashta Europoid remains exhibit the dolichocephaly of Abashevans ( Schwidetzky 1978 Menck 1980 Gimbutas 1997 322 ) amp Fatyanovans ( Denisova 1980
Rimantiene amp Cesnys 1996 50 Loze 1996 68 ) Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo )
ceramics with chamotte exhibit a projecting rim as does later Abashevo ( re
mtDNA N1a1a1 294 ) The artifacts suggest a unique cultural exchange between poly-ethnic ( w Uralic amp GAS admixture) Abashevo and Fatyanovo-Balanovo people into the Sintashta culture of Pre-Vedic peoples ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The nearby Volga Finnic Erzya-Moksha Mordvin language group has preserved loanwords from early Āryan Volga-East-Baltic and possibly a Pre-Tocharian Repin type language which would seem to confirm the probability of such exchanges Residual Ural-Volga Repins may well have become contributing substratum in the ethno-genesis of the Corded Ware Abashevo considering their geographical locations The Volga-Sok river Ural region by Samara has yielded Repin-influenced pottery reflecting the Repin influenced pottery of the earliest Afanasievo kurgans Early Uralic exchanges with IE Centum speakers probably correlate with this regional Volga-Repin horizon by the Urals Re haplogroup U5 Tokharian A waumls Tokharian B yasa - gold ( PT wesā ) Uralic Mari waž Kamassian waza Votyak az-veś Hungarian vas Mansi atvės Forest Nenets wyesya whereas Saacutemi vieške Moksha uśkauml Estonian vask reflect Tokharian A wsā-yok lt wesā-yāku - gold colored Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration with decorated rims on a round-based pot The NE orientation of male burials characteristic of Don Repins is also noted later with some ( not all ) Timber-Grave burials vs the early Afanasievo migration burials with Repin traits which orientated males to the southwest like Poltavka Fatyanovo ( Lith talka
telkti East Tocharian A talke Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) and the early phases of Sarmatian burials
Indo-Āryan Soma ( contents lt source ) preserved the native Uralic ( N1c1 ) word for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) was pressed with stones in water to produce a batch of the Soma beverage ( re Khanty Sŏma hewn
mortar-bowl Estonian Soim hewn manger ) or passed around and shared The misnomer well have been a cross-cultural semantic mistranslation from Balanovo-Volosovo contacts Finger pointing can be misconstrued as Elbing Vocabulary 141 comically demonstrates Some other tribes may have noticed East Baltic Balanovo neuters were one consonant shy of a combo plate and later added one Amanita muscaria reflects the Sun-Moon symbolism well
especially as they rise amp set smoky chestnut red ( žalas ) An pioneer ethno-mycologist R Gordon Wasson identified Vedic Soma as Amanita muscaria in his 1967 book although its legendary use was clearly Pre-Vedic Note that Balanovo and Volosovo-Garino ( Finno-Uralic ) culture pottery are sometimes discovered in sites side by side ( Goldin 1999130 ) inferring very close contacts (re mtdna haplogroup U4 [ Pliss et al 2005 16134ndash16356ndash16362 Bermisheva et al 2002 16189ndash16311ndash16356
Derbeneva et al2002b ] R1a amp N1c1 ) Ethnic customs were shared The Volosovo ( N1c1) use of talc or chamotte to temper pottery is significant since the custom of talc admixture is shared in Abashevo ceramics and later found in Sintashta culture ceramics Two pots unearthed far away near Sarazm betray their poly-ethnic Abashevo Ural area ( N1c1) origination by their unusual talc admixture
One side effect of the Ural region metallurgic bonanza was the need to defend key mining claims and production An escalation in production of weapons is noted The Pepkino burial kurgan suggests Abashevo northern territorial encroachment into Balanovo mining districts was strictly non-negotiable Later Sintashta - Arkaim type fortifications anticipated security concerns regarding metallurgic production centers
Sounds of Thunder gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Songs of the Erzya Mordvinic thunder spirit Purrsquogine Pərgənauml parallel both traditions of Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons and Rig Vedic Parjanyah closely ( Rig Veda Book 5 Hymn 83 ) The ancient Permic Komi myth of Pera the Giant amp the Oak grove like Parjanya and Erzya Pərgənauml may also reflect cultural integration or assimilation ( LWb R1a1a- Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) of residual Volga-Kama Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo East Balts by the Urals ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt checkered ornament of Volga-Urals ) The East
Balt type R1a1a- Z92 variant found among the Volga Erzya suggests such (
R1a1a- Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) Unlike Pera the giant amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Another Volga-Kama area Permic variation was noted by Y Wickman ( Teitoja Votjaakkien Mytologiiasta 1893
p 33)as the Votiak wrathful Perkịno who was offered bread gruel and ( ) butter The Chuvash still say ascha schapat about lightning Missionaries demonized the hewn idols as the devil of hell replacing them with a foreign stern storm-god tradition - and new improved idols There is even a Perkino Russia - somewhat near Tula
Legends of the North gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Recent discoveries have eclipsed traditional mindsets Aerial surveys revealed Sintashta amp Arkaim Archaeological analysis from excavations have revealed four thousand year old cultural intermingling ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) In 2002 Fragments of Lappish Mythology by Lars Levi Laestadius was finally published
in English It had been long forgotten since the 1840s The Saacutemi version of the Storm-giant bears a close conformity to Pera the giant and Parjanya ( RV 563 ) The evil troll hiding in the hollow ( Lith dumbas Slavic dub - oak ) gets zapped in the Saacutemi version reflecting Rig Veda 563 After ridding the world of evil the only reward Pera the giant wants is a net How odd A net Whatz wit that A net A more multi-cultural analysis would provide insight Perhaps one can discern a unity of traditions considering that a Baltic net Sietynas is also Pleiades ( Saacutemi siejdi gt ON seieth ) Pashto Perūne is the knotty six-star Pleiades Northern legends of the six bogatyr sons the Sun maiden Pera marries the Suns daughter Saulė and the bear Saulės ratelis the sun maidens ring sauryās rathas The golden horned elk Zarni Anj Shundy Mumy solar mother the crescent moon ( Saacutemi maacutennu maacuteno ) Saacutemi has pirjanne - borjja-dat storms There are many Saacutemi - Permic conformities ( Charnolusski 1965 101-130 ) The Perm culture of the Vychegda river region practiced both inhumation amp cremation In their region 34 of inhumations were oriented to the SW Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( Vychegda region ) burial orientations were also to the SW The northern peoples SW buried with head towards sunset orientation ( Taylor 1989 280 Mansin 1984 64 Karlalainen 1996 46 ) is explained as the South representing the Sky gt Heaven ( Lith dievas Estonian taevas Saacutemi taiw Hungarian
taacutej and Khanty tai ldquo ) Early phase Sarmatian burials are similar There are many northern shared traditions ( sarvas - hirvas - sirvas ) and legends with some well over four thousand years old ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) They are not well received today nor have been in the past ( Willumsen LH 1997 ) Nobody magically disappears not even in Las Vegas
Perga - Pargai gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The interpretation of the phonetics of Parjanyah should consider three factors Sanskrit J followed by a front vowel as in Parjanya matches a Baltic G ( Lith augu Skt ojah lt H2eug- ) Secondly classical Sanskrit parkaṭī - fig tree has a holly oak ( Quercus ilex ) dialect homonym in a western Punjabi dialect with parg-ai instead of park-aṭī ( note related Skt k-g-j- bhakti bhaga-
bhajati ) In other words the Punjab region Vedic Parjanyah may be phonetically interpreted as Pərgənyah from the Iranian-like R-only Rig Vedic dialect lt possibly reflecting a phonetic alternate Pərkənyas from another ( Alakul ) immigration of R amp L Madhyadeśa dialects of mixed lineage populace - say perhaps marginalized poly-ethnic metalworkers
artisans a post-Sintashta śāpharikas fisherman ( re śapharas gt महाशफर )
farmers and herders perhaps even Yadavas ( re the tadbhava layer ) The 800 years from Sintashta to the Vedas significantly impacted Indo-Iranian itself much less a few odd loanwords A phonetic Iranian-like Punjab Vedic Pərgənyah amp Pərgənauml of the Volga-Ural Erzya look suspiciously similar Whatz up with that Was there a Volga-Ural cultural contact in common with a similarly positioned ldquoalpinerdquo velar The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 ) indicates that very common contact were the Volga-Ural
Fatyanovo- Balanovo Balts and their descendants ndash the same mushroom munching forest folk with their rolling ratas gentara- golden amber and stinky šapalas breath Thirdly Parjanya ( Divas putrāya ) like Vāyu and his obscure dhēnā lt dainā have already been marginalized in the Punjab Rig-Veda of elite Āryan priests - with only a few old token hymns Times change people change languages change Even Gods change All we are is dust in the wind
More Bull gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In East Baltic Mythology Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons is closely associated with the Bull In Nuristani Mythology Paumlrun is a war god ( kariaunas ) In Pashto Perūne is the knotty Pleiades star cluster ( re Old Prus Perōni - group Lith Peruotas
- beetle brood Peras - egg brood larvae ) The reason Perkūnas-Perkaunis is associated with the Bull is due to the ancient correlation of the Taurus constellations importance to the agricultural Dnieper Satem Tripolye R1a1a- Z280 substratum of East Balts The Taurus constellation ( Latv Vērsis ) signaled the start of the growing year and the arrival of Perkaunis loud Thunder storms Pashto Pleiades is in ( you guessed it ) - the Taurus constellation ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) The stars brought the rain of the Bull representing the magic of fertility to the Z280 Satem farmers When the Satem East Balts assimilated the poly-ethnic Globular Amphora-post-Narva substatum with their pre-Fairguni a Centum velar was added to Peraunas by his wife Perkūnija hence the E+W poly-ethnic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons Uralic loanwords attest to this antiquity of the East Baltic ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive variant Perkūnas was very important to farmers unlocking the start of a new growing year by his loud return In Lithuania the first ritual plowing of the Spring was done by two sacred black ( kirsna- ) bulls His two stones ( not red ) release fire The goatish echoes of flying snipes before a storm warn of his arrival Stricken lightning locations are šventas The darža checkered ceramics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) in Sintashta and Alakul pottery track contacts with Fatyanovo-Balanovo Z92 farmers Parjanya later appears in the Rig Veda as an peripheral obscure deity even though he is a son of Heaven ( Divas putrāya ) He is associated with Soma Vāyu ( Lith
dialect Vėjus ) and has Bull symbolism He gladdens the Earth He has a trace of a misplaced velar unlike Pashto Perūne star cluster ( Pleiades - in Vērsis ) Paumlrun or Slavic velarless Perun Parjanya has lost his militaristic affinities amp exploits Early Mitanni mining contacts may culturally connect Ashur Marduk to the Asuras Maruts There were no copyrights back then The evil serpent and various keraunophobic belief systems have remained quite popular to this day It is the hero Indra who now frees the cattle from the Vala cave slays the Vritra ahi- serpent and throws the wheel of the kerauninkas Kāvya Uśanas ( Latv milna lt mildna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild-
Tocharian kaumlrwentildee )
Perunaš Peraunas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Angis anžuolas reflect connections to the Hittite ( Maykop or Lydian ) diffused Myth of Illuy-ankas (eel-snake Latin anguilla ) and a storm deity named Tarḫunna Perunaš a stone-boulder-cliff deity joins in ( Myth of Ullikummi Ivanov
1958 108-9 ) The peaks of Greek Κέρκυρα island Baden alpine Hercynia and GAC pre-Fairguni or later Norse Fjoumlrgyn mountain all have a peaked alpine velar whereas Middle Dnieper Tripolye Satem reflects a Hittite common gender Perunaš as the Middle Dnieper cultures velar-less Peraunas we all know and love ( Czech Peraun Slavic Perunŭ Polabian Peraumlune- ) Sanskrit velar-less
Paru Parv-ata mountain ( Hittite Peru Perunant- Avestan Paruuatā ) was also used for a cloud especially a massive knotty cumulonimbus cloud cluster the kind which usually precedes violent thunderstorms ( Rig Veda 106411 ) An affiliation of Peraunas with cumulonimbus thundercloud clusters geologic uplifts lightning-bolts and magic ceraunium stones ( Tocharian kaumlrwentildee pārem ) is still noted Neighboring Catacomb Culture provides a later Greek Keraunos - thunderbolt ( Grk Poimenes Lith Piemenes Kerauninkas ) Circular triple crossed ceraunic hexagrams were popular Baltic woodcarving motifs Lithuanian kerauti translates as to make magic sorcery Globular Amphora amp Northern Dnieper Satems assimilate uniquely blending Satem Peraunas amp Centum Perkūnija in a wedding of sky amp earth ( re post-GAC ON Fjoumlrgynn amp Fjoumlrgyn ) Perkaunas-Perkūnija unite the poly-ethnic Baltic Centum amp Satem farmers which also head East with his still new ERC velar wedding attire as Uralic words record Neither the Polabian Peraumlune nor Pashto Perūne ldquoclusterrdquo cognates have the ERC velar whereas the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno neighbors of Fatyanovo-Balanovo do Perkaunas adopts the mycological magic orphans of the forest folk along the way to the Urals with Fatyanovo-Balanovo metallurgic pioneers His reception was cordial but the forest is his home with his oak and his ever popular sacred orphans The Baltic etymology of the revered oak is perhaps a ldquosecretrdquo taboo double entendre ( ang-is anž-
uolas ) but knotty fits just fine Perkūnas clash with a hiding Velinas ( Latv jods -
black ) the serpent-demon in the oak ( Middle Welsh derwen ) over theft ( cattle-
fertility ) is an old theme Thus the traditional black hued choice of sacrifices especially during times of drought Fire in the oak Quercitron The Storms of Spring battle Winters dark deceit for the release and restoration of Life Perkūnas was to wed the laume water spirit Indraja but it was not to be Parjanya isnt as popular in the Avesta Nuristani Paumlrun is a war god no bull Parjanya has already been de-oaked by the time of the Vedas and his ancient heroic legends have been assigned to Indra Parjanyas name is still spoken by farmers The Komi have Pera the giant amp his Oak grove As for his northern šventas orphans ( V N Toporov 1979 RV 9823 ) word gets around For the paru
peru jointed knotty IE etymology see Karl Hoffman 1974 In addition I note Sanskrit Paru - knotty having joints ( esp of reed or cane ) and Lith Peras - jointed plant shoot ( eg of reed ) cluster as well as a cluster of white knotty or jointed larvae or brood cluster bear close etymological affinities ( for -as vs-us note Lith Vėjas vs dialect Vėjus ) This cluster could be of stones clouds rock eggs sprouts larvae chicks church goers reeds or
stars From the eggs amp seeds of PIE per- to bear begets the cluster That
cluster becomes a cloud ( Perunaš Peraun ) or if stone later becomes a mountain
( Perunant- Paruuatā ) The visual connection of a puffy cloud cluster with a cluster of cute fluffy chicks or squirming larvae ( Lith Peras ) may be easily comprehended by a native Oaxacan but most scholars to date just dont get it They may well never Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are all related cluster cognates GAS influenced Perkons amp Parjanya are also related and especially to each other with the GAS velar infixation - due specifically to Volga-Ural inter-ethnic contact ( copyVirdainas )
Oaks are strikingly knotty as are firs fingers posts backbones cliffs and clouds Oaks are also like mountains ( re Fairguni ) strikingly tall or as they say in Hittite Parku- or Tocharian Paumlrk- and long when felled ( Tocharian Paumlrkaumlr- again ) - as when one makes a 26 ft dugout canoe - or perga - pergas ( Finnish haapio lt Fatyanovo aspen canoe ) Greek Πέργ- implies a European substratum p inclination for expected b Khotanese bulysa also prefers the horizontal orientation A Proto-Kartvelian dialect root for acorn dialect for oak reflects ḳrḳo- which bares a striking similarity to Italic Kerkus an oak ( with
many branches ) Venetian Querquerni Thucydides mountain Kirkine Celtic alpine Hercynia gt Gothic mountain Fairguni gt ON Fjoumlrgyn Greek island Κέρκσρα Lith Kerkūrė - hill mountain summit Lith Kerkulė many branched stump ( trunk ) Lith Kerkutys branching trunk Welsh Perth bush ( with many branches ) Old Norse Fjoumlrr tree Lith Keras bush ( with many
branches ) Lith kerkoti ndash to ldquostickrdquo out - like the ldquoalpinerdquo velar in Perkons or Parjanya darža laquo checked raquo Alakul or Kandahar Mundigak-VI Afghan pottery or z92 by Samara Initial or medial Q gt T gt P is early Lengyel BBC influencing GAC TRB traders amp Baden outliers Follow the Money Lengyel - Bell Beaker culture influence is easily percieved in various numerals such as Breton pemp Swedish fem Old High German fimf Oscan pompe - 5 or Welsh pedwar Old English fēower vs Lith keturi Sanskrit chatur - 4 Perhaps also GAC 11 amp 12 w -p lt -q like 4 Jātarūpa amber Gentaro rupis (
FYI - Some Western Chicago dialects pronounce knotty amp naughty the same way ) The 2800 BCE Corded Ware GAC connection of ON alpine Fjoumlrgyn amp E Baltic elevated Perkūnija is fairly obvious given current archaeological amp DNA evidence Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are cluster cognates Perkons amp Parjanya are also related - due to contact Roth ratas rathas Embrace the Chaos
Velars amp Vowels
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Given what has been revealed from the archaeology of the Sintashta era and later ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornament of the Volga-Urals ) the northwestern Punjab Rig Vedic dialect of Parjanyah may reflect an earlier Volga-Urals region polyethnic Perkaunyas or Pərgənyas which would resemble the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno or Baltic Perkaunias very very closely Why are the nearest cognates of Parjanya with an rdquoalpinerdquo velar ( plosive ) only in Balto-Finnic Volgaic Permic Baltic and otherwise noticeably absent in surrounding Satem Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani European Celtic Hercynia Gothic Fairguni attest to Western perhaps GAC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive affinities ( re roth ratas rathas below ) As linguists struggle with the etymology of the Punjab Rig Vedic Parjanya or even Baltic Perkūnas for that matter did they even consider the heresy of a poly-ethnic origin ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2 ) or a GAC origin of the integrated ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive ( re Eulau GAC
DNA amp Shughnans ) Slavic Satem Ruki amp velarless Perun would support it Perkaunias gt Perkonias gt Pərganyas Short e o get leveled to a as Indo-Iranian evolves At least a half a millennium passes between Sintashta and the Vedas Velar plosive [-G-] before a front vowel becomes [-J-] In other words we are discussing a shared cultural tradition ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) spanning well over four thousand years ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 The laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Beyond the similar name itself the very verses of each cultures related hymns ( dainās ) exactly parallel each other in a truly uncanny way The inclusive Perkaunijas appealed to poly-ethnic farmers herders and smiths not to a xenophobic ruling elite The increased frequency of dental cavities in Arkaim remains may reflect polyethnic Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo populace Given the Fatyanovo link with Sintashta ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) amp Kandahar ceramics ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 laquo checked raquo 14 ) and Corded Ware Abashevo origins of chariot cheek-pieces in the Urals such speculation is well within reasonable parameters even for diehard skeptics ( DNA data pending ) The Sintashta metal workers were busy real busy - cooking ( varia ) copper which is noisy hot foundry type work A rare day off meant quietly fishing by the cool water with some herbal headache medicine And it is still the common farmers who welcome Parjanya Pərgənauml or Perkons Perhaps the priests forgot ( RV 10853 ) Parjanyas is still the father of Soma ( RV 9823 ) Bon Appetit
The astonishing similarity of the archaic Central East Baltic (Latvian dial example Perkaunis Perkūne and Lietas) Dainās tradition mirrors the Eastern Fatyanovo Balanovo Baltic culture mythology as seen with the Votiak Perkịno and Volgaic (Erzya Pur‟gine Lit-ava) songs The initial L vs R of Lit-ava would presume early-Baltic contact since Vedic vṛkah ( vs archaic Baltic
vilkas) is associated with the loanword vərgas in Uralic Moksha or Komi Zyryan voumlrkas - wolf terms which were probably acquired from an Alakul intrusion into the forest-steppe Yet Ossetic does have Lymaelign friend reflecting Mordvin Loman man whereas Sanskrit has Ramana - man
married (re Latvian Loma- role Lithuanian Luomas- marital status class of men) Erzya has Paz reflecting Saka Bagas - a legacy of their contact ( Slavic
Bogъ) Discovering East Balt R1a1a- Z92 among the Volga-Ural Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) may pale to other previously unidentified R1a lineages from ancient cultural contact The Pur‟gine Paz - Lit-ava hymns are thus part of a poly-ethnic shared tradition
Syllabic Resonants R gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The East Baltic šapalas and Indic śapharas (chub-carp ) śāpharikas ( fisherman ) isogloss is indeed very interesting - given the absence of other fish cognate isoglosses ( Ossetian kaeligf Old Japanese kwop(j)i gt koi ) Sanskrit scholars have determined at least two early Vedic dialects ( the IE L gt R only
vs the R and L - Madhyadeśa region ) and possibly a third ( the L only ) existed The Rig Veda we know today is in the R only dialect ( Indo-Iranian coalescence of
L gt R ) Note Sanskrit śroṇis vs Lith šlaunis Thus only occasional token words remain from 2 of the 3 Vedic era dialects Baltic had retained IE L The Greek Indo-Iranian dialect area exhibited issues with syllabic resonants ( l r m n ) - as when m and n became a or Greek alla amp arra or Indo-Iranians syllabic liquids where l usually became r There remained an Indic instability with r (ṛH) where Iranian had ar vs Indic ir ur - with E-W dialect variants Examples of this are Skt śiras vs Av sarah- Grk karā- or Skt giri- vs Av gairi- ( Lith girė vs Slavic gora ) The conservative Satem speaking communities of IE dialects which begat the Baltics usually evolved reflexes of semi-vowels l r m n into il ir im in yet also rendered them as ul ur um un after original labiovelar plosives and later rearranged after more changes The two different reflexes cluster in contrast - inflectional morphemes have the i- reflex whereas the u- reflex is not uncommon in the expressive lexicon
There was certainly early Āryan as well as Catacomb culture ( merger of Genitive
amp Ablative) influence - interaction with the respective emerging Baltic dialects (as
Middle Dnieper artifacts actually reflect amp also javas- grain isogloss or Skt paścāt Lith
paskuj later ) and with Proto-Slavic while each neighbored near the larger proto Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian isogloss area of dialects (eg Graeco-Armeno-Indo-
Iranian past tense prefix augment isogloss) Reflecting this archaic regional relationship is the specific spiritual tradition of Dawn ( Uṣas Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven isolated together in the Indic Greek and Baltic cultures The semantic perceive vs awake contrast of Greek peuthomai Avestan baodaiti and Indic bodha-h vs Balto-Slavic Lith budėti invites some curiosity Is there some specific Balto-Indic link for the divergent wake-awaken semantics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) The Armeno-Aryan remodeling of the Ablative suffix helps to date influences on Middle Dnieper dialects Another relic of this same late Sredny Stog era influencedialogue interaction maybe the proposed loss of a laryngeal (H )
after the introduction of a long vowel (Korlandt 1975 - re Latv guovs Skt gauh ) and of course RUKI The Middle Dnieper Baltics amp Slavics were thus distinct early autonomous NW Satem IE dialects (Upper Middle Dnieper-Don region ) and even more so upon becoming Europeanized R1a1a- poly-ethnics Hydronyms by Tula Russia ( re Eulau CWC DNA ) appear quite Baltic Early Satem contacts ( mtDNA T ) and exchange may have also occurred with Don-Volga Repins before an exodus flight of a group far to the East which evolved into the Afanasievo culture ( Russ toloka Lith talka telkti Tocharian talke VRC
) Repin A1 type pottery arrived at Mikkhailovka on the Dnieper around 3500 BCE from a people that had a connection to the Volga-Don Region Repins There were Repin settlements in Middle Don where it dispersed to Volga and Dnieper areas ( Sinuk 1981 ) Tocharian may be thus related to both the early Middle-Lower Dnieper Repins ( re Middle Dnieper Repins gt ERC gt pre-Germanics ) and the northern Ural-Volga Repins that migrated the Trans-Ural region East ( Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) The incorporation of some Middle Dnieper Repins into the multi-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture is supported by isoglosses between Slavic Baltic Germanic and Tocharian
The cultural convergence of these various Āryan Baltic and Uralic peoples by the Urals in the second millennium BCE is reflected in name of the annual Finnish Kekri celebration which exemplfies the state of developement of the Indo-Iranian at that time - as compared with later Rig Vedic Sanskrit sg pl čakras čakrā- PIE kʷekʷlos ( Finnish yh-deksaumln 9 or 1 from 10 lt IIr - vs
Finnish tuhante 1000 lt E Baltic Fatyanovo ) It appears from above loanwords that at mid-third millennium BCE the Fatyanovo East Baltic Satem [ š ] preceded a slower developing Indo-Āryan [ ś ] Note Nuristani parallel sonsonant It ( Finnish tuhante ) also shows uncompromised original East Baltic pre-GAS Ruki Did each Satem tribe perhaps influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) the other ( Mari indeś 9 Ossetic daeligs 10) East Baltic Fatyanovo žemė lowland was adopted as a toponym šaumlme and is now known as the haumlme region of Finland ( w Fatyanovo artifacts ) Before the Finnic change of š to h the toponym provided an ethnonym - Saacutemi aka the Lapplanders (Koivulehto 1993)
Uralic Honey
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
It is common to read that the Finno-Ugric loanwords for honey - Hungarian mez Mordvinic med Estonian Finnish mesi were not borrowed from Battle Axe Baltic medu - honey or a Ural-Volga Pre-Tocharian Repin dialect ( Latv sāls Toch A sāle Zyryan sol - salt ) but rather from a later Āryan madhu - sweet drink Even though the same Finno-Ugrics have loanwords - Mordvinic Mokša kaumlras Mari karas Udmurt karas for honeycomb wax - reflecting East Baltic kāras honeycomb ( Lith korys Latv kāres ) and in spite of the archaeological chronology of centuries of Battle Axe Balt Finno-Ugric
( eg pre-Kiukainen culture w LWb ) contact or earlier Pre-Tocharian Repin Finno-Ugric interaction ( eg Saacutemi vieške Tokharian A wsā-yok ) long before Pit Grave Āryan culture arrival No mekši -fly cognate is found in Ob-Ugric It is noteworthy that current Bashkir preserves kaumlrauml- along with Altaic Kazan Tatar kaumlraumls in that Ural region and even distant Chuvash has karas - honeycomb Note Mordvinic Erzya kšta beeswax Lith šekštė thick coarse Single markers of mtDNA N1a also group Bashkirs with Lithuania and the Komi Permyaks East Balt type Y-DNA R1a1a1 Z92 among the Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) adds additional linguistic perspective to the kāras range East Baltic bitis bee has an interesting cognate with Egyptian bi-t Baltic amber has been found in the pyramids Ural karas honeycomb is clearly a legacy of Fatyanovo-Balanovo regional assimilation ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) Surprisingly neither Slavic ( w solitary exception of Polish skarzyk lt GAS ) nor
Indo-Iranian possess a cognate ( करण - honeycomb ) although Greek does
( κηρός ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo was not some amorphous Balto-Slavic - it was evidently an identifiable archaic East Baltic - that preceded Kiukainen type hybrid cultures
Archaeological Chronology of Cultures ( Cal
14C vs the time-travel of Linguists )
5600 BCE Akali Narva-Kunda settlement in Estonia w Cannabis amp Triticum pollen
3700 BCE - Volga Repins by the Urals Volosovo expanded from Urals 3200 BCE - Fatyanovo Battle Axe arrival - Volosovo culture interaction
2800 BCE - Fatyanovo-Balanovo ceramic laquo checked raquo darža double row diamond ornament re Bronocice pot motifs
2700 BCE Kiukainen hybrid type cultures Balanovo Metallurgy in Ural forests 2300 BCE Abashevo - Pepkino Kurgan ( MVK Poltavka Fatyanovo Hybrids )
2100 BCE Abashevo amp Seyma-Turbino Metallurgic developement amp interaction 2100 BCE - Sintasta - Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament
2026 BCE Sintasta - Arkaim ( Poltavka w some MVK amp Abashevo becomes Andronovo ) - U of AZ
14C
1780-1660 BCE Alakul cemeteries pine timbers of Lisakovsk Kostany oblast by Tobol river - U of AZ 14
C 1700 BCE Timber Grave and Alakul culture intrusions into Ural forest zone cultures
1600 BCE - Timber Grave - Alakul - Fedorovo laquo checked raquo double row diamond Volga-Ural ornaments 1000 BCE - Mundigak Period VI ceramics of Afghanistan with darža laquo checked raquo double row diamond ornaments
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
From Kaunas to Kazan
to Kandahar - We Are Family
The time-travel of linguists is supported by serious academic references of
proto Indo-Aryans loaning proto Finnish vasa - calf - prior to the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC arrival thereby neutralizing any possibility of a ratas rathas debate whatsoever and uncountable cans of worms of a probable Centum connection ( GAS ) The debate was only postponed Pots dont talk they speak - volumes Note that Ossetian waeligs Yaghnob wasa - calf - would suggest a 1st millennium BCE Gorodets era contact loanword The artifacts do Another archaic Baltic loanword into Finno-Ugric exemplifying the range of influence the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC had is the East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole or long pole stick ( Arm jałk rod branch ) which has traces in Saami čuolggu pole for pushing a fishing net under the ice Finnish salko long pole Mordvin śalgo stick Komi źal lath-stick Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane
Bison in the Forest gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Gradual climatic warming of the vast pine-birch forests of Russia also afforded a home to the woodland bison (Bison bonasus bonasus) known in Lithuanian as stumbras or in Old Latvian as sumbrs - which bears a odd amp curious resemblance to the Sanskrit śambaras ( stag lt F-U śambaras lt ) A similar semantic drift is seen with the Russian izubr - stag ( Slavic jьzōbrь [ jьlt vь ]
OPr wissambrs ) Evolution of the tusked Satem žambras žumbras gt zumbras gt sumbrs noun for the dangerous forest dwelling wisent bison is far from being etymologically settled although sumbrs is unique to East Baltic Note žambas žambras derivation as well as later GAC wisent lt OPr wissambrs gt Slavic jьzōbrь ( jьlt vь ) The wisent is the largest herbivore in Europe Excavated sites in the Baltic countries indicate wisents constituted 20 of the hunted wild ungulates In Lithuania there are still meadow ( Lith
lanka Khanty lŏk ) names such as Zumbriškės by Aukštadvaris and Žumbrickiai by Ramygala in the central Panevėžys district whereas Stumbriškis place-names appear less archaic Wisents often frequent lush meadows for grazing Archaic Satem cognates for the Carpathian bison in central Europe extend beyond Slavic examples Niketas Choniates recorded
the δοσμπρος (lt zumbros ) of 12th century Cumanians hundreds of years after
the advent of Old Church Slavonic liturgical texts The apparently Thracian ( w
final -os ) δόμβρος (lt zumbros ) cognate dates to the same century as the
beginning of formalized Old Church Slavonic literature Other cognates also display this close relationship such as Thracian midne - homestead
reflecting Latvian mītne - dwelling very nicely
Given the existing evidence of Žumbr- type place-names in Lithuania like Žumbrickiai East Baltic (re upė vs apė ) obviously had a dialect variant Žumbras Finno-Ugric pronounciation of the ž- or z- consonant perhaps yielded a multi-cultural Balt-Finnic term sumbras (re Old Latv Sumbrs ) in the distant past (eg Dyakovo culture ) for the forest wisent An East Baltic remodeled variant stumbras ( re stirna ) arose In many outlying regions after the animal disappeared so did its old name Scandinavian and Slavic traders later brought in new substitute wisent names Over thousands of years of multi-cultural interaction the common term sumbrs overtook the older zumbrs variant in the Latvian region - probably due to the Estonian-Finnic phonetic influence Modern Lithuanian still has the tusked žambras žambris although the semantics are now limited to a wooden plow ( Lith žambuotas Skt
jambhate) Regional polyethnic changes of ž- to s- as in žalga gt salko do not necessitate a taboo in place of multi-millennial Finnic influenced cross-culture contact For example the related Baltic taurė - herders blow horn is not at all uncommon in Uralic languages The neighboring Finnic influence of ž- or z- to s- with zumbrs gt sumbrs needs no extravagant linguistic explanation
The East Baltic Neuter gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The singular neuter gender exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages with West Baltic documented using singular neuter gender asigmatic -n as in kelan - wheel Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords from Uralic such as kela - reel or in modern East Baltic ( Žemaitian medė forest or coastal dialect lizda vs Prussian median ) once again dating the commonality of a West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 ) pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-
Svitych 1963 42-44 ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as the singular neuter in Lydian with the generalized singular neuter ending in -d The Slavic neuter origin may reflect an old R1a1a- Z92 Eastern orientation The anaphoric pronoun -ad lt ( ntr sg ) -od reflects the Hititte -at used for
collectives or neuter plurals suggesting an early ( Mysian ) Lydian Hittite split East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords in Uralic imply the loss of the final consonant occurred prior to a Northern expansion The evolution of the neuter gender in East Baltic can be deduced from the surviving languages and dialects Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains The Lithuanian neuter is still used in impersonal constructions Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of that language - even after the era when dialects became different languages As the R1a1a- Z92 or the LWb allele genetically indicate Fatyanovo Baltic was as identifiable East Baltic - as Latvian Lithuanian and Žemaitian are to this today Apples dont fall far from the apple tree
Loanwords in Uralic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Academia also attributes Finnish porsas pig as a loanword from an Iranian (
pārsas ) source Note that archaic East Baltic parša pig ( neut ) was the signature livestock of East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo culture archaeological excavations ( like Centum poly-ethnic GAS ) - and is also noted ( Varov amp Kosintsev
1996 54 ) as a significant feature of Corded Ware Abashevo livestock (Koryakova-Epimakhov 200765) in the very same Volga-Kama region as the later Khudyakovo group of the Pyanobor ( Udmurt parś boar ) culture region Some post-Balanovo Finnic Ananyino culture excavation sites (eg Svinogorskoye) also favor the pig above other livestock The Mordvin cognate may reflect Sauromatian (Prokhorovo) influence Note Khotanese pāsa- lt pālsa- lt pārsa- lt parsa- lt parša- One of the most conspicuous traits of the Indo-Iranian Andronovo culture is the complete absence of pigs as opposed to the related western poly-ethnic Timber grave culture - which evolved with discernible Corded Ware Abashevo culture assimilation Andronovo Indo-Iranians werent keen about mushrooms either ( Yasna XLVIII10 ) Given the distribution ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 Kandahar laquo checked raquo 14 ) of uniquely
Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornament of Urals ) one may speculate if their parša term followed ( Grishakov V
Stavitsky V 2003 ) their motifs (re the Sanskrit cognate of neuter E Baltic parša gt
Estonian parh lt parha lt parša )
vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras
The Finnish loanword vasara hammer appears to be from a late Āryan vazarah ( vajrah lt vaźras ) without the final s most likely from the 16th-13th
century BCE Timber-Grave northern forest intrusion ( re Erzya azuru man of rank
Udmurt uzər lt Timber-Grave Iranian asurah ) as opposed to an Alakul forest-steppe re-intrusion ( re Moksha vərgas w -s nom sg ending ) Other Uralic terms include Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere and all lack a final s ( re Redei
1986 25-26 28-30 ) The East Baltic cognates range from Lithuanian vėzdras vėzdas mace club Latvian vẽza stick club vẽzecirct to swing in the air
wave wag lt ueg Note the vežys of crayfish waving their pinchers Latvian
veseris maul-hammer appears to be a loanword from Livonian since the phonetics are closer to the Finnic versions than Lith vėzdras mace club The -d da- contamination of vėz-das vėzdras may be from the closely related stone-less synonym laz-da - club and may well have altered ź-da gt zda as in Lith lazda lt laźda (Albanian lajthi ledhi - id ) Bored stone maces with a peculiar solar rosette design - ubiquitous in the Abashevo culture have been unearthed in the Mariampolė district of Lithuania East Balt four five or seven-bulbed stone bored maces are almost identical to Andronovo maces Perkūnas thunderbolt ( Latv milna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild- ) was also a round stone The evolution from vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras vėzdas appears rather old but provides fresh new perspective to the etymology of Sanskrit vajra and Avestan vazra The practical forest dwelling East Balt woodsmen apparently favored the utilitarian kirvis- axe-hammer ( Indic kṛvi- ) or Maykop like vedega - adze more and evidently shared them with the Uralic locals Hazel nuts were a Fatyanovo staple
The early polyethnic East Balt Uralic Pre-Indo-Iranian group would play a role in the settlement ( U of AZ - radio carbon date average - 2026 BCE) of Sintashta Arkaim and later also influence the regional speakers in Iran India who become bilingual Like the Magyars in Central Europe or the Goths-Galindi-Alani in Spain Āryan languages are now marginally reflected in the gene pool of India ( re Uralic variant of mtDNA N1a )
The Ethnogenesis of Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Abashevo pottery resembles and blends Fatyanovo and Balanovo East Baltic
Corded Ware styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) Like poly-ethnic Balanovo East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) the forest-zone Abashevo culture left both kurgans and flat graves although some burials may also reflect nearby Poltavka culture customs of the steppe-zone This indicates a transitional group of Corded Ware populace of mixed affinities with an emerging Āryan elite Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich - were probably influenced from a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave Iranian asurah - perhaps pre-Ananyino era and do not indicate any hypothetical Āryan type Abashevo language for that Corded Ware group Latvian folk solar design signs exactly match the enigmatic Abashevo ubiquitous rosettes Poltavka amp Abashevo complexes of the Novokumak horizon coexisted by the Volga The Abashevo southeastern expansion towards territory that was prior a Catacomb border region suggests cultural assimilation of that populace as well which was later followed by a Timber Grave assimilation once again
This widespread polyethnic (kulturnaya obshchnostrsquo ) Abashevo mixed populace invites varied interpretations by differing viewpoints of different stages and regions - resembling the Heisenberg uncertainty principle Abashevo defies oversimplification for convenience sake An expert on the Abashevo culture A Pryakhin ( Pryakhin amp Khalikov 1987 ) deduced that it evolved from contacts between Fatyanovo Balanovo (Balts) and MVK Catacomb (Mnogovalikovo) Poltavka (Pit-grave Āryan) peoples in the Ural forest-steppe Most Corded Ware Abashevans were like Fatyanovo Balanovo narrow faced and dolichocephalous - contrasting somewhat from the MVK Catacomb Pit-grave Poltavka cranial amp physical type ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) But the Abashevo were on the whole poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) and multicultural Regional variant sub-groups include a Ural Volga Don-Volga and Kama-Vetluga expressions Sometimes the Balanbash label is used for the eastern variant
Were the varied poly-ethnic cosmopolitan Abashevo people MVK Catacomb Poltavka Āryan CWC East Balts residual upper Don-Volga Repins or partly Finno-Ugric Yes
Abashevo was multi-cultural and poly-ethnic E Pluribus Unum
One is inclined then to consider the singular masc baritone ratas gt rathas term as a probable Corded Ware Abashevo poly-ethnic lexical legacy
Sintashta intensifies the regional forest-zone copper metallurgy of the Corded Ware Abashevo and the earlier pioneering Balanovo East Balt metalworkers Balanovo copper ( varis ) metallurgy in the Urals had become an attractive alternative to the then destabilized Carpathian sources drawing the attention of southerly (Saami Oarje) Volga Pit-grave Āryans who had endured cyclic periods of drought The Urals quickly became a major metallurgic center Sintashta stock-breeding reflects the earlier Abashevo Corded Ware culture (note East Baltic šėmas gōvs gray cow or papijusi - cow with milk and related Sanskrit
pipyūṣī id) as does some of its metallurgic products and flat graves A recent
genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) add additional perspective The Sintashta slightly concave knife-sickles are connected to the Abashevo polyfunctional ones (Skt kṛpā- Latvian cirpe Lith
kirpe- ) Many Sintashta remains were dolichocephalous europoids ( re Kirsna
man ) like the forest-steppe Corded Ware Abashevans and earlier Fatyanovans ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) while others resemble Pit-grave Poltavka types In fact kurgans only accounted for about one third of the burials at Sintashta (Epimakhov 2002) E Kuzmina (The Origin of the Indo-
Iranians Volume 3 p 222 ) suggests Sintashta was not purely Āryan in composition and quite possibly quasi-bilingual Over a period time the cultures consolidated by the need for mutual co-operation
The later stage of the polyethnic populace of Abashevo amp Sintashta cultures may give an insight to the language of Proto-Indo-Iranian ( Pre-VedicAvestan
Sintashta ) Remains of the Pokrovskij type continue dolochocephaly and narrow faces with additional admixture of Uralic types detected in that group The Arkaim Sintashta area sites correspond to the Avestan Vara of the arriianəm vaējō Reflecting its polyethnic populace is Finno-Ugric Hungarian var fortress Saami var village and East Baltic Lithuanian varas tall timber palisade stockade ( Skt vartra ) Arkaim and Sintashta are also shaped like Central European Rondels The circular or oval settlement designs are very reminiscent of earlier Tripolye Dnieper sites or later East Baltic fortresses (eg
Tushemlya ) The dolichocephalous narrow faced Volga-Balts originated from the Northern Fatyanovo variants of the earlier Middle Dnieper culture which had assimilated some Tripolye C2 substrata Here is perhaps an example of a East Baltic term varas ( timber stockade ) borrowed in Finno-Ugric Vedic and Avestan In stark contrast the later Āryan Petrovka phase preferred a rectangular settlement shape over the circular or oval forts of the Urals yet still exhibit influence from western Abashevo Abashevan socketed spear designs eventually end up in western China via Andronovo influence The the range of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motif even extended to the Cherkaskul culture and regions of Siberia ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Latvian apsa aspen closely resembles Altai dialect apsa-k or Tatar Tobolsk dialect awsak and Chuvash eumlveumls Who knew
The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) of Baltic Uralic people in the ethnogenesis of the Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim cultures has provided scholars with linguistic opportunities in studies of the early Indo-Iranian dialects and in Finno-Ugric Baltic etymologies The Avestan and Vedic combinations of neuter plural nouns or multiple single and plural nouns with the verb in singular ( in Greek as well ) reflects archaic Baltic
constructions ( Lith beržorai esti ) Just as Lithuanian dialect panta or pantas - a crossbeam provides insight to the origins of Greek pontos - sea (linking ports) - Latin pontis bridge Armenian hown - a riverbed ( ford ) - a fresh new ( re Lithuanian-Latvian dialect panta - a link etc ) semantical understanding of Sanskrit panthās Avestan pantā - path ( link ) finally emerges from the mists of antiquity Khanty-Ostyak - pant path vs Mokša pandaz halter lt hobblelt link are related examples of Satem cultural interaction with Finno-Ugrics over time It is very important to keep in context the limited duration of this cultural horizon Here is a window a key that may unlock many doors It is a very unique horizon (chapter) of Eurasian and Russian prehistory when early Indo-Iranian traditions blend with Finnic and East Baltic cultures ( re DRD2 data) The Satem connection between Tolstoy and Gandhi was not only linguistic
A Fishy Whale gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There has been noted ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) a widespread hybrid checkered ceramic tradition of Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Abashevo and Pozdnyakovo cultures reflecting intimate polyethnic relations (re mtDNA haplogroups U4 Narva U5b2 and T1 ) The Sintashta Culture was not monolithic but rather a regional composite of various components as reflected by the variability of the ceramics If Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo influenced and integrated with the Sintashta area people ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) did it also influence their Āryan language (re Eastern Sanskrit R amp L dialects) Indic-Baltic specific isoglosses ( eg śāpa- šapas miśra- mišras ) may need updated reappraisals in light of the unfolding archaeological evidence of Corded Ware Abashevo influence and ethnic presence ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt
checked ornaments ) Riverine Latvian sence- mussel matches Sanskrit śaṅkha- shell rather well as does barytone Baltic antis Skt ātih - both waterfowl Sanskrit nārās and Lith nara both flow The Sanskrit suffix - inga- (Skt sphulinga- spark) looks peculiarly Baltic (ie Lith blezdinga swallow) as does the - ikas suffixed Skt śāpharikas fisherman Lith šventikas priest
The šapalas and śapharas ( Faux Dace महाशफर पतिशफरी शफररप Skt
śāpharikas fisherman ) isogloss is quite unique and curiously percise Similarities between Leuciscus cephalus idus amp lehmanni ( Zeravshan Dace ) may have encouraged the terms usage Puntius sophore aka śapharas the faux Dace has the identical profile coloration and specific reddish hue on its lower fins as its above Leuciscus šapalas neighbors Coincidence left the room with Elvis Someone remembered exactly what that fish looked like Indic śapharas ( the Faux Dace ) may well be an identifiable relic-loanword from East Baltic Corded Ware Abashevo-Balanovo-Fatyanovo šapalas contact since it is altogether absent ( like Parjanya ) in Avestan or Ossetic ( kaeligf big type
of fish) or other Petrovka derived Āryan languages There is no ichthyic cognate of East Baltic šapalas in the Catacomb culture derived languages
or even Slavic ( ) Germanic or Uralic for that matter So it is equally odd to note the complete absence of cognates for the archaic East Baltic žuvis - fish in all the Indo-Iranian branches although the Pontic steppe related Greek and Armenian somehow both preserved related ichthyic cognates ( Arm jukn ) Ossetic has retained an IE laeligsaeligg brown trout as well as a loanword kaeligsag from Hungarian keszeg and Mansi kāsəŋ a bream-dace type fish reflecting Timber Grave Iranian amp Finno-Ugric cultural interactions The Avestan mythic kara- may recall the voracious Volga wels ( Old Prussian kalis lt kalas - wels catfish ) which to this day exhibits legendary proportions approaching 10 ft The archaic žuvis šapalas howled today by an excited Lithuanian fisherman ( Skt śāpharikas ) still echoes the simple joy of his forefathers from long long ago
The Perkūnijas Parjanyah Pərgənauml Perkịno shared tradition is a delicate issue since each is venerated to this day in their respective cultures One may note that all three are very close in certain details The East Baltic laitus rain (Lith lietas lietus ) tradition with lightning East Baltic Laita may have been an archaic term for Summer rainy season (re Slavic Lēto year) which followed the return of Pleiades before the northern migrations of Battle Axe Balts The Erzya Lit-ava in their Prayer Hymns remained intact Modern Pashto has Perūne - Pleiades (re Greek Keraunos thunderbolt Slavic Perun all lacking a velar
plosive lt GAC ) Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- For the mushroom Perkūnas relationship see V N Toporov 1979 Parjanya is the father of Uralic Soma Perkūnas was to be the groom of the aquatic Laumė Indraja - Lith hydronyms Indus Indra Indura ( Mitanni Indara Skt Indu ) The Laumė Indraja is a mushroom guide or teacher And to uphold respect about these cultures and to be as accurate as possible I will only use the term shared
Perkūnas amp Indraja gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In the old Baltic dainos folksongs Perkūnas was to wed the Laumė Indraja One role of Indraja is as a mushroom guide spirit Vedic Parjanya is the father of Soma The Abashevo used talc in their ceramics as was common with their Uralic neighbors The pottery of the two cultures are found in the same room Note ( N1c1 ) Mari paŋgə mushroom Udmurt paŋτəl- paŋτət- to howl and carry on after partaking of Fly Agaric The Lithuanian version Ar prisiėdęs musmirių refers to the partaking of Fly Agaric mushroom and exhibiting a skewed or altered state of reality It is a quite common courteous way of calling someone stone crazy If they ate a little too much dried - žalas ( RV
7981 ) Fly Agaric mushroom and there upon glare ominously wild-eyed
howl ecstatically see the Unseen amp carry on - that person would be labeled aršus The Avestan term for an ecstatic seer is ǝrǝšiš which is a close cognate to Sanskrit ṛṣiḥ - a Seer Back in the Ural forests Uralic Khanty still has a word sŏma for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl or vessel as well as one for partaking of Amanita muscaria This would all be quite coincidental if they had never met - but they did Archaeology has already provided the where when and why Latvian has an equally courteous and common expression for telling someone to buzz off - get a clue - ej bekot or go pick mushrooms Latvian beka mushroom or dialect peka is loaned from Balto-Finnic Livonian paeligkā id lt pękā lt Uralic pəηkā Note that the mixed Balanovo-Volosovo sites were mediums of cross-cultural bilingual interaction for sharing ethnic customs preceding and contributing to Sintashta which influenced poly-ethnic Alakul ( Grigoryev 2000 ) groups ( ОД
Мочалов 2001-2 re ceramic lt gt checkered ornaments ) Sharing the hewn sŏma-bowl
with its entheogenic contents like a diplomatic cross-cultural peace pipe evidently sparked its legendary admiration The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding m-m-m Sŏma good Uh-oh East Baltic neuters did not require a final consonant They still dont It is also suggested that Uralic panga mushroom fly agaric entheogen žalas - when dried re bangus is possibly the source for the Sarmatian-Magyar loanword in Slavic Polish pienka Russian Пенька - hemp entheogen ( lt Finno-Ugric Pəηka via Sarmatians amp Magyars w U2e1 - re C
Keyser et al 2009 ) Note Irish arsan - a Seer or German rasen - be ecstatic Let it rain
The Unthinkable Now Highly Probable gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The everyday awkward pidgin bilingualism albeit semantically skewed at times between the East Balt Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo MVK Catacombs and Poltavka Āryans in that culture is highly probable ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) considering some of their similar ( at times identical ) vocabularies and quasi-related grammar The cultural continuity of metallurgy in the Ural region that started with Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) continued with Abashevo and was intensified at Sintashta and Arkaim The artifacts including specific trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered ornamentation motifs on pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) reflect their co-operation and integration with each other The chance of trace Baltic loanwords in old Indo-Iranian has shifted from unthinkable to highly probable lt gt Mainstream archaeological academia has reviewed the collective material evidence thoroughly and is quite confident in their evaluations of it Archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics are finally revealing this untold story The scientific evidence is becoming increasingly difficult to dismiss And ratas is not some amorphous proto Balto-Slavic
Suggested essential readings include The Origin of the Indo-Iranians Volume 3 by Elena E Kuzmina edited by J P Mallory p 222 Brill NV Leiden The Netherlands 2007 ISBN 978 90 04 16054 5 The Horse The Wheel and Language by David W Anthony Princeton University Press ISBN10
0691058873 and especially laquoШАХМАТНЫЙraquo ОРНАМЕНТ КЕРАМИКИ
КУЛЬТУР РАЗВИТОГО БРОНЗОВОГО ВЕКА ПОВОЛЖЬЯ И УРАЛА by ОД Мочалов Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ( The laquochessraquo ornament on
the pottery of the Middle Bronze Age in the Volga and Ural regions by OD Mochalov
Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ) - available as a PDF from Stratum Note title mistranslation of laquo chess raquo for laquo checked raquo The ceramics track the East Balt cultural assimilation ( amp Z280 ) into various Indo-Iranian sub-groups It‟s a fact
PIE dei - gt Dainā gt Dhēnā gt Daēna gt Dēn gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Vedic Sanskrit has the somewhat (15 times ) obscure word Dhēnā meaning hymn song which reflects East Baltic Daina meaning dance gt song From IE dei- (move spin whirl) we have Latvian deinis dancer daiņa restless person dainēt daināt to dance sing deja dance Lithuanian dainuoti to sing ( vs somuoti ) clearly illustrating the core Baltic etymology (It is
also attested in West Baltic toponyms) But Vedic Dhēnās hymn-prayer lacks any such dance etymology The Avestan Daēna ( Middle Persian Dēn ) is even more semantically vague - that which is revealed revelation This implies a loanword and like in Vedic - a word without a clear etymology The closet indigenous Indo-Iranian cognate is Avestan Dian meaning fast (re Grk δινεύω whirl or διά-νοια thought ) Scholars interpret the actual pronunciations of the old Vedic Sanskrit Dhēnā and Avestan Daēna as Dainā Hello By following this thread the shroud of the past unravels and finally falls apart
There is only one ( ) Rig Vedic hymn to Vāyu wind Skt nom Vāyus lt Vējus Lith dialect Vėjus which is otherwise called Vāta Iranian Ossetic wad and Ob-Ugric Mansi loanword wōt indicate the primacy of Vāta usage in the early Indo-Iranian dialects where as Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant ( Lith Vėjūkas ) appears to be a loanword (also note Skt
vāhin amp Latv āzinis) Note that Dhēnā is also used in the rare Vāyu hymn (I 2 3-
) Vāyu is closely associated with Parjanyah amp Soma ( Pashto ōmə ) Ancient Rig Vedic Uṣas and todays East Baltic Ūšas Ūštun - dawning to dawn
illustrate the challenges Vedic like Baltic or Greek often made an adjective into a noun by just moving the stress to another syllable although in this case Rig Vedic Uṣas has the adjectival accent In other words Uṣas = Ūšas but no one writes about it (re Skt uśras Lith ūšras OCS za-ustra ) Nada Zip
The Rig Veda uses the word Dhēnās for hymns but does not emphasize it although that connection is later implied as such by Avestan Daēna From the new archeaological and archeaogenetic evidence of the polyethnic ethnogenesis of the Abashevo and Sintashta populace it is not linguistically unreasonable to deduce that the Dainā dance gt song gt hymn tradition of the assimilated Abashevo Balts was adopted as the term Dhēnās hymns songs by their fellow Āryan metalworkers near the Urals during a period of bilingualism and was used as such later in the Rig Veda An Abashevo-MVK Monteoru trade link for cheek-piece diffusion may provide an alternate explanation for a Dacian gt Romanian doina - lyrical song although the ancient amber trade explanation remains equally viable
From IE dei- (move spin whirl) developed East Baltic Dainā - dance song hymn ( Grk δινεύω whirl ) which was borrowed as Vedic Dhēnā - hymn prayer Avestan Daēnā - revelation Middle Persian Dēn - religion The word dena - revelation religion is still used in Kashmiri Arabic Dīn ( دين faith
religion ) is beyond the scope of this topic
Little did the stubborn poly-ethnic Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 L235 amp
N1c1 ) or Abashevo East Baltic forest-folk singing their Sacred Hymns of Divine Revelation ( Dainās ) near the Country of Towns by Sintashta in the Urals of 2100 BCE know how far their songs would travel and for how long they would echo - up to this day by contributing a term for a new Monotheism (
Daēnā ) emulated later to its West The Volgaic Erzya Rav-ava - mother Volga Volgaic Mokša Rava - river and East Baltic Lithuanian Ravas - stream or Latvian Rāva - marsh water correlation is rather interesting (Lith
Rauti - to run quickly )
The Baltic amp Uralic in Vedic Sanskrit Avestan gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The mythical Avestan ten month winters and Vara Daēna legend Āryan Soma Haoma ( RV 128 Khanty Sŏma hewn wooden mortar-bowl Volgaic Erzya
Mokša Sjuma Səma hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger ) Sanskrit Śarabha ( Mansi Suorp Mokša Sjarda ) the Avestan water goddess Anāhitā in a Northern forests beaver furcoat (re Finno-Ugric mother-beaver cult) Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC talc or chamotte ceramic admixture amp specific trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ornamentation ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) and the many Finno-Ugric loanwords (Burrow 1955 pp 24-27 ) from
both early Indo-Iranian ( Finnish kekri ) and Volga-East-Baltic ( Finnish ratas ) uphold the latest archaeological findings Soma is the guardian spirit of the North And U4 is U4 ( Pliss et al 2005 Derbeneva et al2002 ) A multi-disciplinary approach combining archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics together are yielding scientific results
That there is possibly a Ural-East-Baltic Daina Ratas Perkonias or Šapalas in Sanskrit or Avestan should not come as a surprise considering Uralic ( re Sŏma ) is indisputably present (re N1c1 Khanty Sŏma hewn mortar-bowl )
Indo-Iranian Soma preserved the native N1c1 Uralic word ( Sŏma ) for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric ( Amanita muscaria ) was pressed with stones in water ( Skt
saumya- soft ) The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo-Garino cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding of what was pointed at ( re EV 141 ) Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 amp N1c1 poly-ethnics ) to this day still partake dried Amanita muscaria with milk amp honey as they have done for well over four thousand years It is Senasis Takas- The Ancient Way
Such drift of semantics can be heard even today in the English phrase Do you want to do a bowl
The Āryan Soma of the Urals eventually became a generic ( Pashto ōmə ) term to label an entheogen
Finding Baltisms ( ntr pl [ as w Hittite ] or multiple sg w sg verb the -yu- -ju- words like Vāyus - Vėjus ) or specific loanwords ( GAS Satem ) will be next to impossible especially without the displaced Vedic era R amp L middle dialects (eg ślokas - Madhyadeśa region ) of earlier migrations The integration of the polyethnic Corded Ware Abashevo into the Sintashta cultures may have not had a significant impact beyond contributing their earlier equine cheek-pieces Ural metallurgy amp talc chamotte pottery admixture or trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ceramics ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked
ceramics lt gt ) but it is probable they did leave other cultural traces (including DNA
words like ratas daina ) as well A recent genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) adds additional perspective Why
does East Balt ichthyic šapalas match Indic faux Dace śapharas ( महाशफर ) or śāpharikas ( fisherman ) so closely and as with other word matches
cognates are wholly absent in Avestan and even Slavic like the alpine velar in Parjanyas Also Skt śāka- Lith šėkas - green grass or Skt śakala- Lith šakalys - splinter - et cetera etc etc Perhaps even a Fatyanovo š itself given the Nuristani counterpart There are the parallel myth traditions of Dawn ( Uṣas - Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven dhēnā of Vāyus - Vėjus or the Ashvins - Ašvieniai Divine Twins Yet the breaking up of Middle Dnieper culture Balto-Slavic occurred especially with distant Fatyanovo-Balanovo well over a millennium prior to the ethnogenesis of Indo-Iranian The preponderance of such Baltic Indo-Iranian isoglosses suggests a period of contact and just as importantly the nature of those contacts Archaeology has indeed already provided the where when and why ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Pots amp DNA do speak
That a central European culture ( 3400 BCE - Baden Globular Amphora ) centered new wheel term ( Old Irish masc sg roth pl rothai Latin neuter sg rota pl rotae
Albanian diminutive w th from a t gt sg rreth pl rratheuml ) reflected in Corded Ware East Baltic baritone masc sg ratas pl ratai was loaned into Finnic languages is uncontested (re Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) but where does an Āryan baritone masc sg raacutethas - vehicle figure in the pre-Sintashta ( 2400
BCE ) Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian shared lexicon It doesnt
Bronocice Poland - Pot pre-3400 BCE - Farmers Wagons
Note laquo checked raquo darža motif similar to GAS-BALTIC Fatyanovo motif
And why would Indo-Europeans need to rename the wheel ( PIE kʷekʷlos ) Perhaps the assimilated European farmers did it East Baltic Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) copper metallurgy in the Urals has its roots in central European cultural traditions ( re Globular Amphora ) which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo Cultural area The old Carpathian metal trade of central Europe provided for contacts and cultural exchanges ( re amber trade ) between language groups like NE pre-Celts pre-Albanians and Middle Dnieper Balts ( Albanian lopeuml - cow Latvian Luops - id ) as well as Triploye C2 Lengyel amp TRB substratum interaction This interaction between the central European Dniester Tripolye C2 refugees - which may also have spoken their native Temematian language - and the northern Middle Dnieper Tripolye C2 bi-lingual populace may account as a medium of some unusual archaisms ( re tauras ) and with additional admixture of TRB Lengyel BBC ( Q gt P ) Globular Amphora spread Corded Ware isoglosses amp innovations ( plural dative m long root preterite ) in the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Fatyanovo regions as well as traditions of central European Carpathian arsenic copper metallurgy Arkaim and Sintashta
fortifications are even shaped like Central European Rondels Trade networks between Centum Euro-Repin GAC subgroups were conduits for isoglosses even beyond the other Balts in the West Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1 ) amber contacts amp Uralic substratum may well be the phonetic impetus of the dative plural -M- type linguistic transitions away from a -B- The influence of a Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva ( w U5b2 ) poly-ethnic substratum perhaps contributed to incongruities in Baltic Satemization amp partial RUKI ( eg Finnish
laiha GAS Lith liesa ipo lieša ) as well as contributing a residual substratum vocabulary of their central European Centum words like pẽku Make no mistake the impact of this Centum Satem tango went both ways ( GAS gt Germanic 1112 1000 etc) Balanovo jewelry from the Urals also emulates specific designs of a central European provenance perhaps derived from Globular Amphora-Narva poly-ethnics as a substratum ( GAS ) of Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo ( Česnys et al 1990 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) The Baltic amber sun disc talisman or solar halo ( rẽtis ) wheel Saulės Ratas is found distributed in central European cultures particularly the Centum Globular Amphora culture - which contributed substratum to Fatyanovo-Balanovo which in turn contributed to the Corded Ware Abashevo culture and eventually poly-ethnic Sintashta Arkaim ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) If the Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas Saule is also a common traditional Kazakh amp Central Asian ( Afghan
Kyrgyz etc ) female name The meaning of the name is translated as sunlight or Sun just like the feminine East Baltic Saulė which is also used for a female name Another coincidence Again
Saulės Ratas
Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Ural copper metallurgy preceded Corded Ware Abashevo and later Sintashta Arkaim metalworking predating them by about half a millennium The terminology of the typical dual wheeled cart ( Lith dviratis vežimas ratai Finnish
rattaat ) of the early GAS East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Goldina 1999) farmers amp metallurgist-woodsmen and multi-cultural Abashevo successors may have been a source for a unique northern archaic import ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas wheel ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) providing an Āryan masculine singular ratʔas gt raacutethas upgraded intact as a nominative singular word for the new chariot of the Abashevo - Sintashta era metallurgic bonanza Semantic incongruity is a hallmark of loanwords in traditional linguistics The Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas One might expect an Āryan neuter form as the Sanskrit scholar T Burrow did or perhaps an Āryan plural form East Baltic has in fact many old variants
including Latvian ruota toy ruotacirct to hop turn roll and Lith rẽtis halo Coincidence A speeding Āryan raacutethas bounced a lot - it hopped The wheel spread faster than the flu in central Europe and prestigious words of new innovations were traded as well as new trends from contact ( re Baden Globular Amphora Fatyanovo Abashevo ) In fact the PIE roteH2 rotH2os rotoH2s discussions are currently at a stalemate an academic impasse Why would some Indo-Europeans want to rename the wheel anyway ( PIE kʷekʷlos
) Maybe they didnt
An East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo GAS loanword proposal for post-Sintashtan rathas is not only linguistically practical and etymologically grounded it is archaeologically probable ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) We do know the earlier Corded Ware Abashevo cheek-pieces were copied - but what else Given the boatload of Corded Ware influenced artifacts at Sintashta and Arkaim maybe one or two Corded Ware words leaked out Just maybe To quote M Witzel (2003) quoting JP Mallory (2002) there are still degrees of geo-linguistic plausibility
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
Some ornament traits let us to link Sintashta with northwest forest Fatyanovo culture
( Oleg Mochalov - Samara State Pedagogical University Institute for History and Archaeology of Volga region Samara Russia)
- The origin of Sintashta culture ceramic Ceramic through the Millennia methods approaches results - 2008 -
East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) entered the North after 3200 BCE ( C-14 cal dates from Latvia- see Loze 1992 ) and shared their ratas wheel with the local Uralics ( Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) on the way to the copper deposits by the Urals About 1000 years later Sintashtan Āryans - after spending a couple of centuries with the Corded Ware East Baltic speaking woodsmen ride off into the dawn of history on their new Āryan twin-wheeled rathas (re Kassite king Abi-rattaš Mitanni king Tušratta gt
circa 1350 BCE) drawn by two horses using the Corded Ware Abashevo amp MVK Catacomb inspired cheek-pieces Academics still dismiss the coincidence () of a baritone masculine singular Āryan rathas rattaš spontaneously produced in the linguistic company of Ural East Balt metallurgists who had an isolated northern archaic ratʔas dialect form ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) of baritone masculine singular ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas for near a thousand
years since 3200 BCE Pots do speak - as does DNA The silence of Cherchen Man speaks volumes
The Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo with their characteristic central European Globular Amphora cultural-substratum influence ( re GAS lt GAC-Narva w U5b2 poly-ethnics pottery copper pigs flint axes
amber ) and Uralic admixture ( re N1c1 Volosovo talc or chamotte ceramics ) are thus the most logical candidates for the dissemination of the ratas term of 2400 BCE as heard to this day with East Baltic Lithuanian ratas amp the related Latvian cognate Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo ) ceramics use chamotte admixture and exhibit a projecting rim as does later Corded Ware Abashevo ( re mtDNA N1a1a1 294 lt GAS ) Volosovo amp Balanovo pottery is found in the same room Words were spoken Abashevo amp Sintashta adopt specifically Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered diamond rhombus type ceramic designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Arkaim amp Sintashta artifacts - clearly exhibiting Corded Ware Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural influences including talc - chamotte pottery admixture amp darža checkered ceramics ( thus verifiable contacts ) - provide the archaeological support for just such a linguistic loanword exchange as well as the foreign mycologic sŏma tradition of these quasi-trilingual misfits Kandahar valleys Mundigak Period VI ceramics in Afghanistan ( Kuzmina 2007 p 716 fig 101 14
re Lith piešalas Sanskrit peśalas ) also exhibit the unique Fatyanovo darža checkered double row striped diamond motif The Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest dwelling quasi-trilinguals stubbornly clung to their Euro-farmer identity and never did quite fit ( ārya- ) in Fly Agaric is the fruit of the forests not the wide open steppes As noted by Kramer the cat is out of the bag Vedic ashvyam goh - horses amp cows of the Dasyus still echoes todays East Baltic ashva amp guovs The Babino Multi-Roller Ware MVK Catacomb culture neighbors of the Corded Ware Abashevo would later be reflected in shaft graves with cheek-pieces in distant places as Mycenae near Athens by around 17th century BCE Mycenaean warriors also wore Baltic amber Mycenaean mtDNA had a match in SE Poland A MVK-Monteoru link or CWC GAS - again
The combination of kurgan and flat graves reflecting the integration of indigenous Europeans with IE steppe ethnicities (re Dniester Usatovo-Tripolye) is found in the Middle Dnieper culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo and Corded Ware Abashevo Abashevo integration at Sintashta is indicated by various material artifacts Sintashta kurgans account for about a third of the burials - the rest are interestingly enough flat graves
The Ural Elephant in the Room gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Then there is the intriguing Perkaunijas Perkino Pərgənauml Parjanya legacy - the Ural elephant in the room so to speak Unlike Pera amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Why are Parjanya cognates
with an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive absent in the multitude of other surrounding Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani Satem languages and dialects - or even related Satem Slavic (re Pashto Perūne Slavic Perun Nuristani Paumlrun vs Gas Lith
Perkūnas ) Slavic Ruki amp velarless Perun vs Gothic alpine Fairguni suggest a Centum GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive was assimilated into Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns type cognates Archaeological support for such a bold linguistic assertion is beyond debate The zones of such Centum Satem contacts have been thoroughly dated with C-14 Although Perkino amp Pərgənauml may only reflect the 1st millennium BCE Dyakovo era the Dainos of the forest dwelling East Balts easily pre-date the Sintashta-Arkaim era by a millennium Variability of Sintashta ceramics with Fatyanovo influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2
rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) certainly reflect cultural contact and interaction Parjanyas reflects an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive - East Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns reflects a GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive Rathas vs GAS ratas The lexical legacies of poly-ethnic Sintashta contact have survived intact four thousand years ( re U of Az C-14 ) Prakrits of India also preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) not found in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words Was the Sanskrit (ṛH) dialect ir ur variation ( Skt śiras vs Av sarah-) an innovation or perhaps a polyethnic relic of the earlier migrations South It is a rich field awaiting someone to harvest it Such material was reviewed by W Tomaschek in 1883 (Ausland p 862) and discussed later by H Arntz S G Oliphant and S K Chatterji
It was women who made the checkered pottery sang their songs and mothers who taught the language to their child Men sometimes forget this The mtDNA evidence should not be overlooked ( Narva-U5b2 ) As L Koryakova and A Epimakhov note in their The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron ages Balanovo culture villages consisted of above-ground wooden log houses and in their cemeteries (flat amp kurgan) men were buried on their right side women on their left side - as also in Baltic Corded Ware tradition After the Sintashta polyethnic horizon by the Urals and subsequent first migration South we find a continuity of this same Baltic Corded Ware ( Abashevo Alakul
w checkered pottery ) type of burial custom in Tulkhar by the Andronovo Bishkent culture (1700-1500 BCE) and the later Vakhsh and Swāt ( Vedic Suvastu
) cultures and also at Timargarha This unusual Andronovo gender dimorphism MR FL burial trait was even noted by J P Mallory amp Douglas Q Adams in their Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture Bishkent skulls were dolichocranial (Khodzhayov 2008) like Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Denisova 1975) One general trait to distinguish Andronovo from Timber Grave burials is how the first has the head oriented to the West or SW whereas some Timber Grave cultures favored orienting the deceased towards the North ( re Mahaparinibbana
Sutta ) or East East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo burials oriented male heads to the SW females to NE - per steppe Maikop tradition Later East Baltic Jukhnovo settlements even oriented their streets to NE SW
Pottery shards found at a tin miners camp on the lower Zeravshan at Karnab have an Abashevo style of decoration from an early phase of contact Two pots unearthed far away by Sarazm betray their polyethnic Abashevo Sintashta Ural area origination by their talc admixture ( N1c1 cultural custom -
re fly agaric amp sŏma ) Near the tin mining camps the Tazabagyab variant of Andronovo buried their dead in flat cemeteries not kurgans The Saka of the Pamirs were also dolichocranial and narrow faced ( re 2005 Vaclav Blažek Lamb 2011 T Witczak bužys ) A unique cognate for barley-seed invites further speculation ( Lith miežis Latvmiezē Khotanese miṣṣa- ttumaumlṣa- re H W Bailey
BSOAS 21 pp 42) as do Fatyanovo maižis barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972 ) darža checkered Siberian amp Cherkaskul axe-celts ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo
checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Eurasian cattle DNA ( J Kantanen et all 2009 )
The early metallurgy of the Urals had fostered a far reaching network of contact ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) we are only now beginning to grasp and map out Some Corded Ware traditions of the integrated polyethnic Abashevo ( w Uralic
admixture) appear to have continued beyond Sintashta with the first of many migrations of that Āryan population South as well as those left behind contributing in the ethnogenesis of the polyethnic Timber Grave Culture of the Don-Volga region Pokrovskiy and Potapovka cultures ( runic Alanian Vayuk amp
Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Lith Vėjūkas see also ОД Мочалов 2001-2 )
Talc admixture in the early pottery of Sarmatians suggests a close interaction with Uralic N1c1 people ( Mari in-deš 9 Ossetic daeligs 10 Mari kene hemp Ossetic
gaelign(aelig) id) Overall Potapovka burial remains show a continuity of earlier Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) amp Poltavka cranial types reflected in Timber Grave amp west Andronovo burials contrasting with the different Corded Ware Abashevo skull remains ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) and related Pokrovskiy cranial types Cimmerian amp Scythian daggers have proto-types found in the Volga-Kama region The Timber Grave culture and Andronovo in turn both contributed to the formation of the Sauromatians and the Saka The western Timber-Grave culture that assimilated the Corded Ware Abashevo become quite settled in small scattered log home settlements without fortifications and even raised pigs like them (vs eastern Andronovo nomads) The agrarian Corded Ware Abashevo ( poly-ethnic R1a amp N1c1 ) character would persist as integrated parts (agricultural Solar cult clan) of some certain select groups and clans ( Alakul
Srubna ) eventually melting away over generations assimilating in here amp there leaving only relics in the earth inherited cranial amp DNA evidence only now being uncovered and scattered traces in later regionalized Āryan vocabularies (Skt
Parjanyah śapharas - faux dace Ossetian baeliglon dove ) amp culture Not to be overlooked by any means is a genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) A relationship between taurine breeds of the Baltic ( Fatyanovo ) region and Sakha ( Andronovo ) cattle suggests cultural connections or later contact ( re ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) A later influx from the steppes of the East back to the Ukraine is suggested by traces of zebu mtDNA in cattle there
The archaeological evidence suggests integration amp assimilation Haplogroup N1a (mtDNA) in the Volga-Kama Komi Permyaks indicates some farmers stayed Recent studies regarding the DRD2 gene are producing data which show a relationship between Eurasian people near the Volga-Kama Urals area and Brahmins in India Go figure Uralic descendants of the Corded Ware Fatyanovo Balanovo settlers preserved some of their language ( re karas ) and most likely have Finno-Baltic Balanovo-Abashevo DNA as well ( mtDNA
U5b2 HV3 nodal HVS1 N1c1 amp R1a L235 ) Some Corded Ware R1a1 remains ( massacred by locals near Eulau around 2600 BCE ) with X2 mtDNA closely matched living individuals of Estonia ( GAS of Fatyanovo ) with Syria (Mitanni) and Iran (post-Andronovo ) while the male DNA ( lt CWC-Globular Amphora R1a- M458 ) closely matched with individuals in Gdansk and Tambov Russia (SE of Tula amp near
Perkino ) - regions associated with Globular Amphora Corded Ware cultures ( Berezanskaja 1971 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) One of the K1b lineages showed matches to two Shughnans from Tajikistan ( Wolfgang Haak et al 2008 ) Vaclav Blažek ( 2005 ) specifically ties a Fatyanovo word (SKES VI 1819-1820 ) for lamb found in Vepsian vodnaz to the proto-form for the Shughni cognate among others ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) T Witzcak ( 2011 ) relates Lith bužys to Ossetic buʒ Shughni vazič amp Avestan buzya- ( re
CWC Eulau-Shughnan DNA darža motifs ) As Grissom said - follow the evidence The Corded Ware settlement near Tenteksor in Kazakhstan (see below ) may provides an interesting possible DNA perspective The mounting DNA evidence implies a Corded Ware component of Andronovo amp the archaeology of Sintashta-Arkaim proves a Corded Ware Abashevo-Fatyanovo component of Andronovo ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The probability of a Ural-Baltic Daina Ratas or Šapalas in post Andronovo Vedic Sanskrit or Avestan could therefore be logically expected given the above DNA amp archaeological evidence If linguists can ignore unique checkered pots they can ignore DNA But an out of place velar lt plosive just might elicit their curiosity Understanding the language of whales should be a new priority and test their mettle It appears that the men living around Sintashta amp Arkaim had time to talk together - about their vehicles horse-power fishing the rain shrooms and songs Some things never change Its a guy thing
The poly-ethnic ( R1a1a1 amp N1c1 ) Eastern Balts of today have preserved a Continuum of Cultural Tradition for Indo-European use of the dried žalas Fly Agaric in collective celebratory use ( such as peasant weddings amp various festivities
) from the very mists of antiquity - before Abraham the Shasu YHW or even the post-Sintashta Soma reveling Rig Veda itself The above daina dhēnā daēnā song-hymn-revelation topic has often been muddled with the inclusion of unrelated Vedic dhēnā - milk cow which is cognate with Baltic daine - cow (that calves in the 2nd year re FU tajine) and daini - pregnant with offspring (Adj of cow or mare) Even discussions about the Dainava dancing waters singing rapids region of Lithuania are not immune from such distractions New
archeaological and genetic DNA evidence continues to unveil the unexpected as will comparative study of the ancient Latvian Lithuanian and varied Finno-Uralic languages like Estonian
The Assimilated East Baltic amp Āryan in Finno-Ugric Ethnogenisis gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Fatyanovo and Balanovo settlement sites dwindle after the severe Winters around 2100 BCE when the East Baltic speaking population ( LWb allele R1a1a-
amp N1c1 ) for the most part assimilated in with their related Abashevo or nearby Āryan or Finnic ( N1c1) neighbors ( eg Sintashta-Arkaim Chirkovo-Seyma Pozdnyakovo Timber grave culture amp the much later diverse poly-ethnic [one
group choosing interment the other cremation] Northern Burtas pig farmers lt Nart Borataelig ) Fatyanovo amp Abashevo characteristics especially specific darža checkered designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals
) are noticed on ceramics from Chirkovo-Seyma ( gt later Ananyino ) culture sites near the Volga river Pozdnyakovo settlements ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) as well as on Sintashta amp Alakul culture checkered pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 ) Hexagonal Cis-Ural structures of the Fatyanovo ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ) may correlate with Baltic cosmological hexagram ( triple crossed keraunos ) kerai
magic reflecting an old ceraunic hexagram star design ( ऋि = 6 ) motif found in
many East Baltic distaff ( verpstė ) folk carvings ( re Gromoviti znaci Taranis wheels ) The Ugric Sky Elk had six legs The six ray solar-star hexagram design is later found in Mycenae designs ( re contacts ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The Ural Forests are unimaginably immense and the Winters around 2100 BCE were unusually long and severe ( Vidēvdāt 23 ) The demand for skilled metalworkers was growing fast with the Ural metallurgic bonanza History is messy The archaeological evidence indicates multi-lingual Fatyanovo-Balanovo people assimilated in with both Timber Grave Pozdnyakovo Iranian speakers and Volga-Kama Uralic speakers Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link or panta bridging Timber Grave with Uralic And that multi-lingualism was valued ndash and used We do not know when Fatyanovo-Balanovo converted to a Srubna Iranian but we know that they did and where ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Oink
Regional bilingualism probably persisted for centuries reflected today in archaic residual loanwords ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem 1000 Ossetian baeliglon dove
) Many Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture Balts assimilated ( Erzya Purrsquogine amp Permic
Pera myth traditions ) and adopted Uralic ( N1c1) languages ( Ananyino horizon ) and cultures as many had done earlier with the Abashevo culture ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) and repeating again with the early Pozdnyakovo amp Sarmatian ethnogenesis (w Gorodets admixture) The first millennium BCE Dyakovo culture was again poly-ethnic partly East Baltic during its middle phase - with polished ceramics ( re CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation LWb allele gt ) mainly Finno-Ugrian perhaps part Sarmatian is known from its hillforts with palisades (E Baltic varas gardas gt Volgaic kardaz Permyak kar city town ) Population size was about a hundred at each site The building styles of log cabins in the hillforts change from North to South - above ground to semi-subterranean - reflecting Balt amp Āryan building traditions The fibulae buckle (Mordvin sjulgam) artifacts appear Baltic as do many sickles and bronze headdresses ( Krasnov 1968 4-5 8 ) The Volsk-Lbishche culture known from sites like Shiromasovo in Mordovia exhibited Fatyanovo Corded Ware characteristics and was unexpectedly found far away from a excavated settlement in Tenteksor Kazakhstan - a northeastern area of the Trans-Caspian region
Reports of Bigfoot gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The genetic linguistic and archaeological record documents a prolonged assimilation by descendants of Volga-Kama Balanovo East Balts various polyethnic Abashevo Āryans and later mixed Timber Grave Sarmatians into the ethnogenisis of regional Finno-Permic peoples ( Goldina 1999 ) of the Chirkovo-Seyma Ananyino Pyanobor Pozdniakovo and related Djakovo Gorodets cultures (eg Finnish vuosituhat ) Volgaic ( śid-al sed bridge Finnish silta
id ) Words of an East Baltic provenance ( Latvian sēta tilts ) attest to ethnic movements ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) as well as the specific East Baltic balandis Ossetian baeliglon dove isogloss Latvian lanka low plain Ossetian laumlnk ( Khanty lŏk ) Lith Vėjūkas runic Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Ossetic raeligmūʒyn closely matches the semantics of East Baltic cognates rather than the related Indo-Iranian cognates Sarmatian archaeological periods reflect cultural changes ( ie burial
orientation ) in their population which probably indicates a diverse variety of regional dialects of which only the one found in Ossetic survives A recent study about N1c1 Uralics as origin of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation in Caucasian populations ( re Ossetians ) adds an additional perspective ( F Libert et
al 1998 ) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old The broadest area of high frequency is located in northeastern Europe particularly the Baltic region ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) New dating of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation coincides closely with the Dyakovo horizon and the distribution of elevated frequencies match the archaeological ethnicities ( initial Volgaic amp later East Baltic ) which converged in the Dyakovo poly-ethnic horizon especially during its middle phase of polished ceramics and expanded agriculture From Dyakovo settlements cultural contact with
Gorodets sites and nearby Sarmatians might be expected to further spread the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation
The ethnogenesis and development of the Ural forest-steppe Sarmatians did not occur in a vacuum Evidence of Sarmatian - East Balt ( Plain Pottery gt
Bondarikha culture ) as well as Sarmatian - Finno-Ugric interaction has linguistic support ( also CCR5 Delta 32 amp LWb allele frequencies) Note Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich lt influenced from perhaps a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave asurah - of a pre-Ananyino era forest intrusion by Timber Grave tribes or later Trade contacts were valued - Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel or Hungarian ezer 1000 amp Ossetian aeligrzaelig- huge The Mnogovalikovo and Abashevo also played a significant part in the ethnogenesis of the Timber-grave culture ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) especially with the Pokrovskiy culture as well as with Uralic cultures Single markers 187 270 272 of mtDNA N1a1a1a group Bashkirs with Lithuanians and the Komi Permyaks Elevated R1a1 ( haplogroup R-SRY108312
aka SRY15322 ) is found not only with the Erzya ( re R1a Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13
DYS 520 =22 ampc) but also with the Bashkirs (38-48) of the Urals who still harvest their ancient kaumlrauml- honeycomb A match of Estonian and Indian single marker 294 of mtDNA N1a1a1 has been reported GAS Again Or was the 294 from the beautiful but endangered Seto people amp culture Perhaps some Narva mtDNA U5b2 will surface far from home Embrace the Chaos
The regions surviving autonomous Baltic speakers assimilated again in the 5th century AD as new Slavic type cultural groups filtered in from the South although in some areas Baltic speakers remained intact as evident from the historic record The new Slavic speakers (Komi rotś ) followed the same path into Russia as the old Fatjanovo-Balanovo era East Baltic speakers did three thousand years before the Slavic immigration The common R1a ancestry of many East Balts ( R1a1a1 Z280 L235 Z92 ) and East Slavs (R1a1a- Z92) invites new scholarly re-examination of East Balt and East Slavic isoglosses The Old Russian Ipatiy Compilation of Chronicles mentions that in 1147 the Prince of Rostov-Suzdal defeated the Golyad ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) who lived by the River Porotva The Golyad lt Golędь ethnonym was derived from a Baltic hydronym galin- meaning deep water The defeated population ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) would be from then on taxed - accordingly For more info see Marija Gimbutas here Today the family of related decendants of all these mixed forebearers can be seen in Latvians Lithuanians Estonians as well as in Russians the Erzya Moksha
Mordvins Mari Permics Bashkirs Ural Tatars and Indians ॐ
Balto-Slavic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The late Sredny Stog Middle Dnieper Culture grew from conservative peripheral IE dialects related to Yamna Satem with admixture of different assimilated indigenous peoples from Dnieper Donets and the Tripolye culture of Central Europe as well as subgroups of Centum Globular Amphora contributors ( w TRB BBC) and a host of others (re remnant Middle Dnieper Repins ) The ethnogenesis of these distinct dialects with assimilated indigenous peoples formed various diverse regional Balto-Slavic speakers which were localized as the poly-ethnic Europeanized peripheral Satem dialects of Baltic and Slavic closely related to early Pit-grave Āryan yet distinctly different even then with diverse degrees of admixture within regional subgroups The Balto-Slavic type poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture was a fusion of ethnic groups - a melting pot - so to speak with a retro core Satem dialect (archaic Balto-Slavic lacks perfect reduplication - agreeing with Albanian Hamp 1963)
The unique peripheral components of the Middle Dnieper culture say the early East Baltic Fatyanovo migrated away before a thorough homogenization of Middle Dnieper Satem lingua franca dialects could consolidate among regional subgroups ( eg E Baltic kur kame W Baltic kuei Slavic kъde - Finnish tuhante Mokša
tožaumln lt E Baltic 1000 lt pre-GAS RUKI - Baltic long root preterite re Burrow 1955 p 19 ) Hence the Balto-Slavic debates Dative plural m or the tūšante tūšanti type Satem participle term ( Latvian tūska ) for a thousand were probably disseminated by trade contacts between distant Globular Amphora subgroups various Middle Dnieper subgroups and other groups ( re Goth ain-lif - p lt k lt
GAC - P-Celtic-BBC Lith vienuo-lika eleven OSw thornuacutesand thousand ) from the earlier Centum Globular Amphora migrations ( Globular Amphora-Narva polyethnics
w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) near the expanding networks of Fatyanovo ( R1a1a1 Z280 LWb ) pioneering the North The Y-STR variation among Slavs has given the evidence for the Slavic homeland near the middle Dnieper basin which provides a geographic context for the Slavic linguistic correlation to the early Satem West amp East Baltic Upper Middle Dnieper homeland and the nearby Catacomb amp Pit-grave Āryans to the East During the period (3400
BCE) of the oxen pulled wheeled wagon revolution the Yamnaya culture slowly expanded toward the edge of the Corded Ware horizon of late Sredny Stog culture Millennia later in the same eastern area of the contact zone near the middle Dnieper a poly-ethnic Slav Timber Grave Iranian ethno-genesis would develop the Chernoles culture
A separation of Belarus subpopulations along a North South line can be demonstrated particularly in distribution of Y chromosomal lineages R1b I1a and I1b N3 and G-chromosomes The uniqueness of the northern Belarusian population is most likely due to the high incidence of poly-ethnic pre- ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 [old name N3] (
homogeneous Baltic pre-ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo substrate with allele DYS1915 ) which is twice the frequency as in central and southern Belarus The central and southern Belarusian substratum Baltic Milograd physical traits differ somewhat from Ukrainian substratum SlavScytho-Sarmatian traits (re U3) The assimilation of Belarus may have been mainly linguistic and less physically ethnical ( R1a1a- Z92 )
The Autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov Culture gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture complex of the Podolian Upland bordered the Trzciniec and Sosnitsa (early peripheral Baltic) complexes to its far North but appears culturally related to the Montreoru (early Dacian) and later Sabatinovka Thracian complex to its near South in regard to burial rites and pottery (also see Linguistics and Ethnogenesis of the Slavs 1985 by Oleg N
Trubačev) Native Pre-IE Tripolye culture farming populace (Temematian) were assimilated also as they were with Middle Dnieper Baltic The unique close relation of early Slavic origins to Globular Amphora and later Ural-Steppe amp Asian Iranian ( Slavic azъ Tumshuq Sakan azu ) and nearby Dacian and Thracian are often lost to the worn out Balto-Slavic chorus of cliches After the arrival of the Huns (w G V mtDNA N1a U4) in Europe and a devastating plague in the 6th-7th century AD post multi-ethnic Cherniakhov culture Slavic soon became the lingua franca of commerce trade throughout most of Central Europe and beyond A polyethnic ethnogenesis interpretation (Proto-Slav Komarov gt Belogrudovka gt
Chernoles culture) helps to explain why Slavic has partial elements of a Satem Corded Ware dialect of an early autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture language resembling Baltic (Middle Dnieper culture) languages bordering to the North The archaeology also agrees with regional hydronyms of a decidely Slavic provenance (vs Trzciniec amp Sosnitsa Baltic) as proposed by the renowned Russian philologist Oleg N Trubačev Trubačev (1986) had also detected nearby Illyrian and Thracian hydronyms on the Dniester Bug and Middle Dnieper A poly-ethnic ethnogenesis interpretation also explains some of the Slav Timber Grave Iranian religious vocabulary ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- ) as
well as other linguistic impacts on Slavic ( see EricHamp 2011 ) from the Timber Grave amp Steppe Iranian culture ( Slavic azъ Saka azu ) and also detection of common Slav Timber Grave Iranian mtDNA types ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 )
The southern neighbors of the Proto-Slavic Belogrudovka (from earlier Komarov ) culture ( mtDNA U4a2 ) were the Sabatinovka Thracian complex - a mix of Catacomb Timber Grave amp Monteoru ( Sharafutdinova 1986 115 ) Dacian of which some yielded to the Belozerka gt Chernogorovka Cimmerian early Timber Grave Iranian speakers which in turn yielded to steppe Timber Grave Scythians The rest of the Dacians survived and are heard in todays Albanian The Timber Grave culture retreated South from the Ural forest steppe around the 12th century BCE due to climatic cooling Mezhovka culture filled the void they left Also the later Sarmatian amp Alan presence near the Dnieper by Kiev was enormous (re mtDNA U3 R1a- Z93 Slavic azъ Saka azu Ossetian aeligz amp loss of word-final nom -s ) Ukrainian cattle zebu mtDNA reflects this influx from the steppes of the East
In the Ukrainian gene pool six Y-DNA haplogroups are revealed E F (213
including G and I) J N1c1 (96) P and R1a1 Northeast European Sarmatians ( C Keyser et al 2009 ) are not merely romantics as Saka kurgan (mtDNa N1a1a1) genetics bear out ( C Keyser et al 2009 Voevoda et al 2000 Clisson et al 2002
Ricaut Francois-X et al 2004) - although historical Sarmatians ( Śarmis ) included Asian R1a- Z93 amp Uralic admixture (N3 U4) Note Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel The tripartite division of the Slavic languages may reflect latent regional substratum influence on dialects evolved from the Proto-Slav Komarov culture which was designated by hydronyms of a Slavic provenance by O N Trubačev East Slavic like its neighboring East Baltic Sosnitsa ( gt Bondarikha gt
Jukhnovo ) complex to the North had the near influence of the Catacomb culture and may reflect some later MVK Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) cultural dialogue ( Russian jalovec juniper Armenian elevin id ) from MVK Monteoru culture trade exchanges Monteoru Dacian and Proto Slavic were close to each other which may explain some Slavic Albanian isoglosses West Slavic R1a
M458 may well be inherited from ( post Lengyel -TRB ) Corded Ware Centum Globular Amphora culture area substratum ( re ERC GAS gt Czech pyacuteř fire
embers re ERC Oscan pūr ) with a Satem Pomeranian R1a1a1 L365 conversion (
in NW Pomeranian in SW Dacian ) preceding a later W Slavic expansion ( Slavic
Bogъ Saka Baga- Slavic azъ Saka azu - see EricHamp 2011 ) Language is not genetic it is acquired Note N1c1 ( N-M178 ) Baltic speakers in Lithuania amp Latvia or R1a1a1 ( LWb ) Uralic speakers in Estonia or Yoeme speakers of Yoi Noki in Arizona
Kelan Kolo Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Does this support the construct of a so-called Balto-Slavic region or Middle Dnieper cultural horzon of anciently related initial dialects of subgroups like a
Satem Armeno-Aryan Catacomb culture Graeco-Armenian poly-ethnic Centum Celto-Italic or much earlier Indo-Uralic Probably The distance between Slavic amp Baltic each to early Satem Indo-Iranian (Pit-grave Āryan Satem) is not as great as such labels would imply One can also easily group together Satem Baltic-Slavic-Indo-Iranian with RUKI amp declension ( locPl ending -su ) considerations They were all in obviously close contact by horseback or river travel But if there never was a specifically monolithic Proto-Baltic per se how can you ever have a monolithic Proto Balto-Slavic amid the chaotic multiculturalism of the Middle Dnieper horizon The R1a1a- evidence begs to differ Early Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo sites in Estonia date to 3000 BCE The different Balts are even physically distinct around that time due to substratum
The Baltic and Slavic subgroups were already well differentiated and autonomous (eg separate mythologies amp Baltic long root preterite archaic divergent
vocabularies ) yet close to one another with the adoption of the wheel kelan kolo ratas (3200 BCE) West Balts used asigmatic nom sg ntr ending -n whereas the East Baltic neuter compliment was derived from asigmatic -d like Lydian Zaza ləzga Ossetian лaeligдзaeligг - branch Russian dialect ляэга vs Lith laz-da (Albanian ledhi - id ) Note Baltic o Slavic a - and but - reflecting an ablative form of a pronoun (Avestan āt - then and) Archaeologists have not found the archetypal Balto-Slavic settlements per se probably because each branch group were formed and influenced in different NE W S regions ( re ratas kelan kolo ) of the Middle Dnieper culture by a diverse admixture of various peoples and influences albeit somewhat near each other neighboring a Proto-Dacian distinctly different Satem variant Of course they are related Balto-Slavic is a generic generalization of a brief Europeanized Satem linguistic horizon like Armeno-Aryan (remodeled ablative suffix etc) - but initially more polyethnic The idealized Proto-Balto-Slavic Satem dialect probably pertains to an earlier pre-Middle Dnieper Culture peripheral area somewhere bordering Catacomb amp Pit-Grave groups and in contact with northern Repin dialects for awhile But Baltic like Slavic are in fact products of multiculturalism throughout their linguistic evolutions
Proto-Slavic and the more northern early Baltics were partially composed of assimilated Dnieper-Donets and acculturated later Tripolye peoples emulating the Yamna-like IE Satem speakers of peripheral related Sredny Stog dialects among a multi-ethnic converging cultural vortex of others ( Dnieper Repins TRB
Globular Amphora amp CWC poly-ethnics ) and with more admixture later where they would settle The eventual influence of Timber Grave Belozerka Cimmerian and later steppe Scythian amp Sarmatian on Slavic ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 ) was significant ( loss of word-final -s ) With the mobility of wheels changes were occurring rapidly - isolation was fading fast The Slavic participle with -L appears to have more in common to distant Lydian than nearby Baltic
Like Wild West movies debates on Balto-Slavic have had a duration longer
than the original horizon probably lasted The close affinity of Satem Slavic amp Baltic to Yamna related Indo-Iranian can be no surprise nor their distinctive European poly-ethnic accents The fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) It seems the growing early pre-IIr Yamna and Eastern Baltic dialect areas moved Northward as did the early West Balts as the Thracians Dacian Pre-Albanians and Slavs who migrated southwestward assimilating various Central European non-IE native and early Centum-TRB mixed IE people ( GAS R1a M458 ) into their cultures ( Dacian place
name Clevora Lith Klevas maple Lith place-names Liepora Beržorai w distributive -
or- suffix ) Thereafter the original Slavic future tense (which was perhaps similar to
Baltic amp Indo-Iranian) was lost while assimilating Dniester Tripolye C2 populace and other groups - as did the neighboring pre-proto Germanic Globular Amphora who had replaced the future tense as well It now appears that Winters Law also applies to Albanian which draws Thracian into question Inconsistancies in Albanian Satemization may reflect a pre-Bilopotok culture substratum to Monteoru Dacian Satem language which was influenced by Hercynian Celts and later Dalmation substratum
The early Proto-Slavic dialect reflects an inter-ethnic dialogue ( RUKI of Slavic
Mid-Iranian ) of early Timber Grave Iranian (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp
later steppe Scythian) assimilation which occurred upon an earlier polyethnic Balto-Slavic dialects accent region ( due to assimilated non-IE substratum admixture) Slavic loss of word-final -s may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by early Timber Grave Iranian contact (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp steppe Scythian) Culturally the influence of the Timber Grave immigration ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- Vedic
Bhagas ) was not as imposing on the rustic nearby Dnieper-Desna Baltic steppe-forest dwellers An earlier hypothetical Balto-Slavic dialects Dnieper Basin Accent (DBA) of the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Culture ( R1a- Z280 ) area would be at least later-Sredny-Stog era followed by a gradual Pre-Proto-Slavic westward steppe ( plateau vs the forest ) trajectory evolving into the Proto-Slavic Komarov gt Belogrudovka culture
Maps indicating the location of the (Temematian) non-IE Tripolye (Cucuteni-
Trypillian) Culture of Dniester farmers compared with maps of the Proto-Slavic language region (based on hydronyms) parallel each other closely although there is at least two thousand years between each horizon Herodotus later describes Scythian farmers where once were only European Tripolye culture farmers On either side of the early Slavics were lively trade partners of early Germanics to the Northeast and early Baltics to the Northwest - both of which were also polyethnic to various degrees with native European peoples If the Corded Ware Europeanized isogloss of Dative Plural - M occurred as an areal innovation perhaps due to Uralic substratum phonetic influence it probably started with contact and assimilation with Globular Amphora peoples now of mixed affinities ( Narva Lengyel TRB amp Centum Globular Amphora R1a- M458 )
and spread at a very early formative stage of E+W Baltic development and pre-proto-Germanic pre-Slavic The Sanskrit alphabet long ago anticipated the natural progression of B to M which enabled a fast transition Assimilation often accompanies innovation It is interesting that both regionally related poly-ethnic ( Dniester Tripolye C2 TRB GAS ) neighboring Centum pre-Germanics and Satem pre-Slavics replaced the original future tense construct of -s- (re relics -
Slavic byšęšteje Czech probyšucny ) as opposed to the Italo-Celtics as well as the distant eastern Baltics who shared borders and the original future tense with -s with the early Satem Āryan Yamna cultures A example of Baltic s future may be seen in Lith duos lt dōH3s lt doH3s ( Lith dial dōs ) The mtDNA reflects such a scenario but whether it happened like this is anybodys guess
The influence of Dnieper Donets or the Tripolye substratum in the DBA or RUKI has not been given the attention it deserves The assimilation of regional Baltic speakers also influenced various Slavic languages such as the Milograd (E
Slavic jasen vs jesen - ash tree) Kolochin and Yotvingian cultures in Belarusian the large-scale East ( amp West ) Baltic substratum in the Old Novgorodian territory North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92+ amp N1c1 ) tl dl consonant clusters gt kl gl - like East Baltic the Pomeranian presence in West Slavic Dnieper-Dvina East Balt foundation of the Tušemlja culture (which later included immigrant
Sudovians and Slavs in the Long Barrow culture) and the widely scattered East Baltic speaking tribes in Western amp Northern Russia ( re LWb allele at 22 for Vologda
Russians ) Also noted is the area where Belarusian Russian amp Polish prepose their genitives In contrast specific lineage characterized by 16304C-16311C mutations which indicate the Slavonic migrations from Central to E Europe was not found among Lithuanians Although historically instructive it cannot eclipse the common origin in the Middle Dnieper culture that both Slavs and Balts share together especially the East Balts and East Slavs ( both with R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 ) and always will
Caveat Emptor gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Theories about dating the earliest Proto-Slavic in relation to the distinct early Baltic branches need to examine the carbon dated chronology of East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural remains ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) Baltic hydronyms in Russia such as the Oka river the loss of the original Slavic Future tense and Baltic loanwords (from assimilated East Balts) in Finno-Volgaic which help date the evidence Examples of archaic Baltic loanwords into Finno-Ugric are East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole gt North Saami čuolggu pole Finnish salko long pole Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane or Lithuanian šaras fodder gt Moksha Mordvinian śora grain lt Saka ṣara seed Another Finno-Ugric loanword from East Baltic ( re Samogitian medė forest ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest-border is gt Finnish metsauml- forest Estonian mets
Karelian mečču id Saami meahcci forest fringe Hungarian (w LWb allele
) messze far distant vs OCS mežda - alley lane Words to the wise about any theoretical Balto-Slavic dates - Caveat emptor and compare it to all the facts we already know from empirical science There are Latvias eleven C-14 cal dates ( Loze 1992 Tab1 ) of CWC with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (
Purhonen 1986 11 ) A diet of fish ( šapalas ) may lessen the dates a little but no time-travel technology has yet been found with those CWC artifacts Cest la vie Wisconsin celebrates a Leif Erikson Day but Spain may not
Fatyanovo East Baltic developed from an earlier Northeastern forest variant subgroup ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 ) of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon with assimilated Euro-Repin Centum GAS while Southwestern Proto-Slavic steppe variants were emerging at the same time elsewhere Each were regionally distinct (forest steppe) subgroups yet related hybrid retro-core Satem cultures of diverse cultural components Neither group ever identified themselves with a xenophobic Āryan terminology ( re Mansi tas stranger ) The more conservative Northern Satem groups preferred to use the IE inclusive term Tauta (people) or liaudis (re Russ ljudi Khowar roi) Balto-Slavic is a useful generalization of a complex Middle Dnieper linguistic horizon and generic at best
Think Green gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There never was a monolithic Proto-Baltic per se Note the Eastern Baltic LWb gene analysis below or the multiple R1a1a- variations of Middle Dnieper Z280 cultures There are archaic pre-GAC Satem and post-GAS Euro-Repin Centum integrated aspects of the Baltic languages If GAC Euro-Repin-Centum defines what is Baltic does Steppe TG Iranian define what is Slavic The various West East Baltic Thracian amp Slavic languages (along with the Indo-Iranian branch) represent an archaic continuum of remnant subgroups of former core Satem IE dialects the last Proto Indo-European branches to finally split The Proto-Baltics would be none other than some Proto Satem Indo-European dialects together with the closely neighboring Satem pre-Thracian amp pre-Dacian Proto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-Iranian It may be more helpful to visualize East Baltic Slavic amp Indo-Iranian as part of the still growing main Satem trunk rather than as language branches Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
The LWb blood marker CCR5 Delta 32 mutation BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In respect to hematological variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele was highest in the Central East Balts around 75 among Lithuanian Samogitians
and very low among the other western Europeans ( 0-01 ) Click here for the PDF
version of the LWb Study The LWb blood allele can be seen as a genetic Tribal Marker of Prehistoric East Baltic Migrations and Admixture and perhaps not a West-Baltic marker since inhabitants of the Sūduva region average only a mere 27 vs 29 for Finns 22 for distant northern Vologda Russians or 4 for Estonians ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) - even after over 600 years of continuous Lithuanian colonization and admixture in the Sūduva region For those who still think all Sudovians vanished please reread the prior sentence - slowly Lithuanian R1a rates ( R1a1a1 including Z92 or L235 w LWb ) vary widely with West Aukštaičiai 406 vs South Aukštaičiai R1a at 618 in a sans MtDNA H1 region ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004 ) The absence of the 16304C-
16311C mutations prevents unneeded misinterpretations Genetic structure analyses also suggest Poles from Suwalszczyzna (northeastern Poland ) differ from all remaining Polish and Russian samples ( Grzybowski et al 2007 ) The Aryan R1a- Z93+ found in Lithuania is associated with that regions Tatars China Japan and Somalia evidently evaded incursions of LWb laced barbarians far better than either Gotland or Hungary although Gotlands LWb probably involved extensive secondary contacts with Estonians and Finns Maritime interaction with Vikings of Sweden amp Gotland is reflected by increased frequencies of the PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland region of Latvia ( Beckman L et al 1999 ) whereas Estonian interaction with Gotland is reflected by the TFDCHI allele ( Beckman L et al 1998 ) and LWb allele frequencies in Gotland ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) Hungarys LWb may perhaps reflect the Dyakovo-Gorodets horizon with East Balt participation Eurasian or archaeological DNA test results for the rare LWb allele mutation are sill pending Any occurrence of the LWb allele or Z280 ( Northern variants ) in Kazakhstan amp Eurasia will be noteworthy as will unexpected N1c1 types The Y-DNA of Lithuania is roughly about 5050 for N1c1 amp R1a and varies somewhat by regions MtDNA H1 frequencies are very very low among Lithuanians and virtually non-existent with the Saacutemi In Lithuania MtDNA H1 is mainly confined to only Northern Žemaitians The Aukštaičiai like the Saacutemi have none ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004
) Tests confirm the Narva substratum assimilated by East Balts had mtDNA U5b1 U5b2 amp U4 ( Bramanti et al 2009 ) This cultural inheritance from Kunda amp an early N1c Uralic substratum links Lithuanians amp Saacutemi as well as centuries of cross cultural fly agaric mushroom trade ( per M Gimbutas ) or the shared ethnocidal amp genocidal persecutions from a European Christendom ( Willumsen
LH 1997 ) busy shilling tickets to their heaven Tickets to Heaven hocus pocus amp the gravy train ( re nāstika Brihaspati ) The Prince of Peace deserves better
Less the above referenced genetical info be misinterpreted as some form of encrypted RWA cracker-code-speak I will stress that the fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) You are unique - just like everyone else People are people - some individuals shine some hide in their cruel fear Most of our DNA is African As my friend Robbin
said Its all good
The elevated CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation frequencies distributed in East Balts amp Volgaics and CCR5-Delta 32 DNA chronology ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) coincide closely with the ethnicities of the poly-ethnic Dyakovo cultures middle phase and may further illuminate earlier Ossetian contacts or some unique isoglosses Whether there is any correlation between the LWb allele and the CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation besides Baltic region epicenters is just speculation at present Perhaps the science of a common R1a Z92 inheritance of Russians and Baltic people will usher in a new era of unity and respect
The Western Balts were a hybrid mix of Funnel Beaker ( TRB including some
outlier Badens ) Centum Globular Amphora ( GAS gt eg pẽku ) and Corded Ware Satem Middle Dnieper people with Uralic Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1) people on Neolithic Nemunas and Narva substratum populations Archaeologist today can distinguish Europeanized West Balt culture skulls from those of nearby neighboring Satem East Baltic Fatyanovo types The distinction ( R1a1a- L366 vs LWb allele w R1a1a1 or Z92 L235 amp N1c1 ) was evidently very old and more than just grammatical Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements ( Brazaitis
2005 fig 5 Girininkas 2009 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import like pešti pešus pẽšis Kailas ( re Sudovian Kayles Gothic Hails
Vandalic Eils Old Norse Hail - perhaps all heard together for centuries at Wiskiauten Bar-B-Qs )
Ρως Ρωζζία amp Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
| C + Ͻ |
YATVEZ - Ятвезь
The myth of Terra Nullius ( deserted wasteland ) was merely historic ethnocidal propaganda justifying centuries of Papal Conquests Atrocities amp Theft - in both the Old and the New World It was a lie and DNA now proves it was only ethnic cleansing fiction A census by the Orthodox clergy of the Belarus
Grodno area in 1860 had as many as 30929 inhabitants identifying themselves as Yatviags (Yotvingians) The Byzantine Treaty with Kiev prince
Igor in 944 notes among the Rus ( Grk Ρως ) envoys a Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
one Jaacutetvįgrsquo for Gunnar ᚴᚢᚾᛅᚱ The Varangian (lt Old Norse Vaeligringi ) affinities
of an original poly-ethnic Jaacutetvings minority may explain the reapplication of East Baltic Gudai to later stereotype that Grodno regions other mixed poly-ethnic inhabitants ( Γυδωνες - Γουται ) Settlements of the 9th century with distinctly Viking cultural characteristics have been found around the Grodno area It appears that within a century or two of Viking trade and settlement those Norse ( Norethmenn ) either dispersed along the nearby Nemunas river and or assimilated in with ranking locals ( a common Viking custom ) Their Yotvingian Y-DNA survives with closest Y-DNA matches from Norway Ireland amp Scotland ( clan Gotheray ) Sweden followed by Cumbria amp one in Finland - a Y-DNA trail of related Lochlannar Norse clansmen Family
Historic records indicate they opposed surrendering the old beliefs of their forefathers for an imposed foreign import A new ( re AС Кибинь below ) rational etymology of the Baltic Jotving- Jātving- now rescued from from an inert provincialism of kaleidoscopic self-replicating hypotheticals and ethnocentric tunnel vision can finally be derived from an original Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr lucky spear Varangian leaders Heiti name ( gen sg = Jātvīgs Ρως - Lieth
retinue-crew gt Jātvįgs Rōs or Jātvįgs Lieth gt Jātvings - as luck would have it
L448 ) The nasal infixation of the West Norse original ( -iacutegs -īgs gt -įgs gt -ings ) as well as artifacts reflects close early contacts with local Dainavians-Sūdovians for whom the ubiquitous trademark nasal -ing- suffix ( -īg- in Latvian ) was indeed highly productive ( re Aps-ingis Zietela ldquoRus-ingisrdquo etc ) and is thus non-problematic - and in fact rather insightful for its nasal affectation of the local Balts Top this off with the peculiar parallel nominative-genitive singular ( re Wilkaskaymen ) of West Baltic dialects and it it easy to see how an original genitive Jaacutetviacutegs Lieth ( Varangians ) from Old Norse becomes assimilated as a poly-ethnic West Baltic nominative Jātvings Jotvings Voilagrave A Dainavianized nomgen sg nasal Jātvįgs from an Old West Norse genitive singular Jaacutetviacutegs - Jaacutetviacutegr‟s Lieth effortlessly yeilds
Jotvings ( note Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr (w-t-) vs related Eadwig [ Ӕтьвѧгъ ᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴ ] Eadwy or Jadwiga w-d- )
These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvaacutegs Rocircs ( Liethsmenn ) along
the Nemunas river would acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically within 3 generations or less ) amp assimilation - many by inter-marriage like with other Vikings elsewhere Rocircs ( lt Roethsmenn ) may well reflect an earlier pre-sail era maritime terminology Centuries of multi-cultural
commingling between West Balts amp Scandinavians are also reflected at other trade settlements like Saeborg-Grobina Truso or Kaup Wiskiauten PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland ( Kurland ) region of Latvia ( Beckman L et
al 1999 ) mirror poly-cultural blending of Grobina artifacts as does LWb in Gotland In more precise terms the Varangians were primarily Norse mercenaries whereas the Rocircs or Rus were the wider poly-ethnic base of the imported Viking culture which also included merchants boatmen and traders - from Birka to Kiev
As convenient as that all sounds it should be noted that the ubiquitous modern Lithuanian Jotvingis term itself a recent theoretical neologism from the middle 1920s Opps This Jotvingis neologism coined in the 20s was derived solely from various historical Slavic labels of the Varangian era To the Balts repelling the aggressive invading Kiev Rus and later Crusaders these poly-ethnic assimilated mixed Norse-Balt descendants were already just one
of us These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvįgs Varangians would
acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically
within 3 generations or less ) amp with assimilation A Zietela dialect word pamarkas-accursed is probably an assimilated Viking relic term of the Old Norse morkinn-decayed-rotten like the Scots English murkle reproach The Turovians group name likewise reflects a Norse Varangian Rus leaders name
( THORNoacuterir - ᚦᚬᚱᛁᚱ ) aligned with a Ragnvaldr - ᚱᛅᚴᚾᚢᛅᛚᛏᚱ in Polotsk along with
Garethariki Holmgarethr - ᚼᚢᛚᛘᚴᛅᚱᚦᚱ Austrvegr although the Рогволод - Моря Ragnvaldr - Moslashre similarities invite a critique Relations between Polotsk and Kiev became rather strained in 945 One of Vladimirs many campaigns to collect more tribute-taxes ( poliude ) and gain strategic Nemunas river trade access to the Baltic Sea is the first written ( albeit somewhat quasi-historical ) account of plural Yotvingians dated to 983 Fifty five years later in 1038 Yaroslav battles the Yotvingians and later the Lithuanians who were together allied with rebellious pagan Masovians ( amp prior Galindians ) - although another source reports a quite different scenario of a 1038 Yotvingian conflict - by Volkavysk Viking turf wars were not altogether unknown No traces of any hypothetical Baltic hydronym Jacirct-vacirc have ever been found to this day in the Terra Jatwezenorum region None Zip
A Belarusian Vawkavysk dialect Ятвезь [ Yatvez or Jatvez ] Anchor term obtusely connects the Norse Thors hammer of Vikings amp other Scandinavian relics to the original Yotvingians of that Black Russian region - who initially
spoke the Old Norse of Varangians Nobody vanished Get real ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᚱ When in doubt tell the truth - Mark Twain
For more about a Norse Rus Yatviag Yotvingian etymology see Кибинь
AС Ятвяги в X-XI вв laquoбалтское племяraquo или laquoбереговое братствоraquo Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2008 2(4) С117-132
The Loki pendant of Gnezdovo note the striking resemblance to the Snaptun Stone Loki - jp
Another East Baltic tribal migration marker may be a significantly increased frequency of the BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype ( Van Landeghem et al 1998 )
The spread of Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup R1a1a- as well as the B blood type is associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages too Many Latvian tartan weaving patterns are nearly identical to ancient Tocharian tartans found recently with Tocharian mummies (w U4 two-rooted lower canines
VRC ) recovered in Western China (see Secrets of the Silk Road) Tocharians were evidently also dedicated hemp farmers like the Balts and historical kapnobatai Thracians East Baltic Lithuanian place-names Beržorai ( birches
) or Liepora ( lindens ) reflect the Tocharian B distributive suffix -ār as does the Satem Dacian place-name Clevora (re Lith Klevas maple) West Baltic had Saitoran - the knotty Pleiades ( EV 6 ) Slavic also has such a parallel arboreal related suffix It would be worthy to note that some Dnieper culture horizons exhibit a degree of intrusive Repin style pottery from Middle Dnieper Repins Middle Dnieper Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration A high frequency of the CCR5-Delta 32 allele in Lithuanian populations at levels of about 16 has been documented This allele mutation confers resistance to HIV (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old ( J Novembre et al 2005 )
Lithuanian Ashkenazi Jews have also interested geneticists since they display a number of unique genetic characteristics including Y-DNA haplogroup Q
SONGS OF THE FOREST gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Traditional ancient Baltic songs ( Lith Dainos Latv Dainās re Vedic Dhėnās ) are a vast resource of the Baltic languages The Dainos are the Rig Veda of the East Baltic people These Hymns were first brought into the Baltic forests before 3000 BCE and preserved within innumerable homesteads person to person winter after long winter from 2600 BCE to this day Their antiquity is only eclipsed by their numbers and variations They are usually Hymns of stanzas many of which are divine revelations from the ancient Native Religion and Mythology but in contrast to most other similar forms they often lack earthly heroes Many Latvian dainās are not long typically in quatrains and often trochaic (metrically of one long syllable followed by one short one) and more rarely dactylic These ancient Hymns are superb relics of the pre-Christian East Baltic Native Religion and the life of the people especially its three important events - birth weddings and deathburial but also lifes infinite experiences
Dod Dieviņi ko dodamis Dod man labas div‟ lietiņas
Ceļā labū kumeliņu Mūžāi labu līgaviņu
There are literally millions of verses of these truly ancient Dainos Dainās now in written form The forest is also home to Seto Leelo the Seto polyphonic singing tradition Saacutemi joiks ( or ldquoyoiksrdquo ) and others All are irreplaceable treasures So intertwined with the archaic languages and their enormous vocabularies it is virtually impossible to try to separate the two These Hymns are still sung to this day - person to person
The magic of language is a gift from mother to child
living as a memorial to all Women who gave it to us
____________________________________________________
BE HERE NOW
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
More than half of the planets 7000 or so languages are facing extinction within this century
We are losing around two languages a month - or about one every two weeks
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The Sudovian greeting Kailas re-affirms that we are all One - with each other and with the Earth we share
Dermė
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The nearly extinct Lithuanian gray - Latvian blue cow breeds also need immediate international support amp attention - ASAP
- poshkahotmailcom
Click on Photo for Baltic Log Home Architecture
The ancient Twin Horse Sky motif found on top of
Lithuanian homes reflects the related Vedic Sanskrit Ašvins Similiar ( Ašvieniai ) symbolism was found in the
Khvalynsk and Samara PIE cultures (4100 - 5500 BCE) The Twin Horse Sky motif is also evident in Mari ethnic symbols
| Proto Indo European | | Mažiulis | | Nostratic Language |
| Prussian Language Website | | Janis Endzelins Baltic Languages |
| Old Prussian Texts |
| Mordvinian Dictionary |
The above text is an excerpt from Virdainas copy Jos Pashka 2012
~ in memory of Jeannette DeBusk Cox Charles Richard Dean amp Netta Poska ~
Erzya-Moksha Mordvin loanwords include - vərgas ( Indo-Iran vrkah ) pejel - knife ( Lith peilis peile ) kardaz ( Lith gardas gt Common Permian kar fortified place )
and uske viska - metal ( Tokharian A was B yasa Armenian uoski Sanskrit ucchati ) Finnic Mari has waž for metal ore Forest Nenets has a wyesya cognate
Also Finnish kekri annual Native festival lt kekra-j lt kekra- gt Sanskrit chakra Finnic kehrauml disk vs Sanskrit chāttra Finnic vihi ( Lith vėžė )
Baltic Deivas - The Divine Spirit of Heaven influenced Finnish taivas Estonian taevas heaven perhaps Saami taiw and also
Hungarian taacutej Khanty tai - locus Often ignored semantics of East Baltic celestial Deivas are illustrated in phrases from Latvian dainās ( eg Saule noiet dievā - Nav
saulīte dievā gaiša ) Finnish toivo like orpo ( Skt arbha-h ) or vasara ( Skt vajra-h ) lack final s unlike Finnish taivas - blue blue sky re Saule
noiet dievā
Saulės Rẽtis
( Suns Halo )
As for the monolithic Balto-Slavic of academics - Slavic has kolo wheel kola cart West Baltic has kelan wheel kelā cart East Baltic ratas wheel ratai cart
East Baltic Lithuanian also has rẽtys - halo circle around sun moon re E Baltic risti - rita raitėti - rieta retėti riets rotāt rotēt etc - ablaut - related to Lithuanian ratas wheel Latvian rats
Magic spiritual talismans known as Amber Sun-Discs found in Globular Amphora sites and elsewhere may be a key to the cross cultural ratas term of central Europe
(Linear B ideogram 243) Latin teres-retis - rounded well-turned and East Baltic Lithuanian retys provide a fresh etymology for PIE
roteH2 rotH2os ( spokes included ) If phonemic pitch following loss of laryngeals developed in connection with the monophthongization of diphthongs exhibited by a vocalic
feature from a segmental phoneme - Finnish taivas or heinauml illustrate the chronology of the loans from the host East Baltic language
Estonia and India alone share the 294 single marker of mtDNA N1a1a1 ( 147A-172-223-248-294-320-355 ) lt GAS
Mitochondrial haplogroup N1a phylogeography with implications to the origin of European Farmers 2010 BMC Evolutionary Biology Publication 10304
Re Karelian kes(t)rauml Estonian kedr spindle and Vedic cāttra id
The pre-migration Tocharian like Volga-Repins may have had an unattested word for Maple borrowed as wakšter into Finnic Cognates may be Latin acer - maple Old Norse askr - ash Old Lithuanian akštras - sharp The maples range extends to the Kama
river basin Perhaps Tocharian Repins originally used maple saplings for livestock prods Or perhaps it was a Baltic akšteras
The songs of the Erzya Mordvin thunder god Pur‟gine parallel both Lith Perkūnas and Vedic Parjanya ( परजनय ) closely
The Avestan name Vada-gan for a demon ( the Striker ) - reflecting a similar word in East Baltic vedega ax may have a Ural region kulturnaya obshchnost‟ connection ( Saami vietka bdquoadze‟rlm )
Finnish vasara hammer is a loanword from an later form ( lacking final s ) of Avestan vazra amp Vedic vajra [ vaźras - mace club ]
which are related to Lith vėzdras mace club Latv vẽza vẽzecirct to swing in the air wave wag or perhaps Lith vagis wedge ( Finnish vaaja )
Latvian veseris maul-hammer probably a loanword from Livonian Note Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere lack archaic Indo-Iranian final s (re Komi voumlrkas wolf )
PIE ueg - to swing gt vẽźras gt vėzdras vėzdas w altered ź-da gt zda as in synonym Lith lazda lt laźda
The current Finnish word for Millennium vuosituhat is a combination of four thousand year old loanwords
from both Pre-Indo-Aryan and Volga-Baltic neighbors by the Ural Mountains (re Latv tū-ska swelling Lith tū-las many Tocharian B kaumlnte 100 Sanskrit dve śate 200 )
Related Repin Tocharian B tumane 10000 lt Iranian tumān id lack a s cognate
( East Baltic Lithuanian tum-stas bulk heap mass - tumėti to curdle)
Mordvin Erzya tožon tužən Moksha tožaumln Estonian root stem tuhante 1000 may reflect an early Fatyanovo East Baltic participle tūśante tūšanti
preceding a poly-ethnic GAS Centum tūskanti and GAS-ed East Baltic tūstantis 1000 ( gt Old Latvian tuustosch- )
re Finnish laiha GAS Lith liesa Fatyanovo laiša ( also Latvian tūkst sing pret tūska ) Perhaps tūksa- gt tūšant- gt + GAS gt tūstantis 1000 huge - note Old Latvian tuustosch-
The Uralic words may well reflect an early East Baltic pre-GAS ( pre-compromised RUKI ) Upper Dnieper Satem word that evolved with poly-ethnicism
( East Baltic Dnieper Satem evolved on a non-IE Narva substratum w N1c1 early Uralics and ERC Globular Amphora = poly-ethnic )
Follow the Money Back in 3000 BCE it was follow the copper amp amber
It has been suggested Germanic thousand reflects tū-skont- which may reflect
a Gas poly-ethnic ( š gt sk ) trade variant tūskanti by Centum Globular Amphora The Globular Amphora amber trade network may have used a Centum modified
( š gt sk gt tūskant- gt tū-skont- ) variant while the Uralic variants reflect an EBaltic tūšant- ( gt later GAS-ed tūstant- ) variant from Fatyanovo-
Balanovo ( East Baltic Dnieper Satem ) A 2800 BCE flint-amber trade GAC tūs-kont- was perhaps interpreted by trade contacts as
a tūs-šimt- compound word gt W Baltic tūsimt-
The chronology of CWC regional variant cultures is critical for untangling the etymology of 1000
Slavic RUKI indicates far less early integration of GAS although cultural trade contacts
are plainly evident Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive
in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- A 2800 BCE Slavic -s- from -sk- appears plausible considering dative pl -m- became -b-
and the perceived participle reflecting eo type variations of 1000 Pots dont talk they speak - volumes
Old East Baltic Medu and Vaška were related neuters Note Finno-Ugric Hungarian meh-viasz In the same occupation are the related words - Mordvin keras Mari karas Udmurt karas from Fatyanovo era East Baltic
( Latv kāres Lith korys ) Re Lith Mekš-uogis buckthorn-berry Meksėti meksi stutter be mad - Skt makšikā fly bee makš- be angry
( Volgaic Mekš bee the angry one ) No Mekši cognate is found in Ob-Ugric
There is also a DNA relationship between Baltic males and Uralics ( Mari )
eg Meadow Mari tuumlžem - thousand Mari ləśtaś - Lith lakštas From the archaeological record one can also trace legacies of Upper Middle Dnieper gt Fatyanovo gt Balanovo gt Kazan gt Chirkovo-Seyma gt
Ananino gt Mari amp Mordvin cultures
The Romanian Dacian Doina - song is probably a residual loanword from the Lithuanian The Daina Dhėnā Vedic word has been analyzed many years earlier but not as an assimilated loanword from Corded Ware East Baltic
which J Pāshka contends and which Ural region loanwords and polyethnic Abashevo-Sintashta archeaological data would support Vedic Dhėnā and Soma ( borrowed from Uralic ) reflect the polyethnic early Āryan culture by the Ural Mountains ( Rhipean Lipynė )
Ephedra is not found in the Ural regions conifer forests Amanita muscaria is and abundantly so ( re Khanty Soma hewn mortar ) - On Vedic Dhėnā Prayer Song - Maurice Bloomfield Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol 46 (1926) pp 303-308
D Razauskas wrote an excellent article about
CORRESPONDENCES TO THE INDO-IRANIAN MYTHICAL WIND IN LITHUANIAN FOLKLORE
Do try to Google it
Rig Vedic Sanskrit Vāyu - wind Lithuanian dialect Vėjus - wind
The round kurgan mound tradition of the Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan in Nothern Bihar India also resembles Śaka Steppe kurgans of Eurasia amp Russia w U4
Timber Grave culture favored orienting the head of the deceased towards the North - re Mahaparinibbana Sutta The Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan identified themselves with the Solar clan
The Digha Nikaya of the Tipitaka Pali Buddhist canon describes Siddhartha Gautama as having very blue eyes ( Pali abhi nila netto )
The Chinese described Bodhidharma as 藍眼睛的野人
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India although U4 is more prevalent on the Afghanistan - Pakistan border Tajikistan and the Eurasia of the Steppe Śaka
Gintaras reflects the Sembian dialect pronunciation with their typical narrowing of en to in
adopted as such in some neighboring East Baltic dialects ie swints vs šventas Modern Lithuanian gintaras amber vs dialect variant gentaras id
Hungarian gyentar gt gyantar amber gyenta resin Chuvash jandar glassy Mari jamdar transparent suggest the amber trade with
East Balts Old adjectival -tar neuter suffix in East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin
( re ON kvaetha Skt jatu resin aśvatara- mule ) The original PIE adjectival -tar neuter suffix was also later used in a comparative sense ( ie wet-ter )
although originally it was mainly adjectival The 13th century work Jami ul hikayat by Ufi describes the Baltic sea origin of yellow amber traded to the
Chinese by Khotan procured from Turks re Chinese yan tse - ( alhagi camelorum ) plant which produces a amber-like honey sap Baltic in Chinese - who knew
Amber ornaments have been found with the Middle Dnieper and Globular Amphorae ( w TRB ) culture artifacts attesting to the ancient relationship Balts have had with Amber
Of Soma the original entheogen ingredient of dried Amanita muscaria ( Fly Agaric ) became extremely scarce with later Āryan migrations and was eventually substituted with a mixture of Ephedra Cannabis and opiates
It was a very poor imitation of the genuine Uralic Soma rite The Indo-European use of Amanita muscaria survived intact in Lithuania - hidden away in forests beyond
the reach of ethnocidal Christians Lithuanians continue the ancient custom of using milk and honey ingredients mixed with the dried Amanita muscaria
to make a beverage for Sharing According to Marija Gimbutas Lithuanians used to supply quantities of Amanita muscaria to the
Saacutemi Noiade in the North for use by the Saacutemi Shamans (Finnish tietaumljauml) ( Volgaic Erzya Mokša Sjuma Səma - hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger
Khanty Soma hewn wooden vessel ) Not directly related to above are Lithuanian semti to draw water Uralic sim- drink Tocharian smantildentildee broth
Hungarian hiacuted bridge is of Alanic origin - re Ossetian xid xed id Khotanese hī id
One out of 3 Kalash have mitochondrial DNA belonging to haplogroup U4 In fact the most prevalent mitochondrial haplogroup of the Kalasha people is U4 aka the Ulrike clade
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India Haplogroup U4 is common among northwestern Siberian populations and is also found among the Mari Mordvin
and Mansi of the Volga-Ural region of Russia as well as the Estonians Finns Balts and Tocharian mummies A Kalasha English Dictionary link is provided below
The Prakrits preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) absent in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words
The mushroom associated Kaukeliai gnomes remained with the forest dwellers
The hemp tradition of Eurasian Steppe Saka is reflect in Old English haelignep Old Irish cnaip Slovak konope West Baltic knapios Armenian kanap Albanian Geg kaneumlp Latvian kaņepe Lithuanian kanapė Turkmen kenaumlp
The Novosvobodna and earlier Maikop (aka Maykop ) cultures probably conveyed the Sumerian kanubi term - as well as the genetic clade of R1b ( aka R1b1b2 ) into IE early Bronze Age cultures with trade and contact ( re Germanic amp Tocharian R1b )
Note - Sumerian gu gt Skt gaus Latvian guovs Armenian kov Gk bous L bov- OIr bo - cow as well as the East Baltic Lydian singular neuter ending in -d
Within the Moscow City limits are found a Fatyanovo cemetary and a later Dyakovo settlement - both near the Kremlin re Finnish kesauml - summer harvest and E Baltic kasyti kast kesyti ( Albanian kosit - harvest the crops)
Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov born in Staraya Kupavna near Moscow would single handedly save humanity and the World in 1962
East Baltic lašiša salmon is also known as vošis a fast type of fish or trout or more commonly vašylas For 3rd person dual jiedu instead of expected yra or esti my Suvalkian Grandmother Johanna used esą Strange but true
Legal Disclaimer - The above text in no way suggests anyone should use illegal drugs or experiment with Amanita mushrooms
Genetic portrait of modern Belarusians mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome perspective Alena Kushniarevich 1Larysa Sivitskaya 1Nina Danilenko 2Richard Villems 1Oleg Davydenko
1Institute of Genetics and Cytology Academicheskaya Str 27 Belarus 2Estonian Biocenter Riia Str 23 Estonia
The LWb blood group as a marker of prehistoric Baltic migrations and admixture Sistonen P Virtaranta-Knowles K Denisova R Kucinskas V Ambrasiene D Beckman L
Hum Hered 1999 Jun49 (3)154-8
LW locus has been assigned to chromosome 19p133 The LW gene corresponds to 3 exons of 265 kb on chromosome 19 The LWa amp LWb alleles are different at a single base pair - codon 70 - corresponding to one amino acid residue which is arginine for LWb
The LWb mutation was a singular event - in all of human history
ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚷᚨᚷᚿᚱᛃᚿᛖᚿᛞᚢᚱ ᛗᛁᚿᚨᚱ ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚡᛁᛋᛏᚨ ᚨᚿᛞᚨᚿᚢᛗ
ᚦᚢ ᚦᚨᚱᚠᛏ ᚦᚨᚧ ᚠᛃᚱᛁᚱ ᚢᛈᛈᛒᛚᚨᛋᚿᚨ ᛖᛚᛋᚲᚢᚷᚨ ᚦᛁᚿᚿ
Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
| MariUver - a Site about Maris Mari El Finno-Ugric |
| and other Indigenous People of Russia |
The ancient Sacred Grove of Native Mari Religion
The Mari Kuumlsoto parallels Finnic and Estonian Hiis Similiar Holy Groves are known as Lud among the Udmurt The East
Baltic terms are Lith Alkas amp Latv Elka
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) and Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG) in an exhaustive 2006 report Russian Federation The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El found widespread evidence of political and cultural persecution of Mari people The Mari Native religious practices ( and the Cheremis Marla
faith ) have come under ever increasing pressure and severe persecution from intolerant Russian Government Officials and so-called Christians according to Human Rights groups
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| Kalasha - English Dictionary Online |
| English - Kalasha Dictionary |
Thank you for visiting Genetically WE ARE ALL ONE
and thats a fact
Culture is something we Share - not own
As Comrade Lennon said - Imagine
Shi nūsun būsna ast praeivingiska kaigi asenes vupjai
Budeis
Kama-Volga rivers A later phase of the Catacomb ( MVK - Mnogovalikovo ) amp Pit-grave ( Poltavka ) influenced border Fatyanovo-Balanovo was the Corded Ware Abashevo culture To the South of these bordered complexes like Sosnica that later became the Baltic-type Milograd amp Bondarikha ( gt Jukhnovo ) cultures Beyond that southern region were the non-Baltic yet closely related Indo-European Satem Āryan Yamna and autonomous Satem Corded Ware Proto-Slavic Komarov culture horizons Nearby Globular Amphora types and others to the West had coalesced with Lengyel TRB people into Corded Ware ( R1a1a- Z283 M458 M284 ) variants including pre-proto-Germanic although Centum Globular Amphora also significantly influenced Middle Dnieper and the Fatyanovo culturally ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 Česnys et al 1990 ) as well as by contributing substratum populations Proto-Slavic ( mtDNA U4a2a ) evolved from Southwestern early Satem speaking poly-ethnic steppe variants of the lower Middle Dnieper culture horizon neighboring a distinct SW Monteoru culture of a Satem related Proto-Dacian variant Corded Ware R1a1a1 Z282 - an ancestral mutation for Z280 and Z284 genetically illuminates the close familial bond of Vikings Slavs and Balts - a bond rekindled much later with the unified
Jaacutetvįgai Яцьвягі Yotvingians
Balto-Slavic is a convenient linguistic generalization of the complex multi-regional poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper cultural horizon and generic at best Regional semi-autonomous variant subgroups ( forest vs steppe ) within the geography of the poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture area explains most irreducible incongruities between Baltic and Slavic ( eg Slavic participle in -L ) Neither offshoot can be any older than the other ( R1a1a- Z280 ) although East Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a1- Z280 Northern variants amp Z92 or N1c1 ) remains extraordinarily archaic to this day Luckily the specific East Baltic speakers tribal blood marker of the LWb allele transcends often misinterpreted R1a1a amp
N1c1 DNA identifications Excavations between the rivers Orell and Samara have uncovered burials of a syncretic nature that attest contacts between the spheres of the Corded Ware and Yamna cultures It may indicate early and prolonged contacts between polyethnic Proto-Indo-Iranians ( R1a- Z93 ) and the ancestors of many East Balts and East Slavs ( R1a1a- Z280 Z92 ) which had evolved as somewhat related neighboring Satem cultures ( Lith sviestas churned milk Avestan xšvid- milk Lith žastas Sanskrit hastas arm from elbow Lith kada tada kataras antaras when then which other Sanskrit kadā tadā kataras antaras id Vėjus - Vāyus wind Ašvieniai - Ashvins
Divine Twins myth) and much later as integrated metallurgic co-workers by
Sintashta-Arkaim ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re ceramic lt gt laquocheckedraquo ornaments ) they
would fish šapalas- śapharas together share ominously wild-eyed aršus - ǝrǝšiš ( see below ) sojourns then sing astonishing supra-lyrical Daina - Dhēnā praise to the warm dawning Ūšas - Uṣas light MtDNA N1a1a1 - 294 A specific E
Baltic Fatyanovo laquocheckedraquo double diamond rhombus pottery design verifies
Sintashta-Arkaim era contacts and is later found on Alakul Fedorovo amp Kandahar valley Mundigak Period VI ceramics in Afghanistan Lith piešalas
Sanskrit peśalas Cool
The ethnogenesis of the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Culture grew from conservative peripheral IE Satem dialects closely adjoined to Yamna Pit-grave Satem as well as Catacomb culture neighbors with additional diverse admixture of Dnieper Repins and other originally non-IE peoples ( I2a E-V13 amp T ) from Dnieper-Donets and Tripolye (Temematian) C2 - which were by now also of mixed origin and probably bi-lingual along with admixture of TRB Lengyels BBC Centum Globular Amphora from the Carpathian area ( including some late
Baden ) and western Corded Ware folk From this multi-ethnic convergence and chaotic fusion spawned the unique ethnogenesis of the mainly Satem Middle Dnieper culture in contrast with other ethnic cultures that were expanding outward Although Fatyanovo-Balanovo as an early variant of upper Middle Dnieper did quickly expand ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants ) into the forest zone to the Northeast Hence the elusive retro centralist appearance of languages descended from the Middle Dnieper culture and its linguistic neighbors This explains why one finds unique Celtic-Baltic isogloss terms or separate Greek-Baltic isoglosses or Indo-Iranian-East Baltic isoglosses ( see
below ) Baltic is ( like IE ) the linguistic flagship of multiculturalism Structured theories are a poor match to interpret the initial formative chaos of this multicultural foundation for the Middle Dnieper culture horizon Embrace the chaos
Globular Amphora Substratum gtgtgt|||ltltlt
This poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper Culture was a regionally diverse mosaic a synthesis or fusion of local variant groups - a vortex of converging multi-ethnic cultural influences Frequent interaction between the central European Dniester Tripolye C2 refugees which may also have spoken variants of a pidgin Centum as well as their native Temematian language and the northern Middle Dnieper Tripolye C2 amp TRB bi-lingual populace ( I2a E-V13 amp T ) perhaps account as sources and range of non-IE tauras - like archaisms and innovations in polyethnic Middle Dnieper Fatyanovo as well as traditions of central European copper metallurgy The Middle Dnieper region became a proverbial melting pot with input from all directions and many cultures To the West C-14 dates reflect an amalgamation of Globular Amphora with Tripolye and later TRB or Funnel Beaker culture Lengyels and BBC ( G2a R1b ) for near a millennium in Poland amp Germany ( R1a1a- M458 ) then along with other groups ( R1a1a- Z284 L448 ) influenced the earlier TRB assimilated Erteboslashlle-Ellerbek ( I1-M253 - Y-DNA ) natives even into Scandinavia as some GAC did earlier while expanding the amber trade with the Narva of the Baltic region and their Uralic neighbors Some outlier GAC Centum speakers ( eg Smolensk area )
were assimilated by the pioneering Satem East Balts The Middle Dnieper Steppe Repin ( mtDNA K amp H ) contribution to poly-ethnic Globular Amphora is reflected by Tocharian Germanic proclivities and the Centum Globular
Amphora substratum ( GAS ) contribution to the Baltic languages ( klau- šlav- or akmuo- ašmuo- ) and their lexicons ( pẽku ) Illich-Svitych prudently referred to it as some Centum ( Illich-Svitych 1963 ) But hybrid semantically oversteps this creole impact Since this amalgamation occurred at the earliest periods of contact and was integrated with varied poly-ethnic Globula Amphora Centum speakers the Euro-Repin Centum traces blended in smoothly Enigmatic linguistic Centum reflexes may merely reflect common poly-ethnic bilingual contacts The new Satem immigrants may have encountered possibly three different other languages besides theirs We know from DNA that there was gradual assimilation The study of Baltic languages thus provides a unique perspective for Tocharian Proto-Germanic Repin investigations or Latin Germanic ERC affinities from Usatovo GAC origins Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements there ( Brazaitis 2005 fig 5 Girininkas 2009 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import like pešti pešus pẽšis Kailas ( re Sudovian Kayles Gothic Hails ) The Euro-Repin Centum ( ERC ) features of East amp especially West Baltic are like a window into one component of an archaic Proto-Germanic ( also see BBC below ) just as Uralic languages have frozen Baltic words in time Apples don‟t fall far from the apple tree
Euro-Repin Centum
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The Centum Globular Amphora poly-ethnic culture ( plural dative m development
of verbal postfixes GAC gt CWC Baltic-Slavic-Germanic isoglosses ) with its TRB amp Lengyel substrate pre-BBC influences and Euro-Repin component contributed significantly to the Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo ( Berezanskaja
1971 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) ethno-genesis via substratum and contact Many irreducible Centum Satem incongruities in East Baltic Satemization amp Ruki were influenced by GAS lt Globular Amphora Substratum lt ERC lt Euro-Repin-Centum The Finnish word laiha thin from Fatyanovo residual pioneers implies East Baltic Ruki was perhaps compromised over time by a substratum influence yielding later Lith liesa instead of lieša The archaeological record clearly shows that substratum was Globular Amphora oriented and that it had extensive trade networks ( the flint amber trade ) with other central Europe cultures such as Baden For the Centum GAS ( mtDNA K ) ratʔas relationship of Old Irish roth Lithuanian ratas and Sanskrit
ratha - see below as well as the interpretation of Sintashta checked lt gt
ceramic ornamentation by Oleg Mochalov ( 2008 - Samara State Pedagogical
University ) Both tartan and striped ( see EB sgntr darža below ) textile folk designs co-exist to this day in Latvia and Lithuania perhaps from Euro-Repin amp NE Tripolye origins Middle Dnieper Centum Repin is the link between the similiar weave pattern of Turim Basin Tocharians and ancient Hallstatt ( GAC ) textiles of Euro-Repins Baltic Perkūnas reflects a GAS assimilated ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive Slavic Satem Ruki amp velarless Perun would support this assertion as
does the archaeological record around 3000 BCE Fatyanovo East Baltic influenced Globular Amphora as well Finnish stem tuhante - 1000 implies Centum Globular Amphora substratum quickly adopted unique innovative Fatyanovo Satem terms ( one-leftover - w later GAC-BBC p lt q ) and took them elsewhere - just as Fatyanovo used new GAS- ERC terms far and wide This mutual integration is the basis for vague linguistic terms like Northern Indo-European supported by Germanic-Baltic isoglosses ( aldija vs perga ) Circular linguistic polemics now can utilize such terms as GAS or ERC regarding Baltic Slavic or Germanic for that matter Pedal to the metal
Poly-Ethnic Reductionism 101 gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Middle Dnieper burial customs of males laid on their right side - females on their left was already practiced by some forest-steppe Satems Maykop burial traditions of orienting the male head to the Southwest and the female to the Northeast was followed by the Fatyanovo-Balanovo Northern Z92 offshoot of Middle Dnieper as did other regional sub-groups of it as opposed to other Corded Ware variants Most burial remains exhibit dolichocranial features The vortex of this Middle Dnieper Culture multi-ethnic fusion was in part propelled by a devastating climatic change known as the Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase that took place prior to the Middle Dnieper cultures synthesis coupled with the mobility of the wheel A perfect storm Regional variant steppe dialects from the southern part of this multi-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture would contribute to the ethno-genesis of the Slavs neighboring an earlier outlier Satem Proto-Dacian dialect near Baden As with the neighboring related Catacomb or Centum-Globular Amphora ( R1a- M458 ) polyethnic cultures the Satem Middle Dnieper culture had quite a few (lt link R1a1a- Z280 etc ) regionally diverse variant subgroups that spawned later peripheral cultures
The mythical Balto-Slavic (SVO) is none other than a Middle Dnieper cultural horizon of various unique regional yet distinctly polyethnic Europeanized conservative core IE Satem dialects neighboring related Pit-grave Yamna Āryan Satem (SOV) to their East as well as the nearby Catacomb culture (SOV) and Europeanized Centum Globular Amphora type languages (SVO) to their West Contact with Dnieper-Don Repins (SOV) is implied by unique Slavic Baltic Tocharian isoglosses Hollow based flint arrowheads of the Middle Dnieper culture bear a undeniable resemblance with Pit-grave Yamna and Catacomb culture counterparts ( pre-Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian ) as does some pottery River lake and marsh food including mollusks ( Latv sence ) were important food sources Pontic steppe Catacomb amp East Baltic bored stone hammer-axes are almost interchangeable and of course some aspects of their languages (re Grk Poimenes Lith Piemenes and the merger of Genitive amp
Ablative) Armenian Baltic Slavic and Indo-Iranian share innovations of the 1st person plural pronoun East Balt and Andronovo four five or seven-bulbed stone bored maces ( Lith vėzdras Skt vajrah ) are nearly identical as are their
archaic Ashvins Ašvieniai Divine Twins mythology as well It is no surprise that the Indo-Iranian and Baltic future tense echo each other as do many cultural terms and words This reflective Greek Sanskrit Lithuanian relationship is more than just a bridge between East and West (like Ket amp Navajo
amp Q ) it is a timeless Harmony letting even a blind man to view all Humanity as Family
These Satem core components of varied pre-Baltic pre-Slavic cultures migrated from the Sredny Stog culture (4500-3350 BCE) which with the Khvalynsk culture evolved from the Samara PIE homeland culture (5500-5000
BCE) on the Volga River Artifacts connect Samara with the earlier ( 7th
millenium BCE) polyethnic Indo-Uralic Seroglazovo culture by the Ural river probably validating the Indo-Uralic theory of V Thomsen from 1869 (re miti
languages)
Pots Dont Talk - They Speak - Volumes gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Most migrations were often due to prolonged climatic changes such as the Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase (4200 BCE colder 3500 BCE drier) population pressure on natural resources and or favorable new frontiers to colonize The migrations by each group resulted in different ethnic assimilations (Dnieper
Repins Dnieper-Donets Tripolye C2 amp Globular Amphora ) during the migrations and even more so at the eventual settlement regions (eg Uralic Comb amp Pitted Ware
Cultures and polyethnic Globular Amphora with non-Uralic Nemunas amp Narva Substratum U4
U5b2 ) The Fatyanovo custom of adding chamotte-grog or crushed shell to pottery reflects cultures like Narva ( amp later Globular Amphora-Narva poly-ethnic -
Česnys et al 2006 ) populations of the East Baltic and also older pottery by the Dnieper Rapids (Surskii island - circa 6000 BCE) and later Don-steppe cord impressed ceramics associated with Dnieper-Donets steppe cultures Twin horse heads ( Ašvieniai sky motif ) and boar tusks also culturally link Satem Balts to Syezzhe by Samara From the Samara culture to the present speakers of the archaic roots of Baltic type ( and Slavic ) languages have been indisputably polyethnic in various degrees in their long mosaic evolution The divergence of language is usually happening while there is also a convergence of languages Europe today is like an unmarked ancient sack of mixed genetic seeds The Sudovians ( Dainavians Yotvingians ) Galindians Pomesanians and various Prussians together formed a closely related Baltic language group known as the Western Balts ( West Baltic Barrow cultures ) to which one should also include the ancient Curonians The languages of both the Western and Eastern Balts ( Lithuanian Samogitian and Latvian ) evolved from the varied poly-ethnic Pre-Baltic Satem languages that migrated ( each differently ) from the late Sredny Stog horizon and subsequent Middle Dnieper culture regional variant subcultures These early Baltic language settlement areas of which ( the lower
reaches of the Vistula Daugava the Nemunas basin the upper reaches of the Dnieper amp even
to the Urals ) - is known to have developed into the (1) Early East Baltic Area of
Northern amp NE dialects ( w LWb ) and (2) Early West Baltic Area of Western amp Coastal dialects The Sudovians Prussians and Curonians can be regarded as links in a chain of this latter group while the Lithuanians Žemaitians
( Samogitians ) and Latvians ( R1a1a1 L235 L784 amp Z92) are considered to be the remnants (R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants) of a more Northern Early East-Baltic ( LWb allele ) area migration The differences between East and West Baltic cultures are reflected by Y-DNA data currently processed by the U of AZ ( re
Sintashta C14 dates ) in Tucson
The Eastern most dialects of the Early East-Baltic area ( Fatyanovo-Balanovo ) did not survive intact to be documented beyond numerous hydronyms and many archaic loanwords in various Finnic languages ( gyenta gyentar ) and Indic ( dhēnā śapharas rathas ) as well as contributing later to Russian dialects (re
ГОЛЯДЬ Terje Mathiassen amp Sprachbund notion ) There are loanwords in Saacutemi from Volga-East-Baltic that show no indications of Finnic sound changes ( ie
Saacutemi luossalt Volga-Baltic lašiša vs Finnish lohi salmon ) which help to approximately date a common source language for Finnic and Saami - and trade with Volga-Balts The loanwords were decidedly not prestigious items of an arrogant elite ie Saacutemi duovli Latvian dagla tinder or for example North Saacutemi suoidni hay Finnish heinauml id Lith šienas id Finnish ranta shore Lith krantas id
From reconstructions of the many cultural loanwords in Finno-Uralic by linguists amp those found in Vedic one might gather that the languages of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo Volga-Balts resembled a very archaic ( circa 2800 BCE ) East Baltic Samo-Lettic (w their Solar cult amp Sun songs) surviving ( LWb allele
R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants Z92 L235 L784 amp Kz) and evolving for the most part into Modern East-Baltic Lithuanian Žemaitian and Latvian and being culturally preserved in their dainos dainās especially those with a solar theme Many East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo artifacts exhibit designs reflecting such solar themes Abashevo rosettes mirror Latvian sun sign folk designs
Lexical Provenance gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Some regard the central Latvian system of three intonations ( also in Samogitian-
Žemaitian ) as an archaism of the Baltic group while others (Stang 1966 142 ) view the 3 tones as a reflection of accent retraction due to contact with another language ( a new broken tone from where stress was retracted to a syllable which originally had acute tone ) These related Northern Boat Axe tribes include the D Balts of the late great Balticist V Mažiulis Given the earlier political assassination of Lithuanian linguist Jonas Kazlauskas by the KGB (Deacutejagrave Vu - again - re Maris Prof Yuri Anduganov ) it perhaps was a safer label than a more accurate Ural Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a12 etc Z92 L235 type Kz ) or more inflammatory yet factual Volga-Kama Balts Neutralizing scholars is so
passeacute The settlement of East Balts in Russia three thousand years before the arrival of East Slavs was not politically expedient information nor particularly welcome It still isnt welcomed to this day like the Turim Basin ( VRC )
Tocharians in China Note loanwords into Finno-Ugric below (Gordeev 1967
180-203 Redei 1986 25-26) - of a specifically archaic East Baltic lexical Fatyanovo provenance ie žalga dagla darža vežys (v)āžys gentar kela ratas tilta kāras deivas not some amorphous Proto Balto-Slavic Finnish Perkele amp Votiak Perkịno reflect a Fatyanovo Baltic ldquoalpinerdquo velar that is altogether absent in Slavic Perun Details details details
Baltic amp Uralic in Vedic
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The old names of the various groups were derived from nearby hydronyms such as the historic Lamai by the Lama river or the Eastern Galindai ( ГОЛЯДЬ
) Some of these Eastern Balts by the Ural mountains evidently merged culturally with or extended to the nearby cosmopolitan poly-ethnic Abashevo culture which became a major component of the Sintashta Arkaim culture ( Kuzmina 2000 Pryakhin et al 2001 ) later becoming one of many conservative Alakul dialects to Pre-BMAC Proto-Indo-Aryan ( Proto-Vedic ) Some Abashevo pottery looks quite similar to and even blends specific darža designs from Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) which indicates East Baltic Corded Ware culture (Kuzmina OV 2000) integration in the Abashevo ethnogenesis as well as in later Sintashta-Arkaim One of the uniquely Fatyanovo-Balanovo trademark ceramic designs ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 ) was a pecular darža checkered double row diamond rhombus (
languotas raštas rūtains ) pattern which found its way into both Andronovo amp Timber Grave ( Srubna Pozdnyakovo ) ceramics and culture ( copyjp ) It is also indisputably evident in Andronovo Fedorovo artifacts ( re Kuzmina 2007 p 653
fig 41 Urefty pottery 3 amp 44 p 628 fig 19 5 Smolino pottery Also fig 101 14 Mundigak
Period VI Kandahar valley ) Lith piešalas Sanskrit peśalas Buckle up
If unique designs were assimilated unique words were probably assimilated as well Ratas isnt some amorphous proto-balto-slavic word Ratas is GAS East Baltic just like its unique trademark darža checkered ceramics ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) of Fatyanovo barley amp hemp farmers Baltic in Vedic Checked mate Que rico A Uralic component of poly-ethnic Balanovo culture ( Goldin 1999 130 ) may also account for old Uralic words in Andronovo culture and adding chamotte-grog in ceramics Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link the panta between the two disparate cultures of Poltavka and Volosovo-Garino Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered pottery connects Poltavka amp Volosovo-Garino revealing the conduit for cultural exchange The Southern
most peripheral Baltic dialects were from the Sosnica cultural complex ( gt
Milograd amp Jukhnovo cultures ) which much later on assimilated with migrating Eastern Slavic speakers ( R1a1a- Z92 ) Yet it should be remembered that neither Satemization or Ruki match genetic charts very well
Map of the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Cultures
with Dative Plural M amp R1a- M417 Z283
The early ancestors of the West Balts ( R1a1a- Z280 ) were the West Baltic Barrow culture and the Mazovia-Podlasie groups of the Trzciniec culture along the Bug river basin which bordered the autonomous Komarov ( Proto-Slavic ) culture of the Podolian Uplands further to the South The Baltic Trzciniec (Streaked pottery) culture was related to the autonomous Komarov culture but different as ceramics metalwork hydronyms and burial rites indicate This difference can be seen in the word for mans best friend dog where West Baltic had suns vs Old Church Slavic pьsъ or rock - Baltic akmō ašmō vs OC Slavic kamy West Baltic pausē pine vs Slavic bor or sosna (lt sopsna ) and also with many fundamental lexical and mythological disparities In contrast note East Baltic šuo with Kalasha šua dog or Lith puš-es pines and Waigali puċ pine (see Haplogroup U4 below) The West-Satem branch relatedness is illustrated by the word for name - West Baltic emens Albanian emen and Slavic imę vs more Central-Satem East Baltic Lithuanian vardas
The West Baltic Barrow culture and Trzciniec evolved into the later Pomeranian culture ( R1a1a- Z280 L365 ) horizon The West Baltic dialect area flourished with their lively amber trade with the Unitice culture and beyond Even as late as the Early Iron Age (600 BCE) the southern limit of the large Sudovian culture territory bordered the SlavicScythian Chernoles culture Scytho-Sarmatian (Ossetic) and Slavic isoglosses can be illustrated in Ossetic terminology of agriculture ( yoke harvest reaping-hook ) - in somatic terminology ( ear ) and in kinship ( sister brother mother father mother and father-in-law ) The Slavic and Mid-Iranian RUKI had much in common as well as Slavic loss of word-final -s which may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by Timber Grave Iranian contact (re U3)
The Neuri of Herodotus gtgtgt|||ltltlt
According to Herodotus (approx 450 BCE) the Neuri ( Νέσροι ) were a tribe living
North of the Tyres (Dneister river) and the furthest nation beyond the Scythian farmers along the course of the river Hypanis (Bug river) The Bug river meets the Naura ( Baltic name for the Narew ) river The Naura river leads one to Galinda and Suduva Since trade increased recognition the Neuri of Herodotus were possibly related to the Galindians and Sudovians Herodotus also mentions the wild white horses nearby that grazed by a great lake which scholars today suggest are the Podlesie marshes by the Bialowieza Forest Yotvingian Tarpans from the Bialowieza Forest seasonally faded to near white in Winter In 500 BCE Eastern Europe climate was much cooler and wetter There is still a town in Poland named Nur ( Νσρ) 52deg 40 0 N 22deg 18 0 E along the upper Bug River near the Bialowieza Forest The Nurzec river runs nearby and the local district currently bears the rivers name Balts traditionally take ethnonyms from local hydronyms The Baltic verbal roots nur- to immerse or niur- to get murky may be sources of the local hydronym Archaeologists have excavated a fortified settlement and an open settlement near Moloczki Poland by the Nurzec river There are probably many more yet unexcavated in Ziemia Nurska as the area is known as Udmurt nur swamp might contradict this theory
The Balts of Ptolemy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Greek geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd Century AD mentioned only two
Baltic tribal nations the Γαλίνδαι and Σοσδινοί Romans coins ( Tiberius
Caligula ) unearthed in Suduva predate Ptolemys account Σουδινοί was
possibly a typo for Σουδιυοί (re Ιαησγγιωνες) It is of interest to note that an early differentiation of dialects also took place in the Central Eastern dialects evolving early Lithuanian Žemaitian Latvian at a period when the neuter gender was still common in East Baltic ( Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish kela reel spool
Old Prussian kelan wheel )
The Western Balts gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Western Baltic dialect that later gave rise to the Sudovian Galindian Pomesanian and various Prussian languages is one of the dialects of the Early-Western Baltic Area ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) The Coastal West Balts emerged as yet another dialect (Curonian language) of the Peripheral Early-West Baltic Area near the bordering dialects of the Central Early-East Baltic language area The Western Balts were a poly-ethnic hybrid mix of Corded Ware Satem peoples on outliers of Funnel Beaker Globular Amphora with Nemunas - Narva substratum ( GAS ) population Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements there
( Brazaitis 2005 fig 5 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import
Thus the Western Balts should include the Sudovians ( Яцьвягі ) Galindians Pomesanians and various Prussians and also the Curonians the former comprising the Southern group and the latter the Coastal Northern group This explains the close similarity between Sudovian ( Yotvingian ) Galindian Pomesanian and Prussian A successful modern revival of the Prussian language is now known as New Prussian A link to their Prussian language website is provided below
The Old Prussian Sembian dialect though exhibits a prolonged influence ( Pratorius corrupt Prussian ) from the influx of nearby Curonians when compared to the more distant Pomesanian or Sudovian The Sembian dialect of the Old Prussian Catechisms has muti tawas (mother father) whereas the Pomesanian of the Elbing Vocabulary has mothe towis The chronicled Sudovian Occopirmus similarly differs from the Catechism Sembian ucka- Farther inland away from coast and Curonians we do find Prussian Tlokunpelk - Bears Marsh Galindian did not historically border the Curonians and was close to Sudovian in many respects
Certain innovations (ie thousand participle ) that occurred in the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 L235 L784 N1c1 ) dialects are not reflected in the
Peripheral ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) Western Baltic dialects ( with attrition to 4 core
declensional cases re neighboring Gothic) Each area also had different mixtures of substratum populations involved in their ethno-genetic formations ( re LT F-U
Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) and later neighboring influences The Peripheral West Baltic dialects exhibit an archaic appearing declension which gives one a unique window into both Baltics and the Northern Indo-European GAS influenced dialects and the influence of diverse substratum on varied evolutions The currently spoken East Baltic dialects are more evolved expressive and elegant Bi-lingual West East Baltic speakers adopted East Baltic rather quickly
The traditional academic construct of a seven case declensional system for early Proto Indo-European is as synthetic as it is theoretically convenient ( Jeannette DeBusk Cox )
Only nominative genitive dative and accusative forms have constant
intercrossing functions in various Indo-European languages while forms used for the instrumental or locative cases (traditionally declared to be Common Indo-
European) have related functions eg the IE -ois may occur in the instrumental case in one language and in the locative case in other ones or -ō (apophonically) -ē occurs as -āt in the Indo-Iranian ablative and as -it in the Hittite instrumental Such intercrossing elements were used for semi-paradigmatic adverbial forms differently paradigmatized in the various Indo-European languages (V Toporov V J Mažiulis)
Eastern amp Western Baltic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Some very archaic lexical differences exist between the Western Baltic ( R1a1a-
Z280 L366 etc ) dialects and the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92
L235 N1c1 ) dialects The word for fire is just such an example The Western Balts used the word panu whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ugnis Another example is the word for wheel The Western Balts used the word kelan whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ratas These words have cognates in other ancient Indo-European languages ( For the
Centum GAS ratʔas relationship between Old Irish roth Lithuanian ratas and
Sanskrit ratha - see below ) That such diversity of basic terminology existed within Proto-Baltic illustrates the antiquity of the West East Baltic vocabulary inherited from the late Sredny Stog horizon (3500-3350 BCE) into the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Middle Dnieper culture ( R1a1a- Z280 ) horizon that influenced the evolution of divergent dialects by cultural contacts Outliers of Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva populations added poly-ethnic substratum cultural influence ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 Česnys et al 1990
Mochalov OD 2001-2002 ) to Fatyanovo contributing a residual non-Satem vocabulary of their central European GAS Centum words like pẽku - livestock ( vsSatem Lith pešti pešus pẽšis OCS pьsъ ) and perhaps gradually compromising East Baltic Ruki Non-IE East Baltic substratum ( Pit Comb Ware N1c1 Uralic amp Nemunas-Narva w U5b2 ) bilinguals were perhaps a phonetic impetus behind Dative Plural -m- from -b- for example Baltic žambas Estonian hammas as well as the custom of adding chamotte-grog to ceramics ( re LT F-U Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) The Dative Plural -m- from -b- probably reflects early Baltic area GAC trade network contact dialects The loss of the neuter gender in East Baltic was due to primarily inherited dynamics of rearrangement Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains yet Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of the language - even after the era when dialects became languages The formative influence of poly-ethnic substratum populations on the various early Baltic-type dialects thus becomes easily apparent even for a layman to grasp
In regard to variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele in regions of East vs West Balts provides solid scientific proof of an ancient genetic distinction ( E Baltic -
W Baltic lt R1a- Z280 ) between speakers of the two Baltic groups Theories of a Proto-Balto-Slavic split around 1000 BCE (eg Kortlandt 1982 181) naively contradict the immense volume of linguistic archaeological and emerging genetic DNA (lt link ) Corded Ware evidence Latvia has eleven C-14 dates of Corded Ware Culture ( Loze 1992 A Kriiska 2001 ) with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (w 954 probability) A fish diet ( eg šapalas ) may lessen those calculations a little bit but not greatly
Another key feature of West Baltic languages is the asigmatic nominative singular neuter gender ending in -n This is noted in such words as kelan ( wheel ) azeran ( lake ) and dadan ( milk ) There are also many neuter gender words that end in -u such as panu ( fire ) pẽku ( livestock ) as well as alu ( mead re Latvian aluot ) of which the later two may well be from Centum Globular Amphora substratum and amber trade contacts Note Old Prussian panno ( re panu-staklan ) and Gothic fōn Armenian hur hnoc Old Prussian druwis Iranian dhruvi- indicate the core Satem foundation of West Baltic Aswinan amp dadan certainly do The neuter gender asigmatic -n exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp [ re neuter vaška beeswax gt Finnish vaha ] The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords or modern East Baltic ( Prussian median vs Samogitian medė forest ) once again dating a the West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 )
pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-Svitych 1963 42-44 see below ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as Lydian The developements of the Slavic neuter are being still debated This isogloss could provide insight about the Novosvobodna Maykop type steppe burial orientation tradition of Fatyanovo males to SW females to NE as well as Novosvobodna Maykop type metallurgic influences on Fatyanovo [ re
Samogitian medė forest Finnish metsauml - forest Estonian mets Votic meccauml Karelian mečču id Lule Saacutemi miehttjēn far away Saacutemi meahcci forest fringe Hungarian ( ) messze far distant East Baltic tilta bridge - Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish silta bridge Estonian sild Volgaic Erzya śid-al sed id lt Skt sētu- band bridge Latvian sēta fence ]
A very unique feature preserved in the West Baltic languages is the Genitive singular declensional ending in -as for words that end in -as or -an in the Nominative case Hittite also shared this feature -aš lt -os as well as perhaps neighboring Gothic ( nomgensg harjis ) nearby in the West although mere appearances may be misleading Neighboring Wielbark culture ( Gothic
I1-M253 - Y-DNA ) interaction with West Baltic tribes especially the Galindians appears to have been co-operative and mutually beneficial The border between the two may account for certain Gothic type loanwords into the Baltic languages This Gen -as declensional ending is as disconcerting for
expedited Balto-Slavic theories as the East Baltic neuter although it does strengthen and lend support to the effect of GAS Such a generalized declensional feature is noted in a word like Nominative singular pēdan ( ploughshare ) Genitive singular pēdas or in the West Baltic Genitive singular Deivas ( Gods ) and in places names ( re Wilkaskaymen ) Many unique features of West Baltic are relics from the Proto-Indo-European Sredny Stog horizon (4500-3350 BCE) as is the deduced archaic East Baltic ( amp R1a1a- Z92
Slavic ) singular neuter with -d resembling a Lydian type developement - unlike West Baltic
West Baltic has the same four nominal accent classes as does Lithuanian but it has retained the original accentual state of Dnieper Baltics ( an acute rising
accent and a circumflex falling accent) The first class is the acute barytone paradigm The second is the circumflex barytone paradigm Thirdly the acute mobile paradigm Lastly the circumflex mobile paradigm
The Archaeological Record gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Reading from the archaeological record one can associate dates of 3200 - 2300 BCE with various material artifacts (toy wheeled wagon) and increased plant ( hemp and wheat ) pollens that appear to indicate the arrival of Baltic speaking peoples in the Baltic region who appear gradually and slowly settled in well among native populations ( recently arrived Uralic Comb amp Pitted Ware Cultures
( N1c1 ) mixed with an older Nemunas amp Narva Substratum w U5b2 amp Centum Globular
Amphora outliers ) Recent archaeological finds of Triticum and Cannabis pollen circa 5600 BCE from the Akali Neolithic Narva-Kunda settlement in East Estonia ( A Poska L Saarse et al 2006 ) places Cannabis cultivation in the Baltic region much further back into antiquity than even the Corded or Pitted Ware eras Also the East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants also Z92 ) had more close contact with Uralic (eg Kiukainen culture ) and nearby Pit-grave Yamna Āryan speaking cultures than the West Balts ( Sanskrit hastas amp Lith
žastas ) After 2750 BCE the agricultural record intensifies ( Rimantienė et al
1999 ) as well as beginning East Baltic copper ( varis ) amp bronze metallurgy near the Ural Mountains The East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo era metallurgy proceeded the Seima-Turbino culture horizon ( vaška = Old East Baltic
neuter )
A forest-zone polyethnic ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Abashevo culture by the Urals emerged with MVK Catacomb influenced early Eastern Balts Volga Finns and Pit-grave Pre-Indo-Aryans from the steppe-zone using the same process Migrations often follow climate changes ( re the
Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase ) around the 3rd millennium BCE the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BCE amp the 12th century BCE Each migration would encounter different native ethnic groups and influence the dominant language during assimilation of those ethnic natives Indo-European peoples amp languages have ALWAYS been multi-ethnic The new molecular DNA archaeology proves it beyond question We are all related - literally
The high incidence of Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 suggest long term relations and admixture with the Uralic speaking population of the Baltic Volga and Ural region which may have had a conservative influence on the East Baltic Satem dialects and speakers Note Kurdish varg vs Komi Zyryan voumlrkas wolf N1c appears to emanate East amp West from the Ural region probably with its origin in Khakassia The divergence of language is usually happening while there is also a convergence of languages
Fatyanovo-Balanovo gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The early Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture ( 3300 - 1800 BCE Loze 1992 Tab1 ) was an Northeastern extension of the East Baltic Corded Ware culture (w mtDNA
N1a1a1 R1a1a1 ldquoM‟srdquo also Z92 LWb allele ) following various rivers in the North like the Oka to the upper Volga and Kama confluence in what is now Russia Fatyanovo developed from an early Northern variant of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon It is here that pottery displays a unique Fatyanovo Baltic style of mixed Corded Ware and Globular Amphora ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 )
features amp exhibits a trademark checked motif design ornamentation not found with the steppe cultures ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) thus allowing their contacts with those cultures to be tracked - even into Sintashta amp beyond The parallel lines motif may represent a darža or a tilled garden plot ( re Finnish tarha lt Fatyanovo ) perhaps from Dnieper Satems or GAS ( copyjp ) Compare the darža motif to the Bronocice farmers pot ( re CWC Eulau-Shughnan
DNA ) Fatyanovo hemp provided a water resistant fishing line for hooks and nets ( amp herbal medication ) and barley provided bread ( Latv miezē ) Fatyanovo migrations also correspond to regions with hydronyms of an East Baltic language dialect mapped by linguists as far as the Oka river and the upper Volga as well as regions with elevated frequencies of the rare LWb allele Spreading eastward down the Volga and beyond they discovered amp exploited the copper ores of the the western Ural foothills and started long term settlements in the lower Kama river region The East Balt Paimenes herdsmen brought their ešva - tarpan horse šėmas gōvs - gray cow avis - sheep parša - pig (neut) ratas - wheel ašis - axle tilta - bridge žalga - long fishing pole for šapalas red finned dace in the jaura - marsh a pada - clay pōdas - pot of kāras medu - honeycomb honey apiculture amp daržai - tilled crop plots - including javas - cereal grain maižis - barley šaras - seed sālis - salt along with varia - copper metallurgy and a tūšanti - thousand ( see below ) of their dainās - Holy Songs of their šventa - spiritual beliefs about dermė - harmony and the celestial -deivas
Trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo
checked ceramic darža motif copyjp
Fatyanovo cemeteries would sometimes have graves of not only people but also bear and other animals which are buried with ritual close by in individual graves Solar designs ( Solar cult clan re Saulės Rẽtis ) commonly adorn East Baltic Fatyanovo ceramics as do trademark checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Livestock includes cattle ( Y-DNA H10 ) horses sheep pigs and dogs ( North Saami šūvon trained dog ) and apiculture Balanovo livestock initially had more swine and sheep than other livestock Excavations indicate hunting and fishing ( žalga šapalas ) was often practiced ( Lougas 1999 ) as well as swidden agriculture ( Krasnov 1971 ) They gathered hazel nuts Excavations indicate Fatyanovo cultivated barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972
Jaanits 1992 49 ) Bone wrist guards imply they were accomplished archers Two-wheeled wagons (Goldina 1999) are also typical finds ( re ratas ) as are toy wheels There are a profusion of sites in the northern Baltic countries including
the Kazan Russia (Volga-Kama) region The more metallurgically exploited Ural region of the Fatyanovo culture was designated as the Balanovo culture (2900-
2100 BCE) from a cemetery found near the town Balanovo cemeteries had both kurgan ( Lith kapas ) and flat type burials ( like Abashevo - Kuzmina 2007
p221 ) The funeral chambers were wooden constructions in rectangular pits with the deceased wrapped in birch bark or hides
SW amp NE gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Balanovo copper metallurgy has its roots in central European cultural traditions which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper Cultural area Balanovo jewelry duplicates specific designs of a Central European provenance perhaps derived from the Centum Globular Amphora substratum assimilated into the Middle Dnieper - Fatyanovo cultures East Baltic lexicon also has unique isoglosses with Central European Celto-Italic dialects w ERC GAC bilinguals which also shared the BBC amp TRB substrate found in the Centum Globular Amphora horizon ( semti ratas peku ) Emulating the earlier poly-ethnic Globular Amphora ERC culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers adorned their ceramics with specific solar or unique designs ( re
Globular Amphora amp Narva substratum w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) valued pork ( parša ) high among livestock and practiced copper metallurgy But quite unlike the Globular Amphora culture stone cist burials with heads oriented to the East Satem Fatyanovo-Balanovo orientated male burials to the Southwest ( ДАКрайнов 1964 1972 re 188-192 ) - per steppe Maykop custom - as did the nearby related Satem Pit Grave culture and the much later early phase Sarmatian burials of Pokrovka Even a distant Afanasievo migration burial east of the Ural river with its Repin traits orientated the male to the southwest By 2600 BCE the Fatyanovo Balanovo culture and its copper metallurgy was firmly established in the Volga-Kama Ural region East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo Ural metallurgy was the nexus for a revolution that would sweep across the steppes and beyond
Cis-Ural Metallurgy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The villages were composed of above ground wooden houses built from logs with saddled roofs and had fenced enclosures ( Udmurt kar - town site Komi kar -
site of ancient town Mordvinian Erzya kardas - enclosure courtyard w -as ending lt
East-Baltic gardas - enclosure vs Ossetian kaeligrt - id ) East Baltic Balanovo and Finno-Uralic Volosovo peoples apparently mixed well ( LWb allele amp N1c1 ) without too much conflict as they did with steppe peoples with whom they they had contact via trade with the Caucacus metalworkers The East Balt association with amber is quite old ( ДАКрайнов 1972 1973 Loze 1979 1993 ) Chuvash jandar and Hungarian ( w LWb ) gyentar - amber gyenta - resin reflect the legacy of an archaic adjectival -tar neuter suffixed Balanovo
( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin Skt jatu - resin jātarūpa - golden ( lt jęta-rūpa Lith gentaro-rupis re Skt jā-ta- Lith gen-tis ) Avestan toponym jatara- resinous Corded Ware Balanovo amp Abashevo metallurgy would provide significant impetus to Seyma-Turbino metallurgy ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked celt-axes lt gt ) Komi ram- calm peace and
erd- field reflect peaceful interaction with the Volga-Balts ( Lith erdvas ardvas
Saacutemi aacutervas ) Note Komi rit - evening and Lettic riets- sunset The pirtis - log shed (sauna) of the pioneering Volga-Balts was evidently noticed and emulated by the locals ( Mari poumlrt Saacutemi barta) Finnish Orja - slave Estonian [gen] Orja Udmurt Var Komi Ver Mokša Urauml Erzya Ure - slave indicates some later conflicts with the Āryans - as do some archaeological sites ( note - all the various late Finnic Āryan terms lack archaic nominative s - like later Timber-
Grave Iranian ) In contrast Saacutemi Oarje just designates a direction ( Abaev 1981 85
) Variations (re mtDNA Z1a V ) among Saacutemi mtDNA now show an earlier link to the Volga-Ural region ( M Ingman et al 2007 ) Neither the LT Aukštaičiai nor the Saacutemi have any common European mtDNA H1 ( ) The Saacutemi may well have an old folk saying similar to Oh well there goes the neighborhood but it has eluded my research into it
Residual Stratum gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Scholars are still perplexed by the imbalance or lopsided ratio of loanwords between East Baltic and the Uralic languages This is because the bulk of Baltic loanwords into Uralic arent loanwords per se but rather residuals of a scattered ( LWb allele R1a Z92) stratum language reflecting the widespread and prolonged assimilation of bilingual archaic East Baltic speaking Fatyanovo-Balanovo Battle Axe settlers and their poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a N1c1 ) descendants ( Finnish heimo sisar Saacutemi gaacuteibmi ) with the numerically dominant Uralic tribes for millennia The merging of Comb and Corded Ware ceramics ( w chamotte or grog ) and other associated artifacts reflect this hybrid cultural horizon ( Lith šeškas Mari šāškə Veps hāhk re Sanskrit śaśakas ) The Kiukainen culture is one example Multi-room houses also appear Some isolated pockets of poly-ethnic Baltic speakers such as the ГОЛЯДЬ survived intact even up to historic times North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92 N1c1) with tl dl consonant cluster changes gt kl gl - like East Baltic implies multiple pockets of poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a1a Z92 N1c1 ) East Baltic speakers there Yet the rate of assimilation eventually outpaced the passage of substratum language inheritance Hence the additional impact of not uncommon Baltic-Uralic bilingualism ( eg Kiukainen culture ) on the structure of Finnic languages along with a myriad of archaic common everyday ( EB neuters - heinauml hay tarha
garden plot silta bridge ) terminology Uralic impacted Baltic as well The absence of weaponry or conflict terms is notable - and in hindsight altogether wise Fatyanovo-Balanovo East Baltic ( w GAS ) had became an established regional poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) substratum language ( paimen herder )
throughout its range ( re LWb allele ) Although numerically overwhelmed its innovative broad-based ( apiculture agriculture building amp metallurgy ) cultural impact proved enduring - as expressed in the Kiukainen culture Scholars are not fond of such dramatic re-assessments even when molecular DNA amp traditional archaeology clearly illuminates the mounting dateable evidence The challenging complexity of Finno-Ugrian origins and evolution has only grown with recent studies yet traditional archaeology acknowledges that Fatyanovo-Uralic contact ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 N1c1 ) zones precede Āryan-Uralic contact ( Krajnov 1972 251-252 Gurina 1963 133 139 Khalikov 1969 205 Tretrsquojakov
1966 135 ) Fatyanovo used chamotte admixture in ceramics like their neighbors ( Laitinen et al 2002 ) Some Aryan loanwords in Uralic may reflect a poly-ethnic Alakul forest re-intrusion and were diffused by a subsequent F-U speakers migration as implied by DNA genetics And the earliest Corded Ware words found in Uralic are an identifiable archaic East Baltic ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem
1000 ) as exemplified by a shared vocabulary ( Mari karas šāškə Lith šeškas
Sanskrit śaśakas ) amp the singular neuter and not some amorphous pre-Baltic that vanished without a trace
Kela vs Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Overlapping the Southern edge of the Fatyanovo - Balanovo region by where the rivers flow South another group of the East Baltic-type Satem Corded Ware pottery tradition ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) later
developed that is called the Abashevo culture ( 2400 - 1800 BCE ) after a nearby village East of Kazan Russia The Abashevo culture exhibited strong influences from both Pit-grave and MVK Catacomb cultures on its Baltic-type Corded Ware traditions Abashevo metallurgy was proportionally less weapon-oriented than that of their Pit-grave Āryan neighbors exhibiting more utilitarian or artistic ornamental products That being said Abashevo weapon metallurgy was innovative and the designs were adopted by Andronovo cultures Unlike the Pit-grave Āryans of the bordering steppe the forest dwelling Abashevo like the Balanovo mixed some with the local Volosovo ( N1c1 ) hunters amp foragers influencing their culture in many ways The Abashevo relations with Seima - Turbino were also apparently fruitful for each other (East Baltic Fatyanovo kela
Finnish kela - reel spindle Fatyanovo amp Lith ratas Finnish amp Estonian ratas - wheel North
Saami raacutehtis - id Fatyanovo amp Lith kepti Saami giksa- kopša- to cook) The archaic East Baltic kela vs ratas usage invites scholarly investigation of the neuter in East Baltic as well as assessing Globular Amphora poly-ethnic Substratum influence from ERC Finnish taivas Estonian taevas amp Saacutemi daivas - heaven reflect an archaic East Baltic influence still heard in Saule noiet dievā or Saule iet dievu of the old Latvian Dainās ( re H Biezais 1961
Gimbutas 1958 46 ) Lithuanian still has dievop dieviep declensions Perhaps
Saacutemi taiw Hungarian taacutej and Khanty tai - locus are also related if heaven is a place - somewhere
Like Balanovo sites many Abashevo settlements were also by the copper laden southwestern foothills of the Urals and as the Volga-Kama area Balanovo East-Balts did left ample kurgan burials and flat graves as part of their Abashevo burial rite Late Abashevo artifacts were found in Sintashta ( Pre-Vedic ) culture graves Sintashta also had not only one but two flat grave cemeteries along with the expected more prestigious kurgans Sintashta ceramics display the influence of early Abashevo amp Fatyanovo-Balanovo pottery styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) just as many
Sintashta Europoid remains exhibit the dolichocephaly of Abashevans ( Schwidetzky 1978 Menck 1980 Gimbutas 1997 322 ) amp Fatyanovans ( Denisova 1980
Rimantiene amp Cesnys 1996 50 Loze 1996 68 ) Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo )
ceramics with chamotte exhibit a projecting rim as does later Abashevo ( re
mtDNA N1a1a1 294 ) The artifacts suggest a unique cultural exchange between poly-ethnic ( w Uralic amp GAS admixture) Abashevo and Fatyanovo-Balanovo people into the Sintashta culture of Pre-Vedic peoples ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The nearby Volga Finnic Erzya-Moksha Mordvin language group has preserved loanwords from early Āryan Volga-East-Baltic and possibly a Pre-Tocharian Repin type language which would seem to confirm the probability of such exchanges Residual Ural-Volga Repins may well have become contributing substratum in the ethno-genesis of the Corded Ware Abashevo considering their geographical locations The Volga-Sok river Ural region by Samara has yielded Repin-influenced pottery reflecting the Repin influenced pottery of the earliest Afanasievo kurgans Early Uralic exchanges with IE Centum speakers probably correlate with this regional Volga-Repin horizon by the Urals Re haplogroup U5 Tokharian A waumls Tokharian B yasa - gold ( PT wesā ) Uralic Mari waž Kamassian waza Votyak az-veś Hungarian vas Mansi atvės Forest Nenets wyesya whereas Saacutemi vieške Moksha uśkauml Estonian vask reflect Tokharian A wsā-yok lt wesā-yāku - gold colored Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration with decorated rims on a round-based pot The NE orientation of male burials characteristic of Don Repins is also noted later with some ( not all ) Timber-Grave burials vs the early Afanasievo migration burials with Repin traits which orientated males to the southwest like Poltavka Fatyanovo ( Lith talka
telkti East Tocharian A talke Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) and the early phases of Sarmatian burials
Indo-Āryan Soma ( contents lt source ) preserved the native Uralic ( N1c1 ) word for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) was pressed with stones in water to produce a batch of the Soma beverage ( re Khanty Sŏma hewn
mortar-bowl Estonian Soim hewn manger ) or passed around and shared The misnomer well have been a cross-cultural semantic mistranslation from Balanovo-Volosovo contacts Finger pointing can be misconstrued as Elbing Vocabulary 141 comically demonstrates Some other tribes may have noticed East Baltic Balanovo neuters were one consonant shy of a combo plate and later added one Amanita muscaria reflects the Sun-Moon symbolism well
especially as they rise amp set smoky chestnut red ( žalas ) An pioneer ethno-mycologist R Gordon Wasson identified Vedic Soma as Amanita muscaria in his 1967 book although its legendary use was clearly Pre-Vedic Note that Balanovo and Volosovo-Garino ( Finno-Uralic ) culture pottery are sometimes discovered in sites side by side ( Goldin 1999130 ) inferring very close contacts (re mtdna haplogroup U4 [ Pliss et al 2005 16134ndash16356ndash16362 Bermisheva et al 2002 16189ndash16311ndash16356
Derbeneva et al2002b ] R1a amp N1c1 ) Ethnic customs were shared The Volosovo ( N1c1) use of talc or chamotte to temper pottery is significant since the custom of talc admixture is shared in Abashevo ceramics and later found in Sintashta culture ceramics Two pots unearthed far away near Sarazm betray their poly-ethnic Abashevo Ural area ( N1c1) origination by their unusual talc admixture
One side effect of the Ural region metallurgic bonanza was the need to defend key mining claims and production An escalation in production of weapons is noted The Pepkino burial kurgan suggests Abashevo northern territorial encroachment into Balanovo mining districts was strictly non-negotiable Later Sintashta - Arkaim type fortifications anticipated security concerns regarding metallurgic production centers
Sounds of Thunder gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Songs of the Erzya Mordvinic thunder spirit Purrsquogine Pərgənauml parallel both traditions of Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons and Rig Vedic Parjanyah closely ( Rig Veda Book 5 Hymn 83 ) The ancient Permic Komi myth of Pera the Giant amp the Oak grove like Parjanya and Erzya Pərgənauml may also reflect cultural integration or assimilation ( LWb R1a1a- Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) of residual Volga-Kama Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo East Balts by the Urals ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt checkered ornament of Volga-Urals ) The East
Balt type R1a1a- Z92 variant found among the Volga Erzya suggests such (
R1a1a- Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) Unlike Pera the giant amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Another Volga-Kama area Permic variation was noted by Y Wickman ( Teitoja Votjaakkien Mytologiiasta 1893
p 33)as the Votiak wrathful Perkịno who was offered bread gruel and ( ) butter The Chuvash still say ascha schapat about lightning Missionaries demonized the hewn idols as the devil of hell replacing them with a foreign stern storm-god tradition - and new improved idols There is even a Perkino Russia - somewhat near Tula
Legends of the North gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Recent discoveries have eclipsed traditional mindsets Aerial surveys revealed Sintashta amp Arkaim Archaeological analysis from excavations have revealed four thousand year old cultural intermingling ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) In 2002 Fragments of Lappish Mythology by Lars Levi Laestadius was finally published
in English It had been long forgotten since the 1840s The Saacutemi version of the Storm-giant bears a close conformity to Pera the giant and Parjanya ( RV 563 ) The evil troll hiding in the hollow ( Lith dumbas Slavic dub - oak ) gets zapped in the Saacutemi version reflecting Rig Veda 563 After ridding the world of evil the only reward Pera the giant wants is a net How odd A net Whatz wit that A net A more multi-cultural analysis would provide insight Perhaps one can discern a unity of traditions considering that a Baltic net Sietynas is also Pleiades ( Saacutemi siejdi gt ON seieth ) Pashto Perūne is the knotty six-star Pleiades Northern legends of the six bogatyr sons the Sun maiden Pera marries the Suns daughter Saulė and the bear Saulės ratelis the sun maidens ring sauryās rathas The golden horned elk Zarni Anj Shundy Mumy solar mother the crescent moon ( Saacutemi maacutennu maacuteno ) Saacutemi has pirjanne - borjja-dat storms There are many Saacutemi - Permic conformities ( Charnolusski 1965 101-130 ) The Perm culture of the Vychegda river region practiced both inhumation amp cremation In their region 34 of inhumations were oriented to the SW Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( Vychegda region ) burial orientations were also to the SW The northern peoples SW buried with head towards sunset orientation ( Taylor 1989 280 Mansin 1984 64 Karlalainen 1996 46 ) is explained as the South representing the Sky gt Heaven ( Lith dievas Estonian taevas Saacutemi taiw Hungarian
taacutej and Khanty tai ldquo ) Early phase Sarmatian burials are similar There are many northern shared traditions ( sarvas - hirvas - sirvas ) and legends with some well over four thousand years old ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) They are not well received today nor have been in the past ( Willumsen LH 1997 ) Nobody magically disappears not even in Las Vegas
Perga - Pargai gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The interpretation of the phonetics of Parjanyah should consider three factors Sanskrit J followed by a front vowel as in Parjanya matches a Baltic G ( Lith augu Skt ojah lt H2eug- ) Secondly classical Sanskrit parkaṭī - fig tree has a holly oak ( Quercus ilex ) dialect homonym in a western Punjabi dialect with parg-ai instead of park-aṭī ( note related Skt k-g-j- bhakti bhaga-
bhajati ) In other words the Punjab region Vedic Parjanyah may be phonetically interpreted as Pərgənyah from the Iranian-like R-only Rig Vedic dialect lt possibly reflecting a phonetic alternate Pərkənyas from another ( Alakul ) immigration of R amp L Madhyadeśa dialects of mixed lineage populace - say perhaps marginalized poly-ethnic metalworkers
artisans a post-Sintashta śāpharikas fisherman ( re śapharas gt महाशफर )
farmers and herders perhaps even Yadavas ( re the tadbhava layer ) The 800 years from Sintashta to the Vedas significantly impacted Indo-Iranian itself much less a few odd loanwords A phonetic Iranian-like Punjab Vedic Pərgənyah amp Pərgənauml of the Volga-Ural Erzya look suspiciously similar Whatz up with that Was there a Volga-Ural cultural contact in common with a similarly positioned ldquoalpinerdquo velar The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 ) indicates that very common contact were the Volga-Ural
Fatyanovo- Balanovo Balts and their descendants ndash the same mushroom munching forest folk with their rolling ratas gentara- golden amber and stinky šapalas breath Thirdly Parjanya ( Divas putrāya ) like Vāyu and his obscure dhēnā lt dainā have already been marginalized in the Punjab Rig-Veda of elite Āryan priests - with only a few old token hymns Times change people change languages change Even Gods change All we are is dust in the wind
More Bull gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In East Baltic Mythology Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons is closely associated with the Bull In Nuristani Mythology Paumlrun is a war god ( kariaunas ) In Pashto Perūne is the knotty Pleiades star cluster ( re Old Prus Perōni - group Lith Peruotas
- beetle brood Peras - egg brood larvae ) The reason Perkūnas-Perkaunis is associated with the Bull is due to the ancient correlation of the Taurus constellations importance to the agricultural Dnieper Satem Tripolye R1a1a- Z280 substratum of East Balts The Taurus constellation ( Latv Vērsis ) signaled the start of the growing year and the arrival of Perkaunis loud Thunder storms Pashto Pleiades is in ( you guessed it ) - the Taurus constellation ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) The stars brought the rain of the Bull representing the magic of fertility to the Z280 Satem farmers When the Satem East Balts assimilated the poly-ethnic Globular Amphora-post-Narva substatum with their pre-Fairguni a Centum velar was added to Peraunas by his wife Perkūnija hence the E+W poly-ethnic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons Uralic loanwords attest to this antiquity of the East Baltic ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive variant Perkūnas was very important to farmers unlocking the start of a new growing year by his loud return In Lithuania the first ritual plowing of the Spring was done by two sacred black ( kirsna- ) bulls His two stones ( not red ) release fire The goatish echoes of flying snipes before a storm warn of his arrival Stricken lightning locations are šventas The darža checkered ceramics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) in Sintashta and Alakul pottery track contacts with Fatyanovo-Balanovo Z92 farmers Parjanya later appears in the Rig Veda as an peripheral obscure deity even though he is a son of Heaven ( Divas putrāya ) He is associated with Soma Vāyu ( Lith
dialect Vėjus ) and has Bull symbolism He gladdens the Earth He has a trace of a misplaced velar unlike Pashto Perūne star cluster ( Pleiades - in Vērsis ) Paumlrun or Slavic velarless Perun Parjanya has lost his militaristic affinities amp exploits Early Mitanni mining contacts may culturally connect Ashur Marduk to the Asuras Maruts There were no copyrights back then The evil serpent and various keraunophobic belief systems have remained quite popular to this day It is the hero Indra who now frees the cattle from the Vala cave slays the Vritra ahi- serpent and throws the wheel of the kerauninkas Kāvya Uśanas ( Latv milna lt mildna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild-
Tocharian kaumlrwentildee )
Perunaš Peraunas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Angis anžuolas reflect connections to the Hittite ( Maykop or Lydian ) diffused Myth of Illuy-ankas (eel-snake Latin anguilla ) and a storm deity named Tarḫunna Perunaš a stone-boulder-cliff deity joins in ( Myth of Ullikummi Ivanov
1958 108-9 ) The peaks of Greek Κέρκυρα island Baden alpine Hercynia and GAC pre-Fairguni or later Norse Fjoumlrgyn mountain all have a peaked alpine velar whereas Middle Dnieper Tripolye Satem reflects a Hittite common gender Perunaš as the Middle Dnieper cultures velar-less Peraunas we all know and love ( Czech Peraun Slavic Perunŭ Polabian Peraumlune- ) Sanskrit velar-less
Paru Parv-ata mountain ( Hittite Peru Perunant- Avestan Paruuatā ) was also used for a cloud especially a massive knotty cumulonimbus cloud cluster the kind which usually precedes violent thunderstorms ( Rig Veda 106411 ) An affiliation of Peraunas with cumulonimbus thundercloud clusters geologic uplifts lightning-bolts and magic ceraunium stones ( Tocharian kaumlrwentildee pārem ) is still noted Neighboring Catacomb Culture provides a later Greek Keraunos - thunderbolt ( Grk Poimenes Lith Piemenes Kerauninkas ) Circular triple crossed ceraunic hexagrams were popular Baltic woodcarving motifs Lithuanian kerauti translates as to make magic sorcery Globular Amphora amp Northern Dnieper Satems assimilate uniquely blending Satem Peraunas amp Centum Perkūnija in a wedding of sky amp earth ( re post-GAC ON Fjoumlrgynn amp Fjoumlrgyn ) Perkaunas-Perkūnija unite the poly-ethnic Baltic Centum amp Satem farmers which also head East with his still new ERC velar wedding attire as Uralic words record Neither the Polabian Peraumlune nor Pashto Perūne ldquoclusterrdquo cognates have the ERC velar whereas the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno neighbors of Fatyanovo-Balanovo do Perkaunas adopts the mycological magic orphans of the forest folk along the way to the Urals with Fatyanovo-Balanovo metallurgic pioneers His reception was cordial but the forest is his home with his oak and his ever popular sacred orphans The Baltic etymology of the revered oak is perhaps a ldquosecretrdquo taboo double entendre ( ang-is anž-
uolas ) but knotty fits just fine Perkūnas clash with a hiding Velinas ( Latv jods -
black ) the serpent-demon in the oak ( Middle Welsh derwen ) over theft ( cattle-
fertility ) is an old theme Thus the traditional black hued choice of sacrifices especially during times of drought Fire in the oak Quercitron The Storms of Spring battle Winters dark deceit for the release and restoration of Life Perkūnas was to wed the laume water spirit Indraja but it was not to be Parjanya isnt as popular in the Avesta Nuristani Paumlrun is a war god no bull Parjanya has already been de-oaked by the time of the Vedas and his ancient heroic legends have been assigned to Indra Parjanyas name is still spoken by farmers The Komi have Pera the giant amp his Oak grove As for his northern šventas orphans ( V N Toporov 1979 RV 9823 ) word gets around For the paru
peru jointed knotty IE etymology see Karl Hoffman 1974 In addition I note Sanskrit Paru - knotty having joints ( esp of reed or cane ) and Lith Peras - jointed plant shoot ( eg of reed ) cluster as well as a cluster of white knotty or jointed larvae or brood cluster bear close etymological affinities ( for -as vs-us note Lith Vėjas vs dialect Vėjus ) This cluster could be of stones clouds rock eggs sprouts larvae chicks church goers reeds or
stars From the eggs amp seeds of PIE per- to bear begets the cluster That
cluster becomes a cloud ( Perunaš Peraun ) or if stone later becomes a mountain
( Perunant- Paruuatā ) The visual connection of a puffy cloud cluster with a cluster of cute fluffy chicks or squirming larvae ( Lith Peras ) may be easily comprehended by a native Oaxacan but most scholars to date just dont get it They may well never Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are all related cluster cognates GAS influenced Perkons amp Parjanya are also related and especially to each other with the GAS velar infixation - due specifically to Volga-Ural inter-ethnic contact ( copyVirdainas )
Oaks are strikingly knotty as are firs fingers posts backbones cliffs and clouds Oaks are also like mountains ( re Fairguni ) strikingly tall or as they say in Hittite Parku- or Tocharian Paumlrk- and long when felled ( Tocharian Paumlrkaumlr- again ) - as when one makes a 26 ft dugout canoe - or perga - pergas ( Finnish haapio lt Fatyanovo aspen canoe ) Greek Πέργ- implies a European substratum p inclination for expected b Khotanese bulysa also prefers the horizontal orientation A Proto-Kartvelian dialect root for acorn dialect for oak reflects ḳrḳo- which bares a striking similarity to Italic Kerkus an oak ( with
many branches ) Venetian Querquerni Thucydides mountain Kirkine Celtic alpine Hercynia gt Gothic mountain Fairguni gt ON Fjoumlrgyn Greek island Κέρκσρα Lith Kerkūrė - hill mountain summit Lith Kerkulė many branched stump ( trunk ) Lith Kerkutys branching trunk Welsh Perth bush ( with many branches ) Old Norse Fjoumlrr tree Lith Keras bush ( with many
branches ) Lith kerkoti ndash to ldquostickrdquo out - like the ldquoalpinerdquo velar in Perkons or Parjanya darža laquo checked raquo Alakul or Kandahar Mundigak-VI Afghan pottery or z92 by Samara Initial or medial Q gt T gt P is early Lengyel BBC influencing GAC TRB traders amp Baden outliers Follow the Money Lengyel - Bell Beaker culture influence is easily percieved in various numerals such as Breton pemp Swedish fem Old High German fimf Oscan pompe - 5 or Welsh pedwar Old English fēower vs Lith keturi Sanskrit chatur - 4 Perhaps also GAC 11 amp 12 w -p lt -q like 4 Jātarūpa amber Gentaro rupis (
FYI - Some Western Chicago dialects pronounce knotty amp naughty the same way ) The 2800 BCE Corded Ware GAC connection of ON alpine Fjoumlrgyn amp E Baltic elevated Perkūnija is fairly obvious given current archaeological amp DNA evidence Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are cluster cognates Perkons amp Parjanya are also related - due to contact Roth ratas rathas Embrace the Chaos
Velars amp Vowels
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Given what has been revealed from the archaeology of the Sintashta era and later ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornament of the Volga-Urals ) the northwestern Punjab Rig Vedic dialect of Parjanyah may reflect an earlier Volga-Urals region polyethnic Perkaunyas or Pərgənyas which would resemble the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno or Baltic Perkaunias very very closely Why are the nearest cognates of Parjanya with an rdquoalpinerdquo velar ( plosive ) only in Balto-Finnic Volgaic Permic Baltic and otherwise noticeably absent in surrounding Satem Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani European Celtic Hercynia Gothic Fairguni attest to Western perhaps GAC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive affinities ( re roth ratas rathas below ) As linguists struggle with the etymology of the Punjab Rig Vedic Parjanya or even Baltic Perkūnas for that matter did they even consider the heresy of a poly-ethnic origin ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2 ) or a GAC origin of the integrated ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive ( re Eulau GAC
DNA amp Shughnans ) Slavic Satem Ruki amp velarless Perun would support it Perkaunias gt Perkonias gt Pərganyas Short e o get leveled to a as Indo-Iranian evolves At least a half a millennium passes between Sintashta and the Vedas Velar plosive [-G-] before a front vowel becomes [-J-] In other words we are discussing a shared cultural tradition ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) spanning well over four thousand years ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 The laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Beyond the similar name itself the very verses of each cultures related hymns ( dainās ) exactly parallel each other in a truly uncanny way The inclusive Perkaunijas appealed to poly-ethnic farmers herders and smiths not to a xenophobic ruling elite The increased frequency of dental cavities in Arkaim remains may reflect polyethnic Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo populace Given the Fatyanovo link with Sintashta ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) amp Kandahar ceramics ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 laquo checked raquo 14 ) and Corded Ware Abashevo origins of chariot cheek-pieces in the Urals such speculation is well within reasonable parameters even for diehard skeptics ( DNA data pending ) The Sintashta metal workers were busy real busy - cooking ( varia ) copper which is noisy hot foundry type work A rare day off meant quietly fishing by the cool water with some herbal headache medicine And it is still the common farmers who welcome Parjanya Pərgənauml or Perkons Perhaps the priests forgot ( RV 10853 ) Parjanyas is still the father of Soma ( RV 9823 ) Bon Appetit
The astonishing similarity of the archaic Central East Baltic (Latvian dial example Perkaunis Perkūne and Lietas) Dainās tradition mirrors the Eastern Fatyanovo Balanovo Baltic culture mythology as seen with the Votiak Perkịno and Volgaic (Erzya Pur‟gine Lit-ava) songs The initial L vs R of Lit-ava would presume early-Baltic contact since Vedic vṛkah ( vs archaic Baltic
vilkas) is associated with the loanword vərgas in Uralic Moksha or Komi Zyryan voumlrkas - wolf terms which were probably acquired from an Alakul intrusion into the forest-steppe Yet Ossetic does have Lymaelign friend reflecting Mordvin Loman man whereas Sanskrit has Ramana - man
married (re Latvian Loma- role Lithuanian Luomas- marital status class of men) Erzya has Paz reflecting Saka Bagas - a legacy of their contact ( Slavic
Bogъ) Discovering East Balt R1a1a- Z92 among the Volga-Ural Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) may pale to other previously unidentified R1a lineages from ancient cultural contact The Pur‟gine Paz - Lit-ava hymns are thus part of a poly-ethnic shared tradition
Syllabic Resonants R gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The East Baltic šapalas and Indic śapharas (chub-carp ) śāpharikas ( fisherman ) isogloss is indeed very interesting - given the absence of other fish cognate isoglosses ( Ossetian kaeligf Old Japanese kwop(j)i gt koi ) Sanskrit scholars have determined at least two early Vedic dialects ( the IE L gt R only
vs the R and L - Madhyadeśa region ) and possibly a third ( the L only ) existed The Rig Veda we know today is in the R only dialect ( Indo-Iranian coalescence of
L gt R ) Note Sanskrit śroṇis vs Lith šlaunis Thus only occasional token words remain from 2 of the 3 Vedic era dialects Baltic had retained IE L The Greek Indo-Iranian dialect area exhibited issues with syllabic resonants ( l r m n ) - as when m and n became a or Greek alla amp arra or Indo-Iranians syllabic liquids where l usually became r There remained an Indic instability with r (ṛH) where Iranian had ar vs Indic ir ur - with E-W dialect variants Examples of this are Skt śiras vs Av sarah- Grk karā- or Skt giri- vs Av gairi- ( Lith girė vs Slavic gora ) The conservative Satem speaking communities of IE dialects which begat the Baltics usually evolved reflexes of semi-vowels l r m n into il ir im in yet also rendered them as ul ur um un after original labiovelar plosives and later rearranged after more changes The two different reflexes cluster in contrast - inflectional morphemes have the i- reflex whereas the u- reflex is not uncommon in the expressive lexicon
There was certainly early Āryan as well as Catacomb culture ( merger of Genitive
amp Ablative) influence - interaction with the respective emerging Baltic dialects (as
Middle Dnieper artifacts actually reflect amp also javas- grain isogloss or Skt paścāt Lith
paskuj later ) and with Proto-Slavic while each neighbored near the larger proto Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian isogloss area of dialects (eg Graeco-Armeno-Indo-
Iranian past tense prefix augment isogloss) Reflecting this archaic regional relationship is the specific spiritual tradition of Dawn ( Uṣas Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven isolated together in the Indic Greek and Baltic cultures The semantic perceive vs awake contrast of Greek peuthomai Avestan baodaiti and Indic bodha-h vs Balto-Slavic Lith budėti invites some curiosity Is there some specific Balto-Indic link for the divergent wake-awaken semantics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) The Armeno-Aryan remodeling of the Ablative suffix helps to date influences on Middle Dnieper dialects Another relic of this same late Sredny Stog era influencedialogue interaction maybe the proposed loss of a laryngeal (H )
after the introduction of a long vowel (Korlandt 1975 - re Latv guovs Skt gauh ) and of course RUKI The Middle Dnieper Baltics amp Slavics were thus distinct early autonomous NW Satem IE dialects (Upper Middle Dnieper-Don region ) and even more so upon becoming Europeanized R1a1a- poly-ethnics Hydronyms by Tula Russia ( re Eulau CWC DNA ) appear quite Baltic Early Satem contacts ( mtDNA T ) and exchange may have also occurred with Don-Volga Repins before an exodus flight of a group far to the East which evolved into the Afanasievo culture ( Russ toloka Lith talka telkti Tocharian talke VRC
) Repin A1 type pottery arrived at Mikkhailovka on the Dnieper around 3500 BCE from a people that had a connection to the Volga-Don Region Repins There were Repin settlements in Middle Don where it dispersed to Volga and Dnieper areas ( Sinuk 1981 ) Tocharian may be thus related to both the early Middle-Lower Dnieper Repins ( re Middle Dnieper Repins gt ERC gt pre-Germanics ) and the northern Ural-Volga Repins that migrated the Trans-Ural region East ( Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) The incorporation of some Middle Dnieper Repins into the multi-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture is supported by isoglosses between Slavic Baltic Germanic and Tocharian
The cultural convergence of these various Āryan Baltic and Uralic peoples by the Urals in the second millennium BCE is reflected in name of the annual Finnish Kekri celebration which exemplfies the state of developement of the Indo-Iranian at that time - as compared with later Rig Vedic Sanskrit sg pl čakras čakrā- PIE kʷekʷlos ( Finnish yh-deksaumln 9 or 1 from 10 lt IIr - vs
Finnish tuhante 1000 lt E Baltic Fatyanovo ) It appears from above loanwords that at mid-third millennium BCE the Fatyanovo East Baltic Satem [ š ] preceded a slower developing Indo-Āryan [ ś ] Note Nuristani parallel sonsonant It ( Finnish tuhante ) also shows uncompromised original East Baltic pre-GAS Ruki Did each Satem tribe perhaps influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) the other ( Mari indeś 9 Ossetic daeligs 10) East Baltic Fatyanovo žemė lowland was adopted as a toponym šaumlme and is now known as the haumlme region of Finland ( w Fatyanovo artifacts ) Before the Finnic change of š to h the toponym provided an ethnonym - Saacutemi aka the Lapplanders (Koivulehto 1993)
Uralic Honey
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
It is common to read that the Finno-Ugric loanwords for honey - Hungarian mez Mordvinic med Estonian Finnish mesi were not borrowed from Battle Axe Baltic medu - honey or a Ural-Volga Pre-Tocharian Repin dialect ( Latv sāls Toch A sāle Zyryan sol - salt ) but rather from a later Āryan madhu - sweet drink Even though the same Finno-Ugrics have loanwords - Mordvinic Mokša kaumlras Mari karas Udmurt karas for honeycomb wax - reflecting East Baltic kāras honeycomb ( Lith korys Latv kāres ) and in spite of the archaeological chronology of centuries of Battle Axe Balt Finno-Ugric
( eg pre-Kiukainen culture w LWb ) contact or earlier Pre-Tocharian Repin Finno-Ugric interaction ( eg Saacutemi vieške Tokharian A wsā-yok ) long before Pit Grave Āryan culture arrival No mekši -fly cognate is found in Ob-Ugric It is noteworthy that current Bashkir preserves kaumlrauml- along with Altaic Kazan Tatar kaumlraumls in that Ural region and even distant Chuvash has karas - honeycomb Note Mordvinic Erzya kšta beeswax Lith šekštė thick coarse Single markers of mtDNA N1a also group Bashkirs with Lithuania and the Komi Permyaks East Balt type Y-DNA R1a1a1 Z92 among the Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) adds additional linguistic perspective to the kāras range East Baltic bitis bee has an interesting cognate with Egyptian bi-t Baltic amber has been found in the pyramids Ural karas honeycomb is clearly a legacy of Fatyanovo-Balanovo regional assimilation ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) Surprisingly neither Slavic ( w solitary exception of Polish skarzyk lt GAS ) nor
Indo-Iranian possess a cognate ( करण - honeycomb ) although Greek does
( κηρός ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo was not some amorphous Balto-Slavic - it was evidently an identifiable archaic East Baltic - that preceded Kiukainen type hybrid cultures
Archaeological Chronology of Cultures ( Cal
14C vs the time-travel of Linguists )
5600 BCE Akali Narva-Kunda settlement in Estonia w Cannabis amp Triticum pollen
3700 BCE - Volga Repins by the Urals Volosovo expanded from Urals 3200 BCE - Fatyanovo Battle Axe arrival - Volosovo culture interaction
2800 BCE - Fatyanovo-Balanovo ceramic laquo checked raquo darža double row diamond ornament re Bronocice pot motifs
2700 BCE Kiukainen hybrid type cultures Balanovo Metallurgy in Ural forests 2300 BCE Abashevo - Pepkino Kurgan ( MVK Poltavka Fatyanovo Hybrids )
2100 BCE Abashevo amp Seyma-Turbino Metallurgic developement amp interaction 2100 BCE - Sintasta - Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament
2026 BCE Sintasta - Arkaim ( Poltavka w some MVK amp Abashevo becomes Andronovo ) - U of AZ
14C
1780-1660 BCE Alakul cemeteries pine timbers of Lisakovsk Kostany oblast by Tobol river - U of AZ 14
C 1700 BCE Timber Grave and Alakul culture intrusions into Ural forest zone cultures
1600 BCE - Timber Grave - Alakul - Fedorovo laquo checked raquo double row diamond Volga-Ural ornaments 1000 BCE - Mundigak Period VI ceramics of Afghanistan with darža laquo checked raquo double row diamond ornaments
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
From Kaunas to Kazan
to Kandahar - We Are Family
The time-travel of linguists is supported by serious academic references of
proto Indo-Aryans loaning proto Finnish vasa - calf - prior to the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC arrival thereby neutralizing any possibility of a ratas rathas debate whatsoever and uncountable cans of worms of a probable Centum connection ( GAS ) The debate was only postponed Pots dont talk they speak - volumes Note that Ossetian waeligs Yaghnob wasa - calf - would suggest a 1st millennium BCE Gorodets era contact loanword The artifacts do Another archaic Baltic loanword into Finno-Ugric exemplifying the range of influence the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC had is the East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole or long pole stick ( Arm jałk rod branch ) which has traces in Saami čuolggu pole for pushing a fishing net under the ice Finnish salko long pole Mordvin śalgo stick Komi źal lath-stick Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane
Bison in the Forest gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Gradual climatic warming of the vast pine-birch forests of Russia also afforded a home to the woodland bison (Bison bonasus bonasus) known in Lithuanian as stumbras or in Old Latvian as sumbrs - which bears a odd amp curious resemblance to the Sanskrit śambaras ( stag lt F-U śambaras lt ) A similar semantic drift is seen with the Russian izubr - stag ( Slavic jьzōbrь [ jьlt vь ]
OPr wissambrs ) Evolution of the tusked Satem žambras žumbras gt zumbras gt sumbrs noun for the dangerous forest dwelling wisent bison is far from being etymologically settled although sumbrs is unique to East Baltic Note žambas žambras derivation as well as later GAC wisent lt OPr wissambrs gt Slavic jьzōbrь ( jьlt vь ) The wisent is the largest herbivore in Europe Excavated sites in the Baltic countries indicate wisents constituted 20 of the hunted wild ungulates In Lithuania there are still meadow ( Lith
lanka Khanty lŏk ) names such as Zumbriškės by Aukštadvaris and Žumbrickiai by Ramygala in the central Panevėžys district whereas Stumbriškis place-names appear less archaic Wisents often frequent lush meadows for grazing Archaic Satem cognates for the Carpathian bison in central Europe extend beyond Slavic examples Niketas Choniates recorded
the δοσμπρος (lt zumbros ) of 12th century Cumanians hundreds of years after
the advent of Old Church Slavonic liturgical texts The apparently Thracian ( w
final -os ) δόμβρος (lt zumbros ) cognate dates to the same century as the
beginning of formalized Old Church Slavonic literature Other cognates also display this close relationship such as Thracian midne - homestead
reflecting Latvian mītne - dwelling very nicely
Given the existing evidence of Žumbr- type place-names in Lithuania like Žumbrickiai East Baltic (re upė vs apė ) obviously had a dialect variant Žumbras Finno-Ugric pronounciation of the ž- or z- consonant perhaps yielded a multi-cultural Balt-Finnic term sumbras (re Old Latv Sumbrs ) in the distant past (eg Dyakovo culture ) for the forest wisent An East Baltic remodeled variant stumbras ( re stirna ) arose In many outlying regions after the animal disappeared so did its old name Scandinavian and Slavic traders later brought in new substitute wisent names Over thousands of years of multi-cultural interaction the common term sumbrs overtook the older zumbrs variant in the Latvian region - probably due to the Estonian-Finnic phonetic influence Modern Lithuanian still has the tusked žambras žambris although the semantics are now limited to a wooden plow ( Lith žambuotas Skt
jambhate) Regional polyethnic changes of ž- to s- as in žalga gt salko do not necessitate a taboo in place of multi-millennial Finnic influenced cross-culture contact For example the related Baltic taurė - herders blow horn is not at all uncommon in Uralic languages The neighboring Finnic influence of ž- or z- to s- with zumbrs gt sumbrs needs no extravagant linguistic explanation
The East Baltic Neuter gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The singular neuter gender exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages with West Baltic documented using singular neuter gender asigmatic -n as in kelan - wheel Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords from Uralic such as kela - reel or in modern East Baltic ( Žemaitian medė forest or coastal dialect lizda vs Prussian median ) once again dating the commonality of a West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 ) pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-
Svitych 1963 42-44 ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as the singular neuter in Lydian with the generalized singular neuter ending in -d The Slavic neuter origin may reflect an old R1a1a- Z92 Eastern orientation The anaphoric pronoun -ad lt ( ntr sg ) -od reflects the Hititte -at used for
collectives or neuter plurals suggesting an early ( Mysian ) Lydian Hittite split East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords in Uralic imply the loss of the final consonant occurred prior to a Northern expansion The evolution of the neuter gender in East Baltic can be deduced from the surviving languages and dialects Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains The Lithuanian neuter is still used in impersonal constructions Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of that language - even after the era when dialects became different languages As the R1a1a- Z92 or the LWb allele genetically indicate Fatyanovo Baltic was as identifiable East Baltic - as Latvian Lithuanian and Žemaitian are to this today Apples dont fall far from the apple tree
Loanwords in Uralic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Academia also attributes Finnish porsas pig as a loanword from an Iranian (
pārsas ) source Note that archaic East Baltic parša pig ( neut ) was the signature livestock of East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo culture archaeological excavations ( like Centum poly-ethnic GAS ) - and is also noted ( Varov amp Kosintsev
1996 54 ) as a significant feature of Corded Ware Abashevo livestock (Koryakova-Epimakhov 200765) in the very same Volga-Kama region as the later Khudyakovo group of the Pyanobor ( Udmurt parś boar ) culture region Some post-Balanovo Finnic Ananyino culture excavation sites (eg Svinogorskoye) also favor the pig above other livestock The Mordvin cognate may reflect Sauromatian (Prokhorovo) influence Note Khotanese pāsa- lt pālsa- lt pārsa- lt parsa- lt parša- One of the most conspicuous traits of the Indo-Iranian Andronovo culture is the complete absence of pigs as opposed to the related western poly-ethnic Timber grave culture - which evolved with discernible Corded Ware Abashevo culture assimilation Andronovo Indo-Iranians werent keen about mushrooms either ( Yasna XLVIII10 ) Given the distribution ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 Kandahar laquo checked raquo 14 ) of uniquely
Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornament of Urals ) one may speculate if their parša term followed ( Grishakov V
Stavitsky V 2003 ) their motifs (re the Sanskrit cognate of neuter E Baltic parša gt
Estonian parh lt parha lt parša )
vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras
The Finnish loanword vasara hammer appears to be from a late Āryan vazarah ( vajrah lt vaźras ) without the final s most likely from the 16th-13th
century BCE Timber-Grave northern forest intrusion ( re Erzya azuru man of rank
Udmurt uzər lt Timber-Grave Iranian asurah ) as opposed to an Alakul forest-steppe re-intrusion ( re Moksha vərgas w -s nom sg ending ) Other Uralic terms include Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere and all lack a final s ( re Redei
1986 25-26 28-30 ) The East Baltic cognates range from Lithuanian vėzdras vėzdas mace club Latvian vẽza stick club vẽzecirct to swing in the air
wave wag lt ueg Note the vežys of crayfish waving their pinchers Latvian
veseris maul-hammer appears to be a loanword from Livonian since the phonetics are closer to the Finnic versions than Lith vėzdras mace club The -d da- contamination of vėz-das vėzdras may be from the closely related stone-less synonym laz-da - club and may well have altered ź-da gt zda as in Lith lazda lt laźda (Albanian lajthi ledhi - id ) Bored stone maces with a peculiar solar rosette design - ubiquitous in the Abashevo culture have been unearthed in the Mariampolė district of Lithuania East Balt four five or seven-bulbed stone bored maces are almost identical to Andronovo maces Perkūnas thunderbolt ( Latv milna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild- ) was also a round stone The evolution from vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras vėzdas appears rather old but provides fresh new perspective to the etymology of Sanskrit vajra and Avestan vazra The practical forest dwelling East Balt woodsmen apparently favored the utilitarian kirvis- axe-hammer ( Indic kṛvi- ) or Maykop like vedega - adze more and evidently shared them with the Uralic locals Hazel nuts were a Fatyanovo staple
The early polyethnic East Balt Uralic Pre-Indo-Iranian group would play a role in the settlement ( U of AZ - radio carbon date average - 2026 BCE) of Sintashta Arkaim and later also influence the regional speakers in Iran India who become bilingual Like the Magyars in Central Europe or the Goths-Galindi-Alani in Spain Āryan languages are now marginally reflected in the gene pool of India ( re Uralic variant of mtDNA N1a )
The Ethnogenesis of Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Abashevo pottery resembles and blends Fatyanovo and Balanovo East Baltic
Corded Ware styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) Like poly-ethnic Balanovo East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) the forest-zone Abashevo culture left both kurgans and flat graves although some burials may also reflect nearby Poltavka culture customs of the steppe-zone This indicates a transitional group of Corded Ware populace of mixed affinities with an emerging Āryan elite Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich - were probably influenced from a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave Iranian asurah - perhaps pre-Ananyino era and do not indicate any hypothetical Āryan type Abashevo language for that Corded Ware group Latvian folk solar design signs exactly match the enigmatic Abashevo ubiquitous rosettes Poltavka amp Abashevo complexes of the Novokumak horizon coexisted by the Volga The Abashevo southeastern expansion towards territory that was prior a Catacomb border region suggests cultural assimilation of that populace as well which was later followed by a Timber Grave assimilation once again
This widespread polyethnic (kulturnaya obshchnostrsquo ) Abashevo mixed populace invites varied interpretations by differing viewpoints of different stages and regions - resembling the Heisenberg uncertainty principle Abashevo defies oversimplification for convenience sake An expert on the Abashevo culture A Pryakhin ( Pryakhin amp Khalikov 1987 ) deduced that it evolved from contacts between Fatyanovo Balanovo (Balts) and MVK Catacomb (Mnogovalikovo) Poltavka (Pit-grave Āryan) peoples in the Ural forest-steppe Most Corded Ware Abashevans were like Fatyanovo Balanovo narrow faced and dolichocephalous - contrasting somewhat from the MVK Catacomb Pit-grave Poltavka cranial amp physical type ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) But the Abashevo were on the whole poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) and multicultural Regional variant sub-groups include a Ural Volga Don-Volga and Kama-Vetluga expressions Sometimes the Balanbash label is used for the eastern variant
Were the varied poly-ethnic cosmopolitan Abashevo people MVK Catacomb Poltavka Āryan CWC East Balts residual upper Don-Volga Repins or partly Finno-Ugric Yes
Abashevo was multi-cultural and poly-ethnic E Pluribus Unum
One is inclined then to consider the singular masc baritone ratas gt rathas term as a probable Corded Ware Abashevo poly-ethnic lexical legacy
Sintashta intensifies the regional forest-zone copper metallurgy of the Corded Ware Abashevo and the earlier pioneering Balanovo East Balt metalworkers Balanovo copper ( varis ) metallurgy in the Urals had become an attractive alternative to the then destabilized Carpathian sources drawing the attention of southerly (Saami Oarje) Volga Pit-grave Āryans who had endured cyclic periods of drought The Urals quickly became a major metallurgic center Sintashta stock-breeding reflects the earlier Abashevo Corded Ware culture (note East Baltic šėmas gōvs gray cow or papijusi - cow with milk and related Sanskrit
pipyūṣī id) as does some of its metallurgic products and flat graves A recent
genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) add additional perspective The Sintashta slightly concave knife-sickles are connected to the Abashevo polyfunctional ones (Skt kṛpā- Latvian cirpe Lith
kirpe- ) Many Sintashta remains were dolichocephalous europoids ( re Kirsna
man ) like the forest-steppe Corded Ware Abashevans and earlier Fatyanovans ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) while others resemble Pit-grave Poltavka types In fact kurgans only accounted for about one third of the burials at Sintashta (Epimakhov 2002) E Kuzmina (The Origin of the Indo-
Iranians Volume 3 p 222 ) suggests Sintashta was not purely Āryan in composition and quite possibly quasi-bilingual Over a period time the cultures consolidated by the need for mutual co-operation
The later stage of the polyethnic populace of Abashevo amp Sintashta cultures may give an insight to the language of Proto-Indo-Iranian ( Pre-VedicAvestan
Sintashta ) Remains of the Pokrovskij type continue dolochocephaly and narrow faces with additional admixture of Uralic types detected in that group The Arkaim Sintashta area sites correspond to the Avestan Vara of the arriianəm vaējō Reflecting its polyethnic populace is Finno-Ugric Hungarian var fortress Saami var village and East Baltic Lithuanian varas tall timber palisade stockade ( Skt vartra ) Arkaim and Sintashta are also shaped like Central European Rondels The circular or oval settlement designs are very reminiscent of earlier Tripolye Dnieper sites or later East Baltic fortresses (eg
Tushemlya ) The dolichocephalous narrow faced Volga-Balts originated from the Northern Fatyanovo variants of the earlier Middle Dnieper culture which had assimilated some Tripolye C2 substrata Here is perhaps an example of a East Baltic term varas ( timber stockade ) borrowed in Finno-Ugric Vedic and Avestan In stark contrast the later Āryan Petrovka phase preferred a rectangular settlement shape over the circular or oval forts of the Urals yet still exhibit influence from western Abashevo Abashevan socketed spear designs eventually end up in western China via Andronovo influence The the range of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motif even extended to the Cherkaskul culture and regions of Siberia ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Latvian apsa aspen closely resembles Altai dialect apsa-k or Tatar Tobolsk dialect awsak and Chuvash eumlveumls Who knew
The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) of Baltic Uralic people in the ethnogenesis of the Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim cultures has provided scholars with linguistic opportunities in studies of the early Indo-Iranian dialects and in Finno-Ugric Baltic etymologies The Avestan and Vedic combinations of neuter plural nouns or multiple single and plural nouns with the verb in singular ( in Greek as well ) reflects archaic Baltic
constructions ( Lith beržorai esti ) Just as Lithuanian dialect panta or pantas - a crossbeam provides insight to the origins of Greek pontos - sea (linking ports) - Latin pontis bridge Armenian hown - a riverbed ( ford ) - a fresh new ( re Lithuanian-Latvian dialect panta - a link etc ) semantical understanding of Sanskrit panthās Avestan pantā - path ( link ) finally emerges from the mists of antiquity Khanty-Ostyak - pant path vs Mokša pandaz halter lt hobblelt link are related examples of Satem cultural interaction with Finno-Ugrics over time It is very important to keep in context the limited duration of this cultural horizon Here is a window a key that may unlock many doors It is a very unique horizon (chapter) of Eurasian and Russian prehistory when early Indo-Iranian traditions blend with Finnic and East Baltic cultures ( re DRD2 data) The Satem connection between Tolstoy and Gandhi was not only linguistic
A Fishy Whale gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There has been noted ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) a widespread hybrid checkered ceramic tradition of Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Abashevo and Pozdnyakovo cultures reflecting intimate polyethnic relations (re mtDNA haplogroups U4 Narva U5b2 and T1 ) The Sintashta Culture was not monolithic but rather a regional composite of various components as reflected by the variability of the ceramics If Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo influenced and integrated with the Sintashta area people ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) did it also influence their Āryan language (re Eastern Sanskrit R amp L dialects) Indic-Baltic specific isoglosses ( eg śāpa- šapas miśra- mišras ) may need updated reappraisals in light of the unfolding archaeological evidence of Corded Ware Abashevo influence and ethnic presence ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt
checked ornaments ) Riverine Latvian sence- mussel matches Sanskrit śaṅkha- shell rather well as does barytone Baltic antis Skt ātih - both waterfowl Sanskrit nārās and Lith nara both flow The Sanskrit suffix - inga- (Skt sphulinga- spark) looks peculiarly Baltic (ie Lith blezdinga swallow) as does the - ikas suffixed Skt śāpharikas fisherman Lith šventikas priest
The šapalas and śapharas ( Faux Dace महाशफर पतिशफरी शफररप Skt
śāpharikas fisherman ) isogloss is quite unique and curiously percise Similarities between Leuciscus cephalus idus amp lehmanni ( Zeravshan Dace ) may have encouraged the terms usage Puntius sophore aka śapharas the faux Dace has the identical profile coloration and specific reddish hue on its lower fins as its above Leuciscus šapalas neighbors Coincidence left the room with Elvis Someone remembered exactly what that fish looked like Indic śapharas ( the Faux Dace ) may well be an identifiable relic-loanword from East Baltic Corded Ware Abashevo-Balanovo-Fatyanovo šapalas contact since it is altogether absent ( like Parjanya ) in Avestan or Ossetic ( kaeligf big type
of fish) or other Petrovka derived Āryan languages There is no ichthyic cognate of East Baltic šapalas in the Catacomb culture derived languages
or even Slavic ( ) Germanic or Uralic for that matter So it is equally odd to note the complete absence of cognates for the archaic East Baltic žuvis - fish in all the Indo-Iranian branches although the Pontic steppe related Greek and Armenian somehow both preserved related ichthyic cognates ( Arm jukn ) Ossetic has retained an IE laeligsaeligg brown trout as well as a loanword kaeligsag from Hungarian keszeg and Mansi kāsəŋ a bream-dace type fish reflecting Timber Grave Iranian amp Finno-Ugric cultural interactions The Avestan mythic kara- may recall the voracious Volga wels ( Old Prussian kalis lt kalas - wels catfish ) which to this day exhibits legendary proportions approaching 10 ft The archaic žuvis šapalas howled today by an excited Lithuanian fisherman ( Skt śāpharikas ) still echoes the simple joy of his forefathers from long long ago
The Perkūnijas Parjanyah Pərgənauml Perkịno shared tradition is a delicate issue since each is venerated to this day in their respective cultures One may note that all three are very close in certain details The East Baltic laitus rain (Lith lietas lietus ) tradition with lightning East Baltic Laita may have been an archaic term for Summer rainy season (re Slavic Lēto year) which followed the return of Pleiades before the northern migrations of Battle Axe Balts The Erzya Lit-ava in their Prayer Hymns remained intact Modern Pashto has Perūne - Pleiades (re Greek Keraunos thunderbolt Slavic Perun all lacking a velar
plosive lt GAC ) Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- For the mushroom Perkūnas relationship see V N Toporov 1979 Parjanya is the father of Uralic Soma Perkūnas was to be the groom of the aquatic Laumė Indraja - Lith hydronyms Indus Indra Indura ( Mitanni Indara Skt Indu ) The Laumė Indraja is a mushroom guide or teacher And to uphold respect about these cultures and to be as accurate as possible I will only use the term shared
Perkūnas amp Indraja gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In the old Baltic dainos folksongs Perkūnas was to wed the Laumė Indraja One role of Indraja is as a mushroom guide spirit Vedic Parjanya is the father of Soma The Abashevo used talc in their ceramics as was common with their Uralic neighbors The pottery of the two cultures are found in the same room Note ( N1c1 ) Mari paŋgə mushroom Udmurt paŋτəl- paŋτət- to howl and carry on after partaking of Fly Agaric The Lithuanian version Ar prisiėdęs musmirių refers to the partaking of Fly Agaric mushroom and exhibiting a skewed or altered state of reality It is a quite common courteous way of calling someone stone crazy If they ate a little too much dried - žalas ( RV
7981 ) Fly Agaric mushroom and there upon glare ominously wild-eyed
howl ecstatically see the Unseen amp carry on - that person would be labeled aršus The Avestan term for an ecstatic seer is ǝrǝšiš which is a close cognate to Sanskrit ṛṣiḥ - a Seer Back in the Ural forests Uralic Khanty still has a word sŏma for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl or vessel as well as one for partaking of Amanita muscaria This would all be quite coincidental if they had never met - but they did Archaeology has already provided the where when and why Latvian has an equally courteous and common expression for telling someone to buzz off - get a clue - ej bekot or go pick mushrooms Latvian beka mushroom or dialect peka is loaned from Balto-Finnic Livonian paeligkā id lt pękā lt Uralic pəηkā Note that the mixed Balanovo-Volosovo sites were mediums of cross-cultural bilingual interaction for sharing ethnic customs preceding and contributing to Sintashta which influenced poly-ethnic Alakul ( Grigoryev 2000 ) groups ( ОД
Мочалов 2001-2 re ceramic lt gt checkered ornaments ) Sharing the hewn sŏma-bowl
with its entheogenic contents like a diplomatic cross-cultural peace pipe evidently sparked its legendary admiration The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding m-m-m Sŏma good Uh-oh East Baltic neuters did not require a final consonant They still dont It is also suggested that Uralic panga mushroom fly agaric entheogen žalas - when dried re bangus is possibly the source for the Sarmatian-Magyar loanword in Slavic Polish pienka Russian Пенька - hemp entheogen ( lt Finno-Ugric Pəηka via Sarmatians amp Magyars w U2e1 - re C
Keyser et al 2009 ) Note Irish arsan - a Seer or German rasen - be ecstatic Let it rain
The Unthinkable Now Highly Probable gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The everyday awkward pidgin bilingualism albeit semantically skewed at times between the East Balt Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo MVK Catacombs and Poltavka Āryans in that culture is highly probable ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) considering some of their similar ( at times identical ) vocabularies and quasi-related grammar The cultural continuity of metallurgy in the Ural region that started with Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) continued with Abashevo and was intensified at Sintashta and Arkaim The artifacts including specific trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered ornamentation motifs on pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) reflect their co-operation and integration with each other The chance of trace Baltic loanwords in old Indo-Iranian has shifted from unthinkable to highly probable lt gt Mainstream archaeological academia has reviewed the collective material evidence thoroughly and is quite confident in their evaluations of it Archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics are finally revealing this untold story The scientific evidence is becoming increasingly difficult to dismiss And ratas is not some amorphous proto Balto-Slavic
Suggested essential readings include The Origin of the Indo-Iranians Volume 3 by Elena E Kuzmina edited by J P Mallory p 222 Brill NV Leiden The Netherlands 2007 ISBN 978 90 04 16054 5 The Horse The Wheel and Language by David W Anthony Princeton University Press ISBN10
0691058873 and especially laquoШАХМАТНЫЙraquo ОРНАМЕНТ КЕРАМИКИ
КУЛЬТУР РАЗВИТОГО БРОНЗОВОГО ВЕКА ПОВОЛЖЬЯ И УРАЛА by ОД Мочалов Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ( The laquochessraquo ornament on
the pottery of the Middle Bronze Age in the Volga and Ural regions by OD Mochalov
Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ) - available as a PDF from Stratum Note title mistranslation of laquo chess raquo for laquo checked raquo The ceramics track the East Balt cultural assimilation ( amp Z280 ) into various Indo-Iranian sub-groups It‟s a fact
PIE dei - gt Dainā gt Dhēnā gt Daēna gt Dēn gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Vedic Sanskrit has the somewhat (15 times ) obscure word Dhēnā meaning hymn song which reflects East Baltic Daina meaning dance gt song From IE dei- (move spin whirl) we have Latvian deinis dancer daiņa restless person dainēt daināt to dance sing deja dance Lithuanian dainuoti to sing ( vs somuoti ) clearly illustrating the core Baltic etymology (It is
also attested in West Baltic toponyms) But Vedic Dhēnās hymn-prayer lacks any such dance etymology The Avestan Daēna ( Middle Persian Dēn ) is even more semantically vague - that which is revealed revelation This implies a loanword and like in Vedic - a word without a clear etymology The closet indigenous Indo-Iranian cognate is Avestan Dian meaning fast (re Grk δινεύω whirl or διά-νοια thought ) Scholars interpret the actual pronunciations of the old Vedic Sanskrit Dhēnā and Avestan Daēna as Dainā Hello By following this thread the shroud of the past unravels and finally falls apart
There is only one ( ) Rig Vedic hymn to Vāyu wind Skt nom Vāyus lt Vējus Lith dialect Vėjus which is otherwise called Vāta Iranian Ossetic wad and Ob-Ugric Mansi loanword wōt indicate the primacy of Vāta usage in the early Indo-Iranian dialects where as Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant ( Lith Vėjūkas ) appears to be a loanword (also note Skt
vāhin amp Latv āzinis) Note that Dhēnā is also used in the rare Vāyu hymn (I 2 3-
) Vāyu is closely associated with Parjanyah amp Soma ( Pashto ōmə ) Ancient Rig Vedic Uṣas and todays East Baltic Ūšas Ūštun - dawning to dawn
illustrate the challenges Vedic like Baltic or Greek often made an adjective into a noun by just moving the stress to another syllable although in this case Rig Vedic Uṣas has the adjectival accent In other words Uṣas = Ūšas but no one writes about it (re Skt uśras Lith ūšras OCS za-ustra ) Nada Zip
The Rig Veda uses the word Dhēnās for hymns but does not emphasize it although that connection is later implied as such by Avestan Daēna From the new archeaological and archeaogenetic evidence of the polyethnic ethnogenesis of the Abashevo and Sintashta populace it is not linguistically unreasonable to deduce that the Dainā dance gt song gt hymn tradition of the assimilated Abashevo Balts was adopted as the term Dhēnās hymns songs by their fellow Āryan metalworkers near the Urals during a period of bilingualism and was used as such later in the Rig Veda An Abashevo-MVK Monteoru trade link for cheek-piece diffusion may provide an alternate explanation for a Dacian gt Romanian doina - lyrical song although the ancient amber trade explanation remains equally viable
From IE dei- (move spin whirl) developed East Baltic Dainā - dance song hymn ( Grk δινεύω whirl ) which was borrowed as Vedic Dhēnā - hymn prayer Avestan Daēnā - revelation Middle Persian Dēn - religion The word dena - revelation religion is still used in Kashmiri Arabic Dīn ( دين faith
religion ) is beyond the scope of this topic
Little did the stubborn poly-ethnic Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 L235 amp
N1c1 ) or Abashevo East Baltic forest-folk singing their Sacred Hymns of Divine Revelation ( Dainās ) near the Country of Towns by Sintashta in the Urals of 2100 BCE know how far their songs would travel and for how long they would echo - up to this day by contributing a term for a new Monotheism (
Daēnā ) emulated later to its West The Volgaic Erzya Rav-ava - mother Volga Volgaic Mokša Rava - river and East Baltic Lithuanian Ravas - stream or Latvian Rāva - marsh water correlation is rather interesting (Lith
Rauti - to run quickly )
The Baltic amp Uralic in Vedic Sanskrit Avestan gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The mythical Avestan ten month winters and Vara Daēna legend Āryan Soma Haoma ( RV 128 Khanty Sŏma hewn wooden mortar-bowl Volgaic Erzya
Mokša Sjuma Səma hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger ) Sanskrit Śarabha ( Mansi Suorp Mokša Sjarda ) the Avestan water goddess Anāhitā in a Northern forests beaver furcoat (re Finno-Ugric mother-beaver cult) Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC talc or chamotte ceramic admixture amp specific trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ornamentation ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) and the many Finno-Ugric loanwords (Burrow 1955 pp 24-27 ) from
both early Indo-Iranian ( Finnish kekri ) and Volga-East-Baltic ( Finnish ratas ) uphold the latest archaeological findings Soma is the guardian spirit of the North And U4 is U4 ( Pliss et al 2005 Derbeneva et al2002 ) A multi-disciplinary approach combining archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics together are yielding scientific results
That there is possibly a Ural-East-Baltic Daina Ratas Perkonias or Šapalas in Sanskrit or Avestan should not come as a surprise considering Uralic ( re Sŏma ) is indisputably present (re N1c1 Khanty Sŏma hewn mortar-bowl )
Indo-Iranian Soma preserved the native N1c1 Uralic word ( Sŏma ) for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric ( Amanita muscaria ) was pressed with stones in water ( Skt
saumya- soft ) The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo-Garino cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding of what was pointed at ( re EV 141 ) Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 amp N1c1 poly-ethnics ) to this day still partake dried Amanita muscaria with milk amp honey as they have done for well over four thousand years It is Senasis Takas- The Ancient Way
Such drift of semantics can be heard even today in the English phrase Do you want to do a bowl
The Āryan Soma of the Urals eventually became a generic ( Pashto ōmə ) term to label an entheogen
Finding Baltisms ( ntr pl [ as w Hittite ] or multiple sg w sg verb the -yu- -ju- words like Vāyus - Vėjus ) or specific loanwords ( GAS Satem ) will be next to impossible especially without the displaced Vedic era R amp L middle dialects (eg ślokas - Madhyadeśa region ) of earlier migrations The integration of the polyethnic Corded Ware Abashevo into the Sintashta cultures may have not had a significant impact beyond contributing their earlier equine cheek-pieces Ural metallurgy amp talc chamotte pottery admixture or trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ceramics ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked
ceramics lt gt ) but it is probable they did leave other cultural traces (including DNA
words like ratas daina ) as well A recent genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) adds additional perspective Why
does East Balt ichthyic šapalas match Indic faux Dace śapharas ( महाशफर ) or śāpharikas ( fisherman ) so closely and as with other word matches
cognates are wholly absent in Avestan and even Slavic like the alpine velar in Parjanyas Also Skt śāka- Lith šėkas - green grass or Skt śakala- Lith šakalys - splinter - et cetera etc etc Perhaps even a Fatyanovo š itself given the Nuristani counterpart There are the parallel myth traditions of Dawn ( Uṣas - Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven dhēnā of Vāyus - Vėjus or the Ashvins - Ašvieniai Divine Twins Yet the breaking up of Middle Dnieper culture Balto-Slavic occurred especially with distant Fatyanovo-Balanovo well over a millennium prior to the ethnogenesis of Indo-Iranian The preponderance of such Baltic Indo-Iranian isoglosses suggests a period of contact and just as importantly the nature of those contacts Archaeology has indeed already provided the where when and why ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Pots amp DNA do speak
That a central European culture ( 3400 BCE - Baden Globular Amphora ) centered new wheel term ( Old Irish masc sg roth pl rothai Latin neuter sg rota pl rotae
Albanian diminutive w th from a t gt sg rreth pl rratheuml ) reflected in Corded Ware East Baltic baritone masc sg ratas pl ratai was loaned into Finnic languages is uncontested (re Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) but where does an Āryan baritone masc sg raacutethas - vehicle figure in the pre-Sintashta ( 2400
BCE ) Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian shared lexicon It doesnt
Bronocice Poland - Pot pre-3400 BCE - Farmers Wagons
Note laquo checked raquo darža motif similar to GAS-BALTIC Fatyanovo motif
And why would Indo-Europeans need to rename the wheel ( PIE kʷekʷlos ) Perhaps the assimilated European farmers did it East Baltic Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) copper metallurgy in the Urals has its roots in central European cultural traditions ( re Globular Amphora ) which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo Cultural area The old Carpathian metal trade of central Europe provided for contacts and cultural exchanges ( re amber trade ) between language groups like NE pre-Celts pre-Albanians and Middle Dnieper Balts ( Albanian lopeuml - cow Latvian Luops - id ) as well as Triploye C2 Lengyel amp TRB substratum interaction This interaction between the central European Dniester Tripolye C2 refugees - which may also have spoken their native Temematian language - and the northern Middle Dnieper Tripolye C2 bi-lingual populace may account as a medium of some unusual archaisms ( re tauras ) and with additional admixture of TRB Lengyel BBC ( Q gt P ) Globular Amphora spread Corded Ware isoglosses amp innovations ( plural dative m long root preterite ) in the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Fatyanovo regions as well as traditions of central European Carpathian arsenic copper metallurgy Arkaim and Sintashta
fortifications are even shaped like Central European Rondels Trade networks between Centum Euro-Repin GAC subgroups were conduits for isoglosses even beyond the other Balts in the West Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1 ) amber contacts amp Uralic substratum may well be the phonetic impetus of the dative plural -M- type linguistic transitions away from a -B- The influence of a Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva ( w U5b2 ) poly-ethnic substratum perhaps contributed to incongruities in Baltic Satemization amp partial RUKI ( eg Finnish
laiha GAS Lith liesa ipo lieša ) as well as contributing a residual substratum vocabulary of their central European Centum words like pẽku Make no mistake the impact of this Centum Satem tango went both ways ( GAS gt Germanic 1112 1000 etc) Balanovo jewelry from the Urals also emulates specific designs of a central European provenance perhaps derived from Globular Amphora-Narva poly-ethnics as a substratum ( GAS ) of Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo ( Česnys et al 1990 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) The Baltic amber sun disc talisman or solar halo ( rẽtis ) wheel Saulės Ratas is found distributed in central European cultures particularly the Centum Globular Amphora culture - which contributed substratum to Fatyanovo-Balanovo which in turn contributed to the Corded Ware Abashevo culture and eventually poly-ethnic Sintashta Arkaim ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) If the Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas Saule is also a common traditional Kazakh amp Central Asian ( Afghan
Kyrgyz etc ) female name The meaning of the name is translated as sunlight or Sun just like the feminine East Baltic Saulė which is also used for a female name Another coincidence Again
Saulės Ratas
Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Ural copper metallurgy preceded Corded Ware Abashevo and later Sintashta Arkaim metalworking predating them by about half a millennium The terminology of the typical dual wheeled cart ( Lith dviratis vežimas ratai Finnish
rattaat ) of the early GAS East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Goldina 1999) farmers amp metallurgist-woodsmen and multi-cultural Abashevo successors may have been a source for a unique northern archaic import ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas wheel ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) providing an Āryan masculine singular ratʔas gt raacutethas upgraded intact as a nominative singular word for the new chariot of the Abashevo - Sintashta era metallurgic bonanza Semantic incongruity is a hallmark of loanwords in traditional linguistics The Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas One might expect an Āryan neuter form as the Sanskrit scholar T Burrow did or perhaps an Āryan plural form East Baltic has in fact many old variants
including Latvian ruota toy ruotacirct to hop turn roll and Lith rẽtis halo Coincidence A speeding Āryan raacutethas bounced a lot - it hopped The wheel spread faster than the flu in central Europe and prestigious words of new innovations were traded as well as new trends from contact ( re Baden Globular Amphora Fatyanovo Abashevo ) In fact the PIE roteH2 rotH2os rotoH2s discussions are currently at a stalemate an academic impasse Why would some Indo-Europeans want to rename the wheel anyway ( PIE kʷekʷlos
) Maybe they didnt
An East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo GAS loanword proposal for post-Sintashtan rathas is not only linguistically practical and etymologically grounded it is archaeologically probable ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) We do know the earlier Corded Ware Abashevo cheek-pieces were copied - but what else Given the boatload of Corded Ware influenced artifacts at Sintashta and Arkaim maybe one or two Corded Ware words leaked out Just maybe To quote M Witzel (2003) quoting JP Mallory (2002) there are still degrees of geo-linguistic plausibility
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
Some ornament traits let us to link Sintashta with northwest forest Fatyanovo culture
( Oleg Mochalov - Samara State Pedagogical University Institute for History and Archaeology of Volga region Samara Russia)
- The origin of Sintashta culture ceramic Ceramic through the Millennia methods approaches results - 2008 -
East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) entered the North after 3200 BCE ( C-14 cal dates from Latvia- see Loze 1992 ) and shared their ratas wheel with the local Uralics ( Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) on the way to the copper deposits by the Urals About 1000 years later Sintashtan Āryans - after spending a couple of centuries with the Corded Ware East Baltic speaking woodsmen ride off into the dawn of history on their new Āryan twin-wheeled rathas (re Kassite king Abi-rattaš Mitanni king Tušratta gt
circa 1350 BCE) drawn by two horses using the Corded Ware Abashevo amp MVK Catacomb inspired cheek-pieces Academics still dismiss the coincidence () of a baritone masculine singular Āryan rathas rattaš spontaneously produced in the linguistic company of Ural East Balt metallurgists who had an isolated northern archaic ratʔas dialect form ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) of baritone masculine singular ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas for near a thousand
years since 3200 BCE Pots do speak - as does DNA The silence of Cherchen Man speaks volumes
The Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo with their characteristic central European Globular Amphora cultural-substratum influence ( re GAS lt GAC-Narva w U5b2 poly-ethnics pottery copper pigs flint axes
amber ) and Uralic admixture ( re N1c1 Volosovo talc or chamotte ceramics ) are thus the most logical candidates for the dissemination of the ratas term of 2400 BCE as heard to this day with East Baltic Lithuanian ratas amp the related Latvian cognate Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo ) ceramics use chamotte admixture and exhibit a projecting rim as does later Corded Ware Abashevo ( re mtDNA N1a1a1 294 lt GAS ) Volosovo amp Balanovo pottery is found in the same room Words were spoken Abashevo amp Sintashta adopt specifically Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered diamond rhombus type ceramic designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Arkaim amp Sintashta artifacts - clearly exhibiting Corded Ware Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural influences including talc - chamotte pottery admixture amp darža checkered ceramics ( thus verifiable contacts ) - provide the archaeological support for just such a linguistic loanword exchange as well as the foreign mycologic sŏma tradition of these quasi-trilingual misfits Kandahar valleys Mundigak Period VI ceramics in Afghanistan ( Kuzmina 2007 p 716 fig 101 14
re Lith piešalas Sanskrit peśalas ) also exhibit the unique Fatyanovo darža checkered double row striped diamond motif The Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest dwelling quasi-trilinguals stubbornly clung to their Euro-farmer identity and never did quite fit ( ārya- ) in Fly Agaric is the fruit of the forests not the wide open steppes As noted by Kramer the cat is out of the bag Vedic ashvyam goh - horses amp cows of the Dasyus still echoes todays East Baltic ashva amp guovs The Babino Multi-Roller Ware MVK Catacomb culture neighbors of the Corded Ware Abashevo would later be reflected in shaft graves with cheek-pieces in distant places as Mycenae near Athens by around 17th century BCE Mycenaean warriors also wore Baltic amber Mycenaean mtDNA had a match in SE Poland A MVK-Monteoru link or CWC GAS - again
The combination of kurgan and flat graves reflecting the integration of indigenous Europeans with IE steppe ethnicities (re Dniester Usatovo-Tripolye) is found in the Middle Dnieper culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo and Corded Ware Abashevo Abashevo integration at Sintashta is indicated by various material artifacts Sintashta kurgans account for about a third of the burials - the rest are interestingly enough flat graves
The Ural Elephant in the Room gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Then there is the intriguing Perkaunijas Perkino Pərgənauml Parjanya legacy - the Ural elephant in the room so to speak Unlike Pera amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Why are Parjanya cognates
with an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive absent in the multitude of other surrounding Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani Satem languages and dialects - or even related Satem Slavic (re Pashto Perūne Slavic Perun Nuristani Paumlrun vs Gas Lith
Perkūnas ) Slavic Ruki amp velarless Perun vs Gothic alpine Fairguni suggest a Centum GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive was assimilated into Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns type cognates Archaeological support for such a bold linguistic assertion is beyond debate The zones of such Centum Satem contacts have been thoroughly dated with C-14 Although Perkino amp Pərgənauml may only reflect the 1st millennium BCE Dyakovo era the Dainos of the forest dwelling East Balts easily pre-date the Sintashta-Arkaim era by a millennium Variability of Sintashta ceramics with Fatyanovo influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2
rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) certainly reflect cultural contact and interaction Parjanyas reflects an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive - East Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns reflects a GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive Rathas vs GAS ratas The lexical legacies of poly-ethnic Sintashta contact have survived intact four thousand years ( re U of Az C-14 ) Prakrits of India also preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) not found in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words Was the Sanskrit (ṛH) dialect ir ur variation ( Skt śiras vs Av sarah-) an innovation or perhaps a polyethnic relic of the earlier migrations South It is a rich field awaiting someone to harvest it Such material was reviewed by W Tomaschek in 1883 (Ausland p 862) and discussed later by H Arntz S G Oliphant and S K Chatterji
It was women who made the checkered pottery sang their songs and mothers who taught the language to their child Men sometimes forget this The mtDNA evidence should not be overlooked ( Narva-U5b2 ) As L Koryakova and A Epimakhov note in their The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron ages Balanovo culture villages consisted of above-ground wooden log houses and in their cemeteries (flat amp kurgan) men were buried on their right side women on their left side - as also in Baltic Corded Ware tradition After the Sintashta polyethnic horizon by the Urals and subsequent first migration South we find a continuity of this same Baltic Corded Ware ( Abashevo Alakul
w checkered pottery ) type of burial custom in Tulkhar by the Andronovo Bishkent culture (1700-1500 BCE) and the later Vakhsh and Swāt ( Vedic Suvastu
) cultures and also at Timargarha This unusual Andronovo gender dimorphism MR FL burial trait was even noted by J P Mallory amp Douglas Q Adams in their Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture Bishkent skulls were dolichocranial (Khodzhayov 2008) like Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Denisova 1975) One general trait to distinguish Andronovo from Timber Grave burials is how the first has the head oriented to the West or SW whereas some Timber Grave cultures favored orienting the deceased towards the North ( re Mahaparinibbana
Sutta ) or East East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo burials oriented male heads to the SW females to NE - per steppe Maikop tradition Later East Baltic Jukhnovo settlements even oriented their streets to NE SW
Pottery shards found at a tin miners camp on the lower Zeravshan at Karnab have an Abashevo style of decoration from an early phase of contact Two pots unearthed far away by Sarazm betray their polyethnic Abashevo Sintashta Ural area origination by their talc admixture ( N1c1 cultural custom -
re fly agaric amp sŏma ) Near the tin mining camps the Tazabagyab variant of Andronovo buried their dead in flat cemeteries not kurgans The Saka of the Pamirs were also dolichocranial and narrow faced ( re 2005 Vaclav Blažek Lamb 2011 T Witczak bužys ) A unique cognate for barley-seed invites further speculation ( Lith miežis Latvmiezē Khotanese miṣṣa- ttumaumlṣa- re H W Bailey
BSOAS 21 pp 42) as do Fatyanovo maižis barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972 ) darža checkered Siberian amp Cherkaskul axe-celts ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo
checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Eurasian cattle DNA ( J Kantanen et all 2009 )
The early metallurgy of the Urals had fostered a far reaching network of contact ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) we are only now beginning to grasp and map out Some Corded Ware traditions of the integrated polyethnic Abashevo ( w Uralic
admixture) appear to have continued beyond Sintashta with the first of many migrations of that Āryan population South as well as those left behind contributing in the ethnogenesis of the polyethnic Timber Grave Culture of the Don-Volga region Pokrovskiy and Potapovka cultures ( runic Alanian Vayuk amp
Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Lith Vėjūkas see also ОД Мочалов 2001-2 )
Talc admixture in the early pottery of Sarmatians suggests a close interaction with Uralic N1c1 people ( Mari in-deš 9 Ossetic daeligs 10 Mari kene hemp Ossetic
gaelign(aelig) id) Overall Potapovka burial remains show a continuity of earlier Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) amp Poltavka cranial types reflected in Timber Grave amp west Andronovo burials contrasting with the different Corded Ware Abashevo skull remains ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) and related Pokrovskiy cranial types Cimmerian amp Scythian daggers have proto-types found in the Volga-Kama region The Timber Grave culture and Andronovo in turn both contributed to the formation of the Sauromatians and the Saka The western Timber-Grave culture that assimilated the Corded Ware Abashevo become quite settled in small scattered log home settlements without fortifications and even raised pigs like them (vs eastern Andronovo nomads) The agrarian Corded Ware Abashevo ( poly-ethnic R1a amp N1c1 ) character would persist as integrated parts (agricultural Solar cult clan) of some certain select groups and clans ( Alakul
Srubna ) eventually melting away over generations assimilating in here amp there leaving only relics in the earth inherited cranial amp DNA evidence only now being uncovered and scattered traces in later regionalized Āryan vocabularies (Skt
Parjanyah śapharas - faux dace Ossetian baeliglon dove ) amp culture Not to be overlooked by any means is a genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) A relationship between taurine breeds of the Baltic ( Fatyanovo ) region and Sakha ( Andronovo ) cattle suggests cultural connections or later contact ( re ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) A later influx from the steppes of the East back to the Ukraine is suggested by traces of zebu mtDNA in cattle there
The archaeological evidence suggests integration amp assimilation Haplogroup N1a (mtDNA) in the Volga-Kama Komi Permyaks indicates some farmers stayed Recent studies regarding the DRD2 gene are producing data which show a relationship between Eurasian people near the Volga-Kama Urals area and Brahmins in India Go figure Uralic descendants of the Corded Ware Fatyanovo Balanovo settlers preserved some of their language ( re karas ) and most likely have Finno-Baltic Balanovo-Abashevo DNA as well ( mtDNA
U5b2 HV3 nodal HVS1 N1c1 amp R1a L235 ) Some Corded Ware R1a1 remains ( massacred by locals near Eulau around 2600 BCE ) with X2 mtDNA closely matched living individuals of Estonia ( GAS of Fatyanovo ) with Syria (Mitanni) and Iran (post-Andronovo ) while the male DNA ( lt CWC-Globular Amphora R1a- M458 ) closely matched with individuals in Gdansk and Tambov Russia (SE of Tula amp near
Perkino ) - regions associated with Globular Amphora Corded Ware cultures ( Berezanskaja 1971 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) One of the K1b lineages showed matches to two Shughnans from Tajikistan ( Wolfgang Haak et al 2008 ) Vaclav Blažek ( 2005 ) specifically ties a Fatyanovo word (SKES VI 1819-1820 ) for lamb found in Vepsian vodnaz to the proto-form for the Shughni cognate among others ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) T Witzcak ( 2011 ) relates Lith bužys to Ossetic buʒ Shughni vazič amp Avestan buzya- ( re
CWC Eulau-Shughnan DNA darža motifs ) As Grissom said - follow the evidence The Corded Ware settlement near Tenteksor in Kazakhstan (see below ) may provides an interesting possible DNA perspective The mounting DNA evidence implies a Corded Ware component of Andronovo amp the archaeology of Sintashta-Arkaim proves a Corded Ware Abashevo-Fatyanovo component of Andronovo ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The probability of a Ural-Baltic Daina Ratas or Šapalas in post Andronovo Vedic Sanskrit or Avestan could therefore be logically expected given the above DNA amp archaeological evidence If linguists can ignore unique checkered pots they can ignore DNA But an out of place velar lt plosive just might elicit their curiosity Understanding the language of whales should be a new priority and test their mettle It appears that the men living around Sintashta amp Arkaim had time to talk together - about their vehicles horse-power fishing the rain shrooms and songs Some things never change Its a guy thing
The poly-ethnic ( R1a1a1 amp N1c1 ) Eastern Balts of today have preserved a Continuum of Cultural Tradition for Indo-European use of the dried žalas Fly Agaric in collective celebratory use ( such as peasant weddings amp various festivities
) from the very mists of antiquity - before Abraham the Shasu YHW or even the post-Sintashta Soma reveling Rig Veda itself The above daina dhēnā daēnā song-hymn-revelation topic has often been muddled with the inclusion of unrelated Vedic dhēnā - milk cow which is cognate with Baltic daine - cow (that calves in the 2nd year re FU tajine) and daini - pregnant with offspring (Adj of cow or mare) Even discussions about the Dainava dancing waters singing rapids region of Lithuania are not immune from such distractions New
archeaological and genetic DNA evidence continues to unveil the unexpected as will comparative study of the ancient Latvian Lithuanian and varied Finno-Uralic languages like Estonian
The Assimilated East Baltic amp Āryan in Finno-Ugric Ethnogenisis gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Fatyanovo and Balanovo settlement sites dwindle after the severe Winters around 2100 BCE when the East Baltic speaking population ( LWb allele R1a1a-
amp N1c1 ) for the most part assimilated in with their related Abashevo or nearby Āryan or Finnic ( N1c1) neighbors ( eg Sintashta-Arkaim Chirkovo-Seyma Pozdnyakovo Timber grave culture amp the much later diverse poly-ethnic [one
group choosing interment the other cremation] Northern Burtas pig farmers lt Nart Borataelig ) Fatyanovo amp Abashevo characteristics especially specific darža checkered designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals
) are noticed on ceramics from Chirkovo-Seyma ( gt later Ananyino ) culture sites near the Volga river Pozdnyakovo settlements ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) as well as on Sintashta amp Alakul culture checkered pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 ) Hexagonal Cis-Ural structures of the Fatyanovo ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ) may correlate with Baltic cosmological hexagram ( triple crossed keraunos ) kerai
magic reflecting an old ceraunic hexagram star design ( ऋि = 6 ) motif found in
many East Baltic distaff ( verpstė ) folk carvings ( re Gromoviti znaci Taranis wheels ) The Ugric Sky Elk had six legs The six ray solar-star hexagram design is later found in Mycenae designs ( re contacts ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The Ural Forests are unimaginably immense and the Winters around 2100 BCE were unusually long and severe ( Vidēvdāt 23 ) The demand for skilled metalworkers was growing fast with the Ural metallurgic bonanza History is messy The archaeological evidence indicates multi-lingual Fatyanovo-Balanovo people assimilated in with both Timber Grave Pozdnyakovo Iranian speakers and Volga-Kama Uralic speakers Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link or panta bridging Timber Grave with Uralic And that multi-lingualism was valued ndash and used We do not know when Fatyanovo-Balanovo converted to a Srubna Iranian but we know that they did and where ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Oink
Regional bilingualism probably persisted for centuries reflected today in archaic residual loanwords ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem 1000 Ossetian baeliglon dove
) Many Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture Balts assimilated ( Erzya Purrsquogine amp Permic
Pera myth traditions ) and adopted Uralic ( N1c1) languages ( Ananyino horizon ) and cultures as many had done earlier with the Abashevo culture ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) and repeating again with the early Pozdnyakovo amp Sarmatian ethnogenesis (w Gorodets admixture) The first millennium BCE Dyakovo culture was again poly-ethnic partly East Baltic during its middle phase - with polished ceramics ( re CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation LWb allele gt ) mainly Finno-Ugrian perhaps part Sarmatian is known from its hillforts with palisades (E Baltic varas gardas gt Volgaic kardaz Permyak kar city town ) Population size was about a hundred at each site The building styles of log cabins in the hillforts change from North to South - above ground to semi-subterranean - reflecting Balt amp Āryan building traditions The fibulae buckle (Mordvin sjulgam) artifacts appear Baltic as do many sickles and bronze headdresses ( Krasnov 1968 4-5 8 ) The Volsk-Lbishche culture known from sites like Shiromasovo in Mordovia exhibited Fatyanovo Corded Ware characteristics and was unexpectedly found far away from a excavated settlement in Tenteksor Kazakhstan - a northeastern area of the Trans-Caspian region
Reports of Bigfoot gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The genetic linguistic and archaeological record documents a prolonged assimilation by descendants of Volga-Kama Balanovo East Balts various polyethnic Abashevo Āryans and later mixed Timber Grave Sarmatians into the ethnogenisis of regional Finno-Permic peoples ( Goldina 1999 ) of the Chirkovo-Seyma Ananyino Pyanobor Pozdniakovo and related Djakovo Gorodets cultures (eg Finnish vuosituhat ) Volgaic ( śid-al sed bridge Finnish silta
id ) Words of an East Baltic provenance ( Latvian sēta tilts ) attest to ethnic movements ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) as well as the specific East Baltic balandis Ossetian baeliglon dove isogloss Latvian lanka low plain Ossetian laumlnk ( Khanty lŏk ) Lith Vėjūkas runic Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Ossetic raeligmūʒyn closely matches the semantics of East Baltic cognates rather than the related Indo-Iranian cognates Sarmatian archaeological periods reflect cultural changes ( ie burial
orientation ) in their population which probably indicates a diverse variety of regional dialects of which only the one found in Ossetic survives A recent study about N1c1 Uralics as origin of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation in Caucasian populations ( re Ossetians ) adds an additional perspective ( F Libert et
al 1998 ) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old The broadest area of high frequency is located in northeastern Europe particularly the Baltic region ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) New dating of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation coincides closely with the Dyakovo horizon and the distribution of elevated frequencies match the archaeological ethnicities ( initial Volgaic amp later East Baltic ) which converged in the Dyakovo poly-ethnic horizon especially during its middle phase of polished ceramics and expanded agriculture From Dyakovo settlements cultural contact with
Gorodets sites and nearby Sarmatians might be expected to further spread the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation
The ethnogenesis and development of the Ural forest-steppe Sarmatians did not occur in a vacuum Evidence of Sarmatian - East Balt ( Plain Pottery gt
Bondarikha culture ) as well as Sarmatian - Finno-Ugric interaction has linguistic support ( also CCR5 Delta 32 amp LWb allele frequencies) Note Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich lt influenced from perhaps a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave asurah - of a pre-Ananyino era forest intrusion by Timber Grave tribes or later Trade contacts were valued - Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel or Hungarian ezer 1000 amp Ossetian aeligrzaelig- huge The Mnogovalikovo and Abashevo also played a significant part in the ethnogenesis of the Timber-grave culture ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) especially with the Pokrovskiy culture as well as with Uralic cultures Single markers 187 270 272 of mtDNA N1a1a1a group Bashkirs with Lithuanians and the Komi Permyaks Elevated R1a1 ( haplogroup R-SRY108312
aka SRY15322 ) is found not only with the Erzya ( re R1a Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13
DYS 520 =22 ampc) but also with the Bashkirs (38-48) of the Urals who still harvest their ancient kaumlrauml- honeycomb A match of Estonian and Indian single marker 294 of mtDNA N1a1a1 has been reported GAS Again Or was the 294 from the beautiful but endangered Seto people amp culture Perhaps some Narva mtDNA U5b2 will surface far from home Embrace the Chaos
The regions surviving autonomous Baltic speakers assimilated again in the 5th century AD as new Slavic type cultural groups filtered in from the South although in some areas Baltic speakers remained intact as evident from the historic record The new Slavic speakers (Komi rotś ) followed the same path into Russia as the old Fatjanovo-Balanovo era East Baltic speakers did three thousand years before the Slavic immigration The common R1a ancestry of many East Balts ( R1a1a1 Z280 L235 Z92 ) and East Slavs (R1a1a- Z92) invites new scholarly re-examination of East Balt and East Slavic isoglosses The Old Russian Ipatiy Compilation of Chronicles mentions that in 1147 the Prince of Rostov-Suzdal defeated the Golyad ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) who lived by the River Porotva The Golyad lt Golędь ethnonym was derived from a Baltic hydronym galin- meaning deep water The defeated population ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) would be from then on taxed - accordingly For more info see Marija Gimbutas here Today the family of related decendants of all these mixed forebearers can be seen in Latvians Lithuanians Estonians as well as in Russians the Erzya Moksha
Mordvins Mari Permics Bashkirs Ural Tatars and Indians ॐ
Balto-Slavic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The late Sredny Stog Middle Dnieper Culture grew from conservative peripheral IE dialects related to Yamna Satem with admixture of different assimilated indigenous peoples from Dnieper Donets and the Tripolye culture of Central Europe as well as subgroups of Centum Globular Amphora contributors ( w TRB BBC) and a host of others (re remnant Middle Dnieper Repins ) The ethnogenesis of these distinct dialects with assimilated indigenous peoples formed various diverse regional Balto-Slavic speakers which were localized as the poly-ethnic Europeanized peripheral Satem dialects of Baltic and Slavic closely related to early Pit-grave Āryan yet distinctly different even then with diverse degrees of admixture within regional subgroups The Balto-Slavic type poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture was a fusion of ethnic groups - a melting pot - so to speak with a retro core Satem dialect (archaic Balto-Slavic lacks perfect reduplication - agreeing with Albanian Hamp 1963)
The unique peripheral components of the Middle Dnieper culture say the early East Baltic Fatyanovo migrated away before a thorough homogenization of Middle Dnieper Satem lingua franca dialects could consolidate among regional subgroups ( eg E Baltic kur kame W Baltic kuei Slavic kъde - Finnish tuhante Mokša
tožaumln lt E Baltic 1000 lt pre-GAS RUKI - Baltic long root preterite re Burrow 1955 p 19 ) Hence the Balto-Slavic debates Dative plural m or the tūšante tūšanti type Satem participle term ( Latvian tūska ) for a thousand were probably disseminated by trade contacts between distant Globular Amphora subgroups various Middle Dnieper subgroups and other groups ( re Goth ain-lif - p lt k lt
GAC - P-Celtic-BBC Lith vienuo-lika eleven OSw thornuacutesand thousand ) from the earlier Centum Globular Amphora migrations ( Globular Amphora-Narva polyethnics
w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) near the expanding networks of Fatyanovo ( R1a1a1 Z280 LWb ) pioneering the North The Y-STR variation among Slavs has given the evidence for the Slavic homeland near the middle Dnieper basin which provides a geographic context for the Slavic linguistic correlation to the early Satem West amp East Baltic Upper Middle Dnieper homeland and the nearby Catacomb amp Pit-grave Āryans to the East During the period (3400
BCE) of the oxen pulled wheeled wagon revolution the Yamnaya culture slowly expanded toward the edge of the Corded Ware horizon of late Sredny Stog culture Millennia later in the same eastern area of the contact zone near the middle Dnieper a poly-ethnic Slav Timber Grave Iranian ethno-genesis would develop the Chernoles culture
A separation of Belarus subpopulations along a North South line can be demonstrated particularly in distribution of Y chromosomal lineages R1b I1a and I1b N3 and G-chromosomes The uniqueness of the northern Belarusian population is most likely due to the high incidence of poly-ethnic pre- ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 [old name N3] (
homogeneous Baltic pre-ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo substrate with allele DYS1915 ) which is twice the frequency as in central and southern Belarus The central and southern Belarusian substratum Baltic Milograd physical traits differ somewhat from Ukrainian substratum SlavScytho-Sarmatian traits (re U3) The assimilation of Belarus may have been mainly linguistic and less physically ethnical ( R1a1a- Z92 )
The Autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov Culture gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture complex of the Podolian Upland bordered the Trzciniec and Sosnitsa (early peripheral Baltic) complexes to its far North but appears culturally related to the Montreoru (early Dacian) and later Sabatinovka Thracian complex to its near South in regard to burial rites and pottery (also see Linguistics and Ethnogenesis of the Slavs 1985 by Oleg N
Trubačev) Native Pre-IE Tripolye culture farming populace (Temematian) were assimilated also as they were with Middle Dnieper Baltic The unique close relation of early Slavic origins to Globular Amphora and later Ural-Steppe amp Asian Iranian ( Slavic azъ Tumshuq Sakan azu ) and nearby Dacian and Thracian are often lost to the worn out Balto-Slavic chorus of cliches After the arrival of the Huns (w G V mtDNA N1a U4) in Europe and a devastating plague in the 6th-7th century AD post multi-ethnic Cherniakhov culture Slavic soon became the lingua franca of commerce trade throughout most of Central Europe and beyond A polyethnic ethnogenesis interpretation (Proto-Slav Komarov gt Belogrudovka gt
Chernoles culture) helps to explain why Slavic has partial elements of a Satem Corded Ware dialect of an early autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture language resembling Baltic (Middle Dnieper culture) languages bordering to the North The archaeology also agrees with regional hydronyms of a decidely Slavic provenance (vs Trzciniec amp Sosnitsa Baltic) as proposed by the renowned Russian philologist Oleg N Trubačev Trubačev (1986) had also detected nearby Illyrian and Thracian hydronyms on the Dniester Bug and Middle Dnieper A poly-ethnic ethnogenesis interpretation also explains some of the Slav Timber Grave Iranian religious vocabulary ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- ) as
well as other linguistic impacts on Slavic ( see EricHamp 2011 ) from the Timber Grave amp Steppe Iranian culture ( Slavic azъ Saka azu ) and also detection of common Slav Timber Grave Iranian mtDNA types ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 )
The southern neighbors of the Proto-Slavic Belogrudovka (from earlier Komarov ) culture ( mtDNA U4a2 ) were the Sabatinovka Thracian complex - a mix of Catacomb Timber Grave amp Monteoru ( Sharafutdinova 1986 115 ) Dacian of which some yielded to the Belozerka gt Chernogorovka Cimmerian early Timber Grave Iranian speakers which in turn yielded to steppe Timber Grave Scythians The rest of the Dacians survived and are heard in todays Albanian The Timber Grave culture retreated South from the Ural forest steppe around the 12th century BCE due to climatic cooling Mezhovka culture filled the void they left Also the later Sarmatian amp Alan presence near the Dnieper by Kiev was enormous (re mtDNA U3 R1a- Z93 Slavic azъ Saka azu Ossetian aeligz amp loss of word-final nom -s ) Ukrainian cattle zebu mtDNA reflects this influx from the steppes of the East
In the Ukrainian gene pool six Y-DNA haplogroups are revealed E F (213
including G and I) J N1c1 (96) P and R1a1 Northeast European Sarmatians ( C Keyser et al 2009 ) are not merely romantics as Saka kurgan (mtDNa N1a1a1) genetics bear out ( C Keyser et al 2009 Voevoda et al 2000 Clisson et al 2002
Ricaut Francois-X et al 2004) - although historical Sarmatians ( Śarmis ) included Asian R1a- Z93 amp Uralic admixture (N3 U4) Note Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel The tripartite division of the Slavic languages may reflect latent regional substratum influence on dialects evolved from the Proto-Slav Komarov culture which was designated by hydronyms of a Slavic provenance by O N Trubačev East Slavic like its neighboring East Baltic Sosnitsa ( gt Bondarikha gt
Jukhnovo ) complex to the North had the near influence of the Catacomb culture and may reflect some later MVK Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) cultural dialogue ( Russian jalovec juniper Armenian elevin id ) from MVK Monteoru culture trade exchanges Monteoru Dacian and Proto Slavic were close to each other which may explain some Slavic Albanian isoglosses West Slavic R1a
M458 may well be inherited from ( post Lengyel -TRB ) Corded Ware Centum Globular Amphora culture area substratum ( re ERC GAS gt Czech pyacuteř fire
embers re ERC Oscan pūr ) with a Satem Pomeranian R1a1a1 L365 conversion (
in NW Pomeranian in SW Dacian ) preceding a later W Slavic expansion ( Slavic
Bogъ Saka Baga- Slavic azъ Saka azu - see EricHamp 2011 ) Language is not genetic it is acquired Note N1c1 ( N-M178 ) Baltic speakers in Lithuania amp Latvia or R1a1a1 ( LWb ) Uralic speakers in Estonia or Yoeme speakers of Yoi Noki in Arizona
Kelan Kolo Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Does this support the construct of a so-called Balto-Slavic region or Middle Dnieper cultural horzon of anciently related initial dialects of subgroups like a
Satem Armeno-Aryan Catacomb culture Graeco-Armenian poly-ethnic Centum Celto-Italic or much earlier Indo-Uralic Probably The distance between Slavic amp Baltic each to early Satem Indo-Iranian (Pit-grave Āryan Satem) is not as great as such labels would imply One can also easily group together Satem Baltic-Slavic-Indo-Iranian with RUKI amp declension ( locPl ending -su ) considerations They were all in obviously close contact by horseback or river travel But if there never was a specifically monolithic Proto-Baltic per se how can you ever have a monolithic Proto Balto-Slavic amid the chaotic multiculturalism of the Middle Dnieper horizon The R1a1a- evidence begs to differ Early Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo sites in Estonia date to 3000 BCE The different Balts are even physically distinct around that time due to substratum
The Baltic and Slavic subgroups were already well differentiated and autonomous (eg separate mythologies amp Baltic long root preterite archaic divergent
vocabularies ) yet close to one another with the adoption of the wheel kelan kolo ratas (3200 BCE) West Balts used asigmatic nom sg ntr ending -n whereas the East Baltic neuter compliment was derived from asigmatic -d like Lydian Zaza ləzga Ossetian лaeligдзaeligг - branch Russian dialect ляэга vs Lith laz-da (Albanian ledhi - id ) Note Baltic o Slavic a - and but - reflecting an ablative form of a pronoun (Avestan āt - then and) Archaeologists have not found the archetypal Balto-Slavic settlements per se probably because each branch group were formed and influenced in different NE W S regions ( re ratas kelan kolo ) of the Middle Dnieper culture by a diverse admixture of various peoples and influences albeit somewhat near each other neighboring a Proto-Dacian distinctly different Satem variant Of course they are related Balto-Slavic is a generic generalization of a brief Europeanized Satem linguistic horizon like Armeno-Aryan (remodeled ablative suffix etc) - but initially more polyethnic The idealized Proto-Balto-Slavic Satem dialect probably pertains to an earlier pre-Middle Dnieper Culture peripheral area somewhere bordering Catacomb amp Pit-Grave groups and in contact with northern Repin dialects for awhile But Baltic like Slavic are in fact products of multiculturalism throughout their linguistic evolutions
Proto-Slavic and the more northern early Baltics were partially composed of assimilated Dnieper-Donets and acculturated later Tripolye peoples emulating the Yamna-like IE Satem speakers of peripheral related Sredny Stog dialects among a multi-ethnic converging cultural vortex of others ( Dnieper Repins TRB
Globular Amphora amp CWC poly-ethnics ) and with more admixture later where they would settle The eventual influence of Timber Grave Belozerka Cimmerian and later steppe Scythian amp Sarmatian on Slavic ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 ) was significant ( loss of word-final -s ) With the mobility of wheels changes were occurring rapidly - isolation was fading fast The Slavic participle with -L appears to have more in common to distant Lydian than nearby Baltic
Like Wild West movies debates on Balto-Slavic have had a duration longer
than the original horizon probably lasted The close affinity of Satem Slavic amp Baltic to Yamna related Indo-Iranian can be no surprise nor their distinctive European poly-ethnic accents The fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) It seems the growing early pre-IIr Yamna and Eastern Baltic dialect areas moved Northward as did the early West Balts as the Thracians Dacian Pre-Albanians and Slavs who migrated southwestward assimilating various Central European non-IE native and early Centum-TRB mixed IE people ( GAS R1a M458 ) into their cultures ( Dacian place
name Clevora Lith Klevas maple Lith place-names Liepora Beržorai w distributive -
or- suffix ) Thereafter the original Slavic future tense (which was perhaps similar to
Baltic amp Indo-Iranian) was lost while assimilating Dniester Tripolye C2 populace and other groups - as did the neighboring pre-proto Germanic Globular Amphora who had replaced the future tense as well It now appears that Winters Law also applies to Albanian which draws Thracian into question Inconsistancies in Albanian Satemization may reflect a pre-Bilopotok culture substratum to Monteoru Dacian Satem language which was influenced by Hercynian Celts and later Dalmation substratum
The early Proto-Slavic dialect reflects an inter-ethnic dialogue ( RUKI of Slavic
Mid-Iranian ) of early Timber Grave Iranian (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp
later steppe Scythian) assimilation which occurred upon an earlier polyethnic Balto-Slavic dialects accent region ( due to assimilated non-IE substratum admixture) Slavic loss of word-final -s may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by early Timber Grave Iranian contact (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp steppe Scythian) Culturally the influence of the Timber Grave immigration ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- Vedic
Bhagas ) was not as imposing on the rustic nearby Dnieper-Desna Baltic steppe-forest dwellers An earlier hypothetical Balto-Slavic dialects Dnieper Basin Accent (DBA) of the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Culture ( R1a- Z280 ) area would be at least later-Sredny-Stog era followed by a gradual Pre-Proto-Slavic westward steppe ( plateau vs the forest ) trajectory evolving into the Proto-Slavic Komarov gt Belogrudovka culture
Maps indicating the location of the (Temematian) non-IE Tripolye (Cucuteni-
Trypillian) Culture of Dniester farmers compared with maps of the Proto-Slavic language region (based on hydronyms) parallel each other closely although there is at least two thousand years between each horizon Herodotus later describes Scythian farmers where once were only European Tripolye culture farmers On either side of the early Slavics were lively trade partners of early Germanics to the Northeast and early Baltics to the Northwest - both of which were also polyethnic to various degrees with native European peoples If the Corded Ware Europeanized isogloss of Dative Plural - M occurred as an areal innovation perhaps due to Uralic substratum phonetic influence it probably started with contact and assimilation with Globular Amphora peoples now of mixed affinities ( Narva Lengyel TRB amp Centum Globular Amphora R1a- M458 )
and spread at a very early formative stage of E+W Baltic development and pre-proto-Germanic pre-Slavic The Sanskrit alphabet long ago anticipated the natural progression of B to M which enabled a fast transition Assimilation often accompanies innovation It is interesting that both regionally related poly-ethnic ( Dniester Tripolye C2 TRB GAS ) neighboring Centum pre-Germanics and Satem pre-Slavics replaced the original future tense construct of -s- (re relics -
Slavic byšęšteje Czech probyšucny ) as opposed to the Italo-Celtics as well as the distant eastern Baltics who shared borders and the original future tense with -s with the early Satem Āryan Yamna cultures A example of Baltic s future may be seen in Lith duos lt dōH3s lt doH3s ( Lith dial dōs ) The mtDNA reflects such a scenario but whether it happened like this is anybodys guess
The influence of Dnieper Donets or the Tripolye substratum in the DBA or RUKI has not been given the attention it deserves The assimilation of regional Baltic speakers also influenced various Slavic languages such as the Milograd (E
Slavic jasen vs jesen - ash tree) Kolochin and Yotvingian cultures in Belarusian the large-scale East ( amp West ) Baltic substratum in the Old Novgorodian territory North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92+ amp N1c1 ) tl dl consonant clusters gt kl gl - like East Baltic the Pomeranian presence in West Slavic Dnieper-Dvina East Balt foundation of the Tušemlja culture (which later included immigrant
Sudovians and Slavs in the Long Barrow culture) and the widely scattered East Baltic speaking tribes in Western amp Northern Russia ( re LWb allele at 22 for Vologda
Russians ) Also noted is the area where Belarusian Russian amp Polish prepose their genitives In contrast specific lineage characterized by 16304C-16311C mutations which indicate the Slavonic migrations from Central to E Europe was not found among Lithuanians Although historically instructive it cannot eclipse the common origin in the Middle Dnieper culture that both Slavs and Balts share together especially the East Balts and East Slavs ( both with R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 ) and always will
Caveat Emptor gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Theories about dating the earliest Proto-Slavic in relation to the distinct early Baltic branches need to examine the carbon dated chronology of East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural remains ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) Baltic hydronyms in Russia such as the Oka river the loss of the original Slavic Future tense and Baltic loanwords (from assimilated East Balts) in Finno-Volgaic which help date the evidence Examples of archaic Baltic loanwords into Finno-Ugric are East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole gt North Saami čuolggu pole Finnish salko long pole Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane or Lithuanian šaras fodder gt Moksha Mordvinian śora grain lt Saka ṣara seed Another Finno-Ugric loanword from East Baltic ( re Samogitian medė forest ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest-border is gt Finnish metsauml- forest Estonian mets
Karelian mečču id Saami meahcci forest fringe Hungarian (w LWb allele
) messze far distant vs OCS mežda - alley lane Words to the wise about any theoretical Balto-Slavic dates - Caveat emptor and compare it to all the facts we already know from empirical science There are Latvias eleven C-14 cal dates ( Loze 1992 Tab1 ) of CWC with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (
Purhonen 1986 11 ) A diet of fish ( šapalas ) may lessen the dates a little but no time-travel technology has yet been found with those CWC artifacts Cest la vie Wisconsin celebrates a Leif Erikson Day but Spain may not
Fatyanovo East Baltic developed from an earlier Northeastern forest variant subgroup ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 ) of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon with assimilated Euro-Repin Centum GAS while Southwestern Proto-Slavic steppe variants were emerging at the same time elsewhere Each were regionally distinct (forest steppe) subgroups yet related hybrid retro-core Satem cultures of diverse cultural components Neither group ever identified themselves with a xenophobic Āryan terminology ( re Mansi tas stranger ) The more conservative Northern Satem groups preferred to use the IE inclusive term Tauta (people) or liaudis (re Russ ljudi Khowar roi) Balto-Slavic is a useful generalization of a complex Middle Dnieper linguistic horizon and generic at best
Think Green gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There never was a monolithic Proto-Baltic per se Note the Eastern Baltic LWb gene analysis below or the multiple R1a1a- variations of Middle Dnieper Z280 cultures There are archaic pre-GAC Satem and post-GAS Euro-Repin Centum integrated aspects of the Baltic languages If GAC Euro-Repin-Centum defines what is Baltic does Steppe TG Iranian define what is Slavic The various West East Baltic Thracian amp Slavic languages (along with the Indo-Iranian branch) represent an archaic continuum of remnant subgroups of former core Satem IE dialects the last Proto Indo-European branches to finally split The Proto-Baltics would be none other than some Proto Satem Indo-European dialects together with the closely neighboring Satem pre-Thracian amp pre-Dacian Proto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-Iranian It may be more helpful to visualize East Baltic Slavic amp Indo-Iranian as part of the still growing main Satem trunk rather than as language branches Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
The LWb blood marker CCR5 Delta 32 mutation BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In respect to hematological variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele was highest in the Central East Balts around 75 among Lithuanian Samogitians
and very low among the other western Europeans ( 0-01 ) Click here for the PDF
version of the LWb Study The LWb blood allele can be seen as a genetic Tribal Marker of Prehistoric East Baltic Migrations and Admixture and perhaps not a West-Baltic marker since inhabitants of the Sūduva region average only a mere 27 vs 29 for Finns 22 for distant northern Vologda Russians or 4 for Estonians ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) - even after over 600 years of continuous Lithuanian colonization and admixture in the Sūduva region For those who still think all Sudovians vanished please reread the prior sentence - slowly Lithuanian R1a rates ( R1a1a1 including Z92 or L235 w LWb ) vary widely with West Aukštaičiai 406 vs South Aukštaičiai R1a at 618 in a sans MtDNA H1 region ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004 ) The absence of the 16304C-
16311C mutations prevents unneeded misinterpretations Genetic structure analyses also suggest Poles from Suwalszczyzna (northeastern Poland ) differ from all remaining Polish and Russian samples ( Grzybowski et al 2007 ) The Aryan R1a- Z93+ found in Lithuania is associated with that regions Tatars China Japan and Somalia evidently evaded incursions of LWb laced barbarians far better than either Gotland or Hungary although Gotlands LWb probably involved extensive secondary contacts with Estonians and Finns Maritime interaction with Vikings of Sweden amp Gotland is reflected by increased frequencies of the PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland region of Latvia ( Beckman L et al 1999 ) whereas Estonian interaction with Gotland is reflected by the TFDCHI allele ( Beckman L et al 1998 ) and LWb allele frequencies in Gotland ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) Hungarys LWb may perhaps reflect the Dyakovo-Gorodets horizon with East Balt participation Eurasian or archaeological DNA test results for the rare LWb allele mutation are sill pending Any occurrence of the LWb allele or Z280 ( Northern variants ) in Kazakhstan amp Eurasia will be noteworthy as will unexpected N1c1 types The Y-DNA of Lithuania is roughly about 5050 for N1c1 amp R1a and varies somewhat by regions MtDNA H1 frequencies are very very low among Lithuanians and virtually non-existent with the Saacutemi In Lithuania MtDNA H1 is mainly confined to only Northern Žemaitians The Aukštaičiai like the Saacutemi have none ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004
) Tests confirm the Narva substratum assimilated by East Balts had mtDNA U5b1 U5b2 amp U4 ( Bramanti et al 2009 ) This cultural inheritance from Kunda amp an early N1c Uralic substratum links Lithuanians amp Saacutemi as well as centuries of cross cultural fly agaric mushroom trade ( per M Gimbutas ) or the shared ethnocidal amp genocidal persecutions from a European Christendom ( Willumsen
LH 1997 ) busy shilling tickets to their heaven Tickets to Heaven hocus pocus amp the gravy train ( re nāstika Brihaspati ) The Prince of Peace deserves better
Less the above referenced genetical info be misinterpreted as some form of encrypted RWA cracker-code-speak I will stress that the fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) You are unique - just like everyone else People are people - some individuals shine some hide in their cruel fear Most of our DNA is African As my friend Robbin
said Its all good
The elevated CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation frequencies distributed in East Balts amp Volgaics and CCR5-Delta 32 DNA chronology ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) coincide closely with the ethnicities of the poly-ethnic Dyakovo cultures middle phase and may further illuminate earlier Ossetian contacts or some unique isoglosses Whether there is any correlation between the LWb allele and the CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation besides Baltic region epicenters is just speculation at present Perhaps the science of a common R1a Z92 inheritance of Russians and Baltic people will usher in a new era of unity and respect
The Western Balts were a hybrid mix of Funnel Beaker ( TRB including some
outlier Badens ) Centum Globular Amphora ( GAS gt eg pẽku ) and Corded Ware Satem Middle Dnieper people with Uralic Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1) people on Neolithic Nemunas and Narva substratum populations Archaeologist today can distinguish Europeanized West Balt culture skulls from those of nearby neighboring Satem East Baltic Fatyanovo types The distinction ( R1a1a- L366 vs LWb allele w R1a1a1 or Z92 L235 amp N1c1 ) was evidently very old and more than just grammatical Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements ( Brazaitis
2005 fig 5 Girininkas 2009 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import like pešti pešus pẽšis Kailas ( re Sudovian Kayles Gothic Hails
Vandalic Eils Old Norse Hail - perhaps all heard together for centuries at Wiskiauten Bar-B-Qs )
Ρως Ρωζζία amp Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
| C + Ͻ |
YATVEZ - Ятвезь
The myth of Terra Nullius ( deserted wasteland ) was merely historic ethnocidal propaganda justifying centuries of Papal Conquests Atrocities amp Theft - in both the Old and the New World It was a lie and DNA now proves it was only ethnic cleansing fiction A census by the Orthodox clergy of the Belarus
Grodno area in 1860 had as many as 30929 inhabitants identifying themselves as Yatviags (Yotvingians) The Byzantine Treaty with Kiev prince
Igor in 944 notes among the Rus ( Grk Ρως ) envoys a Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
one Jaacutetvįgrsquo for Gunnar ᚴᚢᚾᛅᚱ The Varangian (lt Old Norse Vaeligringi ) affinities
of an original poly-ethnic Jaacutetvings minority may explain the reapplication of East Baltic Gudai to later stereotype that Grodno regions other mixed poly-ethnic inhabitants ( Γυδωνες - Γουται ) Settlements of the 9th century with distinctly Viking cultural characteristics have been found around the Grodno area It appears that within a century or two of Viking trade and settlement those Norse ( Norethmenn ) either dispersed along the nearby Nemunas river and or assimilated in with ranking locals ( a common Viking custom ) Their Yotvingian Y-DNA survives with closest Y-DNA matches from Norway Ireland amp Scotland ( clan Gotheray ) Sweden followed by Cumbria amp one in Finland - a Y-DNA trail of related Lochlannar Norse clansmen Family
Historic records indicate they opposed surrendering the old beliefs of their forefathers for an imposed foreign import A new ( re AС Кибинь below ) rational etymology of the Baltic Jotving- Jātving- now rescued from from an inert provincialism of kaleidoscopic self-replicating hypotheticals and ethnocentric tunnel vision can finally be derived from an original Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr lucky spear Varangian leaders Heiti name ( gen sg = Jātvīgs Ρως - Lieth
retinue-crew gt Jātvįgs Rōs or Jātvįgs Lieth gt Jātvings - as luck would have it
L448 ) The nasal infixation of the West Norse original ( -iacutegs -īgs gt -įgs gt -ings ) as well as artifacts reflects close early contacts with local Dainavians-Sūdovians for whom the ubiquitous trademark nasal -ing- suffix ( -īg- in Latvian ) was indeed highly productive ( re Aps-ingis Zietela ldquoRus-ingisrdquo etc ) and is thus non-problematic - and in fact rather insightful for its nasal affectation of the local Balts Top this off with the peculiar parallel nominative-genitive singular ( re Wilkaskaymen ) of West Baltic dialects and it it easy to see how an original genitive Jaacutetviacutegs Lieth ( Varangians ) from Old Norse becomes assimilated as a poly-ethnic West Baltic nominative Jātvings Jotvings Voilagrave A Dainavianized nomgen sg nasal Jātvįgs from an Old West Norse genitive singular Jaacutetviacutegs - Jaacutetviacutegr‟s Lieth effortlessly yeilds
Jotvings ( note Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr (w-t-) vs related Eadwig [ Ӕтьвѧгъ ᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴ ] Eadwy or Jadwiga w-d- )
These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvaacutegs Rocircs ( Liethsmenn ) along
the Nemunas river would acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically within 3 generations or less ) amp assimilation - many by inter-marriage like with other Vikings elsewhere Rocircs ( lt Roethsmenn ) may well reflect an earlier pre-sail era maritime terminology Centuries of multi-cultural
commingling between West Balts amp Scandinavians are also reflected at other trade settlements like Saeborg-Grobina Truso or Kaup Wiskiauten PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland ( Kurland ) region of Latvia ( Beckman L et
al 1999 ) mirror poly-cultural blending of Grobina artifacts as does LWb in Gotland In more precise terms the Varangians were primarily Norse mercenaries whereas the Rocircs or Rus were the wider poly-ethnic base of the imported Viking culture which also included merchants boatmen and traders - from Birka to Kiev
As convenient as that all sounds it should be noted that the ubiquitous modern Lithuanian Jotvingis term itself a recent theoretical neologism from the middle 1920s Opps This Jotvingis neologism coined in the 20s was derived solely from various historical Slavic labels of the Varangian era To the Balts repelling the aggressive invading Kiev Rus and later Crusaders these poly-ethnic assimilated mixed Norse-Balt descendants were already just one
of us These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvįgs Varangians would
acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically
within 3 generations or less ) amp with assimilation A Zietela dialect word pamarkas-accursed is probably an assimilated Viking relic term of the Old Norse morkinn-decayed-rotten like the Scots English murkle reproach The Turovians group name likewise reflects a Norse Varangian Rus leaders name
( THORNoacuterir - ᚦᚬᚱᛁᚱ ) aligned with a Ragnvaldr - ᚱᛅᚴᚾᚢᛅᛚᛏᚱ in Polotsk along with
Garethariki Holmgarethr - ᚼᚢᛚᛘᚴᛅᚱᚦᚱ Austrvegr although the Рогволод - Моря Ragnvaldr - Moslashre similarities invite a critique Relations between Polotsk and Kiev became rather strained in 945 One of Vladimirs many campaigns to collect more tribute-taxes ( poliude ) and gain strategic Nemunas river trade access to the Baltic Sea is the first written ( albeit somewhat quasi-historical ) account of plural Yotvingians dated to 983 Fifty five years later in 1038 Yaroslav battles the Yotvingians and later the Lithuanians who were together allied with rebellious pagan Masovians ( amp prior Galindians ) - although another source reports a quite different scenario of a 1038 Yotvingian conflict - by Volkavysk Viking turf wars were not altogether unknown No traces of any hypothetical Baltic hydronym Jacirct-vacirc have ever been found to this day in the Terra Jatwezenorum region None Zip
A Belarusian Vawkavysk dialect Ятвезь [ Yatvez or Jatvez ] Anchor term obtusely connects the Norse Thors hammer of Vikings amp other Scandinavian relics to the original Yotvingians of that Black Russian region - who initially
spoke the Old Norse of Varangians Nobody vanished Get real ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᚱ When in doubt tell the truth - Mark Twain
For more about a Norse Rus Yatviag Yotvingian etymology see Кибинь
AС Ятвяги в X-XI вв laquoбалтское племяraquo или laquoбереговое братствоraquo Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2008 2(4) С117-132
The Loki pendant of Gnezdovo note the striking resemblance to the Snaptun Stone Loki - jp
Another East Baltic tribal migration marker may be a significantly increased frequency of the BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype ( Van Landeghem et al 1998 )
The spread of Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup R1a1a- as well as the B blood type is associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages too Many Latvian tartan weaving patterns are nearly identical to ancient Tocharian tartans found recently with Tocharian mummies (w U4 two-rooted lower canines
VRC ) recovered in Western China (see Secrets of the Silk Road) Tocharians were evidently also dedicated hemp farmers like the Balts and historical kapnobatai Thracians East Baltic Lithuanian place-names Beržorai ( birches
) or Liepora ( lindens ) reflect the Tocharian B distributive suffix -ār as does the Satem Dacian place-name Clevora (re Lith Klevas maple) West Baltic had Saitoran - the knotty Pleiades ( EV 6 ) Slavic also has such a parallel arboreal related suffix It would be worthy to note that some Dnieper culture horizons exhibit a degree of intrusive Repin style pottery from Middle Dnieper Repins Middle Dnieper Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration A high frequency of the CCR5-Delta 32 allele in Lithuanian populations at levels of about 16 has been documented This allele mutation confers resistance to HIV (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old ( J Novembre et al 2005 )
Lithuanian Ashkenazi Jews have also interested geneticists since they display a number of unique genetic characteristics including Y-DNA haplogroup Q
SONGS OF THE FOREST gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Traditional ancient Baltic songs ( Lith Dainos Latv Dainās re Vedic Dhėnās ) are a vast resource of the Baltic languages The Dainos are the Rig Veda of the East Baltic people These Hymns were first brought into the Baltic forests before 3000 BCE and preserved within innumerable homesteads person to person winter after long winter from 2600 BCE to this day Their antiquity is only eclipsed by their numbers and variations They are usually Hymns of stanzas many of which are divine revelations from the ancient Native Religion and Mythology but in contrast to most other similar forms they often lack earthly heroes Many Latvian dainās are not long typically in quatrains and often trochaic (metrically of one long syllable followed by one short one) and more rarely dactylic These ancient Hymns are superb relics of the pre-Christian East Baltic Native Religion and the life of the people especially its three important events - birth weddings and deathburial but also lifes infinite experiences
Dod Dieviņi ko dodamis Dod man labas div‟ lietiņas
Ceļā labū kumeliņu Mūžāi labu līgaviņu
There are literally millions of verses of these truly ancient Dainos Dainās now in written form The forest is also home to Seto Leelo the Seto polyphonic singing tradition Saacutemi joiks ( or ldquoyoiksrdquo ) and others All are irreplaceable treasures So intertwined with the archaic languages and their enormous vocabularies it is virtually impossible to try to separate the two These Hymns are still sung to this day - person to person
The magic of language is a gift from mother to child
living as a memorial to all Women who gave it to us
____________________________________________________
BE HERE NOW
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
More than half of the planets 7000 or so languages are facing extinction within this century
We are losing around two languages a month - or about one every two weeks
Learn an endangered language or at least help conserve one - as if it was your own They are
PLEASE DONATE TODAY TO
Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization
ADOPT-A-LANGUAGE
This webpage was FREE after all Dont be cheap
DO IT NOW BE A MAN ___________________________________________________ And as a special way of saying Thank You for your generous contribution we will provide you a link to exciting new Saacutemi music on YouTube absolutely FREE OF CHARGE
___________________________________________________
The Sudovian greeting Kailas re-affirms that we are all One - with each other and with the Earth we share
Dermė
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The nearly extinct Lithuanian gray - Latvian blue cow breeds also need immediate international support amp attention - ASAP
- poshkahotmailcom
Click on Photo for Baltic Log Home Architecture
The ancient Twin Horse Sky motif found on top of
Lithuanian homes reflects the related Vedic Sanskrit Ašvins Similiar ( Ašvieniai ) symbolism was found in the
Khvalynsk and Samara PIE cultures (4100 - 5500 BCE) The Twin Horse Sky motif is also evident in Mari ethnic symbols
| Proto Indo European | | Mažiulis | | Nostratic Language |
| Prussian Language Website | | Janis Endzelins Baltic Languages |
| Old Prussian Texts |
| Mordvinian Dictionary |
The above text is an excerpt from Virdainas copy Jos Pashka 2012
~ in memory of Jeannette DeBusk Cox Charles Richard Dean amp Netta Poska ~
Erzya-Moksha Mordvin loanwords include - vərgas ( Indo-Iran vrkah ) pejel - knife ( Lith peilis peile ) kardaz ( Lith gardas gt Common Permian kar fortified place )
and uske viska - metal ( Tokharian A was B yasa Armenian uoski Sanskrit ucchati ) Finnic Mari has waž for metal ore Forest Nenets has a wyesya cognate
Also Finnish kekri annual Native festival lt kekra-j lt kekra- gt Sanskrit chakra Finnic kehrauml disk vs Sanskrit chāttra Finnic vihi ( Lith vėžė )
Baltic Deivas - The Divine Spirit of Heaven influenced Finnish taivas Estonian taevas heaven perhaps Saami taiw and also
Hungarian taacutej Khanty tai - locus Often ignored semantics of East Baltic celestial Deivas are illustrated in phrases from Latvian dainās ( eg Saule noiet dievā - Nav
saulīte dievā gaiša ) Finnish toivo like orpo ( Skt arbha-h ) or vasara ( Skt vajra-h ) lack final s unlike Finnish taivas - blue blue sky re Saule
noiet dievā
Saulės Rẽtis
( Suns Halo )
As for the monolithic Balto-Slavic of academics - Slavic has kolo wheel kola cart West Baltic has kelan wheel kelā cart East Baltic ratas wheel ratai cart
East Baltic Lithuanian also has rẽtys - halo circle around sun moon re E Baltic risti - rita raitėti - rieta retėti riets rotāt rotēt etc - ablaut - related to Lithuanian ratas wheel Latvian rats
Magic spiritual talismans known as Amber Sun-Discs found in Globular Amphora sites and elsewhere may be a key to the cross cultural ratas term of central Europe
(Linear B ideogram 243) Latin teres-retis - rounded well-turned and East Baltic Lithuanian retys provide a fresh etymology for PIE
roteH2 rotH2os ( spokes included ) If phonemic pitch following loss of laryngeals developed in connection with the monophthongization of diphthongs exhibited by a vocalic
feature from a segmental phoneme - Finnish taivas or heinauml illustrate the chronology of the loans from the host East Baltic language
Estonia and India alone share the 294 single marker of mtDNA N1a1a1 ( 147A-172-223-248-294-320-355 ) lt GAS
Mitochondrial haplogroup N1a phylogeography with implications to the origin of European Farmers 2010 BMC Evolutionary Biology Publication 10304
Re Karelian kes(t)rauml Estonian kedr spindle and Vedic cāttra id
The pre-migration Tocharian like Volga-Repins may have had an unattested word for Maple borrowed as wakšter into Finnic Cognates may be Latin acer - maple Old Norse askr - ash Old Lithuanian akštras - sharp The maples range extends to the Kama
river basin Perhaps Tocharian Repins originally used maple saplings for livestock prods Or perhaps it was a Baltic akšteras
The songs of the Erzya Mordvin thunder god Pur‟gine parallel both Lith Perkūnas and Vedic Parjanya ( परजनय ) closely
The Avestan name Vada-gan for a demon ( the Striker ) - reflecting a similar word in East Baltic vedega ax may have a Ural region kulturnaya obshchnost‟ connection ( Saami vietka bdquoadze‟rlm )
Finnish vasara hammer is a loanword from an later form ( lacking final s ) of Avestan vazra amp Vedic vajra [ vaźras - mace club ]
which are related to Lith vėzdras mace club Latv vẽza vẽzecirct to swing in the air wave wag or perhaps Lith vagis wedge ( Finnish vaaja )
Latvian veseris maul-hammer probably a loanword from Livonian Note Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere lack archaic Indo-Iranian final s (re Komi voumlrkas wolf )
PIE ueg - to swing gt vẽźras gt vėzdras vėzdas w altered ź-da gt zda as in synonym Lith lazda lt laźda
The current Finnish word for Millennium vuosituhat is a combination of four thousand year old loanwords
from both Pre-Indo-Aryan and Volga-Baltic neighbors by the Ural Mountains (re Latv tū-ska swelling Lith tū-las many Tocharian B kaumlnte 100 Sanskrit dve śate 200 )
Related Repin Tocharian B tumane 10000 lt Iranian tumān id lack a s cognate
( East Baltic Lithuanian tum-stas bulk heap mass - tumėti to curdle)
Mordvin Erzya tožon tužən Moksha tožaumln Estonian root stem tuhante 1000 may reflect an early Fatyanovo East Baltic participle tūśante tūšanti
preceding a poly-ethnic GAS Centum tūskanti and GAS-ed East Baltic tūstantis 1000 ( gt Old Latvian tuustosch- )
re Finnish laiha GAS Lith liesa Fatyanovo laiša ( also Latvian tūkst sing pret tūska ) Perhaps tūksa- gt tūšant- gt + GAS gt tūstantis 1000 huge - note Old Latvian tuustosch-
The Uralic words may well reflect an early East Baltic pre-GAS ( pre-compromised RUKI ) Upper Dnieper Satem word that evolved with poly-ethnicism
( East Baltic Dnieper Satem evolved on a non-IE Narva substratum w N1c1 early Uralics and ERC Globular Amphora = poly-ethnic )
Follow the Money Back in 3000 BCE it was follow the copper amp amber
It has been suggested Germanic thousand reflects tū-skont- which may reflect
a Gas poly-ethnic ( š gt sk ) trade variant tūskanti by Centum Globular Amphora The Globular Amphora amber trade network may have used a Centum modified
( š gt sk gt tūskant- gt tū-skont- ) variant while the Uralic variants reflect an EBaltic tūšant- ( gt later GAS-ed tūstant- ) variant from Fatyanovo-
Balanovo ( East Baltic Dnieper Satem ) A 2800 BCE flint-amber trade GAC tūs-kont- was perhaps interpreted by trade contacts as
a tūs-šimt- compound word gt W Baltic tūsimt-
The chronology of CWC regional variant cultures is critical for untangling the etymology of 1000
Slavic RUKI indicates far less early integration of GAS although cultural trade contacts
are plainly evident Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive
in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- A 2800 BCE Slavic -s- from -sk- appears plausible considering dative pl -m- became -b-
and the perceived participle reflecting eo type variations of 1000 Pots dont talk they speak - volumes
Old East Baltic Medu and Vaška were related neuters Note Finno-Ugric Hungarian meh-viasz In the same occupation are the related words - Mordvin keras Mari karas Udmurt karas from Fatyanovo era East Baltic
( Latv kāres Lith korys ) Re Lith Mekš-uogis buckthorn-berry Meksėti meksi stutter be mad - Skt makšikā fly bee makš- be angry
( Volgaic Mekš bee the angry one ) No Mekši cognate is found in Ob-Ugric
There is also a DNA relationship between Baltic males and Uralics ( Mari )
eg Meadow Mari tuumlžem - thousand Mari ləśtaś - Lith lakštas From the archaeological record one can also trace legacies of Upper Middle Dnieper gt Fatyanovo gt Balanovo gt Kazan gt Chirkovo-Seyma gt
Ananino gt Mari amp Mordvin cultures
The Romanian Dacian Doina - song is probably a residual loanword from the Lithuanian The Daina Dhėnā Vedic word has been analyzed many years earlier but not as an assimilated loanword from Corded Ware East Baltic
which J Pāshka contends and which Ural region loanwords and polyethnic Abashevo-Sintashta archeaological data would support Vedic Dhėnā and Soma ( borrowed from Uralic ) reflect the polyethnic early Āryan culture by the Ural Mountains ( Rhipean Lipynė )
Ephedra is not found in the Ural regions conifer forests Amanita muscaria is and abundantly so ( re Khanty Soma hewn mortar ) - On Vedic Dhėnā Prayer Song - Maurice Bloomfield Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol 46 (1926) pp 303-308
D Razauskas wrote an excellent article about
CORRESPONDENCES TO THE INDO-IRANIAN MYTHICAL WIND IN LITHUANIAN FOLKLORE
Do try to Google it
Rig Vedic Sanskrit Vāyu - wind Lithuanian dialect Vėjus - wind
The round kurgan mound tradition of the Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan in Nothern Bihar India also resembles Śaka Steppe kurgans of Eurasia amp Russia w U4
Timber Grave culture favored orienting the head of the deceased towards the North - re Mahaparinibbana Sutta The Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan identified themselves with the Solar clan
The Digha Nikaya of the Tipitaka Pali Buddhist canon describes Siddhartha Gautama as having very blue eyes ( Pali abhi nila netto )
The Chinese described Bodhidharma as 藍眼睛的野人
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India although U4 is more prevalent on the Afghanistan - Pakistan border Tajikistan and the Eurasia of the Steppe Śaka
Gintaras reflects the Sembian dialect pronunciation with their typical narrowing of en to in
adopted as such in some neighboring East Baltic dialects ie swints vs šventas Modern Lithuanian gintaras amber vs dialect variant gentaras id
Hungarian gyentar gt gyantar amber gyenta resin Chuvash jandar glassy Mari jamdar transparent suggest the amber trade with
East Balts Old adjectival -tar neuter suffix in East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin
( re ON kvaetha Skt jatu resin aśvatara- mule ) The original PIE adjectival -tar neuter suffix was also later used in a comparative sense ( ie wet-ter )
although originally it was mainly adjectival The 13th century work Jami ul hikayat by Ufi describes the Baltic sea origin of yellow amber traded to the
Chinese by Khotan procured from Turks re Chinese yan tse - ( alhagi camelorum ) plant which produces a amber-like honey sap Baltic in Chinese - who knew
Amber ornaments have been found with the Middle Dnieper and Globular Amphorae ( w TRB ) culture artifacts attesting to the ancient relationship Balts have had with Amber
Of Soma the original entheogen ingredient of dried Amanita muscaria ( Fly Agaric ) became extremely scarce with later Āryan migrations and was eventually substituted with a mixture of Ephedra Cannabis and opiates
It was a very poor imitation of the genuine Uralic Soma rite The Indo-European use of Amanita muscaria survived intact in Lithuania - hidden away in forests beyond
the reach of ethnocidal Christians Lithuanians continue the ancient custom of using milk and honey ingredients mixed with the dried Amanita muscaria
to make a beverage for Sharing According to Marija Gimbutas Lithuanians used to supply quantities of Amanita muscaria to the
Saacutemi Noiade in the North for use by the Saacutemi Shamans (Finnish tietaumljauml) ( Volgaic Erzya Mokša Sjuma Səma - hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger
Khanty Soma hewn wooden vessel ) Not directly related to above are Lithuanian semti to draw water Uralic sim- drink Tocharian smantildentildee broth
Hungarian hiacuted bridge is of Alanic origin - re Ossetian xid xed id Khotanese hī id
One out of 3 Kalash have mitochondrial DNA belonging to haplogroup U4 In fact the most prevalent mitochondrial haplogroup of the Kalasha people is U4 aka the Ulrike clade
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India Haplogroup U4 is common among northwestern Siberian populations and is also found among the Mari Mordvin
and Mansi of the Volga-Ural region of Russia as well as the Estonians Finns Balts and Tocharian mummies A Kalasha English Dictionary link is provided below
The Prakrits preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) absent in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words
The mushroom associated Kaukeliai gnomes remained with the forest dwellers
The hemp tradition of Eurasian Steppe Saka is reflect in Old English haelignep Old Irish cnaip Slovak konope West Baltic knapios Armenian kanap Albanian Geg kaneumlp Latvian kaņepe Lithuanian kanapė Turkmen kenaumlp
The Novosvobodna and earlier Maikop (aka Maykop ) cultures probably conveyed the Sumerian kanubi term - as well as the genetic clade of R1b ( aka R1b1b2 ) into IE early Bronze Age cultures with trade and contact ( re Germanic amp Tocharian R1b )
Note - Sumerian gu gt Skt gaus Latvian guovs Armenian kov Gk bous L bov- OIr bo - cow as well as the East Baltic Lydian singular neuter ending in -d
Within the Moscow City limits are found a Fatyanovo cemetary and a later Dyakovo settlement - both near the Kremlin re Finnish kesauml - summer harvest and E Baltic kasyti kast kesyti ( Albanian kosit - harvest the crops)
Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov born in Staraya Kupavna near Moscow would single handedly save humanity and the World in 1962
East Baltic lašiša salmon is also known as vošis a fast type of fish or trout or more commonly vašylas For 3rd person dual jiedu instead of expected yra or esti my Suvalkian Grandmother Johanna used esą Strange but true
Legal Disclaimer - The above text in no way suggests anyone should use illegal drugs or experiment with Amanita mushrooms
Genetic portrait of modern Belarusians mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome perspective Alena Kushniarevich 1Larysa Sivitskaya 1Nina Danilenko 2Richard Villems 1Oleg Davydenko
1Institute of Genetics and Cytology Academicheskaya Str 27 Belarus 2Estonian Biocenter Riia Str 23 Estonia
The LWb blood group as a marker of prehistoric Baltic migrations and admixture Sistonen P Virtaranta-Knowles K Denisova R Kucinskas V Ambrasiene D Beckman L
Hum Hered 1999 Jun49 (3)154-8
LW locus has been assigned to chromosome 19p133 The LW gene corresponds to 3 exons of 265 kb on chromosome 19 The LWa amp LWb alleles are different at a single base pair - codon 70 - corresponding to one amino acid residue which is arginine for LWb
The LWb mutation was a singular event - in all of human history
ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚷᚨᚷᚿᚱᛃᚿᛖᚿᛞᚢᚱ ᛗᛁᚿᚨᚱ ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚡᛁᛋᛏᚨ ᚨᚿᛞᚨᚿᚢᛗ
ᚦᚢ ᚦᚨᚱᚠᛏ ᚦᚨᚧ ᚠᛃᚱᛁᚱ ᚢᛈᛈᛒᛚᚨᛋᚿᚨ ᛖᛚᛋᚲᚢᚷᚨ ᚦᛁᚿᚿ
Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
| MariUver - a Site about Maris Mari El Finno-Ugric |
| and other Indigenous People of Russia |
The ancient Sacred Grove of Native Mari Religion
The Mari Kuumlsoto parallels Finnic and Estonian Hiis Similiar Holy Groves are known as Lud among the Udmurt The East
Baltic terms are Lith Alkas amp Latv Elka
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) and Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG) in an exhaustive 2006 report Russian Federation The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El found widespread evidence of political and cultural persecution of Mari people The Mari Native religious practices ( and the Cheremis Marla
faith ) have come under ever increasing pressure and severe persecution from intolerant Russian Government Officials and so-called Christians according to Human Rights groups
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
| Kalasha - English Dictionary Online |
| English - Kalasha Dictionary |
Thank you for visiting Genetically WE ARE ALL ONE
and thats a fact
Culture is something we Share - not own
As Comrade Lennon said - Imagine
Shi nūsun būsna ast praeivingiska kaigi asenes vupjai
Budeis
Sanskrit peśalas Cool
The ethnogenesis of the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Culture grew from conservative peripheral IE Satem dialects closely adjoined to Yamna Pit-grave Satem as well as Catacomb culture neighbors with additional diverse admixture of Dnieper Repins and other originally non-IE peoples ( I2a E-V13 amp T ) from Dnieper-Donets and Tripolye (Temematian) C2 - which were by now also of mixed origin and probably bi-lingual along with admixture of TRB Lengyels BBC Centum Globular Amphora from the Carpathian area ( including some late
Baden ) and western Corded Ware folk From this multi-ethnic convergence and chaotic fusion spawned the unique ethnogenesis of the mainly Satem Middle Dnieper culture in contrast with other ethnic cultures that were expanding outward Although Fatyanovo-Balanovo as an early variant of upper Middle Dnieper did quickly expand ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants ) into the forest zone to the Northeast Hence the elusive retro centralist appearance of languages descended from the Middle Dnieper culture and its linguistic neighbors This explains why one finds unique Celtic-Baltic isogloss terms or separate Greek-Baltic isoglosses or Indo-Iranian-East Baltic isoglosses ( see
below ) Baltic is ( like IE ) the linguistic flagship of multiculturalism Structured theories are a poor match to interpret the initial formative chaos of this multicultural foundation for the Middle Dnieper culture horizon Embrace the chaos
Globular Amphora Substratum gtgtgt|||ltltlt
This poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper Culture was a regionally diverse mosaic a synthesis or fusion of local variant groups - a vortex of converging multi-ethnic cultural influences Frequent interaction between the central European Dniester Tripolye C2 refugees which may also have spoken variants of a pidgin Centum as well as their native Temematian language and the northern Middle Dnieper Tripolye C2 amp TRB bi-lingual populace ( I2a E-V13 amp T ) perhaps account as sources and range of non-IE tauras - like archaisms and innovations in polyethnic Middle Dnieper Fatyanovo as well as traditions of central European copper metallurgy The Middle Dnieper region became a proverbial melting pot with input from all directions and many cultures To the West C-14 dates reflect an amalgamation of Globular Amphora with Tripolye and later TRB or Funnel Beaker culture Lengyels and BBC ( G2a R1b ) for near a millennium in Poland amp Germany ( R1a1a- M458 ) then along with other groups ( R1a1a- Z284 L448 ) influenced the earlier TRB assimilated Erteboslashlle-Ellerbek ( I1-M253 - Y-DNA ) natives even into Scandinavia as some GAC did earlier while expanding the amber trade with the Narva of the Baltic region and their Uralic neighbors Some outlier GAC Centum speakers ( eg Smolensk area )
were assimilated by the pioneering Satem East Balts The Middle Dnieper Steppe Repin ( mtDNA K amp H ) contribution to poly-ethnic Globular Amphora is reflected by Tocharian Germanic proclivities and the Centum Globular
Amphora substratum ( GAS ) contribution to the Baltic languages ( klau- šlav- or akmuo- ašmuo- ) and their lexicons ( pẽku ) Illich-Svitych prudently referred to it as some Centum ( Illich-Svitych 1963 ) But hybrid semantically oversteps this creole impact Since this amalgamation occurred at the earliest periods of contact and was integrated with varied poly-ethnic Globula Amphora Centum speakers the Euro-Repin Centum traces blended in smoothly Enigmatic linguistic Centum reflexes may merely reflect common poly-ethnic bilingual contacts The new Satem immigrants may have encountered possibly three different other languages besides theirs We know from DNA that there was gradual assimilation The study of Baltic languages thus provides a unique perspective for Tocharian Proto-Germanic Repin investigations or Latin Germanic ERC affinities from Usatovo GAC origins Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements there ( Brazaitis 2005 fig 5 Girininkas 2009 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import like pešti pešus pẽšis Kailas ( re Sudovian Kayles Gothic Hails ) The Euro-Repin Centum ( ERC ) features of East amp especially West Baltic are like a window into one component of an archaic Proto-Germanic ( also see BBC below ) just as Uralic languages have frozen Baltic words in time Apples don‟t fall far from the apple tree
Euro-Repin Centum
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Centum Globular Amphora poly-ethnic culture ( plural dative m development
of verbal postfixes GAC gt CWC Baltic-Slavic-Germanic isoglosses ) with its TRB amp Lengyel substrate pre-BBC influences and Euro-Repin component contributed significantly to the Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo ( Berezanskaja
1971 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) ethno-genesis via substratum and contact Many irreducible Centum Satem incongruities in East Baltic Satemization amp Ruki were influenced by GAS lt Globular Amphora Substratum lt ERC lt Euro-Repin-Centum The Finnish word laiha thin from Fatyanovo residual pioneers implies East Baltic Ruki was perhaps compromised over time by a substratum influence yielding later Lith liesa instead of lieša The archaeological record clearly shows that substratum was Globular Amphora oriented and that it had extensive trade networks ( the flint amber trade ) with other central Europe cultures such as Baden For the Centum GAS ( mtDNA K ) ratʔas relationship of Old Irish roth Lithuanian ratas and Sanskrit
ratha - see below as well as the interpretation of Sintashta checked lt gt
ceramic ornamentation by Oleg Mochalov ( 2008 - Samara State Pedagogical
University ) Both tartan and striped ( see EB sgntr darža below ) textile folk designs co-exist to this day in Latvia and Lithuania perhaps from Euro-Repin amp NE Tripolye origins Middle Dnieper Centum Repin is the link between the similiar weave pattern of Turim Basin Tocharians and ancient Hallstatt ( GAC ) textiles of Euro-Repins Baltic Perkūnas reflects a GAS assimilated ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive Slavic Satem Ruki amp velarless Perun would support this assertion as
does the archaeological record around 3000 BCE Fatyanovo East Baltic influenced Globular Amphora as well Finnish stem tuhante - 1000 implies Centum Globular Amphora substratum quickly adopted unique innovative Fatyanovo Satem terms ( one-leftover - w later GAC-BBC p lt q ) and took them elsewhere - just as Fatyanovo used new GAS- ERC terms far and wide This mutual integration is the basis for vague linguistic terms like Northern Indo-European supported by Germanic-Baltic isoglosses ( aldija vs perga ) Circular linguistic polemics now can utilize such terms as GAS or ERC regarding Baltic Slavic or Germanic for that matter Pedal to the metal
Poly-Ethnic Reductionism 101 gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Middle Dnieper burial customs of males laid on their right side - females on their left was already practiced by some forest-steppe Satems Maykop burial traditions of orienting the male head to the Southwest and the female to the Northeast was followed by the Fatyanovo-Balanovo Northern Z92 offshoot of Middle Dnieper as did other regional sub-groups of it as opposed to other Corded Ware variants Most burial remains exhibit dolichocranial features The vortex of this Middle Dnieper Culture multi-ethnic fusion was in part propelled by a devastating climatic change known as the Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase that took place prior to the Middle Dnieper cultures synthesis coupled with the mobility of the wheel A perfect storm Regional variant steppe dialects from the southern part of this multi-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture would contribute to the ethno-genesis of the Slavs neighboring an earlier outlier Satem Proto-Dacian dialect near Baden As with the neighboring related Catacomb or Centum-Globular Amphora ( R1a- M458 ) polyethnic cultures the Satem Middle Dnieper culture had quite a few (lt link R1a1a- Z280 etc ) regionally diverse variant subgroups that spawned later peripheral cultures
The mythical Balto-Slavic (SVO) is none other than a Middle Dnieper cultural horizon of various unique regional yet distinctly polyethnic Europeanized conservative core IE Satem dialects neighboring related Pit-grave Yamna Āryan Satem (SOV) to their East as well as the nearby Catacomb culture (SOV) and Europeanized Centum Globular Amphora type languages (SVO) to their West Contact with Dnieper-Don Repins (SOV) is implied by unique Slavic Baltic Tocharian isoglosses Hollow based flint arrowheads of the Middle Dnieper culture bear a undeniable resemblance with Pit-grave Yamna and Catacomb culture counterparts ( pre-Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian ) as does some pottery River lake and marsh food including mollusks ( Latv sence ) were important food sources Pontic steppe Catacomb amp East Baltic bored stone hammer-axes are almost interchangeable and of course some aspects of their languages (re Grk Poimenes Lith Piemenes and the merger of Genitive amp
Ablative) Armenian Baltic Slavic and Indo-Iranian share innovations of the 1st person plural pronoun East Balt and Andronovo four five or seven-bulbed stone bored maces ( Lith vėzdras Skt vajrah ) are nearly identical as are their
archaic Ashvins Ašvieniai Divine Twins mythology as well It is no surprise that the Indo-Iranian and Baltic future tense echo each other as do many cultural terms and words This reflective Greek Sanskrit Lithuanian relationship is more than just a bridge between East and West (like Ket amp Navajo
amp Q ) it is a timeless Harmony letting even a blind man to view all Humanity as Family
These Satem core components of varied pre-Baltic pre-Slavic cultures migrated from the Sredny Stog culture (4500-3350 BCE) which with the Khvalynsk culture evolved from the Samara PIE homeland culture (5500-5000
BCE) on the Volga River Artifacts connect Samara with the earlier ( 7th
millenium BCE) polyethnic Indo-Uralic Seroglazovo culture by the Ural river probably validating the Indo-Uralic theory of V Thomsen from 1869 (re miti
languages)
Pots Dont Talk - They Speak - Volumes gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Most migrations were often due to prolonged climatic changes such as the Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase (4200 BCE colder 3500 BCE drier) population pressure on natural resources and or favorable new frontiers to colonize The migrations by each group resulted in different ethnic assimilations (Dnieper
Repins Dnieper-Donets Tripolye C2 amp Globular Amphora ) during the migrations and even more so at the eventual settlement regions (eg Uralic Comb amp Pitted Ware
Cultures and polyethnic Globular Amphora with non-Uralic Nemunas amp Narva Substratum U4
U5b2 ) The Fatyanovo custom of adding chamotte-grog or crushed shell to pottery reflects cultures like Narva ( amp later Globular Amphora-Narva poly-ethnic -
Česnys et al 2006 ) populations of the East Baltic and also older pottery by the Dnieper Rapids (Surskii island - circa 6000 BCE) and later Don-steppe cord impressed ceramics associated with Dnieper-Donets steppe cultures Twin horse heads ( Ašvieniai sky motif ) and boar tusks also culturally link Satem Balts to Syezzhe by Samara From the Samara culture to the present speakers of the archaic roots of Baltic type ( and Slavic ) languages have been indisputably polyethnic in various degrees in their long mosaic evolution The divergence of language is usually happening while there is also a convergence of languages Europe today is like an unmarked ancient sack of mixed genetic seeds The Sudovians ( Dainavians Yotvingians ) Galindians Pomesanians and various Prussians together formed a closely related Baltic language group known as the Western Balts ( West Baltic Barrow cultures ) to which one should also include the ancient Curonians The languages of both the Western and Eastern Balts ( Lithuanian Samogitian and Latvian ) evolved from the varied poly-ethnic Pre-Baltic Satem languages that migrated ( each differently ) from the late Sredny Stog horizon and subsequent Middle Dnieper culture regional variant subcultures These early Baltic language settlement areas of which ( the lower
reaches of the Vistula Daugava the Nemunas basin the upper reaches of the Dnieper amp even
to the Urals ) - is known to have developed into the (1) Early East Baltic Area of
Northern amp NE dialects ( w LWb ) and (2) Early West Baltic Area of Western amp Coastal dialects The Sudovians Prussians and Curonians can be regarded as links in a chain of this latter group while the Lithuanians Žemaitians
( Samogitians ) and Latvians ( R1a1a1 L235 L784 amp Z92) are considered to be the remnants (R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants) of a more Northern Early East-Baltic ( LWb allele ) area migration The differences between East and West Baltic cultures are reflected by Y-DNA data currently processed by the U of AZ ( re
Sintashta C14 dates ) in Tucson
The Eastern most dialects of the Early East-Baltic area ( Fatyanovo-Balanovo ) did not survive intact to be documented beyond numerous hydronyms and many archaic loanwords in various Finnic languages ( gyenta gyentar ) and Indic ( dhēnā śapharas rathas ) as well as contributing later to Russian dialects (re
ГОЛЯДЬ Terje Mathiassen amp Sprachbund notion ) There are loanwords in Saacutemi from Volga-East-Baltic that show no indications of Finnic sound changes ( ie
Saacutemi luossalt Volga-Baltic lašiša vs Finnish lohi salmon ) which help to approximately date a common source language for Finnic and Saami - and trade with Volga-Balts The loanwords were decidedly not prestigious items of an arrogant elite ie Saacutemi duovli Latvian dagla tinder or for example North Saacutemi suoidni hay Finnish heinauml id Lith šienas id Finnish ranta shore Lith krantas id
From reconstructions of the many cultural loanwords in Finno-Uralic by linguists amp those found in Vedic one might gather that the languages of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo Volga-Balts resembled a very archaic ( circa 2800 BCE ) East Baltic Samo-Lettic (w their Solar cult amp Sun songs) surviving ( LWb allele
R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants Z92 L235 L784 amp Kz) and evolving for the most part into Modern East-Baltic Lithuanian Žemaitian and Latvian and being culturally preserved in their dainos dainās especially those with a solar theme Many East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo artifacts exhibit designs reflecting such solar themes Abashevo rosettes mirror Latvian sun sign folk designs
Lexical Provenance gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Some regard the central Latvian system of three intonations ( also in Samogitian-
Žemaitian ) as an archaism of the Baltic group while others (Stang 1966 142 ) view the 3 tones as a reflection of accent retraction due to contact with another language ( a new broken tone from where stress was retracted to a syllable which originally had acute tone ) These related Northern Boat Axe tribes include the D Balts of the late great Balticist V Mažiulis Given the earlier political assassination of Lithuanian linguist Jonas Kazlauskas by the KGB (Deacutejagrave Vu - again - re Maris Prof Yuri Anduganov ) it perhaps was a safer label than a more accurate Ural Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a12 etc Z92 L235 type Kz ) or more inflammatory yet factual Volga-Kama Balts Neutralizing scholars is so
passeacute The settlement of East Balts in Russia three thousand years before the arrival of East Slavs was not politically expedient information nor particularly welcome It still isnt welcomed to this day like the Turim Basin ( VRC )
Tocharians in China Note loanwords into Finno-Ugric below (Gordeev 1967
180-203 Redei 1986 25-26) - of a specifically archaic East Baltic lexical Fatyanovo provenance ie žalga dagla darža vežys (v)āžys gentar kela ratas tilta kāras deivas not some amorphous Proto Balto-Slavic Finnish Perkele amp Votiak Perkịno reflect a Fatyanovo Baltic ldquoalpinerdquo velar that is altogether absent in Slavic Perun Details details details
Baltic amp Uralic in Vedic
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The old names of the various groups were derived from nearby hydronyms such as the historic Lamai by the Lama river or the Eastern Galindai ( ГОЛЯДЬ
) Some of these Eastern Balts by the Ural mountains evidently merged culturally with or extended to the nearby cosmopolitan poly-ethnic Abashevo culture which became a major component of the Sintashta Arkaim culture ( Kuzmina 2000 Pryakhin et al 2001 ) later becoming one of many conservative Alakul dialects to Pre-BMAC Proto-Indo-Aryan ( Proto-Vedic ) Some Abashevo pottery looks quite similar to and even blends specific darža designs from Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) which indicates East Baltic Corded Ware culture (Kuzmina OV 2000) integration in the Abashevo ethnogenesis as well as in later Sintashta-Arkaim One of the uniquely Fatyanovo-Balanovo trademark ceramic designs ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 ) was a pecular darža checkered double row diamond rhombus (
languotas raštas rūtains ) pattern which found its way into both Andronovo amp Timber Grave ( Srubna Pozdnyakovo ) ceramics and culture ( copyjp ) It is also indisputably evident in Andronovo Fedorovo artifacts ( re Kuzmina 2007 p 653
fig 41 Urefty pottery 3 amp 44 p 628 fig 19 5 Smolino pottery Also fig 101 14 Mundigak
Period VI Kandahar valley ) Lith piešalas Sanskrit peśalas Buckle up
If unique designs were assimilated unique words were probably assimilated as well Ratas isnt some amorphous proto-balto-slavic word Ratas is GAS East Baltic just like its unique trademark darža checkered ceramics ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) of Fatyanovo barley amp hemp farmers Baltic in Vedic Checked mate Que rico A Uralic component of poly-ethnic Balanovo culture ( Goldin 1999 130 ) may also account for old Uralic words in Andronovo culture and adding chamotte-grog in ceramics Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link the panta between the two disparate cultures of Poltavka and Volosovo-Garino Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered pottery connects Poltavka amp Volosovo-Garino revealing the conduit for cultural exchange The Southern
most peripheral Baltic dialects were from the Sosnica cultural complex ( gt
Milograd amp Jukhnovo cultures ) which much later on assimilated with migrating Eastern Slavic speakers ( R1a1a- Z92 ) Yet it should be remembered that neither Satemization or Ruki match genetic charts very well
Map of the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Cultures
with Dative Plural M amp R1a- M417 Z283
The early ancestors of the West Balts ( R1a1a- Z280 ) were the West Baltic Barrow culture and the Mazovia-Podlasie groups of the Trzciniec culture along the Bug river basin which bordered the autonomous Komarov ( Proto-Slavic ) culture of the Podolian Uplands further to the South The Baltic Trzciniec (Streaked pottery) culture was related to the autonomous Komarov culture but different as ceramics metalwork hydronyms and burial rites indicate This difference can be seen in the word for mans best friend dog where West Baltic had suns vs Old Church Slavic pьsъ or rock - Baltic akmō ašmō vs OC Slavic kamy West Baltic pausē pine vs Slavic bor or sosna (lt sopsna ) and also with many fundamental lexical and mythological disparities In contrast note East Baltic šuo with Kalasha šua dog or Lith puš-es pines and Waigali puċ pine (see Haplogroup U4 below) The West-Satem branch relatedness is illustrated by the word for name - West Baltic emens Albanian emen and Slavic imę vs more Central-Satem East Baltic Lithuanian vardas
The West Baltic Barrow culture and Trzciniec evolved into the later Pomeranian culture ( R1a1a- Z280 L365 ) horizon The West Baltic dialect area flourished with their lively amber trade with the Unitice culture and beyond Even as late as the Early Iron Age (600 BCE) the southern limit of the large Sudovian culture territory bordered the SlavicScythian Chernoles culture Scytho-Sarmatian (Ossetic) and Slavic isoglosses can be illustrated in Ossetic terminology of agriculture ( yoke harvest reaping-hook ) - in somatic terminology ( ear ) and in kinship ( sister brother mother father mother and father-in-law ) The Slavic and Mid-Iranian RUKI had much in common as well as Slavic loss of word-final -s which may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by Timber Grave Iranian contact (re U3)
The Neuri of Herodotus gtgtgt|||ltltlt
According to Herodotus (approx 450 BCE) the Neuri ( Νέσροι ) were a tribe living
North of the Tyres (Dneister river) and the furthest nation beyond the Scythian farmers along the course of the river Hypanis (Bug river) The Bug river meets the Naura ( Baltic name for the Narew ) river The Naura river leads one to Galinda and Suduva Since trade increased recognition the Neuri of Herodotus were possibly related to the Galindians and Sudovians Herodotus also mentions the wild white horses nearby that grazed by a great lake which scholars today suggest are the Podlesie marshes by the Bialowieza Forest Yotvingian Tarpans from the Bialowieza Forest seasonally faded to near white in Winter In 500 BCE Eastern Europe climate was much cooler and wetter There is still a town in Poland named Nur ( Νσρ) 52deg 40 0 N 22deg 18 0 E along the upper Bug River near the Bialowieza Forest The Nurzec river runs nearby and the local district currently bears the rivers name Balts traditionally take ethnonyms from local hydronyms The Baltic verbal roots nur- to immerse or niur- to get murky may be sources of the local hydronym Archaeologists have excavated a fortified settlement and an open settlement near Moloczki Poland by the Nurzec river There are probably many more yet unexcavated in Ziemia Nurska as the area is known as Udmurt nur swamp might contradict this theory
The Balts of Ptolemy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Greek geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd Century AD mentioned only two
Baltic tribal nations the Γαλίνδαι and Σοσδινοί Romans coins ( Tiberius
Caligula ) unearthed in Suduva predate Ptolemys account Σουδινοί was
possibly a typo for Σουδιυοί (re Ιαησγγιωνες) It is of interest to note that an early differentiation of dialects also took place in the Central Eastern dialects evolving early Lithuanian Žemaitian Latvian at a period when the neuter gender was still common in East Baltic ( Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish kela reel spool
Old Prussian kelan wheel )
The Western Balts gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Western Baltic dialect that later gave rise to the Sudovian Galindian Pomesanian and various Prussian languages is one of the dialects of the Early-Western Baltic Area ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) The Coastal West Balts emerged as yet another dialect (Curonian language) of the Peripheral Early-West Baltic Area near the bordering dialects of the Central Early-East Baltic language area The Western Balts were a poly-ethnic hybrid mix of Corded Ware Satem peoples on outliers of Funnel Beaker Globular Amphora with Nemunas - Narva substratum ( GAS ) population Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements there
( Brazaitis 2005 fig 5 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import
Thus the Western Balts should include the Sudovians ( Яцьвягі ) Galindians Pomesanians and various Prussians and also the Curonians the former comprising the Southern group and the latter the Coastal Northern group This explains the close similarity between Sudovian ( Yotvingian ) Galindian Pomesanian and Prussian A successful modern revival of the Prussian language is now known as New Prussian A link to their Prussian language website is provided below
The Old Prussian Sembian dialect though exhibits a prolonged influence ( Pratorius corrupt Prussian ) from the influx of nearby Curonians when compared to the more distant Pomesanian or Sudovian The Sembian dialect of the Old Prussian Catechisms has muti tawas (mother father) whereas the Pomesanian of the Elbing Vocabulary has mothe towis The chronicled Sudovian Occopirmus similarly differs from the Catechism Sembian ucka- Farther inland away from coast and Curonians we do find Prussian Tlokunpelk - Bears Marsh Galindian did not historically border the Curonians and was close to Sudovian in many respects
Certain innovations (ie thousand participle ) that occurred in the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 L235 L784 N1c1 ) dialects are not reflected in the
Peripheral ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) Western Baltic dialects ( with attrition to 4 core
declensional cases re neighboring Gothic) Each area also had different mixtures of substratum populations involved in their ethno-genetic formations ( re LT F-U
Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) and later neighboring influences The Peripheral West Baltic dialects exhibit an archaic appearing declension which gives one a unique window into both Baltics and the Northern Indo-European GAS influenced dialects and the influence of diverse substratum on varied evolutions The currently spoken East Baltic dialects are more evolved expressive and elegant Bi-lingual West East Baltic speakers adopted East Baltic rather quickly
The traditional academic construct of a seven case declensional system for early Proto Indo-European is as synthetic as it is theoretically convenient ( Jeannette DeBusk Cox )
Only nominative genitive dative and accusative forms have constant
intercrossing functions in various Indo-European languages while forms used for the instrumental or locative cases (traditionally declared to be Common Indo-
European) have related functions eg the IE -ois may occur in the instrumental case in one language and in the locative case in other ones or -ō (apophonically) -ē occurs as -āt in the Indo-Iranian ablative and as -it in the Hittite instrumental Such intercrossing elements were used for semi-paradigmatic adverbial forms differently paradigmatized in the various Indo-European languages (V Toporov V J Mažiulis)
Eastern amp Western Baltic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Some very archaic lexical differences exist between the Western Baltic ( R1a1a-
Z280 L366 etc ) dialects and the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92
L235 N1c1 ) dialects The word for fire is just such an example The Western Balts used the word panu whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ugnis Another example is the word for wheel The Western Balts used the word kelan whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ratas These words have cognates in other ancient Indo-European languages ( For the
Centum GAS ratʔas relationship between Old Irish roth Lithuanian ratas and
Sanskrit ratha - see below ) That such diversity of basic terminology existed within Proto-Baltic illustrates the antiquity of the West East Baltic vocabulary inherited from the late Sredny Stog horizon (3500-3350 BCE) into the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Middle Dnieper culture ( R1a1a- Z280 ) horizon that influenced the evolution of divergent dialects by cultural contacts Outliers of Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva populations added poly-ethnic substratum cultural influence ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 Česnys et al 1990
Mochalov OD 2001-2002 ) to Fatyanovo contributing a residual non-Satem vocabulary of their central European GAS Centum words like pẽku - livestock ( vsSatem Lith pešti pešus pẽšis OCS pьsъ ) and perhaps gradually compromising East Baltic Ruki Non-IE East Baltic substratum ( Pit Comb Ware N1c1 Uralic amp Nemunas-Narva w U5b2 ) bilinguals were perhaps a phonetic impetus behind Dative Plural -m- from -b- for example Baltic žambas Estonian hammas as well as the custom of adding chamotte-grog to ceramics ( re LT F-U Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) The Dative Plural -m- from -b- probably reflects early Baltic area GAC trade network contact dialects The loss of the neuter gender in East Baltic was due to primarily inherited dynamics of rearrangement Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains yet Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of the language - even after the era when dialects became languages The formative influence of poly-ethnic substratum populations on the various early Baltic-type dialects thus becomes easily apparent even for a layman to grasp
In regard to variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele in regions of East vs West Balts provides solid scientific proof of an ancient genetic distinction ( E Baltic -
W Baltic lt R1a- Z280 ) between speakers of the two Baltic groups Theories of a Proto-Balto-Slavic split around 1000 BCE (eg Kortlandt 1982 181) naively contradict the immense volume of linguistic archaeological and emerging genetic DNA (lt link ) Corded Ware evidence Latvia has eleven C-14 dates of Corded Ware Culture ( Loze 1992 A Kriiska 2001 ) with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (w 954 probability) A fish diet ( eg šapalas ) may lessen those calculations a little bit but not greatly
Another key feature of West Baltic languages is the asigmatic nominative singular neuter gender ending in -n This is noted in such words as kelan ( wheel ) azeran ( lake ) and dadan ( milk ) There are also many neuter gender words that end in -u such as panu ( fire ) pẽku ( livestock ) as well as alu ( mead re Latvian aluot ) of which the later two may well be from Centum Globular Amphora substratum and amber trade contacts Note Old Prussian panno ( re panu-staklan ) and Gothic fōn Armenian hur hnoc Old Prussian druwis Iranian dhruvi- indicate the core Satem foundation of West Baltic Aswinan amp dadan certainly do The neuter gender asigmatic -n exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp [ re neuter vaška beeswax gt Finnish vaha ] The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords or modern East Baltic ( Prussian median vs Samogitian medė forest ) once again dating a the West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 )
pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-Svitych 1963 42-44 see below ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as Lydian The developements of the Slavic neuter are being still debated This isogloss could provide insight about the Novosvobodna Maykop type steppe burial orientation tradition of Fatyanovo males to SW females to NE as well as Novosvobodna Maykop type metallurgic influences on Fatyanovo [ re
Samogitian medė forest Finnish metsauml - forest Estonian mets Votic meccauml Karelian mečču id Lule Saacutemi miehttjēn far away Saacutemi meahcci forest fringe Hungarian ( ) messze far distant East Baltic tilta bridge - Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish silta bridge Estonian sild Volgaic Erzya śid-al sed id lt Skt sētu- band bridge Latvian sēta fence ]
A very unique feature preserved in the West Baltic languages is the Genitive singular declensional ending in -as for words that end in -as or -an in the Nominative case Hittite also shared this feature -aš lt -os as well as perhaps neighboring Gothic ( nomgensg harjis ) nearby in the West although mere appearances may be misleading Neighboring Wielbark culture ( Gothic
I1-M253 - Y-DNA ) interaction with West Baltic tribes especially the Galindians appears to have been co-operative and mutually beneficial The border between the two may account for certain Gothic type loanwords into the Baltic languages This Gen -as declensional ending is as disconcerting for
expedited Balto-Slavic theories as the East Baltic neuter although it does strengthen and lend support to the effect of GAS Such a generalized declensional feature is noted in a word like Nominative singular pēdan ( ploughshare ) Genitive singular pēdas or in the West Baltic Genitive singular Deivas ( Gods ) and in places names ( re Wilkaskaymen ) Many unique features of West Baltic are relics from the Proto-Indo-European Sredny Stog horizon (4500-3350 BCE) as is the deduced archaic East Baltic ( amp R1a1a- Z92
Slavic ) singular neuter with -d resembling a Lydian type developement - unlike West Baltic
West Baltic has the same four nominal accent classes as does Lithuanian but it has retained the original accentual state of Dnieper Baltics ( an acute rising
accent and a circumflex falling accent) The first class is the acute barytone paradigm The second is the circumflex barytone paradigm Thirdly the acute mobile paradigm Lastly the circumflex mobile paradigm
The Archaeological Record gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Reading from the archaeological record one can associate dates of 3200 - 2300 BCE with various material artifacts (toy wheeled wagon) and increased plant ( hemp and wheat ) pollens that appear to indicate the arrival of Baltic speaking peoples in the Baltic region who appear gradually and slowly settled in well among native populations ( recently arrived Uralic Comb amp Pitted Ware Cultures
( N1c1 ) mixed with an older Nemunas amp Narva Substratum w U5b2 amp Centum Globular
Amphora outliers ) Recent archaeological finds of Triticum and Cannabis pollen circa 5600 BCE from the Akali Neolithic Narva-Kunda settlement in East Estonia ( A Poska L Saarse et al 2006 ) places Cannabis cultivation in the Baltic region much further back into antiquity than even the Corded or Pitted Ware eras Also the East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants also Z92 ) had more close contact with Uralic (eg Kiukainen culture ) and nearby Pit-grave Yamna Āryan speaking cultures than the West Balts ( Sanskrit hastas amp Lith
žastas ) After 2750 BCE the agricultural record intensifies ( Rimantienė et al
1999 ) as well as beginning East Baltic copper ( varis ) amp bronze metallurgy near the Ural Mountains The East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo era metallurgy proceeded the Seima-Turbino culture horizon ( vaška = Old East Baltic
neuter )
A forest-zone polyethnic ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Abashevo culture by the Urals emerged with MVK Catacomb influenced early Eastern Balts Volga Finns and Pit-grave Pre-Indo-Aryans from the steppe-zone using the same process Migrations often follow climate changes ( re the
Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase ) around the 3rd millennium BCE the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BCE amp the 12th century BCE Each migration would encounter different native ethnic groups and influence the dominant language during assimilation of those ethnic natives Indo-European peoples amp languages have ALWAYS been multi-ethnic The new molecular DNA archaeology proves it beyond question We are all related - literally
The high incidence of Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 suggest long term relations and admixture with the Uralic speaking population of the Baltic Volga and Ural region which may have had a conservative influence on the East Baltic Satem dialects and speakers Note Kurdish varg vs Komi Zyryan voumlrkas wolf N1c appears to emanate East amp West from the Ural region probably with its origin in Khakassia The divergence of language is usually happening while there is also a convergence of languages
Fatyanovo-Balanovo gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The early Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture ( 3300 - 1800 BCE Loze 1992 Tab1 ) was an Northeastern extension of the East Baltic Corded Ware culture (w mtDNA
N1a1a1 R1a1a1 ldquoM‟srdquo also Z92 LWb allele ) following various rivers in the North like the Oka to the upper Volga and Kama confluence in what is now Russia Fatyanovo developed from an early Northern variant of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon It is here that pottery displays a unique Fatyanovo Baltic style of mixed Corded Ware and Globular Amphora ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 )
features amp exhibits a trademark checked motif design ornamentation not found with the steppe cultures ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) thus allowing their contacts with those cultures to be tracked - even into Sintashta amp beyond The parallel lines motif may represent a darža or a tilled garden plot ( re Finnish tarha lt Fatyanovo ) perhaps from Dnieper Satems or GAS ( copyjp ) Compare the darža motif to the Bronocice farmers pot ( re CWC Eulau-Shughnan
DNA ) Fatyanovo hemp provided a water resistant fishing line for hooks and nets ( amp herbal medication ) and barley provided bread ( Latv miezē ) Fatyanovo migrations also correspond to regions with hydronyms of an East Baltic language dialect mapped by linguists as far as the Oka river and the upper Volga as well as regions with elevated frequencies of the rare LWb allele Spreading eastward down the Volga and beyond they discovered amp exploited the copper ores of the the western Ural foothills and started long term settlements in the lower Kama river region The East Balt Paimenes herdsmen brought their ešva - tarpan horse šėmas gōvs - gray cow avis - sheep parša - pig (neut) ratas - wheel ašis - axle tilta - bridge žalga - long fishing pole for šapalas red finned dace in the jaura - marsh a pada - clay pōdas - pot of kāras medu - honeycomb honey apiculture amp daržai - tilled crop plots - including javas - cereal grain maižis - barley šaras - seed sālis - salt along with varia - copper metallurgy and a tūšanti - thousand ( see below ) of their dainās - Holy Songs of their šventa - spiritual beliefs about dermė - harmony and the celestial -deivas
Trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo
checked ceramic darža motif copyjp
Fatyanovo cemeteries would sometimes have graves of not only people but also bear and other animals which are buried with ritual close by in individual graves Solar designs ( Solar cult clan re Saulės Rẽtis ) commonly adorn East Baltic Fatyanovo ceramics as do trademark checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Livestock includes cattle ( Y-DNA H10 ) horses sheep pigs and dogs ( North Saami šūvon trained dog ) and apiculture Balanovo livestock initially had more swine and sheep than other livestock Excavations indicate hunting and fishing ( žalga šapalas ) was often practiced ( Lougas 1999 ) as well as swidden agriculture ( Krasnov 1971 ) They gathered hazel nuts Excavations indicate Fatyanovo cultivated barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972
Jaanits 1992 49 ) Bone wrist guards imply they were accomplished archers Two-wheeled wagons (Goldina 1999) are also typical finds ( re ratas ) as are toy wheels There are a profusion of sites in the northern Baltic countries including
the Kazan Russia (Volga-Kama) region The more metallurgically exploited Ural region of the Fatyanovo culture was designated as the Balanovo culture (2900-
2100 BCE) from a cemetery found near the town Balanovo cemeteries had both kurgan ( Lith kapas ) and flat type burials ( like Abashevo - Kuzmina 2007
p221 ) The funeral chambers were wooden constructions in rectangular pits with the deceased wrapped in birch bark or hides
SW amp NE gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Balanovo copper metallurgy has its roots in central European cultural traditions which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper Cultural area Balanovo jewelry duplicates specific designs of a Central European provenance perhaps derived from the Centum Globular Amphora substratum assimilated into the Middle Dnieper - Fatyanovo cultures East Baltic lexicon also has unique isoglosses with Central European Celto-Italic dialects w ERC GAC bilinguals which also shared the BBC amp TRB substrate found in the Centum Globular Amphora horizon ( semti ratas peku ) Emulating the earlier poly-ethnic Globular Amphora ERC culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers adorned their ceramics with specific solar or unique designs ( re
Globular Amphora amp Narva substratum w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) valued pork ( parša ) high among livestock and practiced copper metallurgy But quite unlike the Globular Amphora culture stone cist burials with heads oriented to the East Satem Fatyanovo-Balanovo orientated male burials to the Southwest ( ДАКрайнов 1964 1972 re 188-192 ) - per steppe Maykop custom - as did the nearby related Satem Pit Grave culture and the much later early phase Sarmatian burials of Pokrovka Even a distant Afanasievo migration burial east of the Ural river with its Repin traits orientated the male to the southwest By 2600 BCE the Fatyanovo Balanovo culture and its copper metallurgy was firmly established in the Volga-Kama Ural region East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo Ural metallurgy was the nexus for a revolution that would sweep across the steppes and beyond
Cis-Ural Metallurgy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The villages were composed of above ground wooden houses built from logs with saddled roofs and had fenced enclosures ( Udmurt kar - town site Komi kar -
site of ancient town Mordvinian Erzya kardas - enclosure courtyard w -as ending lt
East-Baltic gardas - enclosure vs Ossetian kaeligrt - id ) East Baltic Balanovo and Finno-Uralic Volosovo peoples apparently mixed well ( LWb allele amp N1c1 ) without too much conflict as they did with steppe peoples with whom they they had contact via trade with the Caucacus metalworkers The East Balt association with amber is quite old ( ДАКрайнов 1972 1973 Loze 1979 1993 ) Chuvash jandar and Hungarian ( w LWb ) gyentar - amber gyenta - resin reflect the legacy of an archaic adjectival -tar neuter suffixed Balanovo
( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin Skt jatu - resin jātarūpa - golden ( lt jęta-rūpa Lith gentaro-rupis re Skt jā-ta- Lith gen-tis ) Avestan toponym jatara- resinous Corded Ware Balanovo amp Abashevo metallurgy would provide significant impetus to Seyma-Turbino metallurgy ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked celt-axes lt gt ) Komi ram- calm peace and
erd- field reflect peaceful interaction with the Volga-Balts ( Lith erdvas ardvas
Saacutemi aacutervas ) Note Komi rit - evening and Lettic riets- sunset The pirtis - log shed (sauna) of the pioneering Volga-Balts was evidently noticed and emulated by the locals ( Mari poumlrt Saacutemi barta) Finnish Orja - slave Estonian [gen] Orja Udmurt Var Komi Ver Mokša Urauml Erzya Ure - slave indicates some later conflicts with the Āryans - as do some archaeological sites ( note - all the various late Finnic Āryan terms lack archaic nominative s - like later Timber-
Grave Iranian ) In contrast Saacutemi Oarje just designates a direction ( Abaev 1981 85
) Variations (re mtDNA Z1a V ) among Saacutemi mtDNA now show an earlier link to the Volga-Ural region ( M Ingman et al 2007 ) Neither the LT Aukštaičiai nor the Saacutemi have any common European mtDNA H1 ( ) The Saacutemi may well have an old folk saying similar to Oh well there goes the neighborhood but it has eluded my research into it
Residual Stratum gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Scholars are still perplexed by the imbalance or lopsided ratio of loanwords between East Baltic and the Uralic languages This is because the bulk of Baltic loanwords into Uralic arent loanwords per se but rather residuals of a scattered ( LWb allele R1a Z92) stratum language reflecting the widespread and prolonged assimilation of bilingual archaic East Baltic speaking Fatyanovo-Balanovo Battle Axe settlers and their poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a N1c1 ) descendants ( Finnish heimo sisar Saacutemi gaacuteibmi ) with the numerically dominant Uralic tribes for millennia The merging of Comb and Corded Ware ceramics ( w chamotte or grog ) and other associated artifacts reflect this hybrid cultural horizon ( Lith šeškas Mari šāškə Veps hāhk re Sanskrit śaśakas ) The Kiukainen culture is one example Multi-room houses also appear Some isolated pockets of poly-ethnic Baltic speakers such as the ГОЛЯДЬ survived intact even up to historic times North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92 N1c1) with tl dl consonant cluster changes gt kl gl - like East Baltic implies multiple pockets of poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a1a Z92 N1c1 ) East Baltic speakers there Yet the rate of assimilation eventually outpaced the passage of substratum language inheritance Hence the additional impact of not uncommon Baltic-Uralic bilingualism ( eg Kiukainen culture ) on the structure of Finnic languages along with a myriad of archaic common everyday ( EB neuters - heinauml hay tarha
garden plot silta bridge ) terminology Uralic impacted Baltic as well The absence of weaponry or conflict terms is notable - and in hindsight altogether wise Fatyanovo-Balanovo East Baltic ( w GAS ) had became an established regional poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) substratum language ( paimen herder )
throughout its range ( re LWb allele ) Although numerically overwhelmed its innovative broad-based ( apiculture agriculture building amp metallurgy ) cultural impact proved enduring - as expressed in the Kiukainen culture Scholars are not fond of such dramatic re-assessments even when molecular DNA amp traditional archaeology clearly illuminates the mounting dateable evidence The challenging complexity of Finno-Ugrian origins and evolution has only grown with recent studies yet traditional archaeology acknowledges that Fatyanovo-Uralic contact ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 N1c1 ) zones precede Āryan-Uralic contact ( Krajnov 1972 251-252 Gurina 1963 133 139 Khalikov 1969 205 Tretrsquojakov
1966 135 ) Fatyanovo used chamotte admixture in ceramics like their neighbors ( Laitinen et al 2002 ) Some Aryan loanwords in Uralic may reflect a poly-ethnic Alakul forest re-intrusion and were diffused by a subsequent F-U speakers migration as implied by DNA genetics And the earliest Corded Ware words found in Uralic are an identifiable archaic East Baltic ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem
1000 ) as exemplified by a shared vocabulary ( Mari karas šāškə Lith šeškas
Sanskrit śaśakas ) amp the singular neuter and not some amorphous pre-Baltic that vanished without a trace
Kela vs Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Overlapping the Southern edge of the Fatyanovo - Balanovo region by where the rivers flow South another group of the East Baltic-type Satem Corded Ware pottery tradition ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) later
developed that is called the Abashevo culture ( 2400 - 1800 BCE ) after a nearby village East of Kazan Russia The Abashevo culture exhibited strong influences from both Pit-grave and MVK Catacomb cultures on its Baltic-type Corded Ware traditions Abashevo metallurgy was proportionally less weapon-oriented than that of their Pit-grave Āryan neighbors exhibiting more utilitarian or artistic ornamental products That being said Abashevo weapon metallurgy was innovative and the designs were adopted by Andronovo cultures Unlike the Pit-grave Āryans of the bordering steppe the forest dwelling Abashevo like the Balanovo mixed some with the local Volosovo ( N1c1 ) hunters amp foragers influencing their culture in many ways The Abashevo relations with Seima - Turbino were also apparently fruitful for each other (East Baltic Fatyanovo kela
Finnish kela - reel spindle Fatyanovo amp Lith ratas Finnish amp Estonian ratas - wheel North
Saami raacutehtis - id Fatyanovo amp Lith kepti Saami giksa- kopša- to cook) The archaic East Baltic kela vs ratas usage invites scholarly investigation of the neuter in East Baltic as well as assessing Globular Amphora poly-ethnic Substratum influence from ERC Finnish taivas Estonian taevas amp Saacutemi daivas - heaven reflect an archaic East Baltic influence still heard in Saule noiet dievā or Saule iet dievu of the old Latvian Dainās ( re H Biezais 1961
Gimbutas 1958 46 ) Lithuanian still has dievop dieviep declensions Perhaps
Saacutemi taiw Hungarian taacutej and Khanty tai - locus are also related if heaven is a place - somewhere
Like Balanovo sites many Abashevo settlements were also by the copper laden southwestern foothills of the Urals and as the Volga-Kama area Balanovo East-Balts did left ample kurgan burials and flat graves as part of their Abashevo burial rite Late Abashevo artifacts were found in Sintashta ( Pre-Vedic ) culture graves Sintashta also had not only one but two flat grave cemeteries along with the expected more prestigious kurgans Sintashta ceramics display the influence of early Abashevo amp Fatyanovo-Balanovo pottery styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) just as many
Sintashta Europoid remains exhibit the dolichocephaly of Abashevans ( Schwidetzky 1978 Menck 1980 Gimbutas 1997 322 ) amp Fatyanovans ( Denisova 1980
Rimantiene amp Cesnys 1996 50 Loze 1996 68 ) Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo )
ceramics with chamotte exhibit a projecting rim as does later Abashevo ( re
mtDNA N1a1a1 294 ) The artifacts suggest a unique cultural exchange between poly-ethnic ( w Uralic amp GAS admixture) Abashevo and Fatyanovo-Balanovo people into the Sintashta culture of Pre-Vedic peoples ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The nearby Volga Finnic Erzya-Moksha Mordvin language group has preserved loanwords from early Āryan Volga-East-Baltic and possibly a Pre-Tocharian Repin type language which would seem to confirm the probability of such exchanges Residual Ural-Volga Repins may well have become contributing substratum in the ethno-genesis of the Corded Ware Abashevo considering their geographical locations The Volga-Sok river Ural region by Samara has yielded Repin-influenced pottery reflecting the Repin influenced pottery of the earliest Afanasievo kurgans Early Uralic exchanges with IE Centum speakers probably correlate with this regional Volga-Repin horizon by the Urals Re haplogroup U5 Tokharian A waumls Tokharian B yasa - gold ( PT wesā ) Uralic Mari waž Kamassian waza Votyak az-veś Hungarian vas Mansi atvės Forest Nenets wyesya whereas Saacutemi vieške Moksha uśkauml Estonian vask reflect Tokharian A wsā-yok lt wesā-yāku - gold colored Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration with decorated rims on a round-based pot The NE orientation of male burials characteristic of Don Repins is also noted later with some ( not all ) Timber-Grave burials vs the early Afanasievo migration burials with Repin traits which orientated males to the southwest like Poltavka Fatyanovo ( Lith talka
telkti East Tocharian A talke Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) and the early phases of Sarmatian burials
Indo-Āryan Soma ( contents lt source ) preserved the native Uralic ( N1c1 ) word for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) was pressed with stones in water to produce a batch of the Soma beverage ( re Khanty Sŏma hewn
mortar-bowl Estonian Soim hewn manger ) or passed around and shared The misnomer well have been a cross-cultural semantic mistranslation from Balanovo-Volosovo contacts Finger pointing can be misconstrued as Elbing Vocabulary 141 comically demonstrates Some other tribes may have noticed East Baltic Balanovo neuters were one consonant shy of a combo plate and later added one Amanita muscaria reflects the Sun-Moon symbolism well
especially as they rise amp set smoky chestnut red ( žalas ) An pioneer ethno-mycologist R Gordon Wasson identified Vedic Soma as Amanita muscaria in his 1967 book although its legendary use was clearly Pre-Vedic Note that Balanovo and Volosovo-Garino ( Finno-Uralic ) culture pottery are sometimes discovered in sites side by side ( Goldin 1999130 ) inferring very close contacts (re mtdna haplogroup U4 [ Pliss et al 2005 16134ndash16356ndash16362 Bermisheva et al 2002 16189ndash16311ndash16356
Derbeneva et al2002b ] R1a amp N1c1 ) Ethnic customs were shared The Volosovo ( N1c1) use of talc or chamotte to temper pottery is significant since the custom of talc admixture is shared in Abashevo ceramics and later found in Sintashta culture ceramics Two pots unearthed far away near Sarazm betray their poly-ethnic Abashevo Ural area ( N1c1) origination by their unusual talc admixture
One side effect of the Ural region metallurgic bonanza was the need to defend key mining claims and production An escalation in production of weapons is noted The Pepkino burial kurgan suggests Abashevo northern territorial encroachment into Balanovo mining districts was strictly non-negotiable Later Sintashta - Arkaim type fortifications anticipated security concerns regarding metallurgic production centers
Sounds of Thunder gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Songs of the Erzya Mordvinic thunder spirit Purrsquogine Pərgənauml parallel both traditions of Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons and Rig Vedic Parjanyah closely ( Rig Veda Book 5 Hymn 83 ) The ancient Permic Komi myth of Pera the Giant amp the Oak grove like Parjanya and Erzya Pərgənauml may also reflect cultural integration or assimilation ( LWb R1a1a- Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) of residual Volga-Kama Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo East Balts by the Urals ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt checkered ornament of Volga-Urals ) The East
Balt type R1a1a- Z92 variant found among the Volga Erzya suggests such (
R1a1a- Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) Unlike Pera the giant amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Another Volga-Kama area Permic variation was noted by Y Wickman ( Teitoja Votjaakkien Mytologiiasta 1893
p 33)as the Votiak wrathful Perkịno who was offered bread gruel and ( ) butter The Chuvash still say ascha schapat about lightning Missionaries demonized the hewn idols as the devil of hell replacing them with a foreign stern storm-god tradition - and new improved idols There is even a Perkino Russia - somewhat near Tula
Legends of the North gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Recent discoveries have eclipsed traditional mindsets Aerial surveys revealed Sintashta amp Arkaim Archaeological analysis from excavations have revealed four thousand year old cultural intermingling ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) In 2002 Fragments of Lappish Mythology by Lars Levi Laestadius was finally published
in English It had been long forgotten since the 1840s The Saacutemi version of the Storm-giant bears a close conformity to Pera the giant and Parjanya ( RV 563 ) The evil troll hiding in the hollow ( Lith dumbas Slavic dub - oak ) gets zapped in the Saacutemi version reflecting Rig Veda 563 After ridding the world of evil the only reward Pera the giant wants is a net How odd A net Whatz wit that A net A more multi-cultural analysis would provide insight Perhaps one can discern a unity of traditions considering that a Baltic net Sietynas is also Pleiades ( Saacutemi siejdi gt ON seieth ) Pashto Perūne is the knotty six-star Pleiades Northern legends of the six bogatyr sons the Sun maiden Pera marries the Suns daughter Saulė and the bear Saulės ratelis the sun maidens ring sauryās rathas The golden horned elk Zarni Anj Shundy Mumy solar mother the crescent moon ( Saacutemi maacutennu maacuteno ) Saacutemi has pirjanne - borjja-dat storms There are many Saacutemi - Permic conformities ( Charnolusski 1965 101-130 ) The Perm culture of the Vychegda river region practiced both inhumation amp cremation In their region 34 of inhumations were oriented to the SW Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( Vychegda region ) burial orientations were also to the SW The northern peoples SW buried with head towards sunset orientation ( Taylor 1989 280 Mansin 1984 64 Karlalainen 1996 46 ) is explained as the South representing the Sky gt Heaven ( Lith dievas Estonian taevas Saacutemi taiw Hungarian
taacutej and Khanty tai ldquo ) Early phase Sarmatian burials are similar There are many northern shared traditions ( sarvas - hirvas - sirvas ) and legends with some well over four thousand years old ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) They are not well received today nor have been in the past ( Willumsen LH 1997 ) Nobody magically disappears not even in Las Vegas
Perga - Pargai gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The interpretation of the phonetics of Parjanyah should consider three factors Sanskrit J followed by a front vowel as in Parjanya matches a Baltic G ( Lith augu Skt ojah lt H2eug- ) Secondly classical Sanskrit parkaṭī - fig tree has a holly oak ( Quercus ilex ) dialect homonym in a western Punjabi dialect with parg-ai instead of park-aṭī ( note related Skt k-g-j- bhakti bhaga-
bhajati ) In other words the Punjab region Vedic Parjanyah may be phonetically interpreted as Pərgənyah from the Iranian-like R-only Rig Vedic dialect lt possibly reflecting a phonetic alternate Pərkənyas from another ( Alakul ) immigration of R amp L Madhyadeśa dialects of mixed lineage populace - say perhaps marginalized poly-ethnic metalworkers
artisans a post-Sintashta śāpharikas fisherman ( re śapharas gt महाशफर )
farmers and herders perhaps even Yadavas ( re the tadbhava layer ) The 800 years from Sintashta to the Vedas significantly impacted Indo-Iranian itself much less a few odd loanwords A phonetic Iranian-like Punjab Vedic Pərgənyah amp Pərgənauml of the Volga-Ural Erzya look suspiciously similar Whatz up with that Was there a Volga-Ural cultural contact in common with a similarly positioned ldquoalpinerdquo velar The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 ) indicates that very common contact were the Volga-Ural
Fatyanovo- Balanovo Balts and their descendants ndash the same mushroom munching forest folk with their rolling ratas gentara- golden amber and stinky šapalas breath Thirdly Parjanya ( Divas putrāya ) like Vāyu and his obscure dhēnā lt dainā have already been marginalized in the Punjab Rig-Veda of elite Āryan priests - with only a few old token hymns Times change people change languages change Even Gods change All we are is dust in the wind
More Bull gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In East Baltic Mythology Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons is closely associated with the Bull In Nuristani Mythology Paumlrun is a war god ( kariaunas ) In Pashto Perūne is the knotty Pleiades star cluster ( re Old Prus Perōni - group Lith Peruotas
- beetle brood Peras - egg brood larvae ) The reason Perkūnas-Perkaunis is associated with the Bull is due to the ancient correlation of the Taurus constellations importance to the agricultural Dnieper Satem Tripolye R1a1a- Z280 substratum of East Balts The Taurus constellation ( Latv Vērsis ) signaled the start of the growing year and the arrival of Perkaunis loud Thunder storms Pashto Pleiades is in ( you guessed it ) - the Taurus constellation ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) The stars brought the rain of the Bull representing the magic of fertility to the Z280 Satem farmers When the Satem East Balts assimilated the poly-ethnic Globular Amphora-post-Narva substatum with their pre-Fairguni a Centum velar was added to Peraunas by his wife Perkūnija hence the E+W poly-ethnic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons Uralic loanwords attest to this antiquity of the East Baltic ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive variant Perkūnas was very important to farmers unlocking the start of a new growing year by his loud return In Lithuania the first ritual plowing of the Spring was done by two sacred black ( kirsna- ) bulls His two stones ( not red ) release fire The goatish echoes of flying snipes before a storm warn of his arrival Stricken lightning locations are šventas The darža checkered ceramics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) in Sintashta and Alakul pottery track contacts with Fatyanovo-Balanovo Z92 farmers Parjanya later appears in the Rig Veda as an peripheral obscure deity even though he is a son of Heaven ( Divas putrāya ) He is associated with Soma Vāyu ( Lith
dialect Vėjus ) and has Bull symbolism He gladdens the Earth He has a trace of a misplaced velar unlike Pashto Perūne star cluster ( Pleiades - in Vērsis ) Paumlrun or Slavic velarless Perun Parjanya has lost his militaristic affinities amp exploits Early Mitanni mining contacts may culturally connect Ashur Marduk to the Asuras Maruts There were no copyrights back then The evil serpent and various keraunophobic belief systems have remained quite popular to this day It is the hero Indra who now frees the cattle from the Vala cave slays the Vritra ahi- serpent and throws the wheel of the kerauninkas Kāvya Uśanas ( Latv milna lt mildna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild-
Tocharian kaumlrwentildee )
Perunaš Peraunas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Angis anžuolas reflect connections to the Hittite ( Maykop or Lydian ) diffused Myth of Illuy-ankas (eel-snake Latin anguilla ) and a storm deity named Tarḫunna Perunaš a stone-boulder-cliff deity joins in ( Myth of Ullikummi Ivanov
1958 108-9 ) The peaks of Greek Κέρκυρα island Baden alpine Hercynia and GAC pre-Fairguni or later Norse Fjoumlrgyn mountain all have a peaked alpine velar whereas Middle Dnieper Tripolye Satem reflects a Hittite common gender Perunaš as the Middle Dnieper cultures velar-less Peraunas we all know and love ( Czech Peraun Slavic Perunŭ Polabian Peraumlune- ) Sanskrit velar-less
Paru Parv-ata mountain ( Hittite Peru Perunant- Avestan Paruuatā ) was also used for a cloud especially a massive knotty cumulonimbus cloud cluster the kind which usually precedes violent thunderstorms ( Rig Veda 106411 ) An affiliation of Peraunas with cumulonimbus thundercloud clusters geologic uplifts lightning-bolts and magic ceraunium stones ( Tocharian kaumlrwentildee pārem ) is still noted Neighboring Catacomb Culture provides a later Greek Keraunos - thunderbolt ( Grk Poimenes Lith Piemenes Kerauninkas ) Circular triple crossed ceraunic hexagrams were popular Baltic woodcarving motifs Lithuanian kerauti translates as to make magic sorcery Globular Amphora amp Northern Dnieper Satems assimilate uniquely blending Satem Peraunas amp Centum Perkūnija in a wedding of sky amp earth ( re post-GAC ON Fjoumlrgynn amp Fjoumlrgyn ) Perkaunas-Perkūnija unite the poly-ethnic Baltic Centum amp Satem farmers which also head East with his still new ERC velar wedding attire as Uralic words record Neither the Polabian Peraumlune nor Pashto Perūne ldquoclusterrdquo cognates have the ERC velar whereas the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno neighbors of Fatyanovo-Balanovo do Perkaunas adopts the mycological magic orphans of the forest folk along the way to the Urals with Fatyanovo-Balanovo metallurgic pioneers His reception was cordial but the forest is his home with his oak and his ever popular sacred orphans The Baltic etymology of the revered oak is perhaps a ldquosecretrdquo taboo double entendre ( ang-is anž-
uolas ) but knotty fits just fine Perkūnas clash with a hiding Velinas ( Latv jods -
black ) the serpent-demon in the oak ( Middle Welsh derwen ) over theft ( cattle-
fertility ) is an old theme Thus the traditional black hued choice of sacrifices especially during times of drought Fire in the oak Quercitron The Storms of Spring battle Winters dark deceit for the release and restoration of Life Perkūnas was to wed the laume water spirit Indraja but it was not to be Parjanya isnt as popular in the Avesta Nuristani Paumlrun is a war god no bull Parjanya has already been de-oaked by the time of the Vedas and his ancient heroic legends have been assigned to Indra Parjanyas name is still spoken by farmers The Komi have Pera the giant amp his Oak grove As for his northern šventas orphans ( V N Toporov 1979 RV 9823 ) word gets around For the paru
peru jointed knotty IE etymology see Karl Hoffman 1974 In addition I note Sanskrit Paru - knotty having joints ( esp of reed or cane ) and Lith Peras - jointed plant shoot ( eg of reed ) cluster as well as a cluster of white knotty or jointed larvae or brood cluster bear close etymological affinities ( for -as vs-us note Lith Vėjas vs dialect Vėjus ) This cluster could be of stones clouds rock eggs sprouts larvae chicks church goers reeds or
stars From the eggs amp seeds of PIE per- to bear begets the cluster That
cluster becomes a cloud ( Perunaš Peraun ) or if stone later becomes a mountain
( Perunant- Paruuatā ) The visual connection of a puffy cloud cluster with a cluster of cute fluffy chicks or squirming larvae ( Lith Peras ) may be easily comprehended by a native Oaxacan but most scholars to date just dont get it They may well never Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are all related cluster cognates GAS influenced Perkons amp Parjanya are also related and especially to each other with the GAS velar infixation - due specifically to Volga-Ural inter-ethnic contact ( copyVirdainas )
Oaks are strikingly knotty as are firs fingers posts backbones cliffs and clouds Oaks are also like mountains ( re Fairguni ) strikingly tall or as they say in Hittite Parku- or Tocharian Paumlrk- and long when felled ( Tocharian Paumlrkaumlr- again ) - as when one makes a 26 ft dugout canoe - or perga - pergas ( Finnish haapio lt Fatyanovo aspen canoe ) Greek Πέργ- implies a European substratum p inclination for expected b Khotanese bulysa also prefers the horizontal orientation A Proto-Kartvelian dialect root for acorn dialect for oak reflects ḳrḳo- which bares a striking similarity to Italic Kerkus an oak ( with
many branches ) Venetian Querquerni Thucydides mountain Kirkine Celtic alpine Hercynia gt Gothic mountain Fairguni gt ON Fjoumlrgyn Greek island Κέρκσρα Lith Kerkūrė - hill mountain summit Lith Kerkulė many branched stump ( trunk ) Lith Kerkutys branching trunk Welsh Perth bush ( with many branches ) Old Norse Fjoumlrr tree Lith Keras bush ( with many
branches ) Lith kerkoti ndash to ldquostickrdquo out - like the ldquoalpinerdquo velar in Perkons or Parjanya darža laquo checked raquo Alakul or Kandahar Mundigak-VI Afghan pottery or z92 by Samara Initial or medial Q gt T gt P is early Lengyel BBC influencing GAC TRB traders amp Baden outliers Follow the Money Lengyel - Bell Beaker culture influence is easily percieved in various numerals such as Breton pemp Swedish fem Old High German fimf Oscan pompe - 5 or Welsh pedwar Old English fēower vs Lith keturi Sanskrit chatur - 4 Perhaps also GAC 11 amp 12 w -p lt -q like 4 Jātarūpa amber Gentaro rupis (
FYI - Some Western Chicago dialects pronounce knotty amp naughty the same way ) The 2800 BCE Corded Ware GAC connection of ON alpine Fjoumlrgyn amp E Baltic elevated Perkūnija is fairly obvious given current archaeological amp DNA evidence Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are cluster cognates Perkons amp Parjanya are also related - due to contact Roth ratas rathas Embrace the Chaos
Velars amp Vowels
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Given what has been revealed from the archaeology of the Sintashta era and later ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornament of the Volga-Urals ) the northwestern Punjab Rig Vedic dialect of Parjanyah may reflect an earlier Volga-Urals region polyethnic Perkaunyas or Pərgənyas which would resemble the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno or Baltic Perkaunias very very closely Why are the nearest cognates of Parjanya with an rdquoalpinerdquo velar ( plosive ) only in Balto-Finnic Volgaic Permic Baltic and otherwise noticeably absent in surrounding Satem Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani European Celtic Hercynia Gothic Fairguni attest to Western perhaps GAC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive affinities ( re roth ratas rathas below ) As linguists struggle with the etymology of the Punjab Rig Vedic Parjanya or even Baltic Perkūnas for that matter did they even consider the heresy of a poly-ethnic origin ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2 ) or a GAC origin of the integrated ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive ( re Eulau GAC
DNA amp Shughnans ) Slavic Satem Ruki amp velarless Perun would support it Perkaunias gt Perkonias gt Pərganyas Short e o get leveled to a as Indo-Iranian evolves At least a half a millennium passes between Sintashta and the Vedas Velar plosive [-G-] before a front vowel becomes [-J-] In other words we are discussing a shared cultural tradition ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) spanning well over four thousand years ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 The laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Beyond the similar name itself the very verses of each cultures related hymns ( dainās ) exactly parallel each other in a truly uncanny way The inclusive Perkaunijas appealed to poly-ethnic farmers herders and smiths not to a xenophobic ruling elite The increased frequency of dental cavities in Arkaim remains may reflect polyethnic Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo populace Given the Fatyanovo link with Sintashta ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) amp Kandahar ceramics ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 laquo checked raquo 14 ) and Corded Ware Abashevo origins of chariot cheek-pieces in the Urals such speculation is well within reasonable parameters even for diehard skeptics ( DNA data pending ) The Sintashta metal workers were busy real busy - cooking ( varia ) copper which is noisy hot foundry type work A rare day off meant quietly fishing by the cool water with some herbal headache medicine And it is still the common farmers who welcome Parjanya Pərgənauml or Perkons Perhaps the priests forgot ( RV 10853 ) Parjanyas is still the father of Soma ( RV 9823 ) Bon Appetit
The astonishing similarity of the archaic Central East Baltic (Latvian dial example Perkaunis Perkūne and Lietas) Dainās tradition mirrors the Eastern Fatyanovo Balanovo Baltic culture mythology as seen with the Votiak Perkịno and Volgaic (Erzya Pur‟gine Lit-ava) songs The initial L vs R of Lit-ava would presume early-Baltic contact since Vedic vṛkah ( vs archaic Baltic
vilkas) is associated with the loanword vərgas in Uralic Moksha or Komi Zyryan voumlrkas - wolf terms which were probably acquired from an Alakul intrusion into the forest-steppe Yet Ossetic does have Lymaelign friend reflecting Mordvin Loman man whereas Sanskrit has Ramana - man
married (re Latvian Loma- role Lithuanian Luomas- marital status class of men) Erzya has Paz reflecting Saka Bagas - a legacy of their contact ( Slavic
Bogъ) Discovering East Balt R1a1a- Z92 among the Volga-Ural Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) may pale to other previously unidentified R1a lineages from ancient cultural contact The Pur‟gine Paz - Lit-ava hymns are thus part of a poly-ethnic shared tradition
Syllabic Resonants R gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The East Baltic šapalas and Indic śapharas (chub-carp ) śāpharikas ( fisherman ) isogloss is indeed very interesting - given the absence of other fish cognate isoglosses ( Ossetian kaeligf Old Japanese kwop(j)i gt koi ) Sanskrit scholars have determined at least two early Vedic dialects ( the IE L gt R only
vs the R and L - Madhyadeśa region ) and possibly a third ( the L only ) existed The Rig Veda we know today is in the R only dialect ( Indo-Iranian coalescence of
L gt R ) Note Sanskrit śroṇis vs Lith šlaunis Thus only occasional token words remain from 2 of the 3 Vedic era dialects Baltic had retained IE L The Greek Indo-Iranian dialect area exhibited issues with syllabic resonants ( l r m n ) - as when m and n became a or Greek alla amp arra or Indo-Iranians syllabic liquids where l usually became r There remained an Indic instability with r (ṛH) where Iranian had ar vs Indic ir ur - with E-W dialect variants Examples of this are Skt śiras vs Av sarah- Grk karā- or Skt giri- vs Av gairi- ( Lith girė vs Slavic gora ) The conservative Satem speaking communities of IE dialects which begat the Baltics usually evolved reflexes of semi-vowels l r m n into il ir im in yet also rendered them as ul ur um un after original labiovelar plosives and later rearranged after more changes The two different reflexes cluster in contrast - inflectional morphemes have the i- reflex whereas the u- reflex is not uncommon in the expressive lexicon
There was certainly early Āryan as well as Catacomb culture ( merger of Genitive
amp Ablative) influence - interaction with the respective emerging Baltic dialects (as
Middle Dnieper artifacts actually reflect amp also javas- grain isogloss or Skt paścāt Lith
paskuj later ) and with Proto-Slavic while each neighbored near the larger proto Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian isogloss area of dialects (eg Graeco-Armeno-Indo-
Iranian past tense prefix augment isogloss) Reflecting this archaic regional relationship is the specific spiritual tradition of Dawn ( Uṣas Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven isolated together in the Indic Greek and Baltic cultures The semantic perceive vs awake contrast of Greek peuthomai Avestan baodaiti and Indic bodha-h vs Balto-Slavic Lith budėti invites some curiosity Is there some specific Balto-Indic link for the divergent wake-awaken semantics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) The Armeno-Aryan remodeling of the Ablative suffix helps to date influences on Middle Dnieper dialects Another relic of this same late Sredny Stog era influencedialogue interaction maybe the proposed loss of a laryngeal (H )
after the introduction of a long vowel (Korlandt 1975 - re Latv guovs Skt gauh ) and of course RUKI The Middle Dnieper Baltics amp Slavics were thus distinct early autonomous NW Satem IE dialects (Upper Middle Dnieper-Don region ) and even more so upon becoming Europeanized R1a1a- poly-ethnics Hydronyms by Tula Russia ( re Eulau CWC DNA ) appear quite Baltic Early Satem contacts ( mtDNA T ) and exchange may have also occurred with Don-Volga Repins before an exodus flight of a group far to the East which evolved into the Afanasievo culture ( Russ toloka Lith talka telkti Tocharian talke VRC
) Repin A1 type pottery arrived at Mikkhailovka on the Dnieper around 3500 BCE from a people that had a connection to the Volga-Don Region Repins There were Repin settlements in Middle Don where it dispersed to Volga and Dnieper areas ( Sinuk 1981 ) Tocharian may be thus related to both the early Middle-Lower Dnieper Repins ( re Middle Dnieper Repins gt ERC gt pre-Germanics ) and the northern Ural-Volga Repins that migrated the Trans-Ural region East ( Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) The incorporation of some Middle Dnieper Repins into the multi-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture is supported by isoglosses between Slavic Baltic Germanic and Tocharian
The cultural convergence of these various Āryan Baltic and Uralic peoples by the Urals in the second millennium BCE is reflected in name of the annual Finnish Kekri celebration which exemplfies the state of developement of the Indo-Iranian at that time - as compared with later Rig Vedic Sanskrit sg pl čakras čakrā- PIE kʷekʷlos ( Finnish yh-deksaumln 9 or 1 from 10 lt IIr - vs
Finnish tuhante 1000 lt E Baltic Fatyanovo ) It appears from above loanwords that at mid-third millennium BCE the Fatyanovo East Baltic Satem [ š ] preceded a slower developing Indo-Āryan [ ś ] Note Nuristani parallel sonsonant It ( Finnish tuhante ) also shows uncompromised original East Baltic pre-GAS Ruki Did each Satem tribe perhaps influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) the other ( Mari indeś 9 Ossetic daeligs 10) East Baltic Fatyanovo žemė lowland was adopted as a toponym šaumlme and is now known as the haumlme region of Finland ( w Fatyanovo artifacts ) Before the Finnic change of š to h the toponym provided an ethnonym - Saacutemi aka the Lapplanders (Koivulehto 1993)
Uralic Honey
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
It is common to read that the Finno-Ugric loanwords for honey - Hungarian mez Mordvinic med Estonian Finnish mesi were not borrowed from Battle Axe Baltic medu - honey or a Ural-Volga Pre-Tocharian Repin dialect ( Latv sāls Toch A sāle Zyryan sol - salt ) but rather from a later Āryan madhu - sweet drink Even though the same Finno-Ugrics have loanwords - Mordvinic Mokša kaumlras Mari karas Udmurt karas for honeycomb wax - reflecting East Baltic kāras honeycomb ( Lith korys Latv kāres ) and in spite of the archaeological chronology of centuries of Battle Axe Balt Finno-Ugric
( eg pre-Kiukainen culture w LWb ) contact or earlier Pre-Tocharian Repin Finno-Ugric interaction ( eg Saacutemi vieške Tokharian A wsā-yok ) long before Pit Grave Āryan culture arrival No mekši -fly cognate is found in Ob-Ugric It is noteworthy that current Bashkir preserves kaumlrauml- along with Altaic Kazan Tatar kaumlraumls in that Ural region and even distant Chuvash has karas - honeycomb Note Mordvinic Erzya kšta beeswax Lith šekštė thick coarse Single markers of mtDNA N1a also group Bashkirs with Lithuania and the Komi Permyaks East Balt type Y-DNA R1a1a1 Z92 among the Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) adds additional linguistic perspective to the kāras range East Baltic bitis bee has an interesting cognate with Egyptian bi-t Baltic amber has been found in the pyramids Ural karas honeycomb is clearly a legacy of Fatyanovo-Balanovo regional assimilation ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) Surprisingly neither Slavic ( w solitary exception of Polish skarzyk lt GAS ) nor
Indo-Iranian possess a cognate ( करण - honeycomb ) although Greek does
( κηρός ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo was not some amorphous Balto-Slavic - it was evidently an identifiable archaic East Baltic - that preceded Kiukainen type hybrid cultures
Archaeological Chronology of Cultures ( Cal
14C vs the time-travel of Linguists )
5600 BCE Akali Narva-Kunda settlement in Estonia w Cannabis amp Triticum pollen
3700 BCE - Volga Repins by the Urals Volosovo expanded from Urals 3200 BCE - Fatyanovo Battle Axe arrival - Volosovo culture interaction
2800 BCE - Fatyanovo-Balanovo ceramic laquo checked raquo darža double row diamond ornament re Bronocice pot motifs
2700 BCE Kiukainen hybrid type cultures Balanovo Metallurgy in Ural forests 2300 BCE Abashevo - Pepkino Kurgan ( MVK Poltavka Fatyanovo Hybrids )
2100 BCE Abashevo amp Seyma-Turbino Metallurgic developement amp interaction 2100 BCE - Sintasta - Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament
2026 BCE Sintasta - Arkaim ( Poltavka w some MVK amp Abashevo becomes Andronovo ) - U of AZ
14C
1780-1660 BCE Alakul cemeteries pine timbers of Lisakovsk Kostany oblast by Tobol river - U of AZ 14
C 1700 BCE Timber Grave and Alakul culture intrusions into Ural forest zone cultures
1600 BCE - Timber Grave - Alakul - Fedorovo laquo checked raquo double row diamond Volga-Ural ornaments 1000 BCE - Mundigak Period VI ceramics of Afghanistan with darža laquo checked raquo double row diamond ornaments
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
From Kaunas to Kazan
to Kandahar - We Are Family
The time-travel of linguists is supported by serious academic references of
proto Indo-Aryans loaning proto Finnish vasa - calf - prior to the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC arrival thereby neutralizing any possibility of a ratas rathas debate whatsoever and uncountable cans of worms of a probable Centum connection ( GAS ) The debate was only postponed Pots dont talk they speak - volumes Note that Ossetian waeligs Yaghnob wasa - calf - would suggest a 1st millennium BCE Gorodets era contact loanword The artifacts do Another archaic Baltic loanword into Finno-Ugric exemplifying the range of influence the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC had is the East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole or long pole stick ( Arm jałk rod branch ) which has traces in Saami čuolggu pole for pushing a fishing net under the ice Finnish salko long pole Mordvin śalgo stick Komi źal lath-stick Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane
Bison in the Forest gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Gradual climatic warming of the vast pine-birch forests of Russia also afforded a home to the woodland bison (Bison bonasus bonasus) known in Lithuanian as stumbras or in Old Latvian as sumbrs - which bears a odd amp curious resemblance to the Sanskrit śambaras ( stag lt F-U śambaras lt ) A similar semantic drift is seen with the Russian izubr - stag ( Slavic jьzōbrь [ jьlt vь ]
OPr wissambrs ) Evolution of the tusked Satem žambras žumbras gt zumbras gt sumbrs noun for the dangerous forest dwelling wisent bison is far from being etymologically settled although sumbrs is unique to East Baltic Note žambas žambras derivation as well as later GAC wisent lt OPr wissambrs gt Slavic jьzōbrь ( jьlt vь ) The wisent is the largest herbivore in Europe Excavated sites in the Baltic countries indicate wisents constituted 20 of the hunted wild ungulates In Lithuania there are still meadow ( Lith
lanka Khanty lŏk ) names such as Zumbriškės by Aukštadvaris and Žumbrickiai by Ramygala in the central Panevėžys district whereas Stumbriškis place-names appear less archaic Wisents often frequent lush meadows for grazing Archaic Satem cognates for the Carpathian bison in central Europe extend beyond Slavic examples Niketas Choniates recorded
the δοσμπρος (lt zumbros ) of 12th century Cumanians hundreds of years after
the advent of Old Church Slavonic liturgical texts The apparently Thracian ( w
final -os ) δόμβρος (lt zumbros ) cognate dates to the same century as the
beginning of formalized Old Church Slavonic literature Other cognates also display this close relationship such as Thracian midne - homestead
reflecting Latvian mītne - dwelling very nicely
Given the existing evidence of Žumbr- type place-names in Lithuania like Žumbrickiai East Baltic (re upė vs apė ) obviously had a dialect variant Žumbras Finno-Ugric pronounciation of the ž- or z- consonant perhaps yielded a multi-cultural Balt-Finnic term sumbras (re Old Latv Sumbrs ) in the distant past (eg Dyakovo culture ) for the forest wisent An East Baltic remodeled variant stumbras ( re stirna ) arose In many outlying regions after the animal disappeared so did its old name Scandinavian and Slavic traders later brought in new substitute wisent names Over thousands of years of multi-cultural interaction the common term sumbrs overtook the older zumbrs variant in the Latvian region - probably due to the Estonian-Finnic phonetic influence Modern Lithuanian still has the tusked žambras žambris although the semantics are now limited to a wooden plow ( Lith žambuotas Skt
jambhate) Regional polyethnic changes of ž- to s- as in žalga gt salko do not necessitate a taboo in place of multi-millennial Finnic influenced cross-culture contact For example the related Baltic taurė - herders blow horn is not at all uncommon in Uralic languages The neighboring Finnic influence of ž- or z- to s- with zumbrs gt sumbrs needs no extravagant linguistic explanation
The East Baltic Neuter gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The singular neuter gender exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages with West Baltic documented using singular neuter gender asigmatic -n as in kelan - wheel Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords from Uralic such as kela - reel or in modern East Baltic ( Žemaitian medė forest or coastal dialect lizda vs Prussian median ) once again dating the commonality of a West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 ) pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-
Svitych 1963 42-44 ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as the singular neuter in Lydian with the generalized singular neuter ending in -d The Slavic neuter origin may reflect an old R1a1a- Z92 Eastern orientation The anaphoric pronoun -ad lt ( ntr sg ) -od reflects the Hititte -at used for
collectives or neuter plurals suggesting an early ( Mysian ) Lydian Hittite split East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords in Uralic imply the loss of the final consonant occurred prior to a Northern expansion The evolution of the neuter gender in East Baltic can be deduced from the surviving languages and dialects Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains The Lithuanian neuter is still used in impersonal constructions Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of that language - even after the era when dialects became different languages As the R1a1a- Z92 or the LWb allele genetically indicate Fatyanovo Baltic was as identifiable East Baltic - as Latvian Lithuanian and Žemaitian are to this today Apples dont fall far from the apple tree
Loanwords in Uralic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Academia also attributes Finnish porsas pig as a loanword from an Iranian (
pārsas ) source Note that archaic East Baltic parša pig ( neut ) was the signature livestock of East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo culture archaeological excavations ( like Centum poly-ethnic GAS ) - and is also noted ( Varov amp Kosintsev
1996 54 ) as a significant feature of Corded Ware Abashevo livestock (Koryakova-Epimakhov 200765) in the very same Volga-Kama region as the later Khudyakovo group of the Pyanobor ( Udmurt parś boar ) culture region Some post-Balanovo Finnic Ananyino culture excavation sites (eg Svinogorskoye) also favor the pig above other livestock The Mordvin cognate may reflect Sauromatian (Prokhorovo) influence Note Khotanese pāsa- lt pālsa- lt pārsa- lt parsa- lt parša- One of the most conspicuous traits of the Indo-Iranian Andronovo culture is the complete absence of pigs as opposed to the related western poly-ethnic Timber grave culture - which evolved with discernible Corded Ware Abashevo culture assimilation Andronovo Indo-Iranians werent keen about mushrooms either ( Yasna XLVIII10 ) Given the distribution ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 Kandahar laquo checked raquo 14 ) of uniquely
Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornament of Urals ) one may speculate if their parša term followed ( Grishakov V
Stavitsky V 2003 ) their motifs (re the Sanskrit cognate of neuter E Baltic parša gt
Estonian parh lt parha lt parša )
vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras
The Finnish loanword vasara hammer appears to be from a late Āryan vazarah ( vajrah lt vaźras ) without the final s most likely from the 16th-13th
century BCE Timber-Grave northern forest intrusion ( re Erzya azuru man of rank
Udmurt uzər lt Timber-Grave Iranian asurah ) as opposed to an Alakul forest-steppe re-intrusion ( re Moksha vərgas w -s nom sg ending ) Other Uralic terms include Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere and all lack a final s ( re Redei
1986 25-26 28-30 ) The East Baltic cognates range from Lithuanian vėzdras vėzdas mace club Latvian vẽza stick club vẽzecirct to swing in the air
wave wag lt ueg Note the vežys of crayfish waving their pinchers Latvian
veseris maul-hammer appears to be a loanword from Livonian since the phonetics are closer to the Finnic versions than Lith vėzdras mace club The -d da- contamination of vėz-das vėzdras may be from the closely related stone-less synonym laz-da - club and may well have altered ź-da gt zda as in Lith lazda lt laźda (Albanian lajthi ledhi - id ) Bored stone maces with a peculiar solar rosette design - ubiquitous in the Abashevo culture have been unearthed in the Mariampolė district of Lithuania East Balt four five or seven-bulbed stone bored maces are almost identical to Andronovo maces Perkūnas thunderbolt ( Latv milna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild- ) was also a round stone The evolution from vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras vėzdas appears rather old but provides fresh new perspective to the etymology of Sanskrit vajra and Avestan vazra The practical forest dwelling East Balt woodsmen apparently favored the utilitarian kirvis- axe-hammer ( Indic kṛvi- ) or Maykop like vedega - adze more and evidently shared them with the Uralic locals Hazel nuts were a Fatyanovo staple
The early polyethnic East Balt Uralic Pre-Indo-Iranian group would play a role in the settlement ( U of AZ - radio carbon date average - 2026 BCE) of Sintashta Arkaim and later also influence the regional speakers in Iran India who become bilingual Like the Magyars in Central Europe or the Goths-Galindi-Alani in Spain Āryan languages are now marginally reflected in the gene pool of India ( re Uralic variant of mtDNA N1a )
The Ethnogenesis of Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Abashevo pottery resembles and blends Fatyanovo and Balanovo East Baltic
Corded Ware styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) Like poly-ethnic Balanovo East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) the forest-zone Abashevo culture left both kurgans and flat graves although some burials may also reflect nearby Poltavka culture customs of the steppe-zone This indicates a transitional group of Corded Ware populace of mixed affinities with an emerging Āryan elite Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich - were probably influenced from a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave Iranian asurah - perhaps pre-Ananyino era and do not indicate any hypothetical Āryan type Abashevo language for that Corded Ware group Latvian folk solar design signs exactly match the enigmatic Abashevo ubiquitous rosettes Poltavka amp Abashevo complexes of the Novokumak horizon coexisted by the Volga The Abashevo southeastern expansion towards territory that was prior a Catacomb border region suggests cultural assimilation of that populace as well which was later followed by a Timber Grave assimilation once again
This widespread polyethnic (kulturnaya obshchnostrsquo ) Abashevo mixed populace invites varied interpretations by differing viewpoints of different stages and regions - resembling the Heisenberg uncertainty principle Abashevo defies oversimplification for convenience sake An expert on the Abashevo culture A Pryakhin ( Pryakhin amp Khalikov 1987 ) deduced that it evolved from contacts between Fatyanovo Balanovo (Balts) and MVK Catacomb (Mnogovalikovo) Poltavka (Pit-grave Āryan) peoples in the Ural forest-steppe Most Corded Ware Abashevans were like Fatyanovo Balanovo narrow faced and dolichocephalous - contrasting somewhat from the MVK Catacomb Pit-grave Poltavka cranial amp physical type ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) But the Abashevo were on the whole poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) and multicultural Regional variant sub-groups include a Ural Volga Don-Volga and Kama-Vetluga expressions Sometimes the Balanbash label is used for the eastern variant
Were the varied poly-ethnic cosmopolitan Abashevo people MVK Catacomb Poltavka Āryan CWC East Balts residual upper Don-Volga Repins or partly Finno-Ugric Yes
Abashevo was multi-cultural and poly-ethnic E Pluribus Unum
One is inclined then to consider the singular masc baritone ratas gt rathas term as a probable Corded Ware Abashevo poly-ethnic lexical legacy
Sintashta intensifies the regional forest-zone copper metallurgy of the Corded Ware Abashevo and the earlier pioneering Balanovo East Balt metalworkers Balanovo copper ( varis ) metallurgy in the Urals had become an attractive alternative to the then destabilized Carpathian sources drawing the attention of southerly (Saami Oarje) Volga Pit-grave Āryans who had endured cyclic periods of drought The Urals quickly became a major metallurgic center Sintashta stock-breeding reflects the earlier Abashevo Corded Ware culture (note East Baltic šėmas gōvs gray cow or papijusi - cow with milk and related Sanskrit
pipyūṣī id) as does some of its metallurgic products and flat graves A recent
genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) add additional perspective The Sintashta slightly concave knife-sickles are connected to the Abashevo polyfunctional ones (Skt kṛpā- Latvian cirpe Lith
kirpe- ) Many Sintashta remains were dolichocephalous europoids ( re Kirsna
man ) like the forest-steppe Corded Ware Abashevans and earlier Fatyanovans ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) while others resemble Pit-grave Poltavka types In fact kurgans only accounted for about one third of the burials at Sintashta (Epimakhov 2002) E Kuzmina (The Origin of the Indo-
Iranians Volume 3 p 222 ) suggests Sintashta was not purely Āryan in composition and quite possibly quasi-bilingual Over a period time the cultures consolidated by the need for mutual co-operation
The later stage of the polyethnic populace of Abashevo amp Sintashta cultures may give an insight to the language of Proto-Indo-Iranian ( Pre-VedicAvestan
Sintashta ) Remains of the Pokrovskij type continue dolochocephaly and narrow faces with additional admixture of Uralic types detected in that group The Arkaim Sintashta area sites correspond to the Avestan Vara of the arriianəm vaējō Reflecting its polyethnic populace is Finno-Ugric Hungarian var fortress Saami var village and East Baltic Lithuanian varas tall timber palisade stockade ( Skt vartra ) Arkaim and Sintashta are also shaped like Central European Rondels The circular or oval settlement designs are very reminiscent of earlier Tripolye Dnieper sites or later East Baltic fortresses (eg
Tushemlya ) The dolichocephalous narrow faced Volga-Balts originated from the Northern Fatyanovo variants of the earlier Middle Dnieper culture which had assimilated some Tripolye C2 substrata Here is perhaps an example of a East Baltic term varas ( timber stockade ) borrowed in Finno-Ugric Vedic and Avestan In stark contrast the later Āryan Petrovka phase preferred a rectangular settlement shape over the circular or oval forts of the Urals yet still exhibit influence from western Abashevo Abashevan socketed spear designs eventually end up in western China via Andronovo influence The the range of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motif even extended to the Cherkaskul culture and regions of Siberia ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Latvian apsa aspen closely resembles Altai dialect apsa-k or Tatar Tobolsk dialect awsak and Chuvash eumlveumls Who knew
The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) of Baltic Uralic people in the ethnogenesis of the Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim cultures has provided scholars with linguistic opportunities in studies of the early Indo-Iranian dialects and in Finno-Ugric Baltic etymologies The Avestan and Vedic combinations of neuter plural nouns or multiple single and plural nouns with the verb in singular ( in Greek as well ) reflects archaic Baltic
constructions ( Lith beržorai esti ) Just as Lithuanian dialect panta or pantas - a crossbeam provides insight to the origins of Greek pontos - sea (linking ports) - Latin pontis bridge Armenian hown - a riverbed ( ford ) - a fresh new ( re Lithuanian-Latvian dialect panta - a link etc ) semantical understanding of Sanskrit panthās Avestan pantā - path ( link ) finally emerges from the mists of antiquity Khanty-Ostyak - pant path vs Mokša pandaz halter lt hobblelt link are related examples of Satem cultural interaction with Finno-Ugrics over time It is very important to keep in context the limited duration of this cultural horizon Here is a window a key that may unlock many doors It is a very unique horizon (chapter) of Eurasian and Russian prehistory when early Indo-Iranian traditions blend with Finnic and East Baltic cultures ( re DRD2 data) The Satem connection between Tolstoy and Gandhi was not only linguistic
A Fishy Whale gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There has been noted ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) a widespread hybrid checkered ceramic tradition of Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Abashevo and Pozdnyakovo cultures reflecting intimate polyethnic relations (re mtDNA haplogroups U4 Narva U5b2 and T1 ) The Sintashta Culture was not monolithic but rather a regional composite of various components as reflected by the variability of the ceramics If Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo influenced and integrated with the Sintashta area people ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) did it also influence their Āryan language (re Eastern Sanskrit R amp L dialects) Indic-Baltic specific isoglosses ( eg śāpa- šapas miśra- mišras ) may need updated reappraisals in light of the unfolding archaeological evidence of Corded Ware Abashevo influence and ethnic presence ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt
checked ornaments ) Riverine Latvian sence- mussel matches Sanskrit śaṅkha- shell rather well as does barytone Baltic antis Skt ātih - both waterfowl Sanskrit nārās and Lith nara both flow The Sanskrit suffix - inga- (Skt sphulinga- spark) looks peculiarly Baltic (ie Lith blezdinga swallow) as does the - ikas suffixed Skt śāpharikas fisherman Lith šventikas priest
The šapalas and śapharas ( Faux Dace महाशफर पतिशफरी शफररप Skt
śāpharikas fisherman ) isogloss is quite unique and curiously percise Similarities between Leuciscus cephalus idus amp lehmanni ( Zeravshan Dace ) may have encouraged the terms usage Puntius sophore aka śapharas the faux Dace has the identical profile coloration and specific reddish hue on its lower fins as its above Leuciscus šapalas neighbors Coincidence left the room with Elvis Someone remembered exactly what that fish looked like Indic śapharas ( the Faux Dace ) may well be an identifiable relic-loanword from East Baltic Corded Ware Abashevo-Balanovo-Fatyanovo šapalas contact since it is altogether absent ( like Parjanya ) in Avestan or Ossetic ( kaeligf big type
of fish) or other Petrovka derived Āryan languages There is no ichthyic cognate of East Baltic šapalas in the Catacomb culture derived languages
or even Slavic ( ) Germanic or Uralic for that matter So it is equally odd to note the complete absence of cognates for the archaic East Baltic žuvis - fish in all the Indo-Iranian branches although the Pontic steppe related Greek and Armenian somehow both preserved related ichthyic cognates ( Arm jukn ) Ossetic has retained an IE laeligsaeligg brown trout as well as a loanword kaeligsag from Hungarian keszeg and Mansi kāsəŋ a bream-dace type fish reflecting Timber Grave Iranian amp Finno-Ugric cultural interactions The Avestan mythic kara- may recall the voracious Volga wels ( Old Prussian kalis lt kalas - wels catfish ) which to this day exhibits legendary proportions approaching 10 ft The archaic žuvis šapalas howled today by an excited Lithuanian fisherman ( Skt śāpharikas ) still echoes the simple joy of his forefathers from long long ago
The Perkūnijas Parjanyah Pərgənauml Perkịno shared tradition is a delicate issue since each is venerated to this day in their respective cultures One may note that all three are very close in certain details The East Baltic laitus rain (Lith lietas lietus ) tradition with lightning East Baltic Laita may have been an archaic term for Summer rainy season (re Slavic Lēto year) which followed the return of Pleiades before the northern migrations of Battle Axe Balts The Erzya Lit-ava in their Prayer Hymns remained intact Modern Pashto has Perūne - Pleiades (re Greek Keraunos thunderbolt Slavic Perun all lacking a velar
plosive lt GAC ) Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- For the mushroom Perkūnas relationship see V N Toporov 1979 Parjanya is the father of Uralic Soma Perkūnas was to be the groom of the aquatic Laumė Indraja - Lith hydronyms Indus Indra Indura ( Mitanni Indara Skt Indu ) The Laumė Indraja is a mushroom guide or teacher And to uphold respect about these cultures and to be as accurate as possible I will only use the term shared
Perkūnas amp Indraja gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In the old Baltic dainos folksongs Perkūnas was to wed the Laumė Indraja One role of Indraja is as a mushroom guide spirit Vedic Parjanya is the father of Soma The Abashevo used talc in their ceramics as was common with their Uralic neighbors The pottery of the two cultures are found in the same room Note ( N1c1 ) Mari paŋgə mushroom Udmurt paŋτəl- paŋτət- to howl and carry on after partaking of Fly Agaric The Lithuanian version Ar prisiėdęs musmirių refers to the partaking of Fly Agaric mushroom and exhibiting a skewed or altered state of reality It is a quite common courteous way of calling someone stone crazy If they ate a little too much dried - žalas ( RV
7981 ) Fly Agaric mushroom and there upon glare ominously wild-eyed
howl ecstatically see the Unseen amp carry on - that person would be labeled aršus The Avestan term for an ecstatic seer is ǝrǝšiš which is a close cognate to Sanskrit ṛṣiḥ - a Seer Back in the Ural forests Uralic Khanty still has a word sŏma for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl or vessel as well as one for partaking of Amanita muscaria This would all be quite coincidental if they had never met - but they did Archaeology has already provided the where when and why Latvian has an equally courteous and common expression for telling someone to buzz off - get a clue - ej bekot or go pick mushrooms Latvian beka mushroom or dialect peka is loaned from Balto-Finnic Livonian paeligkā id lt pękā lt Uralic pəηkā Note that the mixed Balanovo-Volosovo sites were mediums of cross-cultural bilingual interaction for sharing ethnic customs preceding and contributing to Sintashta which influenced poly-ethnic Alakul ( Grigoryev 2000 ) groups ( ОД
Мочалов 2001-2 re ceramic lt gt checkered ornaments ) Sharing the hewn sŏma-bowl
with its entheogenic contents like a diplomatic cross-cultural peace pipe evidently sparked its legendary admiration The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding m-m-m Sŏma good Uh-oh East Baltic neuters did not require a final consonant They still dont It is also suggested that Uralic panga mushroom fly agaric entheogen žalas - when dried re bangus is possibly the source for the Sarmatian-Magyar loanword in Slavic Polish pienka Russian Пенька - hemp entheogen ( lt Finno-Ugric Pəηka via Sarmatians amp Magyars w U2e1 - re C
Keyser et al 2009 ) Note Irish arsan - a Seer or German rasen - be ecstatic Let it rain
The Unthinkable Now Highly Probable gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The everyday awkward pidgin bilingualism albeit semantically skewed at times between the East Balt Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo MVK Catacombs and Poltavka Āryans in that culture is highly probable ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) considering some of their similar ( at times identical ) vocabularies and quasi-related grammar The cultural continuity of metallurgy in the Ural region that started with Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) continued with Abashevo and was intensified at Sintashta and Arkaim The artifacts including specific trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered ornamentation motifs on pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) reflect their co-operation and integration with each other The chance of trace Baltic loanwords in old Indo-Iranian has shifted from unthinkable to highly probable lt gt Mainstream archaeological academia has reviewed the collective material evidence thoroughly and is quite confident in their evaluations of it Archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics are finally revealing this untold story The scientific evidence is becoming increasingly difficult to dismiss And ratas is not some amorphous proto Balto-Slavic
Suggested essential readings include The Origin of the Indo-Iranians Volume 3 by Elena E Kuzmina edited by J P Mallory p 222 Brill NV Leiden The Netherlands 2007 ISBN 978 90 04 16054 5 The Horse The Wheel and Language by David W Anthony Princeton University Press ISBN10
0691058873 and especially laquoШАХМАТНЫЙraquo ОРНАМЕНТ КЕРАМИКИ
КУЛЬТУР РАЗВИТОГО БРОНЗОВОГО ВЕКА ПОВОЛЖЬЯ И УРАЛА by ОД Мочалов Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ( The laquochessraquo ornament on
the pottery of the Middle Bronze Age in the Volga and Ural regions by OD Mochalov
Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ) - available as a PDF from Stratum Note title mistranslation of laquo chess raquo for laquo checked raquo The ceramics track the East Balt cultural assimilation ( amp Z280 ) into various Indo-Iranian sub-groups It‟s a fact
PIE dei - gt Dainā gt Dhēnā gt Daēna gt Dēn gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Vedic Sanskrit has the somewhat (15 times ) obscure word Dhēnā meaning hymn song which reflects East Baltic Daina meaning dance gt song From IE dei- (move spin whirl) we have Latvian deinis dancer daiņa restless person dainēt daināt to dance sing deja dance Lithuanian dainuoti to sing ( vs somuoti ) clearly illustrating the core Baltic etymology (It is
also attested in West Baltic toponyms) But Vedic Dhēnās hymn-prayer lacks any such dance etymology The Avestan Daēna ( Middle Persian Dēn ) is even more semantically vague - that which is revealed revelation This implies a loanword and like in Vedic - a word without a clear etymology The closet indigenous Indo-Iranian cognate is Avestan Dian meaning fast (re Grk δινεύω whirl or διά-νοια thought ) Scholars interpret the actual pronunciations of the old Vedic Sanskrit Dhēnā and Avestan Daēna as Dainā Hello By following this thread the shroud of the past unravels and finally falls apart
There is only one ( ) Rig Vedic hymn to Vāyu wind Skt nom Vāyus lt Vējus Lith dialect Vėjus which is otherwise called Vāta Iranian Ossetic wad and Ob-Ugric Mansi loanword wōt indicate the primacy of Vāta usage in the early Indo-Iranian dialects where as Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant ( Lith Vėjūkas ) appears to be a loanword (also note Skt
vāhin amp Latv āzinis) Note that Dhēnā is also used in the rare Vāyu hymn (I 2 3-
) Vāyu is closely associated with Parjanyah amp Soma ( Pashto ōmə ) Ancient Rig Vedic Uṣas and todays East Baltic Ūšas Ūštun - dawning to dawn
illustrate the challenges Vedic like Baltic or Greek often made an adjective into a noun by just moving the stress to another syllable although in this case Rig Vedic Uṣas has the adjectival accent In other words Uṣas = Ūšas but no one writes about it (re Skt uśras Lith ūšras OCS za-ustra ) Nada Zip
The Rig Veda uses the word Dhēnās for hymns but does not emphasize it although that connection is later implied as such by Avestan Daēna From the new archeaological and archeaogenetic evidence of the polyethnic ethnogenesis of the Abashevo and Sintashta populace it is not linguistically unreasonable to deduce that the Dainā dance gt song gt hymn tradition of the assimilated Abashevo Balts was adopted as the term Dhēnās hymns songs by their fellow Āryan metalworkers near the Urals during a period of bilingualism and was used as such later in the Rig Veda An Abashevo-MVK Monteoru trade link for cheek-piece diffusion may provide an alternate explanation for a Dacian gt Romanian doina - lyrical song although the ancient amber trade explanation remains equally viable
From IE dei- (move spin whirl) developed East Baltic Dainā - dance song hymn ( Grk δινεύω whirl ) which was borrowed as Vedic Dhēnā - hymn prayer Avestan Daēnā - revelation Middle Persian Dēn - religion The word dena - revelation religion is still used in Kashmiri Arabic Dīn ( دين faith
religion ) is beyond the scope of this topic
Little did the stubborn poly-ethnic Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 L235 amp
N1c1 ) or Abashevo East Baltic forest-folk singing their Sacred Hymns of Divine Revelation ( Dainās ) near the Country of Towns by Sintashta in the Urals of 2100 BCE know how far their songs would travel and for how long they would echo - up to this day by contributing a term for a new Monotheism (
Daēnā ) emulated later to its West The Volgaic Erzya Rav-ava - mother Volga Volgaic Mokša Rava - river and East Baltic Lithuanian Ravas - stream or Latvian Rāva - marsh water correlation is rather interesting (Lith
Rauti - to run quickly )
The Baltic amp Uralic in Vedic Sanskrit Avestan gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The mythical Avestan ten month winters and Vara Daēna legend Āryan Soma Haoma ( RV 128 Khanty Sŏma hewn wooden mortar-bowl Volgaic Erzya
Mokša Sjuma Səma hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger ) Sanskrit Śarabha ( Mansi Suorp Mokša Sjarda ) the Avestan water goddess Anāhitā in a Northern forests beaver furcoat (re Finno-Ugric mother-beaver cult) Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC talc or chamotte ceramic admixture amp specific trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ornamentation ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) and the many Finno-Ugric loanwords (Burrow 1955 pp 24-27 ) from
both early Indo-Iranian ( Finnish kekri ) and Volga-East-Baltic ( Finnish ratas ) uphold the latest archaeological findings Soma is the guardian spirit of the North And U4 is U4 ( Pliss et al 2005 Derbeneva et al2002 ) A multi-disciplinary approach combining archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics together are yielding scientific results
That there is possibly a Ural-East-Baltic Daina Ratas Perkonias or Šapalas in Sanskrit or Avestan should not come as a surprise considering Uralic ( re Sŏma ) is indisputably present (re N1c1 Khanty Sŏma hewn mortar-bowl )
Indo-Iranian Soma preserved the native N1c1 Uralic word ( Sŏma ) for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric ( Amanita muscaria ) was pressed with stones in water ( Skt
saumya- soft ) The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo-Garino cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding of what was pointed at ( re EV 141 ) Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 amp N1c1 poly-ethnics ) to this day still partake dried Amanita muscaria with milk amp honey as they have done for well over four thousand years It is Senasis Takas- The Ancient Way
Such drift of semantics can be heard even today in the English phrase Do you want to do a bowl
The Āryan Soma of the Urals eventually became a generic ( Pashto ōmə ) term to label an entheogen
Finding Baltisms ( ntr pl [ as w Hittite ] or multiple sg w sg verb the -yu- -ju- words like Vāyus - Vėjus ) or specific loanwords ( GAS Satem ) will be next to impossible especially without the displaced Vedic era R amp L middle dialects (eg ślokas - Madhyadeśa region ) of earlier migrations The integration of the polyethnic Corded Ware Abashevo into the Sintashta cultures may have not had a significant impact beyond contributing their earlier equine cheek-pieces Ural metallurgy amp talc chamotte pottery admixture or trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ceramics ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked
ceramics lt gt ) but it is probable they did leave other cultural traces (including DNA
words like ratas daina ) as well A recent genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) adds additional perspective Why
does East Balt ichthyic šapalas match Indic faux Dace śapharas ( महाशफर ) or śāpharikas ( fisherman ) so closely and as with other word matches
cognates are wholly absent in Avestan and even Slavic like the alpine velar in Parjanyas Also Skt śāka- Lith šėkas - green grass or Skt śakala- Lith šakalys - splinter - et cetera etc etc Perhaps even a Fatyanovo š itself given the Nuristani counterpart There are the parallel myth traditions of Dawn ( Uṣas - Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven dhēnā of Vāyus - Vėjus or the Ashvins - Ašvieniai Divine Twins Yet the breaking up of Middle Dnieper culture Balto-Slavic occurred especially with distant Fatyanovo-Balanovo well over a millennium prior to the ethnogenesis of Indo-Iranian The preponderance of such Baltic Indo-Iranian isoglosses suggests a period of contact and just as importantly the nature of those contacts Archaeology has indeed already provided the where when and why ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Pots amp DNA do speak
That a central European culture ( 3400 BCE - Baden Globular Amphora ) centered new wheel term ( Old Irish masc sg roth pl rothai Latin neuter sg rota pl rotae
Albanian diminutive w th from a t gt sg rreth pl rratheuml ) reflected in Corded Ware East Baltic baritone masc sg ratas pl ratai was loaned into Finnic languages is uncontested (re Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) but where does an Āryan baritone masc sg raacutethas - vehicle figure in the pre-Sintashta ( 2400
BCE ) Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian shared lexicon It doesnt
Bronocice Poland - Pot pre-3400 BCE - Farmers Wagons
Note laquo checked raquo darža motif similar to GAS-BALTIC Fatyanovo motif
And why would Indo-Europeans need to rename the wheel ( PIE kʷekʷlos ) Perhaps the assimilated European farmers did it East Baltic Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) copper metallurgy in the Urals has its roots in central European cultural traditions ( re Globular Amphora ) which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo Cultural area The old Carpathian metal trade of central Europe provided for contacts and cultural exchanges ( re amber trade ) between language groups like NE pre-Celts pre-Albanians and Middle Dnieper Balts ( Albanian lopeuml - cow Latvian Luops - id ) as well as Triploye C2 Lengyel amp TRB substratum interaction This interaction between the central European Dniester Tripolye C2 refugees - which may also have spoken their native Temematian language - and the northern Middle Dnieper Tripolye C2 bi-lingual populace may account as a medium of some unusual archaisms ( re tauras ) and with additional admixture of TRB Lengyel BBC ( Q gt P ) Globular Amphora spread Corded Ware isoglosses amp innovations ( plural dative m long root preterite ) in the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Fatyanovo regions as well as traditions of central European Carpathian arsenic copper metallurgy Arkaim and Sintashta
fortifications are even shaped like Central European Rondels Trade networks between Centum Euro-Repin GAC subgroups were conduits for isoglosses even beyond the other Balts in the West Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1 ) amber contacts amp Uralic substratum may well be the phonetic impetus of the dative plural -M- type linguistic transitions away from a -B- The influence of a Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva ( w U5b2 ) poly-ethnic substratum perhaps contributed to incongruities in Baltic Satemization amp partial RUKI ( eg Finnish
laiha GAS Lith liesa ipo lieša ) as well as contributing a residual substratum vocabulary of their central European Centum words like pẽku Make no mistake the impact of this Centum Satem tango went both ways ( GAS gt Germanic 1112 1000 etc) Balanovo jewelry from the Urals also emulates specific designs of a central European provenance perhaps derived from Globular Amphora-Narva poly-ethnics as a substratum ( GAS ) of Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo ( Česnys et al 1990 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) The Baltic amber sun disc talisman or solar halo ( rẽtis ) wheel Saulės Ratas is found distributed in central European cultures particularly the Centum Globular Amphora culture - which contributed substratum to Fatyanovo-Balanovo which in turn contributed to the Corded Ware Abashevo culture and eventually poly-ethnic Sintashta Arkaim ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) If the Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas Saule is also a common traditional Kazakh amp Central Asian ( Afghan
Kyrgyz etc ) female name The meaning of the name is translated as sunlight or Sun just like the feminine East Baltic Saulė which is also used for a female name Another coincidence Again
Saulės Ratas
Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Ural copper metallurgy preceded Corded Ware Abashevo and later Sintashta Arkaim metalworking predating them by about half a millennium The terminology of the typical dual wheeled cart ( Lith dviratis vežimas ratai Finnish
rattaat ) of the early GAS East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Goldina 1999) farmers amp metallurgist-woodsmen and multi-cultural Abashevo successors may have been a source for a unique northern archaic import ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas wheel ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) providing an Āryan masculine singular ratʔas gt raacutethas upgraded intact as a nominative singular word for the new chariot of the Abashevo - Sintashta era metallurgic bonanza Semantic incongruity is a hallmark of loanwords in traditional linguistics The Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas One might expect an Āryan neuter form as the Sanskrit scholar T Burrow did or perhaps an Āryan plural form East Baltic has in fact many old variants
including Latvian ruota toy ruotacirct to hop turn roll and Lith rẽtis halo Coincidence A speeding Āryan raacutethas bounced a lot - it hopped The wheel spread faster than the flu in central Europe and prestigious words of new innovations were traded as well as new trends from contact ( re Baden Globular Amphora Fatyanovo Abashevo ) In fact the PIE roteH2 rotH2os rotoH2s discussions are currently at a stalemate an academic impasse Why would some Indo-Europeans want to rename the wheel anyway ( PIE kʷekʷlos
) Maybe they didnt
An East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo GAS loanword proposal for post-Sintashtan rathas is not only linguistically practical and etymologically grounded it is archaeologically probable ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) We do know the earlier Corded Ware Abashevo cheek-pieces were copied - but what else Given the boatload of Corded Ware influenced artifacts at Sintashta and Arkaim maybe one or two Corded Ware words leaked out Just maybe To quote M Witzel (2003) quoting JP Mallory (2002) there are still degrees of geo-linguistic plausibility
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
Some ornament traits let us to link Sintashta with northwest forest Fatyanovo culture
( Oleg Mochalov - Samara State Pedagogical University Institute for History and Archaeology of Volga region Samara Russia)
- The origin of Sintashta culture ceramic Ceramic through the Millennia methods approaches results - 2008 -
East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) entered the North after 3200 BCE ( C-14 cal dates from Latvia- see Loze 1992 ) and shared their ratas wheel with the local Uralics ( Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) on the way to the copper deposits by the Urals About 1000 years later Sintashtan Āryans - after spending a couple of centuries with the Corded Ware East Baltic speaking woodsmen ride off into the dawn of history on their new Āryan twin-wheeled rathas (re Kassite king Abi-rattaš Mitanni king Tušratta gt
circa 1350 BCE) drawn by two horses using the Corded Ware Abashevo amp MVK Catacomb inspired cheek-pieces Academics still dismiss the coincidence () of a baritone masculine singular Āryan rathas rattaš spontaneously produced in the linguistic company of Ural East Balt metallurgists who had an isolated northern archaic ratʔas dialect form ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) of baritone masculine singular ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas for near a thousand
years since 3200 BCE Pots do speak - as does DNA The silence of Cherchen Man speaks volumes
The Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo with their characteristic central European Globular Amphora cultural-substratum influence ( re GAS lt GAC-Narva w U5b2 poly-ethnics pottery copper pigs flint axes
amber ) and Uralic admixture ( re N1c1 Volosovo talc or chamotte ceramics ) are thus the most logical candidates for the dissemination of the ratas term of 2400 BCE as heard to this day with East Baltic Lithuanian ratas amp the related Latvian cognate Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo ) ceramics use chamotte admixture and exhibit a projecting rim as does later Corded Ware Abashevo ( re mtDNA N1a1a1 294 lt GAS ) Volosovo amp Balanovo pottery is found in the same room Words were spoken Abashevo amp Sintashta adopt specifically Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered diamond rhombus type ceramic designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Arkaim amp Sintashta artifacts - clearly exhibiting Corded Ware Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural influences including talc - chamotte pottery admixture amp darža checkered ceramics ( thus verifiable contacts ) - provide the archaeological support for just such a linguistic loanword exchange as well as the foreign mycologic sŏma tradition of these quasi-trilingual misfits Kandahar valleys Mundigak Period VI ceramics in Afghanistan ( Kuzmina 2007 p 716 fig 101 14
re Lith piešalas Sanskrit peśalas ) also exhibit the unique Fatyanovo darža checkered double row striped diamond motif The Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest dwelling quasi-trilinguals stubbornly clung to their Euro-farmer identity and never did quite fit ( ārya- ) in Fly Agaric is the fruit of the forests not the wide open steppes As noted by Kramer the cat is out of the bag Vedic ashvyam goh - horses amp cows of the Dasyus still echoes todays East Baltic ashva amp guovs The Babino Multi-Roller Ware MVK Catacomb culture neighbors of the Corded Ware Abashevo would later be reflected in shaft graves with cheek-pieces in distant places as Mycenae near Athens by around 17th century BCE Mycenaean warriors also wore Baltic amber Mycenaean mtDNA had a match in SE Poland A MVK-Monteoru link or CWC GAS - again
The combination of kurgan and flat graves reflecting the integration of indigenous Europeans with IE steppe ethnicities (re Dniester Usatovo-Tripolye) is found in the Middle Dnieper culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo and Corded Ware Abashevo Abashevo integration at Sintashta is indicated by various material artifacts Sintashta kurgans account for about a third of the burials - the rest are interestingly enough flat graves
The Ural Elephant in the Room gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Then there is the intriguing Perkaunijas Perkino Pərgənauml Parjanya legacy - the Ural elephant in the room so to speak Unlike Pera amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Why are Parjanya cognates
with an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive absent in the multitude of other surrounding Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani Satem languages and dialects - or even related Satem Slavic (re Pashto Perūne Slavic Perun Nuristani Paumlrun vs Gas Lith
Perkūnas ) Slavic Ruki amp velarless Perun vs Gothic alpine Fairguni suggest a Centum GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive was assimilated into Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns type cognates Archaeological support for such a bold linguistic assertion is beyond debate The zones of such Centum Satem contacts have been thoroughly dated with C-14 Although Perkino amp Pərgənauml may only reflect the 1st millennium BCE Dyakovo era the Dainos of the forest dwelling East Balts easily pre-date the Sintashta-Arkaim era by a millennium Variability of Sintashta ceramics with Fatyanovo influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2
rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) certainly reflect cultural contact and interaction Parjanyas reflects an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive - East Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns reflects a GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive Rathas vs GAS ratas The lexical legacies of poly-ethnic Sintashta contact have survived intact four thousand years ( re U of Az C-14 ) Prakrits of India also preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) not found in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words Was the Sanskrit (ṛH) dialect ir ur variation ( Skt śiras vs Av sarah-) an innovation or perhaps a polyethnic relic of the earlier migrations South It is a rich field awaiting someone to harvest it Such material was reviewed by W Tomaschek in 1883 (Ausland p 862) and discussed later by H Arntz S G Oliphant and S K Chatterji
It was women who made the checkered pottery sang their songs and mothers who taught the language to their child Men sometimes forget this The mtDNA evidence should not be overlooked ( Narva-U5b2 ) As L Koryakova and A Epimakhov note in their The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron ages Balanovo culture villages consisted of above-ground wooden log houses and in their cemeteries (flat amp kurgan) men were buried on their right side women on their left side - as also in Baltic Corded Ware tradition After the Sintashta polyethnic horizon by the Urals and subsequent first migration South we find a continuity of this same Baltic Corded Ware ( Abashevo Alakul
w checkered pottery ) type of burial custom in Tulkhar by the Andronovo Bishkent culture (1700-1500 BCE) and the later Vakhsh and Swāt ( Vedic Suvastu
) cultures and also at Timargarha This unusual Andronovo gender dimorphism MR FL burial trait was even noted by J P Mallory amp Douglas Q Adams in their Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture Bishkent skulls were dolichocranial (Khodzhayov 2008) like Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Denisova 1975) One general trait to distinguish Andronovo from Timber Grave burials is how the first has the head oriented to the West or SW whereas some Timber Grave cultures favored orienting the deceased towards the North ( re Mahaparinibbana
Sutta ) or East East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo burials oriented male heads to the SW females to NE - per steppe Maikop tradition Later East Baltic Jukhnovo settlements even oriented their streets to NE SW
Pottery shards found at a tin miners camp on the lower Zeravshan at Karnab have an Abashevo style of decoration from an early phase of contact Two pots unearthed far away by Sarazm betray their polyethnic Abashevo Sintashta Ural area origination by their talc admixture ( N1c1 cultural custom -
re fly agaric amp sŏma ) Near the tin mining camps the Tazabagyab variant of Andronovo buried their dead in flat cemeteries not kurgans The Saka of the Pamirs were also dolichocranial and narrow faced ( re 2005 Vaclav Blažek Lamb 2011 T Witczak bužys ) A unique cognate for barley-seed invites further speculation ( Lith miežis Latvmiezē Khotanese miṣṣa- ttumaumlṣa- re H W Bailey
BSOAS 21 pp 42) as do Fatyanovo maižis barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972 ) darža checkered Siberian amp Cherkaskul axe-celts ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo
checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Eurasian cattle DNA ( J Kantanen et all 2009 )
The early metallurgy of the Urals had fostered a far reaching network of contact ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) we are only now beginning to grasp and map out Some Corded Ware traditions of the integrated polyethnic Abashevo ( w Uralic
admixture) appear to have continued beyond Sintashta with the first of many migrations of that Āryan population South as well as those left behind contributing in the ethnogenesis of the polyethnic Timber Grave Culture of the Don-Volga region Pokrovskiy and Potapovka cultures ( runic Alanian Vayuk amp
Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Lith Vėjūkas see also ОД Мочалов 2001-2 )
Talc admixture in the early pottery of Sarmatians suggests a close interaction with Uralic N1c1 people ( Mari in-deš 9 Ossetic daeligs 10 Mari kene hemp Ossetic
gaelign(aelig) id) Overall Potapovka burial remains show a continuity of earlier Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) amp Poltavka cranial types reflected in Timber Grave amp west Andronovo burials contrasting with the different Corded Ware Abashevo skull remains ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) and related Pokrovskiy cranial types Cimmerian amp Scythian daggers have proto-types found in the Volga-Kama region The Timber Grave culture and Andronovo in turn both contributed to the formation of the Sauromatians and the Saka The western Timber-Grave culture that assimilated the Corded Ware Abashevo become quite settled in small scattered log home settlements without fortifications and even raised pigs like them (vs eastern Andronovo nomads) The agrarian Corded Ware Abashevo ( poly-ethnic R1a amp N1c1 ) character would persist as integrated parts (agricultural Solar cult clan) of some certain select groups and clans ( Alakul
Srubna ) eventually melting away over generations assimilating in here amp there leaving only relics in the earth inherited cranial amp DNA evidence only now being uncovered and scattered traces in later regionalized Āryan vocabularies (Skt
Parjanyah śapharas - faux dace Ossetian baeliglon dove ) amp culture Not to be overlooked by any means is a genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) A relationship between taurine breeds of the Baltic ( Fatyanovo ) region and Sakha ( Andronovo ) cattle suggests cultural connections or later contact ( re ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) A later influx from the steppes of the East back to the Ukraine is suggested by traces of zebu mtDNA in cattle there
The archaeological evidence suggests integration amp assimilation Haplogroup N1a (mtDNA) in the Volga-Kama Komi Permyaks indicates some farmers stayed Recent studies regarding the DRD2 gene are producing data which show a relationship between Eurasian people near the Volga-Kama Urals area and Brahmins in India Go figure Uralic descendants of the Corded Ware Fatyanovo Balanovo settlers preserved some of their language ( re karas ) and most likely have Finno-Baltic Balanovo-Abashevo DNA as well ( mtDNA
U5b2 HV3 nodal HVS1 N1c1 amp R1a L235 ) Some Corded Ware R1a1 remains ( massacred by locals near Eulau around 2600 BCE ) with X2 mtDNA closely matched living individuals of Estonia ( GAS of Fatyanovo ) with Syria (Mitanni) and Iran (post-Andronovo ) while the male DNA ( lt CWC-Globular Amphora R1a- M458 ) closely matched with individuals in Gdansk and Tambov Russia (SE of Tula amp near
Perkino ) - regions associated with Globular Amphora Corded Ware cultures ( Berezanskaja 1971 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) One of the K1b lineages showed matches to two Shughnans from Tajikistan ( Wolfgang Haak et al 2008 ) Vaclav Blažek ( 2005 ) specifically ties a Fatyanovo word (SKES VI 1819-1820 ) for lamb found in Vepsian vodnaz to the proto-form for the Shughni cognate among others ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) T Witzcak ( 2011 ) relates Lith bužys to Ossetic buʒ Shughni vazič amp Avestan buzya- ( re
CWC Eulau-Shughnan DNA darža motifs ) As Grissom said - follow the evidence The Corded Ware settlement near Tenteksor in Kazakhstan (see below ) may provides an interesting possible DNA perspective The mounting DNA evidence implies a Corded Ware component of Andronovo amp the archaeology of Sintashta-Arkaim proves a Corded Ware Abashevo-Fatyanovo component of Andronovo ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The probability of a Ural-Baltic Daina Ratas or Šapalas in post Andronovo Vedic Sanskrit or Avestan could therefore be logically expected given the above DNA amp archaeological evidence If linguists can ignore unique checkered pots they can ignore DNA But an out of place velar lt plosive just might elicit their curiosity Understanding the language of whales should be a new priority and test their mettle It appears that the men living around Sintashta amp Arkaim had time to talk together - about their vehicles horse-power fishing the rain shrooms and songs Some things never change Its a guy thing
The poly-ethnic ( R1a1a1 amp N1c1 ) Eastern Balts of today have preserved a Continuum of Cultural Tradition for Indo-European use of the dried žalas Fly Agaric in collective celebratory use ( such as peasant weddings amp various festivities
) from the very mists of antiquity - before Abraham the Shasu YHW or even the post-Sintashta Soma reveling Rig Veda itself The above daina dhēnā daēnā song-hymn-revelation topic has often been muddled with the inclusion of unrelated Vedic dhēnā - milk cow which is cognate with Baltic daine - cow (that calves in the 2nd year re FU tajine) and daini - pregnant with offspring (Adj of cow or mare) Even discussions about the Dainava dancing waters singing rapids region of Lithuania are not immune from such distractions New
archeaological and genetic DNA evidence continues to unveil the unexpected as will comparative study of the ancient Latvian Lithuanian and varied Finno-Uralic languages like Estonian
The Assimilated East Baltic amp Āryan in Finno-Ugric Ethnogenisis gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Fatyanovo and Balanovo settlement sites dwindle after the severe Winters around 2100 BCE when the East Baltic speaking population ( LWb allele R1a1a-
amp N1c1 ) for the most part assimilated in with their related Abashevo or nearby Āryan or Finnic ( N1c1) neighbors ( eg Sintashta-Arkaim Chirkovo-Seyma Pozdnyakovo Timber grave culture amp the much later diverse poly-ethnic [one
group choosing interment the other cremation] Northern Burtas pig farmers lt Nart Borataelig ) Fatyanovo amp Abashevo characteristics especially specific darža checkered designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals
) are noticed on ceramics from Chirkovo-Seyma ( gt later Ananyino ) culture sites near the Volga river Pozdnyakovo settlements ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) as well as on Sintashta amp Alakul culture checkered pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 ) Hexagonal Cis-Ural structures of the Fatyanovo ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ) may correlate with Baltic cosmological hexagram ( triple crossed keraunos ) kerai
magic reflecting an old ceraunic hexagram star design ( ऋि = 6 ) motif found in
many East Baltic distaff ( verpstė ) folk carvings ( re Gromoviti znaci Taranis wheels ) The Ugric Sky Elk had six legs The six ray solar-star hexagram design is later found in Mycenae designs ( re contacts ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The Ural Forests are unimaginably immense and the Winters around 2100 BCE were unusually long and severe ( Vidēvdāt 23 ) The demand for skilled metalworkers was growing fast with the Ural metallurgic bonanza History is messy The archaeological evidence indicates multi-lingual Fatyanovo-Balanovo people assimilated in with both Timber Grave Pozdnyakovo Iranian speakers and Volga-Kama Uralic speakers Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link or panta bridging Timber Grave with Uralic And that multi-lingualism was valued ndash and used We do not know when Fatyanovo-Balanovo converted to a Srubna Iranian but we know that they did and where ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Oink
Regional bilingualism probably persisted for centuries reflected today in archaic residual loanwords ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem 1000 Ossetian baeliglon dove
) Many Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture Balts assimilated ( Erzya Purrsquogine amp Permic
Pera myth traditions ) and adopted Uralic ( N1c1) languages ( Ananyino horizon ) and cultures as many had done earlier with the Abashevo culture ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) and repeating again with the early Pozdnyakovo amp Sarmatian ethnogenesis (w Gorodets admixture) The first millennium BCE Dyakovo culture was again poly-ethnic partly East Baltic during its middle phase - with polished ceramics ( re CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation LWb allele gt ) mainly Finno-Ugrian perhaps part Sarmatian is known from its hillforts with palisades (E Baltic varas gardas gt Volgaic kardaz Permyak kar city town ) Population size was about a hundred at each site The building styles of log cabins in the hillforts change from North to South - above ground to semi-subterranean - reflecting Balt amp Āryan building traditions The fibulae buckle (Mordvin sjulgam) artifacts appear Baltic as do many sickles and bronze headdresses ( Krasnov 1968 4-5 8 ) The Volsk-Lbishche culture known from sites like Shiromasovo in Mordovia exhibited Fatyanovo Corded Ware characteristics and was unexpectedly found far away from a excavated settlement in Tenteksor Kazakhstan - a northeastern area of the Trans-Caspian region
Reports of Bigfoot gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The genetic linguistic and archaeological record documents a prolonged assimilation by descendants of Volga-Kama Balanovo East Balts various polyethnic Abashevo Āryans and later mixed Timber Grave Sarmatians into the ethnogenisis of regional Finno-Permic peoples ( Goldina 1999 ) of the Chirkovo-Seyma Ananyino Pyanobor Pozdniakovo and related Djakovo Gorodets cultures (eg Finnish vuosituhat ) Volgaic ( śid-al sed bridge Finnish silta
id ) Words of an East Baltic provenance ( Latvian sēta tilts ) attest to ethnic movements ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) as well as the specific East Baltic balandis Ossetian baeliglon dove isogloss Latvian lanka low plain Ossetian laumlnk ( Khanty lŏk ) Lith Vėjūkas runic Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Ossetic raeligmūʒyn closely matches the semantics of East Baltic cognates rather than the related Indo-Iranian cognates Sarmatian archaeological periods reflect cultural changes ( ie burial
orientation ) in their population which probably indicates a diverse variety of regional dialects of which only the one found in Ossetic survives A recent study about N1c1 Uralics as origin of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation in Caucasian populations ( re Ossetians ) adds an additional perspective ( F Libert et
al 1998 ) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old The broadest area of high frequency is located in northeastern Europe particularly the Baltic region ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) New dating of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation coincides closely with the Dyakovo horizon and the distribution of elevated frequencies match the archaeological ethnicities ( initial Volgaic amp later East Baltic ) which converged in the Dyakovo poly-ethnic horizon especially during its middle phase of polished ceramics and expanded agriculture From Dyakovo settlements cultural contact with
Gorodets sites and nearby Sarmatians might be expected to further spread the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation
The ethnogenesis and development of the Ural forest-steppe Sarmatians did not occur in a vacuum Evidence of Sarmatian - East Balt ( Plain Pottery gt
Bondarikha culture ) as well as Sarmatian - Finno-Ugric interaction has linguistic support ( also CCR5 Delta 32 amp LWb allele frequencies) Note Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich lt influenced from perhaps a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave asurah - of a pre-Ananyino era forest intrusion by Timber Grave tribes or later Trade contacts were valued - Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel or Hungarian ezer 1000 amp Ossetian aeligrzaelig- huge The Mnogovalikovo and Abashevo also played a significant part in the ethnogenesis of the Timber-grave culture ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) especially with the Pokrovskiy culture as well as with Uralic cultures Single markers 187 270 272 of mtDNA N1a1a1a group Bashkirs with Lithuanians and the Komi Permyaks Elevated R1a1 ( haplogroup R-SRY108312
aka SRY15322 ) is found not only with the Erzya ( re R1a Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13
DYS 520 =22 ampc) but also with the Bashkirs (38-48) of the Urals who still harvest their ancient kaumlrauml- honeycomb A match of Estonian and Indian single marker 294 of mtDNA N1a1a1 has been reported GAS Again Or was the 294 from the beautiful but endangered Seto people amp culture Perhaps some Narva mtDNA U5b2 will surface far from home Embrace the Chaos
The regions surviving autonomous Baltic speakers assimilated again in the 5th century AD as new Slavic type cultural groups filtered in from the South although in some areas Baltic speakers remained intact as evident from the historic record The new Slavic speakers (Komi rotś ) followed the same path into Russia as the old Fatjanovo-Balanovo era East Baltic speakers did three thousand years before the Slavic immigration The common R1a ancestry of many East Balts ( R1a1a1 Z280 L235 Z92 ) and East Slavs (R1a1a- Z92) invites new scholarly re-examination of East Balt and East Slavic isoglosses The Old Russian Ipatiy Compilation of Chronicles mentions that in 1147 the Prince of Rostov-Suzdal defeated the Golyad ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) who lived by the River Porotva The Golyad lt Golędь ethnonym was derived from a Baltic hydronym galin- meaning deep water The defeated population ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) would be from then on taxed - accordingly For more info see Marija Gimbutas here Today the family of related decendants of all these mixed forebearers can be seen in Latvians Lithuanians Estonians as well as in Russians the Erzya Moksha
Mordvins Mari Permics Bashkirs Ural Tatars and Indians ॐ
Balto-Slavic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The late Sredny Stog Middle Dnieper Culture grew from conservative peripheral IE dialects related to Yamna Satem with admixture of different assimilated indigenous peoples from Dnieper Donets and the Tripolye culture of Central Europe as well as subgroups of Centum Globular Amphora contributors ( w TRB BBC) and a host of others (re remnant Middle Dnieper Repins ) The ethnogenesis of these distinct dialects with assimilated indigenous peoples formed various diverse regional Balto-Slavic speakers which were localized as the poly-ethnic Europeanized peripheral Satem dialects of Baltic and Slavic closely related to early Pit-grave Āryan yet distinctly different even then with diverse degrees of admixture within regional subgroups The Balto-Slavic type poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture was a fusion of ethnic groups - a melting pot - so to speak with a retro core Satem dialect (archaic Balto-Slavic lacks perfect reduplication - agreeing with Albanian Hamp 1963)
The unique peripheral components of the Middle Dnieper culture say the early East Baltic Fatyanovo migrated away before a thorough homogenization of Middle Dnieper Satem lingua franca dialects could consolidate among regional subgroups ( eg E Baltic kur kame W Baltic kuei Slavic kъde - Finnish tuhante Mokša
tožaumln lt E Baltic 1000 lt pre-GAS RUKI - Baltic long root preterite re Burrow 1955 p 19 ) Hence the Balto-Slavic debates Dative plural m or the tūšante tūšanti type Satem participle term ( Latvian tūska ) for a thousand were probably disseminated by trade contacts between distant Globular Amphora subgroups various Middle Dnieper subgroups and other groups ( re Goth ain-lif - p lt k lt
GAC - P-Celtic-BBC Lith vienuo-lika eleven OSw thornuacutesand thousand ) from the earlier Centum Globular Amphora migrations ( Globular Amphora-Narva polyethnics
w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) near the expanding networks of Fatyanovo ( R1a1a1 Z280 LWb ) pioneering the North The Y-STR variation among Slavs has given the evidence for the Slavic homeland near the middle Dnieper basin which provides a geographic context for the Slavic linguistic correlation to the early Satem West amp East Baltic Upper Middle Dnieper homeland and the nearby Catacomb amp Pit-grave Āryans to the East During the period (3400
BCE) of the oxen pulled wheeled wagon revolution the Yamnaya culture slowly expanded toward the edge of the Corded Ware horizon of late Sredny Stog culture Millennia later in the same eastern area of the contact zone near the middle Dnieper a poly-ethnic Slav Timber Grave Iranian ethno-genesis would develop the Chernoles culture
A separation of Belarus subpopulations along a North South line can be demonstrated particularly in distribution of Y chromosomal lineages R1b I1a and I1b N3 and G-chromosomes The uniqueness of the northern Belarusian population is most likely due to the high incidence of poly-ethnic pre- ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 [old name N3] (
homogeneous Baltic pre-ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo substrate with allele DYS1915 ) which is twice the frequency as in central and southern Belarus The central and southern Belarusian substratum Baltic Milograd physical traits differ somewhat from Ukrainian substratum SlavScytho-Sarmatian traits (re U3) The assimilation of Belarus may have been mainly linguistic and less physically ethnical ( R1a1a- Z92 )
The Autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov Culture gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture complex of the Podolian Upland bordered the Trzciniec and Sosnitsa (early peripheral Baltic) complexes to its far North but appears culturally related to the Montreoru (early Dacian) and later Sabatinovka Thracian complex to its near South in regard to burial rites and pottery (also see Linguistics and Ethnogenesis of the Slavs 1985 by Oleg N
Trubačev) Native Pre-IE Tripolye culture farming populace (Temematian) were assimilated also as they were with Middle Dnieper Baltic The unique close relation of early Slavic origins to Globular Amphora and later Ural-Steppe amp Asian Iranian ( Slavic azъ Tumshuq Sakan azu ) and nearby Dacian and Thracian are often lost to the worn out Balto-Slavic chorus of cliches After the arrival of the Huns (w G V mtDNA N1a U4) in Europe and a devastating plague in the 6th-7th century AD post multi-ethnic Cherniakhov culture Slavic soon became the lingua franca of commerce trade throughout most of Central Europe and beyond A polyethnic ethnogenesis interpretation (Proto-Slav Komarov gt Belogrudovka gt
Chernoles culture) helps to explain why Slavic has partial elements of a Satem Corded Ware dialect of an early autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture language resembling Baltic (Middle Dnieper culture) languages bordering to the North The archaeology also agrees with regional hydronyms of a decidely Slavic provenance (vs Trzciniec amp Sosnitsa Baltic) as proposed by the renowned Russian philologist Oleg N Trubačev Trubačev (1986) had also detected nearby Illyrian and Thracian hydronyms on the Dniester Bug and Middle Dnieper A poly-ethnic ethnogenesis interpretation also explains some of the Slav Timber Grave Iranian religious vocabulary ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- ) as
well as other linguistic impacts on Slavic ( see EricHamp 2011 ) from the Timber Grave amp Steppe Iranian culture ( Slavic azъ Saka azu ) and also detection of common Slav Timber Grave Iranian mtDNA types ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 )
The southern neighbors of the Proto-Slavic Belogrudovka (from earlier Komarov ) culture ( mtDNA U4a2 ) were the Sabatinovka Thracian complex - a mix of Catacomb Timber Grave amp Monteoru ( Sharafutdinova 1986 115 ) Dacian of which some yielded to the Belozerka gt Chernogorovka Cimmerian early Timber Grave Iranian speakers which in turn yielded to steppe Timber Grave Scythians The rest of the Dacians survived and are heard in todays Albanian The Timber Grave culture retreated South from the Ural forest steppe around the 12th century BCE due to climatic cooling Mezhovka culture filled the void they left Also the later Sarmatian amp Alan presence near the Dnieper by Kiev was enormous (re mtDNA U3 R1a- Z93 Slavic azъ Saka azu Ossetian aeligz amp loss of word-final nom -s ) Ukrainian cattle zebu mtDNA reflects this influx from the steppes of the East
In the Ukrainian gene pool six Y-DNA haplogroups are revealed E F (213
including G and I) J N1c1 (96) P and R1a1 Northeast European Sarmatians ( C Keyser et al 2009 ) are not merely romantics as Saka kurgan (mtDNa N1a1a1) genetics bear out ( C Keyser et al 2009 Voevoda et al 2000 Clisson et al 2002
Ricaut Francois-X et al 2004) - although historical Sarmatians ( Śarmis ) included Asian R1a- Z93 amp Uralic admixture (N3 U4) Note Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel The tripartite division of the Slavic languages may reflect latent regional substratum influence on dialects evolved from the Proto-Slav Komarov culture which was designated by hydronyms of a Slavic provenance by O N Trubačev East Slavic like its neighboring East Baltic Sosnitsa ( gt Bondarikha gt
Jukhnovo ) complex to the North had the near influence of the Catacomb culture and may reflect some later MVK Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) cultural dialogue ( Russian jalovec juniper Armenian elevin id ) from MVK Monteoru culture trade exchanges Monteoru Dacian and Proto Slavic were close to each other which may explain some Slavic Albanian isoglosses West Slavic R1a
M458 may well be inherited from ( post Lengyel -TRB ) Corded Ware Centum Globular Amphora culture area substratum ( re ERC GAS gt Czech pyacuteř fire
embers re ERC Oscan pūr ) with a Satem Pomeranian R1a1a1 L365 conversion (
in NW Pomeranian in SW Dacian ) preceding a later W Slavic expansion ( Slavic
Bogъ Saka Baga- Slavic azъ Saka azu - see EricHamp 2011 ) Language is not genetic it is acquired Note N1c1 ( N-M178 ) Baltic speakers in Lithuania amp Latvia or R1a1a1 ( LWb ) Uralic speakers in Estonia or Yoeme speakers of Yoi Noki in Arizona
Kelan Kolo Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Does this support the construct of a so-called Balto-Slavic region or Middle Dnieper cultural horzon of anciently related initial dialects of subgroups like a
Satem Armeno-Aryan Catacomb culture Graeco-Armenian poly-ethnic Centum Celto-Italic or much earlier Indo-Uralic Probably The distance between Slavic amp Baltic each to early Satem Indo-Iranian (Pit-grave Āryan Satem) is not as great as such labels would imply One can also easily group together Satem Baltic-Slavic-Indo-Iranian with RUKI amp declension ( locPl ending -su ) considerations They were all in obviously close contact by horseback or river travel But if there never was a specifically monolithic Proto-Baltic per se how can you ever have a monolithic Proto Balto-Slavic amid the chaotic multiculturalism of the Middle Dnieper horizon The R1a1a- evidence begs to differ Early Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo sites in Estonia date to 3000 BCE The different Balts are even physically distinct around that time due to substratum
The Baltic and Slavic subgroups were already well differentiated and autonomous (eg separate mythologies amp Baltic long root preterite archaic divergent
vocabularies ) yet close to one another with the adoption of the wheel kelan kolo ratas (3200 BCE) West Balts used asigmatic nom sg ntr ending -n whereas the East Baltic neuter compliment was derived from asigmatic -d like Lydian Zaza ləzga Ossetian лaeligдзaeligг - branch Russian dialect ляэга vs Lith laz-da (Albanian ledhi - id ) Note Baltic o Slavic a - and but - reflecting an ablative form of a pronoun (Avestan āt - then and) Archaeologists have not found the archetypal Balto-Slavic settlements per se probably because each branch group were formed and influenced in different NE W S regions ( re ratas kelan kolo ) of the Middle Dnieper culture by a diverse admixture of various peoples and influences albeit somewhat near each other neighboring a Proto-Dacian distinctly different Satem variant Of course they are related Balto-Slavic is a generic generalization of a brief Europeanized Satem linguistic horizon like Armeno-Aryan (remodeled ablative suffix etc) - but initially more polyethnic The idealized Proto-Balto-Slavic Satem dialect probably pertains to an earlier pre-Middle Dnieper Culture peripheral area somewhere bordering Catacomb amp Pit-Grave groups and in contact with northern Repin dialects for awhile But Baltic like Slavic are in fact products of multiculturalism throughout their linguistic evolutions
Proto-Slavic and the more northern early Baltics were partially composed of assimilated Dnieper-Donets and acculturated later Tripolye peoples emulating the Yamna-like IE Satem speakers of peripheral related Sredny Stog dialects among a multi-ethnic converging cultural vortex of others ( Dnieper Repins TRB
Globular Amphora amp CWC poly-ethnics ) and with more admixture later where they would settle The eventual influence of Timber Grave Belozerka Cimmerian and later steppe Scythian amp Sarmatian on Slavic ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 ) was significant ( loss of word-final -s ) With the mobility of wheels changes were occurring rapidly - isolation was fading fast The Slavic participle with -L appears to have more in common to distant Lydian than nearby Baltic
Like Wild West movies debates on Balto-Slavic have had a duration longer
than the original horizon probably lasted The close affinity of Satem Slavic amp Baltic to Yamna related Indo-Iranian can be no surprise nor their distinctive European poly-ethnic accents The fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) It seems the growing early pre-IIr Yamna and Eastern Baltic dialect areas moved Northward as did the early West Balts as the Thracians Dacian Pre-Albanians and Slavs who migrated southwestward assimilating various Central European non-IE native and early Centum-TRB mixed IE people ( GAS R1a M458 ) into their cultures ( Dacian place
name Clevora Lith Klevas maple Lith place-names Liepora Beržorai w distributive -
or- suffix ) Thereafter the original Slavic future tense (which was perhaps similar to
Baltic amp Indo-Iranian) was lost while assimilating Dniester Tripolye C2 populace and other groups - as did the neighboring pre-proto Germanic Globular Amphora who had replaced the future tense as well It now appears that Winters Law also applies to Albanian which draws Thracian into question Inconsistancies in Albanian Satemization may reflect a pre-Bilopotok culture substratum to Monteoru Dacian Satem language which was influenced by Hercynian Celts and later Dalmation substratum
The early Proto-Slavic dialect reflects an inter-ethnic dialogue ( RUKI of Slavic
Mid-Iranian ) of early Timber Grave Iranian (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp
later steppe Scythian) assimilation which occurred upon an earlier polyethnic Balto-Slavic dialects accent region ( due to assimilated non-IE substratum admixture) Slavic loss of word-final -s may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by early Timber Grave Iranian contact (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp steppe Scythian) Culturally the influence of the Timber Grave immigration ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- Vedic
Bhagas ) was not as imposing on the rustic nearby Dnieper-Desna Baltic steppe-forest dwellers An earlier hypothetical Balto-Slavic dialects Dnieper Basin Accent (DBA) of the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Culture ( R1a- Z280 ) area would be at least later-Sredny-Stog era followed by a gradual Pre-Proto-Slavic westward steppe ( plateau vs the forest ) trajectory evolving into the Proto-Slavic Komarov gt Belogrudovka culture
Maps indicating the location of the (Temematian) non-IE Tripolye (Cucuteni-
Trypillian) Culture of Dniester farmers compared with maps of the Proto-Slavic language region (based on hydronyms) parallel each other closely although there is at least two thousand years between each horizon Herodotus later describes Scythian farmers where once were only European Tripolye culture farmers On either side of the early Slavics were lively trade partners of early Germanics to the Northeast and early Baltics to the Northwest - both of which were also polyethnic to various degrees with native European peoples If the Corded Ware Europeanized isogloss of Dative Plural - M occurred as an areal innovation perhaps due to Uralic substratum phonetic influence it probably started with contact and assimilation with Globular Amphora peoples now of mixed affinities ( Narva Lengyel TRB amp Centum Globular Amphora R1a- M458 )
and spread at a very early formative stage of E+W Baltic development and pre-proto-Germanic pre-Slavic The Sanskrit alphabet long ago anticipated the natural progression of B to M which enabled a fast transition Assimilation often accompanies innovation It is interesting that both regionally related poly-ethnic ( Dniester Tripolye C2 TRB GAS ) neighboring Centum pre-Germanics and Satem pre-Slavics replaced the original future tense construct of -s- (re relics -
Slavic byšęšteje Czech probyšucny ) as opposed to the Italo-Celtics as well as the distant eastern Baltics who shared borders and the original future tense with -s with the early Satem Āryan Yamna cultures A example of Baltic s future may be seen in Lith duos lt dōH3s lt doH3s ( Lith dial dōs ) The mtDNA reflects such a scenario but whether it happened like this is anybodys guess
The influence of Dnieper Donets or the Tripolye substratum in the DBA or RUKI has not been given the attention it deserves The assimilation of regional Baltic speakers also influenced various Slavic languages such as the Milograd (E
Slavic jasen vs jesen - ash tree) Kolochin and Yotvingian cultures in Belarusian the large-scale East ( amp West ) Baltic substratum in the Old Novgorodian territory North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92+ amp N1c1 ) tl dl consonant clusters gt kl gl - like East Baltic the Pomeranian presence in West Slavic Dnieper-Dvina East Balt foundation of the Tušemlja culture (which later included immigrant
Sudovians and Slavs in the Long Barrow culture) and the widely scattered East Baltic speaking tribes in Western amp Northern Russia ( re LWb allele at 22 for Vologda
Russians ) Also noted is the area where Belarusian Russian amp Polish prepose their genitives In contrast specific lineage characterized by 16304C-16311C mutations which indicate the Slavonic migrations from Central to E Europe was not found among Lithuanians Although historically instructive it cannot eclipse the common origin in the Middle Dnieper culture that both Slavs and Balts share together especially the East Balts and East Slavs ( both with R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 ) and always will
Caveat Emptor gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Theories about dating the earliest Proto-Slavic in relation to the distinct early Baltic branches need to examine the carbon dated chronology of East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural remains ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) Baltic hydronyms in Russia such as the Oka river the loss of the original Slavic Future tense and Baltic loanwords (from assimilated East Balts) in Finno-Volgaic which help date the evidence Examples of archaic Baltic loanwords into Finno-Ugric are East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole gt North Saami čuolggu pole Finnish salko long pole Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane or Lithuanian šaras fodder gt Moksha Mordvinian śora grain lt Saka ṣara seed Another Finno-Ugric loanword from East Baltic ( re Samogitian medė forest ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest-border is gt Finnish metsauml- forest Estonian mets
Karelian mečču id Saami meahcci forest fringe Hungarian (w LWb allele
) messze far distant vs OCS mežda - alley lane Words to the wise about any theoretical Balto-Slavic dates - Caveat emptor and compare it to all the facts we already know from empirical science There are Latvias eleven C-14 cal dates ( Loze 1992 Tab1 ) of CWC with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (
Purhonen 1986 11 ) A diet of fish ( šapalas ) may lessen the dates a little but no time-travel technology has yet been found with those CWC artifacts Cest la vie Wisconsin celebrates a Leif Erikson Day but Spain may not
Fatyanovo East Baltic developed from an earlier Northeastern forest variant subgroup ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 ) of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon with assimilated Euro-Repin Centum GAS while Southwestern Proto-Slavic steppe variants were emerging at the same time elsewhere Each were regionally distinct (forest steppe) subgroups yet related hybrid retro-core Satem cultures of diverse cultural components Neither group ever identified themselves with a xenophobic Āryan terminology ( re Mansi tas stranger ) The more conservative Northern Satem groups preferred to use the IE inclusive term Tauta (people) or liaudis (re Russ ljudi Khowar roi) Balto-Slavic is a useful generalization of a complex Middle Dnieper linguistic horizon and generic at best
Think Green gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There never was a monolithic Proto-Baltic per se Note the Eastern Baltic LWb gene analysis below or the multiple R1a1a- variations of Middle Dnieper Z280 cultures There are archaic pre-GAC Satem and post-GAS Euro-Repin Centum integrated aspects of the Baltic languages If GAC Euro-Repin-Centum defines what is Baltic does Steppe TG Iranian define what is Slavic The various West East Baltic Thracian amp Slavic languages (along with the Indo-Iranian branch) represent an archaic continuum of remnant subgroups of former core Satem IE dialects the last Proto Indo-European branches to finally split The Proto-Baltics would be none other than some Proto Satem Indo-European dialects together with the closely neighboring Satem pre-Thracian amp pre-Dacian Proto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-Iranian It may be more helpful to visualize East Baltic Slavic amp Indo-Iranian as part of the still growing main Satem trunk rather than as language branches Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
The LWb blood marker CCR5 Delta 32 mutation BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In respect to hematological variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele was highest in the Central East Balts around 75 among Lithuanian Samogitians
and very low among the other western Europeans ( 0-01 ) Click here for the PDF
version of the LWb Study The LWb blood allele can be seen as a genetic Tribal Marker of Prehistoric East Baltic Migrations and Admixture and perhaps not a West-Baltic marker since inhabitants of the Sūduva region average only a mere 27 vs 29 for Finns 22 for distant northern Vologda Russians or 4 for Estonians ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) - even after over 600 years of continuous Lithuanian colonization and admixture in the Sūduva region For those who still think all Sudovians vanished please reread the prior sentence - slowly Lithuanian R1a rates ( R1a1a1 including Z92 or L235 w LWb ) vary widely with West Aukštaičiai 406 vs South Aukštaičiai R1a at 618 in a sans MtDNA H1 region ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004 ) The absence of the 16304C-
16311C mutations prevents unneeded misinterpretations Genetic structure analyses also suggest Poles from Suwalszczyzna (northeastern Poland ) differ from all remaining Polish and Russian samples ( Grzybowski et al 2007 ) The Aryan R1a- Z93+ found in Lithuania is associated with that regions Tatars China Japan and Somalia evidently evaded incursions of LWb laced barbarians far better than either Gotland or Hungary although Gotlands LWb probably involved extensive secondary contacts with Estonians and Finns Maritime interaction with Vikings of Sweden amp Gotland is reflected by increased frequencies of the PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland region of Latvia ( Beckman L et al 1999 ) whereas Estonian interaction with Gotland is reflected by the TFDCHI allele ( Beckman L et al 1998 ) and LWb allele frequencies in Gotland ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) Hungarys LWb may perhaps reflect the Dyakovo-Gorodets horizon with East Balt participation Eurasian or archaeological DNA test results for the rare LWb allele mutation are sill pending Any occurrence of the LWb allele or Z280 ( Northern variants ) in Kazakhstan amp Eurasia will be noteworthy as will unexpected N1c1 types The Y-DNA of Lithuania is roughly about 5050 for N1c1 amp R1a and varies somewhat by regions MtDNA H1 frequencies are very very low among Lithuanians and virtually non-existent with the Saacutemi In Lithuania MtDNA H1 is mainly confined to only Northern Žemaitians The Aukštaičiai like the Saacutemi have none ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004
) Tests confirm the Narva substratum assimilated by East Balts had mtDNA U5b1 U5b2 amp U4 ( Bramanti et al 2009 ) This cultural inheritance from Kunda amp an early N1c Uralic substratum links Lithuanians amp Saacutemi as well as centuries of cross cultural fly agaric mushroom trade ( per M Gimbutas ) or the shared ethnocidal amp genocidal persecutions from a European Christendom ( Willumsen
LH 1997 ) busy shilling tickets to their heaven Tickets to Heaven hocus pocus amp the gravy train ( re nāstika Brihaspati ) The Prince of Peace deserves better
Less the above referenced genetical info be misinterpreted as some form of encrypted RWA cracker-code-speak I will stress that the fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) You are unique - just like everyone else People are people - some individuals shine some hide in their cruel fear Most of our DNA is African As my friend Robbin
said Its all good
The elevated CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation frequencies distributed in East Balts amp Volgaics and CCR5-Delta 32 DNA chronology ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) coincide closely with the ethnicities of the poly-ethnic Dyakovo cultures middle phase and may further illuminate earlier Ossetian contacts or some unique isoglosses Whether there is any correlation between the LWb allele and the CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation besides Baltic region epicenters is just speculation at present Perhaps the science of a common R1a Z92 inheritance of Russians and Baltic people will usher in a new era of unity and respect
The Western Balts were a hybrid mix of Funnel Beaker ( TRB including some
outlier Badens ) Centum Globular Amphora ( GAS gt eg pẽku ) and Corded Ware Satem Middle Dnieper people with Uralic Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1) people on Neolithic Nemunas and Narva substratum populations Archaeologist today can distinguish Europeanized West Balt culture skulls from those of nearby neighboring Satem East Baltic Fatyanovo types The distinction ( R1a1a- L366 vs LWb allele w R1a1a1 or Z92 L235 amp N1c1 ) was evidently very old and more than just grammatical Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements ( Brazaitis
2005 fig 5 Girininkas 2009 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import like pešti pešus pẽšis Kailas ( re Sudovian Kayles Gothic Hails
Vandalic Eils Old Norse Hail - perhaps all heard together for centuries at Wiskiauten Bar-B-Qs )
Ρως Ρωζζία amp Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
| C + Ͻ |
YATVEZ - Ятвезь
The myth of Terra Nullius ( deserted wasteland ) was merely historic ethnocidal propaganda justifying centuries of Papal Conquests Atrocities amp Theft - in both the Old and the New World It was a lie and DNA now proves it was only ethnic cleansing fiction A census by the Orthodox clergy of the Belarus
Grodno area in 1860 had as many as 30929 inhabitants identifying themselves as Yatviags (Yotvingians) The Byzantine Treaty with Kiev prince
Igor in 944 notes among the Rus ( Grk Ρως ) envoys a Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
one Jaacutetvįgrsquo for Gunnar ᚴᚢᚾᛅᚱ The Varangian (lt Old Norse Vaeligringi ) affinities
of an original poly-ethnic Jaacutetvings minority may explain the reapplication of East Baltic Gudai to later stereotype that Grodno regions other mixed poly-ethnic inhabitants ( Γυδωνες - Γουται ) Settlements of the 9th century with distinctly Viking cultural characteristics have been found around the Grodno area It appears that within a century or two of Viking trade and settlement those Norse ( Norethmenn ) either dispersed along the nearby Nemunas river and or assimilated in with ranking locals ( a common Viking custom ) Their Yotvingian Y-DNA survives with closest Y-DNA matches from Norway Ireland amp Scotland ( clan Gotheray ) Sweden followed by Cumbria amp one in Finland - a Y-DNA trail of related Lochlannar Norse clansmen Family
Historic records indicate they opposed surrendering the old beliefs of their forefathers for an imposed foreign import A new ( re AС Кибинь below ) rational etymology of the Baltic Jotving- Jātving- now rescued from from an inert provincialism of kaleidoscopic self-replicating hypotheticals and ethnocentric tunnel vision can finally be derived from an original Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr lucky spear Varangian leaders Heiti name ( gen sg = Jātvīgs Ρως - Lieth
retinue-crew gt Jātvįgs Rōs or Jātvįgs Lieth gt Jātvings - as luck would have it
L448 ) The nasal infixation of the West Norse original ( -iacutegs -īgs gt -įgs gt -ings ) as well as artifacts reflects close early contacts with local Dainavians-Sūdovians for whom the ubiquitous trademark nasal -ing- suffix ( -īg- in Latvian ) was indeed highly productive ( re Aps-ingis Zietela ldquoRus-ingisrdquo etc ) and is thus non-problematic - and in fact rather insightful for its nasal affectation of the local Balts Top this off with the peculiar parallel nominative-genitive singular ( re Wilkaskaymen ) of West Baltic dialects and it it easy to see how an original genitive Jaacutetviacutegs Lieth ( Varangians ) from Old Norse becomes assimilated as a poly-ethnic West Baltic nominative Jātvings Jotvings Voilagrave A Dainavianized nomgen sg nasal Jātvįgs from an Old West Norse genitive singular Jaacutetviacutegs - Jaacutetviacutegr‟s Lieth effortlessly yeilds
Jotvings ( note Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr (w-t-) vs related Eadwig [ Ӕтьвѧгъ ᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴ ] Eadwy or Jadwiga w-d- )
These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvaacutegs Rocircs ( Liethsmenn ) along
the Nemunas river would acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically within 3 generations or less ) amp assimilation - many by inter-marriage like with other Vikings elsewhere Rocircs ( lt Roethsmenn ) may well reflect an earlier pre-sail era maritime terminology Centuries of multi-cultural
commingling between West Balts amp Scandinavians are also reflected at other trade settlements like Saeborg-Grobina Truso or Kaup Wiskiauten PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland ( Kurland ) region of Latvia ( Beckman L et
al 1999 ) mirror poly-cultural blending of Grobina artifacts as does LWb in Gotland In more precise terms the Varangians were primarily Norse mercenaries whereas the Rocircs or Rus were the wider poly-ethnic base of the imported Viking culture which also included merchants boatmen and traders - from Birka to Kiev
As convenient as that all sounds it should be noted that the ubiquitous modern Lithuanian Jotvingis term itself a recent theoretical neologism from the middle 1920s Opps This Jotvingis neologism coined in the 20s was derived solely from various historical Slavic labels of the Varangian era To the Balts repelling the aggressive invading Kiev Rus and later Crusaders these poly-ethnic assimilated mixed Norse-Balt descendants were already just one
of us These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvįgs Varangians would
acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically
within 3 generations or less ) amp with assimilation A Zietela dialect word pamarkas-accursed is probably an assimilated Viking relic term of the Old Norse morkinn-decayed-rotten like the Scots English murkle reproach The Turovians group name likewise reflects a Norse Varangian Rus leaders name
( THORNoacuterir - ᚦᚬᚱᛁᚱ ) aligned with a Ragnvaldr - ᚱᛅᚴᚾᚢᛅᛚᛏᚱ in Polotsk along with
Garethariki Holmgarethr - ᚼᚢᛚᛘᚴᛅᚱᚦᚱ Austrvegr although the Рогволод - Моря Ragnvaldr - Moslashre similarities invite a critique Relations between Polotsk and Kiev became rather strained in 945 One of Vladimirs many campaigns to collect more tribute-taxes ( poliude ) and gain strategic Nemunas river trade access to the Baltic Sea is the first written ( albeit somewhat quasi-historical ) account of plural Yotvingians dated to 983 Fifty five years later in 1038 Yaroslav battles the Yotvingians and later the Lithuanians who were together allied with rebellious pagan Masovians ( amp prior Galindians ) - although another source reports a quite different scenario of a 1038 Yotvingian conflict - by Volkavysk Viking turf wars were not altogether unknown No traces of any hypothetical Baltic hydronym Jacirct-vacirc have ever been found to this day in the Terra Jatwezenorum region None Zip
A Belarusian Vawkavysk dialect Ятвезь [ Yatvez or Jatvez ] Anchor term obtusely connects the Norse Thors hammer of Vikings amp other Scandinavian relics to the original Yotvingians of that Black Russian region - who initially
spoke the Old Norse of Varangians Nobody vanished Get real ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᚱ When in doubt tell the truth - Mark Twain
For more about a Norse Rus Yatviag Yotvingian etymology see Кибинь
AС Ятвяги в X-XI вв laquoбалтское племяraquo или laquoбереговое братствоraquo Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2008 2(4) С117-132
The Loki pendant of Gnezdovo note the striking resemblance to the Snaptun Stone Loki - jp
Another East Baltic tribal migration marker may be a significantly increased frequency of the BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype ( Van Landeghem et al 1998 )
The spread of Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup R1a1a- as well as the B blood type is associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages too Many Latvian tartan weaving patterns are nearly identical to ancient Tocharian tartans found recently with Tocharian mummies (w U4 two-rooted lower canines
VRC ) recovered in Western China (see Secrets of the Silk Road) Tocharians were evidently also dedicated hemp farmers like the Balts and historical kapnobatai Thracians East Baltic Lithuanian place-names Beržorai ( birches
) or Liepora ( lindens ) reflect the Tocharian B distributive suffix -ār as does the Satem Dacian place-name Clevora (re Lith Klevas maple) West Baltic had Saitoran - the knotty Pleiades ( EV 6 ) Slavic also has such a parallel arboreal related suffix It would be worthy to note that some Dnieper culture horizons exhibit a degree of intrusive Repin style pottery from Middle Dnieper Repins Middle Dnieper Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration A high frequency of the CCR5-Delta 32 allele in Lithuanian populations at levels of about 16 has been documented This allele mutation confers resistance to HIV (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old ( J Novembre et al 2005 )
Lithuanian Ashkenazi Jews have also interested geneticists since they display a number of unique genetic characteristics including Y-DNA haplogroup Q
SONGS OF THE FOREST gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Traditional ancient Baltic songs ( Lith Dainos Latv Dainās re Vedic Dhėnās ) are a vast resource of the Baltic languages The Dainos are the Rig Veda of the East Baltic people These Hymns were first brought into the Baltic forests before 3000 BCE and preserved within innumerable homesteads person to person winter after long winter from 2600 BCE to this day Their antiquity is only eclipsed by their numbers and variations They are usually Hymns of stanzas many of which are divine revelations from the ancient Native Religion and Mythology but in contrast to most other similar forms they often lack earthly heroes Many Latvian dainās are not long typically in quatrains and often trochaic (metrically of one long syllable followed by one short one) and more rarely dactylic These ancient Hymns are superb relics of the pre-Christian East Baltic Native Religion and the life of the people especially its three important events - birth weddings and deathburial but also lifes infinite experiences
Dod Dieviņi ko dodamis Dod man labas div‟ lietiņas
Ceļā labū kumeliņu Mūžāi labu līgaviņu
There are literally millions of verses of these truly ancient Dainos Dainās now in written form The forest is also home to Seto Leelo the Seto polyphonic singing tradition Saacutemi joiks ( or ldquoyoiksrdquo ) and others All are irreplaceable treasures So intertwined with the archaic languages and their enormous vocabularies it is virtually impossible to try to separate the two These Hymns are still sung to this day - person to person
The magic of language is a gift from mother to child
living as a memorial to all Women who gave it to us
____________________________________________________
BE HERE NOW
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
More than half of the planets 7000 or so languages are facing extinction within this century
We are losing around two languages a month - or about one every two weeks
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The Sudovian greeting Kailas re-affirms that we are all One - with each other and with the Earth we share
Dermė
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The nearly extinct Lithuanian gray - Latvian blue cow breeds also need immediate international support amp attention - ASAP
- poshkahotmailcom
Click on Photo for Baltic Log Home Architecture
The ancient Twin Horse Sky motif found on top of
Lithuanian homes reflects the related Vedic Sanskrit Ašvins Similiar ( Ašvieniai ) symbolism was found in the
Khvalynsk and Samara PIE cultures (4100 - 5500 BCE) The Twin Horse Sky motif is also evident in Mari ethnic symbols
| Proto Indo European | | Mažiulis | | Nostratic Language |
| Prussian Language Website | | Janis Endzelins Baltic Languages |
| Old Prussian Texts |
| Mordvinian Dictionary |
The above text is an excerpt from Virdainas copy Jos Pashka 2012
~ in memory of Jeannette DeBusk Cox Charles Richard Dean amp Netta Poska ~
Erzya-Moksha Mordvin loanwords include - vərgas ( Indo-Iran vrkah ) pejel - knife ( Lith peilis peile ) kardaz ( Lith gardas gt Common Permian kar fortified place )
and uske viska - metal ( Tokharian A was B yasa Armenian uoski Sanskrit ucchati ) Finnic Mari has waž for metal ore Forest Nenets has a wyesya cognate
Also Finnish kekri annual Native festival lt kekra-j lt kekra- gt Sanskrit chakra Finnic kehrauml disk vs Sanskrit chāttra Finnic vihi ( Lith vėžė )
Baltic Deivas - The Divine Spirit of Heaven influenced Finnish taivas Estonian taevas heaven perhaps Saami taiw and also
Hungarian taacutej Khanty tai - locus Often ignored semantics of East Baltic celestial Deivas are illustrated in phrases from Latvian dainās ( eg Saule noiet dievā - Nav
saulīte dievā gaiša ) Finnish toivo like orpo ( Skt arbha-h ) or vasara ( Skt vajra-h ) lack final s unlike Finnish taivas - blue blue sky re Saule
noiet dievā
Saulės Rẽtis
( Suns Halo )
As for the monolithic Balto-Slavic of academics - Slavic has kolo wheel kola cart West Baltic has kelan wheel kelā cart East Baltic ratas wheel ratai cart
East Baltic Lithuanian also has rẽtys - halo circle around sun moon re E Baltic risti - rita raitėti - rieta retėti riets rotāt rotēt etc - ablaut - related to Lithuanian ratas wheel Latvian rats
Magic spiritual talismans known as Amber Sun-Discs found in Globular Amphora sites and elsewhere may be a key to the cross cultural ratas term of central Europe
(Linear B ideogram 243) Latin teres-retis - rounded well-turned and East Baltic Lithuanian retys provide a fresh etymology for PIE
roteH2 rotH2os ( spokes included ) If phonemic pitch following loss of laryngeals developed in connection with the monophthongization of diphthongs exhibited by a vocalic
feature from a segmental phoneme - Finnish taivas or heinauml illustrate the chronology of the loans from the host East Baltic language
Estonia and India alone share the 294 single marker of mtDNA N1a1a1 ( 147A-172-223-248-294-320-355 ) lt GAS
Mitochondrial haplogroup N1a phylogeography with implications to the origin of European Farmers 2010 BMC Evolutionary Biology Publication 10304
Re Karelian kes(t)rauml Estonian kedr spindle and Vedic cāttra id
The pre-migration Tocharian like Volga-Repins may have had an unattested word for Maple borrowed as wakšter into Finnic Cognates may be Latin acer - maple Old Norse askr - ash Old Lithuanian akštras - sharp The maples range extends to the Kama
river basin Perhaps Tocharian Repins originally used maple saplings for livestock prods Or perhaps it was a Baltic akšteras
The songs of the Erzya Mordvin thunder god Pur‟gine parallel both Lith Perkūnas and Vedic Parjanya ( परजनय ) closely
The Avestan name Vada-gan for a demon ( the Striker ) - reflecting a similar word in East Baltic vedega ax may have a Ural region kulturnaya obshchnost‟ connection ( Saami vietka bdquoadze‟rlm )
Finnish vasara hammer is a loanword from an later form ( lacking final s ) of Avestan vazra amp Vedic vajra [ vaźras - mace club ]
which are related to Lith vėzdras mace club Latv vẽza vẽzecirct to swing in the air wave wag or perhaps Lith vagis wedge ( Finnish vaaja )
Latvian veseris maul-hammer probably a loanword from Livonian Note Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere lack archaic Indo-Iranian final s (re Komi voumlrkas wolf )
PIE ueg - to swing gt vẽźras gt vėzdras vėzdas w altered ź-da gt zda as in synonym Lith lazda lt laźda
The current Finnish word for Millennium vuosituhat is a combination of four thousand year old loanwords
from both Pre-Indo-Aryan and Volga-Baltic neighbors by the Ural Mountains (re Latv tū-ska swelling Lith tū-las many Tocharian B kaumlnte 100 Sanskrit dve śate 200 )
Related Repin Tocharian B tumane 10000 lt Iranian tumān id lack a s cognate
( East Baltic Lithuanian tum-stas bulk heap mass - tumėti to curdle)
Mordvin Erzya tožon tužən Moksha tožaumln Estonian root stem tuhante 1000 may reflect an early Fatyanovo East Baltic participle tūśante tūšanti
preceding a poly-ethnic GAS Centum tūskanti and GAS-ed East Baltic tūstantis 1000 ( gt Old Latvian tuustosch- )
re Finnish laiha GAS Lith liesa Fatyanovo laiša ( also Latvian tūkst sing pret tūska ) Perhaps tūksa- gt tūšant- gt + GAS gt tūstantis 1000 huge - note Old Latvian tuustosch-
The Uralic words may well reflect an early East Baltic pre-GAS ( pre-compromised RUKI ) Upper Dnieper Satem word that evolved with poly-ethnicism
( East Baltic Dnieper Satem evolved on a non-IE Narva substratum w N1c1 early Uralics and ERC Globular Amphora = poly-ethnic )
Follow the Money Back in 3000 BCE it was follow the copper amp amber
It has been suggested Germanic thousand reflects tū-skont- which may reflect
a Gas poly-ethnic ( š gt sk ) trade variant tūskanti by Centum Globular Amphora The Globular Amphora amber trade network may have used a Centum modified
( š gt sk gt tūskant- gt tū-skont- ) variant while the Uralic variants reflect an EBaltic tūšant- ( gt later GAS-ed tūstant- ) variant from Fatyanovo-
Balanovo ( East Baltic Dnieper Satem ) A 2800 BCE flint-amber trade GAC tūs-kont- was perhaps interpreted by trade contacts as
a tūs-šimt- compound word gt W Baltic tūsimt-
The chronology of CWC regional variant cultures is critical for untangling the etymology of 1000
Slavic RUKI indicates far less early integration of GAS although cultural trade contacts
are plainly evident Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive
in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- A 2800 BCE Slavic -s- from -sk- appears plausible considering dative pl -m- became -b-
and the perceived participle reflecting eo type variations of 1000 Pots dont talk they speak - volumes
Old East Baltic Medu and Vaška were related neuters Note Finno-Ugric Hungarian meh-viasz In the same occupation are the related words - Mordvin keras Mari karas Udmurt karas from Fatyanovo era East Baltic
( Latv kāres Lith korys ) Re Lith Mekš-uogis buckthorn-berry Meksėti meksi stutter be mad - Skt makšikā fly bee makš- be angry
( Volgaic Mekš bee the angry one ) No Mekši cognate is found in Ob-Ugric
There is also a DNA relationship between Baltic males and Uralics ( Mari )
eg Meadow Mari tuumlžem - thousand Mari ləśtaś - Lith lakštas From the archaeological record one can also trace legacies of Upper Middle Dnieper gt Fatyanovo gt Balanovo gt Kazan gt Chirkovo-Seyma gt
Ananino gt Mari amp Mordvin cultures
The Romanian Dacian Doina - song is probably a residual loanword from the Lithuanian The Daina Dhėnā Vedic word has been analyzed many years earlier but not as an assimilated loanword from Corded Ware East Baltic
which J Pāshka contends and which Ural region loanwords and polyethnic Abashevo-Sintashta archeaological data would support Vedic Dhėnā and Soma ( borrowed from Uralic ) reflect the polyethnic early Āryan culture by the Ural Mountains ( Rhipean Lipynė )
Ephedra is not found in the Ural regions conifer forests Amanita muscaria is and abundantly so ( re Khanty Soma hewn mortar ) - On Vedic Dhėnā Prayer Song - Maurice Bloomfield Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol 46 (1926) pp 303-308
D Razauskas wrote an excellent article about
CORRESPONDENCES TO THE INDO-IRANIAN MYTHICAL WIND IN LITHUANIAN FOLKLORE
Do try to Google it
Rig Vedic Sanskrit Vāyu - wind Lithuanian dialect Vėjus - wind
The round kurgan mound tradition of the Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan in Nothern Bihar India also resembles Śaka Steppe kurgans of Eurasia amp Russia w U4
Timber Grave culture favored orienting the head of the deceased towards the North - re Mahaparinibbana Sutta The Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan identified themselves with the Solar clan
The Digha Nikaya of the Tipitaka Pali Buddhist canon describes Siddhartha Gautama as having very blue eyes ( Pali abhi nila netto )
The Chinese described Bodhidharma as 藍眼睛的野人
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India although U4 is more prevalent on the Afghanistan - Pakistan border Tajikistan and the Eurasia of the Steppe Śaka
Gintaras reflects the Sembian dialect pronunciation with their typical narrowing of en to in
adopted as such in some neighboring East Baltic dialects ie swints vs šventas Modern Lithuanian gintaras amber vs dialect variant gentaras id
Hungarian gyentar gt gyantar amber gyenta resin Chuvash jandar glassy Mari jamdar transparent suggest the amber trade with
East Balts Old adjectival -tar neuter suffix in East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin
( re ON kvaetha Skt jatu resin aśvatara- mule ) The original PIE adjectival -tar neuter suffix was also later used in a comparative sense ( ie wet-ter )
although originally it was mainly adjectival The 13th century work Jami ul hikayat by Ufi describes the Baltic sea origin of yellow amber traded to the
Chinese by Khotan procured from Turks re Chinese yan tse - ( alhagi camelorum ) plant which produces a amber-like honey sap Baltic in Chinese - who knew
Amber ornaments have been found with the Middle Dnieper and Globular Amphorae ( w TRB ) culture artifacts attesting to the ancient relationship Balts have had with Amber
Of Soma the original entheogen ingredient of dried Amanita muscaria ( Fly Agaric ) became extremely scarce with later Āryan migrations and was eventually substituted with a mixture of Ephedra Cannabis and opiates
It was a very poor imitation of the genuine Uralic Soma rite The Indo-European use of Amanita muscaria survived intact in Lithuania - hidden away in forests beyond
the reach of ethnocidal Christians Lithuanians continue the ancient custom of using milk and honey ingredients mixed with the dried Amanita muscaria
to make a beverage for Sharing According to Marija Gimbutas Lithuanians used to supply quantities of Amanita muscaria to the
Saacutemi Noiade in the North for use by the Saacutemi Shamans (Finnish tietaumljauml) ( Volgaic Erzya Mokša Sjuma Səma - hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger
Khanty Soma hewn wooden vessel ) Not directly related to above are Lithuanian semti to draw water Uralic sim- drink Tocharian smantildentildee broth
Hungarian hiacuted bridge is of Alanic origin - re Ossetian xid xed id Khotanese hī id
One out of 3 Kalash have mitochondrial DNA belonging to haplogroup U4 In fact the most prevalent mitochondrial haplogroup of the Kalasha people is U4 aka the Ulrike clade
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India Haplogroup U4 is common among northwestern Siberian populations and is also found among the Mari Mordvin
and Mansi of the Volga-Ural region of Russia as well as the Estonians Finns Balts and Tocharian mummies A Kalasha English Dictionary link is provided below
The Prakrits preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) absent in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words
The mushroom associated Kaukeliai gnomes remained with the forest dwellers
The hemp tradition of Eurasian Steppe Saka is reflect in Old English haelignep Old Irish cnaip Slovak konope West Baltic knapios Armenian kanap Albanian Geg kaneumlp Latvian kaņepe Lithuanian kanapė Turkmen kenaumlp
The Novosvobodna and earlier Maikop (aka Maykop ) cultures probably conveyed the Sumerian kanubi term - as well as the genetic clade of R1b ( aka R1b1b2 ) into IE early Bronze Age cultures with trade and contact ( re Germanic amp Tocharian R1b )
Note - Sumerian gu gt Skt gaus Latvian guovs Armenian kov Gk bous L bov- OIr bo - cow as well as the East Baltic Lydian singular neuter ending in -d
Within the Moscow City limits are found a Fatyanovo cemetary and a later Dyakovo settlement - both near the Kremlin re Finnish kesauml - summer harvest and E Baltic kasyti kast kesyti ( Albanian kosit - harvest the crops)
Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov born in Staraya Kupavna near Moscow would single handedly save humanity and the World in 1962
East Baltic lašiša salmon is also known as vošis a fast type of fish or trout or more commonly vašylas For 3rd person dual jiedu instead of expected yra or esti my Suvalkian Grandmother Johanna used esą Strange but true
Legal Disclaimer - The above text in no way suggests anyone should use illegal drugs or experiment with Amanita mushrooms
Genetic portrait of modern Belarusians mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome perspective Alena Kushniarevich 1Larysa Sivitskaya 1Nina Danilenko 2Richard Villems 1Oleg Davydenko
1Institute of Genetics and Cytology Academicheskaya Str 27 Belarus 2Estonian Biocenter Riia Str 23 Estonia
The LWb blood group as a marker of prehistoric Baltic migrations and admixture Sistonen P Virtaranta-Knowles K Denisova R Kucinskas V Ambrasiene D Beckman L
Hum Hered 1999 Jun49 (3)154-8
LW locus has been assigned to chromosome 19p133 The LW gene corresponds to 3 exons of 265 kb on chromosome 19 The LWa amp LWb alleles are different at a single base pair - codon 70 - corresponding to one amino acid residue which is arginine for LWb
The LWb mutation was a singular event - in all of human history
ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚷᚨᚷᚿᚱᛃᚿᛖᚿᛞᚢᚱ ᛗᛁᚿᚨᚱ ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚡᛁᛋᛏᚨ ᚨᚿᛞᚨᚿᚢᛗ
ᚦᚢ ᚦᚨᚱᚠᛏ ᚦᚨᚧ ᚠᛃᚱᛁᚱ ᚢᛈᛈᛒᛚᚨᛋᚿᚨ ᛖᛚᛋᚲᚢᚷᚨ ᚦᛁᚿᚿ
Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
| MariUver - a Site about Maris Mari El Finno-Ugric |
| and other Indigenous People of Russia |
The ancient Sacred Grove of Native Mari Religion
The Mari Kuumlsoto parallels Finnic and Estonian Hiis Similiar Holy Groves are known as Lud among the Udmurt The East
Baltic terms are Lith Alkas amp Latv Elka
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) and Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG) in an exhaustive 2006 report Russian Federation The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El found widespread evidence of political and cultural persecution of Mari people The Mari Native religious practices ( and the Cheremis Marla
faith ) have come under ever increasing pressure and severe persecution from intolerant Russian Government Officials and so-called Christians according to Human Rights groups
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| Kalasha - English Dictionary Online |
| English - Kalasha Dictionary |
Thank you for visiting Genetically WE ARE ALL ONE
and thats a fact
Culture is something we Share - not own
As Comrade Lennon said - Imagine
Shi nūsun būsna ast praeivingiska kaigi asenes vupjai
Budeis
Amphora substratum ( GAS ) contribution to the Baltic languages ( klau- šlav- or akmuo- ašmuo- ) and their lexicons ( pẽku ) Illich-Svitych prudently referred to it as some Centum ( Illich-Svitych 1963 ) But hybrid semantically oversteps this creole impact Since this amalgamation occurred at the earliest periods of contact and was integrated with varied poly-ethnic Globula Amphora Centum speakers the Euro-Repin Centum traces blended in smoothly Enigmatic linguistic Centum reflexes may merely reflect common poly-ethnic bilingual contacts The new Satem immigrants may have encountered possibly three different other languages besides theirs We know from DNA that there was gradual assimilation The study of Baltic languages thus provides a unique perspective for Tocharian Proto-Germanic Repin investigations or Latin Germanic ERC affinities from Usatovo GAC origins Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements there ( Brazaitis 2005 fig 5 Girininkas 2009 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import like pešti pešus pẽšis Kailas ( re Sudovian Kayles Gothic Hails ) The Euro-Repin Centum ( ERC ) features of East amp especially West Baltic are like a window into one component of an archaic Proto-Germanic ( also see BBC below ) just as Uralic languages have frozen Baltic words in time Apples don‟t fall far from the apple tree
Euro-Repin Centum
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The Centum Globular Amphora poly-ethnic culture ( plural dative m development
of verbal postfixes GAC gt CWC Baltic-Slavic-Germanic isoglosses ) with its TRB amp Lengyel substrate pre-BBC influences and Euro-Repin component contributed significantly to the Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo ( Berezanskaja
1971 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) ethno-genesis via substratum and contact Many irreducible Centum Satem incongruities in East Baltic Satemization amp Ruki were influenced by GAS lt Globular Amphora Substratum lt ERC lt Euro-Repin-Centum The Finnish word laiha thin from Fatyanovo residual pioneers implies East Baltic Ruki was perhaps compromised over time by a substratum influence yielding later Lith liesa instead of lieša The archaeological record clearly shows that substratum was Globular Amphora oriented and that it had extensive trade networks ( the flint amber trade ) with other central Europe cultures such as Baden For the Centum GAS ( mtDNA K ) ratʔas relationship of Old Irish roth Lithuanian ratas and Sanskrit
ratha - see below as well as the interpretation of Sintashta checked lt gt
ceramic ornamentation by Oleg Mochalov ( 2008 - Samara State Pedagogical
University ) Both tartan and striped ( see EB sgntr darža below ) textile folk designs co-exist to this day in Latvia and Lithuania perhaps from Euro-Repin amp NE Tripolye origins Middle Dnieper Centum Repin is the link between the similiar weave pattern of Turim Basin Tocharians and ancient Hallstatt ( GAC ) textiles of Euro-Repins Baltic Perkūnas reflects a GAS assimilated ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive Slavic Satem Ruki amp velarless Perun would support this assertion as
does the archaeological record around 3000 BCE Fatyanovo East Baltic influenced Globular Amphora as well Finnish stem tuhante - 1000 implies Centum Globular Amphora substratum quickly adopted unique innovative Fatyanovo Satem terms ( one-leftover - w later GAC-BBC p lt q ) and took them elsewhere - just as Fatyanovo used new GAS- ERC terms far and wide This mutual integration is the basis for vague linguistic terms like Northern Indo-European supported by Germanic-Baltic isoglosses ( aldija vs perga ) Circular linguistic polemics now can utilize such terms as GAS or ERC regarding Baltic Slavic or Germanic for that matter Pedal to the metal
Poly-Ethnic Reductionism 101 gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Middle Dnieper burial customs of males laid on their right side - females on their left was already practiced by some forest-steppe Satems Maykop burial traditions of orienting the male head to the Southwest and the female to the Northeast was followed by the Fatyanovo-Balanovo Northern Z92 offshoot of Middle Dnieper as did other regional sub-groups of it as opposed to other Corded Ware variants Most burial remains exhibit dolichocranial features The vortex of this Middle Dnieper Culture multi-ethnic fusion was in part propelled by a devastating climatic change known as the Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase that took place prior to the Middle Dnieper cultures synthesis coupled with the mobility of the wheel A perfect storm Regional variant steppe dialects from the southern part of this multi-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture would contribute to the ethno-genesis of the Slavs neighboring an earlier outlier Satem Proto-Dacian dialect near Baden As with the neighboring related Catacomb or Centum-Globular Amphora ( R1a- M458 ) polyethnic cultures the Satem Middle Dnieper culture had quite a few (lt link R1a1a- Z280 etc ) regionally diverse variant subgroups that spawned later peripheral cultures
The mythical Balto-Slavic (SVO) is none other than a Middle Dnieper cultural horizon of various unique regional yet distinctly polyethnic Europeanized conservative core IE Satem dialects neighboring related Pit-grave Yamna Āryan Satem (SOV) to their East as well as the nearby Catacomb culture (SOV) and Europeanized Centum Globular Amphora type languages (SVO) to their West Contact with Dnieper-Don Repins (SOV) is implied by unique Slavic Baltic Tocharian isoglosses Hollow based flint arrowheads of the Middle Dnieper culture bear a undeniable resemblance with Pit-grave Yamna and Catacomb culture counterparts ( pre-Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian ) as does some pottery River lake and marsh food including mollusks ( Latv sence ) were important food sources Pontic steppe Catacomb amp East Baltic bored stone hammer-axes are almost interchangeable and of course some aspects of their languages (re Grk Poimenes Lith Piemenes and the merger of Genitive amp
Ablative) Armenian Baltic Slavic and Indo-Iranian share innovations of the 1st person plural pronoun East Balt and Andronovo four five or seven-bulbed stone bored maces ( Lith vėzdras Skt vajrah ) are nearly identical as are their
archaic Ashvins Ašvieniai Divine Twins mythology as well It is no surprise that the Indo-Iranian and Baltic future tense echo each other as do many cultural terms and words This reflective Greek Sanskrit Lithuanian relationship is more than just a bridge between East and West (like Ket amp Navajo
amp Q ) it is a timeless Harmony letting even a blind man to view all Humanity as Family
These Satem core components of varied pre-Baltic pre-Slavic cultures migrated from the Sredny Stog culture (4500-3350 BCE) which with the Khvalynsk culture evolved from the Samara PIE homeland culture (5500-5000
BCE) on the Volga River Artifacts connect Samara with the earlier ( 7th
millenium BCE) polyethnic Indo-Uralic Seroglazovo culture by the Ural river probably validating the Indo-Uralic theory of V Thomsen from 1869 (re miti
languages)
Pots Dont Talk - They Speak - Volumes gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Most migrations were often due to prolonged climatic changes such as the Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase (4200 BCE colder 3500 BCE drier) population pressure on natural resources and or favorable new frontiers to colonize The migrations by each group resulted in different ethnic assimilations (Dnieper
Repins Dnieper-Donets Tripolye C2 amp Globular Amphora ) during the migrations and even more so at the eventual settlement regions (eg Uralic Comb amp Pitted Ware
Cultures and polyethnic Globular Amphora with non-Uralic Nemunas amp Narva Substratum U4
U5b2 ) The Fatyanovo custom of adding chamotte-grog or crushed shell to pottery reflects cultures like Narva ( amp later Globular Amphora-Narva poly-ethnic -
Česnys et al 2006 ) populations of the East Baltic and also older pottery by the Dnieper Rapids (Surskii island - circa 6000 BCE) and later Don-steppe cord impressed ceramics associated with Dnieper-Donets steppe cultures Twin horse heads ( Ašvieniai sky motif ) and boar tusks also culturally link Satem Balts to Syezzhe by Samara From the Samara culture to the present speakers of the archaic roots of Baltic type ( and Slavic ) languages have been indisputably polyethnic in various degrees in their long mosaic evolution The divergence of language is usually happening while there is also a convergence of languages Europe today is like an unmarked ancient sack of mixed genetic seeds The Sudovians ( Dainavians Yotvingians ) Galindians Pomesanians and various Prussians together formed a closely related Baltic language group known as the Western Balts ( West Baltic Barrow cultures ) to which one should also include the ancient Curonians The languages of both the Western and Eastern Balts ( Lithuanian Samogitian and Latvian ) evolved from the varied poly-ethnic Pre-Baltic Satem languages that migrated ( each differently ) from the late Sredny Stog horizon and subsequent Middle Dnieper culture regional variant subcultures These early Baltic language settlement areas of which ( the lower
reaches of the Vistula Daugava the Nemunas basin the upper reaches of the Dnieper amp even
to the Urals ) - is known to have developed into the (1) Early East Baltic Area of
Northern amp NE dialects ( w LWb ) and (2) Early West Baltic Area of Western amp Coastal dialects The Sudovians Prussians and Curonians can be regarded as links in a chain of this latter group while the Lithuanians Žemaitians
( Samogitians ) and Latvians ( R1a1a1 L235 L784 amp Z92) are considered to be the remnants (R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants) of a more Northern Early East-Baltic ( LWb allele ) area migration The differences between East and West Baltic cultures are reflected by Y-DNA data currently processed by the U of AZ ( re
Sintashta C14 dates ) in Tucson
The Eastern most dialects of the Early East-Baltic area ( Fatyanovo-Balanovo ) did not survive intact to be documented beyond numerous hydronyms and many archaic loanwords in various Finnic languages ( gyenta gyentar ) and Indic ( dhēnā śapharas rathas ) as well as contributing later to Russian dialects (re
ГОЛЯДЬ Terje Mathiassen amp Sprachbund notion ) There are loanwords in Saacutemi from Volga-East-Baltic that show no indications of Finnic sound changes ( ie
Saacutemi luossalt Volga-Baltic lašiša vs Finnish lohi salmon ) which help to approximately date a common source language for Finnic and Saami - and trade with Volga-Balts The loanwords were decidedly not prestigious items of an arrogant elite ie Saacutemi duovli Latvian dagla tinder or for example North Saacutemi suoidni hay Finnish heinauml id Lith šienas id Finnish ranta shore Lith krantas id
From reconstructions of the many cultural loanwords in Finno-Uralic by linguists amp those found in Vedic one might gather that the languages of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo Volga-Balts resembled a very archaic ( circa 2800 BCE ) East Baltic Samo-Lettic (w their Solar cult amp Sun songs) surviving ( LWb allele
R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants Z92 L235 L784 amp Kz) and evolving for the most part into Modern East-Baltic Lithuanian Žemaitian and Latvian and being culturally preserved in their dainos dainās especially those with a solar theme Many East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo artifacts exhibit designs reflecting such solar themes Abashevo rosettes mirror Latvian sun sign folk designs
Lexical Provenance gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Some regard the central Latvian system of three intonations ( also in Samogitian-
Žemaitian ) as an archaism of the Baltic group while others (Stang 1966 142 ) view the 3 tones as a reflection of accent retraction due to contact with another language ( a new broken tone from where stress was retracted to a syllable which originally had acute tone ) These related Northern Boat Axe tribes include the D Balts of the late great Balticist V Mažiulis Given the earlier political assassination of Lithuanian linguist Jonas Kazlauskas by the KGB (Deacutejagrave Vu - again - re Maris Prof Yuri Anduganov ) it perhaps was a safer label than a more accurate Ural Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a12 etc Z92 L235 type Kz ) or more inflammatory yet factual Volga-Kama Balts Neutralizing scholars is so
passeacute The settlement of East Balts in Russia three thousand years before the arrival of East Slavs was not politically expedient information nor particularly welcome It still isnt welcomed to this day like the Turim Basin ( VRC )
Tocharians in China Note loanwords into Finno-Ugric below (Gordeev 1967
180-203 Redei 1986 25-26) - of a specifically archaic East Baltic lexical Fatyanovo provenance ie žalga dagla darža vežys (v)āžys gentar kela ratas tilta kāras deivas not some amorphous Proto Balto-Slavic Finnish Perkele amp Votiak Perkịno reflect a Fatyanovo Baltic ldquoalpinerdquo velar that is altogether absent in Slavic Perun Details details details
Baltic amp Uralic in Vedic
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The old names of the various groups were derived from nearby hydronyms such as the historic Lamai by the Lama river or the Eastern Galindai ( ГОЛЯДЬ
) Some of these Eastern Balts by the Ural mountains evidently merged culturally with or extended to the nearby cosmopolitan poly-ethnic Abashevo culture which became a major component of the Sintashta Arkaim culture ( Kuzmina 2000 Pryakhin et al 2001 ) later becoming one of many conservative Alakul dialects to Pre-BMAC Proto-Indo-Aryan ( Proto-Vedic ) Some Abashevo pottery looks quite similar to and even blends specific darža designs from Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) which indicates East Baltic Corded Ware culture (Kuzmina OV 2000) integration in the Abashevo ethnogenesis as well as in later Sintashta-Arkaim One of the uniquely Fatyanovo-Balanovo trademark ceramic designs ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 ) was a pecular darža checkered double row diamond rhombus (
languotas raštas rūtains ) pattern which found its way into both Andronovo amp Timber Grave ( Srubna Pozdnyakovo ) ceramics and culture ( copyjp ) It is also indisputably evident in Andronovo Fedorovo artifacts ( re Kuzmina 2007 p 653
fig 41 Urefty pottery 3 amp 44 p 628 fig 19 5 Smolino pottery Also fig 101 14 Mundigak
Period VI Kandahar valley ) Lith piešalas Sanskrit peśalas Buckle up
If unique designs were assimilated unique words were probably assimilated as well Ratas isnt some amorphous proto-balto-slavic word Ratas is GAS East Baltic just like its unique trademark darža checkered ceramics ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) of Fatyanovo barley amp hemp farmers Baltic in Vedic Checked mate Que rico A Uralic component of poly-ethnic Balanovo culture ( Goldin 1999 130 ) may also account for old Uralic words in Andronovo culture and adding chamotte-grog in ceramics Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link the panta between the two disparate cultures of Poltavka and Volosovo-Garino Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered pottery connects Poltavka amp Volosovo-Garino revealing the conduit for cultural exchange The Southern
most peripheral Baltic dialects were from the Sosnica cultural complex ( gt
Milograd amp Jukhnovo cultures ) which much later on assimilated with migrating Eastern Slavic speakers ( R1a1a- Z92 ) Yet it should be remembered that neither Satemization or Ruki match genetic charts very well
Map of the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Cultures
with Dative Plural M amp R1a- M417 Z283
The early ancestors of the West Balts ( R1a1a- Z280 ) were the West Baltic Barrow culture and the Mazovia-Podlasie groups of the Trzciniec culture along the Bug river basin which bordered the autonomous Komarov ( Proto-Slavic ) culture of the Podolian Uplands further to the South The Baltic Trzciniec (Streaked pottery) culture was related to the autonomous Komarov culture but different as ceramics metalwork hydronyms and burial rites indicate This difference can be seen in the word for mans best friend dog where West Baltic had suns vs Old Church Slavic pьsъ or rock - Baltic akmō ašmō vs OC Slavic kamy West Baltic pausē pine vs Slavic bor or sosna (lt sopsna ) and also with many fundamental lexical and mythological disparities In contrast note East Baltic šuo with Kalasha šua dog or Lith puš-es pines and Waigali puċ pine (see Haplogroup U4 below) The West-Satem branch relatedness is illustrated by the word for name - West Baltic emens Albanian emen and Slavic imę vs more Central-Satem East Baltic Lithuanian vardas
The West Baltic Barrow culture and Trzciniec evolved into the later Pomeranian culture ( R1a1a- Z280 L365 ) horizon The West Baltic dialect area flourished with their lively amber trade with the Unitice culture and beyond Even as late as the Early Iron Age (600 BCE) the southern limit of the large Sudovian culture territory bordered the SlavicScythian Chernoles culture Scytho-Sarmatian (Ossetic) and Slavic isoglosses can be illustrated in Ossetic terminology of agriculture ( yoke harvest reaping-hook ) - in somatic terminology ( ear ) and in kinship ( sister brother mother father mother and father-in-law ) The Slavic and Mid-Iranian RUKI had much in common as well as Slavic loss of word-final -s which may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by Timber Grave Iranian contact (re U3)
The Neuri of Herodotus gtgtgt|||ltltlt
According to Herodotus (approx 450 BCE) the Neuri ( Νέσροι ) were a tribe living
North of the Tyres (Dneister river) and the furthest nation beyond the Scythian farmers along the course of the river Hypanis (Bug river) The Bug river meets the Naura ( Baltic name for the Narew ) river The Naura river leads one to Galinda and Suduva Since trade increased recognition the Neuri of Herodotus were possibly related to the Galindians and Sudovians Herodotus also mentions the wild white horses nearby that grazed by a great lake which scholars today suggest are the Podlesie marshes by the Bialowieza Forest Yotvingian Tarpans from the Bialowieza Forest seasonally faded to near white in Winter In 500 BCE Eastern Europe climate was much cooler and wetter There is still a town in Poland named Nur ( Νσρ) 52deg 40 0 N 22deg 18 0 E along the upper Bug River near the Bialowieza Forest The Nurzec river runs nearby and the local district currently bears the rivers name Balts traditionally take ethnonyms from local hydronyms The Baltic verbal roots nur- to immerse or niur- to get murky may be sources of the local hydronym Archaeologists have excavated a fortified settlement and an open settlement near Moloczki Poland by the Nurzec river There are probably many more yet unexcavated in Ziemia Nurska as the area is known as Udmurt nur swamp might contradict this theory
The Balts of Ptolemy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Greek geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd Century AD mentioned only two
Baltic tribal nations the Γαλίνδαι and Σοσδινοί Romans coins ( Tiberius
Caligula ) unearthed in Suduva predate Ptolemys account Σουδινοί was
possibly a typo for Σουδιυοί (re Ιαησγγιωνες) It is of interest to note that an early differentiation of dialects also took place in the Central Eastern dialects evolving early Lithuanian Žemaitian Latvian at a period when the neuter gender was still common in East Baltic ( Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish kela reel spool
Old Prussian kelan wheel )
The Western Balts gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Western Baltic dialect that later gave rise to the Sudovian Galindian Pomesanian and various Prussian languages is one of the dialects of the Early-Western Baltic Area ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) The Coastal West Balts emerged as yet another dialect (Curonian language) of the Peripheral Early-West Baltic Area near the bordering dialects of the Central Early-East Baltic language area The Western Balts were a poly-ethnic hybrid mix of Corded Ware Satem peoples on outliers of Funnel Beaker Globular Amphora with Nemunas - Narva substratum ( GAS ) population Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements there
( Brazaitis 2005 fig 5 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import
Thus the Western Balts should include the Sudovians ( Яцьвягі ) Galindians Pomesanians and various Prussians and also the Curonians the former comprising the Southern group and the latter the Coastal Northern group This explains the close similarity between Sudovian ( Yotvingian ) Galindian Pomesanian and Prussian A successful modern revival of the Prussian language is now known as New Prussian A link to their Prussian language website is provided below
The Old Prussian Sembian dialect though exhibits a prolonged influence ( Pratorius corrupt Prussian ) from the influx of nearby Curonians when compared to the more distant Pomesanian or Sudovian The Sembian dialect of the Old Prussian Catechisms has muti tawas (mother father) whereas the Pomesanian of the Elbing Vocabulary has mothe towis The chronicled Sudovian Occopirmus similarly differs from the Catechism Sembian ucka- Farther inland away from coast and Curonians we do find Prussian Tlokunpelk - Bears Marsh Galindian did not historically border the Curonians and was close to Sudovian in many respects
Certain innovations (ie thousand participle ) that occurred in the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 L235 L784 N1c1 ) dialects are not reflected in the
Peripheral ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) Western Baltic dialects ( with attrition to 4 core
declensional cases re neighboring Gothic) Each area also had different mixtures of substratum populations involved in their ethno-genetic formations ( re LT F-U
Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) and later neighboring influences The Peripheral West Baltic dialects exhibit an archaic appearing declension which gives one a unique window into both Baltics and the Northern Indo-European GAS influenced dialects and the influence of diverse substratum on varied evolutions The currently spoken East Baltic dialects are more evolved expressive and elegant Bi-lingual West East Baltic speakers adopted East Baltic rather quickly
The traditional academic construct of a seven case declensional system for early Proto Indo-European is as synthetic as it is theoretically convenient ( Jeannette DeBusk Cox )
Only nominative genitive dative and accusative forms have constant
intercrossing functions in various Indo-European languages while forms used for the instrumental or locative cases (traditionally declared to be Common Indo-
European) have related functions eg the IE -ois may occur in the instrumental case in one language and in the locative case in other ones or -ō (apophonically) -ē occurs as -āt in the Indo-Iranian ablative and as -it in the Hittite instrumental Such intercrossing elements were used for semi-paradigmatic adverbial forms differently paradigmatized in the various Indo-European languages (V Toporov V J Mažiulis)
Eastern amp Western Baltic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Some very archaic lexical differences exist between the Western Baltic ( R1a1a-
Z280 L366 etc ) dialects and the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92
L235 N1c1 ) dialects The word for fire is just such an example The Western Balts used the word panu whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ugnis Another example is the word for wheel The Western Balts used the word kelan whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ratas These words have cognates in other ancient Indo-European languages ( For the
Centum GAS ratʔas relationship between Old Irish roth Lithuanian ratas and
Sanskrit ratha - see below ) That such diversity of basic terminology existed within Proto-Baltic illustrates the antiquity of the West East Baltic vocabulary inherited from the late Sredny Stog horizon (3500-3350 BCE) into the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Middle Dnieper culture ( R1a1a- Z280 ) horizon that influenced the evolution of divergent dialects by cultural contacts Outliers of Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva populations added poly-ethnic substratum cultural influence ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 Česnys et al 1990
Mochalov OD 2001-2002 ) to Fatyanovo contributing a residual non-Satem vocabulary of their central European GAS Centum words like pẽku - livestock ( vsSatem Lith pešti pešus pẽšis OCS pьsъ ) and perhaps gradually compromising East Baltic Ruki Non-IE East Baltic substratum ( Pit Comb Ware N1c1 Uralic amp Nemunas-Narva w U5b2 ) bilinguals were perhaps a phonetic impetus behind Dative Plural -m- from -b- for example Baltic žambas Estonian hammas as well as the custom of adding chamotte-grog to ceramics ( re LT F-U Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) The Dative Plural -m- from -b- probably reflects early Baltic area GAC trade network contact dialects The loss of the neuter gender in East Baltic was due to primarily inherited dynamics of rearrangement Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains yet Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of the language - even after the era when dialects became languages The formative influence of poly-ethnic substratum populations on the various early Baltic-type dialects thus becomes easily apparent even for a layman to grasp
In regard to variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele in regions of East vs West Balts provides solid scientific proof of an ancient genetic distinction ( E Baltic -
W Baltic lt R1a- Z280 ) between speakers of the two Baltic groups Theories of a Proto-Balto-Slavic split around 1000 BCE (eg Kortlandt 1982 181) naively contradict the immense volume of linguistic archaeological and emerging genetic DNA (lt link ) Corded Ware evidence Latvia has eleven C-14 dates of Corded Ware Culture ( Loze 1992 A Kriiska 2001 ) with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (w 954 probability) A fish diet ( eg šapalas ) may lessen those calculations a little bit but not greatly
Another key feature of West Baltic languages is the asigmatic nominative singular neuter gender ending in -n This is noted in such words as kelan ( wheel ) azeran ( lake ) and dadan ( milk ) There are also many neuter gender words that end in -u such as panu ( fire ) pẽku ( livestock ) as well as alu ( mead re Latvian aluot ) of which the later two may well be from Centum Globular Amphora substratum and amber trade contacts Note Old Prussian panno ( re panu-staklan ) and Gothic fōn Armenian hur hnoc Old Prussian druwis Iranian dhruvi- indicate the core Satem foundation of West Baltic Aswinan amp dadan certainly do The neuter gender asigmatic -n exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp [ re neuter vaška beeswax gt Finnish vaha ] The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords or modern East Baltic ( Prussian median vs Samogitian medė forest ) once again dating a the West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 )
pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-Svitych 1963 42-44 see below ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as Lydian The developements of the Slavic neuter are being still debated This isogloss could provide insight about the Novosvobodna Maykop type steppe burial orientation tradition of Fatyanovo males to SW females to NE as well as Novosvobodna Maykop type metallurgic influences on Fatyanovo [ re
Samogitian medė forest Finnish metsauml - forest Estonian mets Votic meccauml Karelian mečču id Lule Saacutemi miehttjēn far away Saacutemi meahcci forest fringe Hungarian ( ) messze far distant East Baltic tilta bridge - Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish silta bridge Estonian sild Volgaic Erzya śid-al sed id lt Skt sētu- band bridge Latvian sēta fence ]
A very unique feature preserved in the West Baltic languages is the Genitive singular declensional ending in -as for words that end in -as or -an in the Nominative case Hittite also shared this feature -aš lt -os as well as perhaps neighboring Gothic ( nomgensg harjis ) nearby in the West although mere appearances may be misleading Neighboring Wielbark culture ( Gothic
I1-M253 - Y-DNA ) interaction with West Baltic tribes especially the Galindians appears to have been co-operative and mutually beneficial The border between the two may account for certain Gothic type loanwords into the Baltic languages This Gen -as declensional ending is as disconcerting for
expedited Balto-Slavic theories as the East Baltic neuter although it does strengthen and lend support to the effect of GAS Such a generalized declensional feature is noted in a word like Nominative singular pēdan ( ploughshare ) Genitive singular pēdas or in the West Baltic Genitive singular Deivas ( Gods ) and in places names ( re Wilkaskaymen ) Many unique features of West Baltic are relics from the Proto-Indo-European Sredny Stog horizon (4500-3350 BCE) as is the deduced archaic East Baltic ( amp R1a1a- Z92
Slavic ) singular neuter with -d resembling a Lydian type developement - unlike West Baltic
West Baltic has the same four nominal accent classes as does Lithuanian but it has retained the original accentual state of Dnieper Baltics ( an acute rising
accent and a circumflex falling accent) The first class is the acute barytone paradigm The second is the circumflex barytone paradigm Thirdly the acute mobile paradigm Lastly the circumflex mobile paradigm
The Archaeological Record gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Reading from the archaeological record one can associate dates of 3200 - 2300 BCE with various material artifacts (toy wheeled wagon) and increased plant ( hemp and wheat ) pollens that appear to indicate the arrival of Baltic speaking peoples in the Baltic region who appear gradually and slowly settled in well among native populations ( recently arrived Uralic Comb amp Pitted Ware Cultures
( N1c1 ) mixed with an older Nemunas amp Narva Substratum w U5b2 amp Centum Globular
Amphora outliers ) Recent archaeological finds of Triticum and Cannabis pollen circa 5600 BCE from the Akali Neolithic Narva-Kunda settlement in East Estonia ( A Poska L Saarse et al 2006 ) places Cannabis cultivation in the Baltic region much further back into antiquity than even the Corded or Pitted Ware eras Also the East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants also Z92 ) had more close contact with Uralic (eg Kiukainen culture ) and nearby Pit-grave Yamna Āryan speaking cultures than the West Balts ( Sanskrit hastas amp Lith
žastas ) After 2750 BCE the agricultural record intensifies ( Rimantienė et al
1999 ) as well as beginning East Baltic copper ( varis ) amp bronze metallurgy near the Ural Mountains The East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo era metallurgy proceeded the Seima-Turbino culture horizon ( vaška = Old East Baltic
neuter )
A forest-zone polyethnic ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Abashevo culture by the Urals emerged with MVK Catacomb influenced early Eastern Balts Volga Finns and Pit-grave Pre-Indo-Aryans from the steppe-zone using the same process Migrations often follow climate changes ( re the
Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase ) around the 3rd millennium BCE the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BCE amp the 12th century BCE Each migration would encounter different native ethnic groups and influence the dominant language during assimilation of those ethnic natives Indo-European peoples amp languages have ALWAYS been multi-ethnic The new molecular DNA archaeology proves it beyond question We are all related - literally
The high incidence of Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 suggest long term relations and admixture with the Uralic speaking population of the Baltic Volga and Ural region which may have had a conservative influence on the East Baltic Satem dialects and speakers Note Kurdish varg vs Komi Zyryan voumlrkas wolf N1c appears to emanate East amp West from the Ural region probably with its origin in Khakassia The divergence of language is usually happening while there is also a convergence of languages
Fatyanovo-Balanovo gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The early Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture ( 3300 - 1800 BCE Loze 1992 Tab1 ) was an Northeastern extension of the East Baltic Corded Ware culture (w mtDNA
N1a1a1 R1a1a1 ldquoM‟srdquo also Z92 LWb allele ) following various rivers in the North like the Oka to the upper Volga and Kama confluence in what is now Russia Fatyanovo developed from an early Northern variant of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon It is here that pottery displays a unique Fatyanovo Baltic style of mixed Corded Ware and Globular Amphora ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 )
features amp exhibits a trademark checked motif design ornamentation not found with the steppe cultures ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) thus allowing their contacts with those cultures to be tracked - even into Sintashta amp beyond The parallel lines motif may represent a darža or a tilled garden plot ( re Finnish tarha lt Fatyanovo ) perhaps from Dnieper Satems or GAS ( copyjp ) Compare the darža motif to the Bronocice farmers pot ( re CWC Eulau-Shughnan
DNA ) Fatyanovo hemp provided a water resistant fishing line for hooks and nets ( amp herbal medication ) and barley provided bread ( Latv miezē ) Fatyanovo migrations also correspond to regions with hydronyms of an East Baltic language dialect mapped by linguists as far as the Oka river and the upper Volga as well as regions with elevated frequencies of the rare LWb allele Spreading eastward down the Volga and beyond they discovered amp exploited the copper ores of the the western Ural foothills and started long term settlements in the lower Kama river region The East Balt Paimenes herdsmen brought their ešva - tarpan horse šėmas gōvs - gray cow avis - sheep parša - pig (neut) ratas - wheel ašis - axle tilta - bridge žalga - long fishing pole for šapalas red finned dace in the jaura - marsh a pada - clay pōdas - pot of kāras medu - honeycomb honey apiculture amp daržai - tilled crop plots - including javas - cereal grain maižis - barley šaras - seed sālis - salt along with varia - copper metallurgy and a tūšanti - thousand ( see below ) of their dainās - Holy Songs of their šventa - spiritual beliefs about dermė - harmony and the celestial -deivas
Trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo
checked ceramic darža motif copyjp
Fatyanovo cemeteries would sometimes have graves of not only people but also bear and other animals which are buried with ritual close by in individual graves Solar designs ( Solar cult clan re Saulės Rẽtis ) commonly adorn East Baltic Fatyanovo ceramics as do trademark checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Livestock includes cattle ( Y-DNA H10 ) horses sheep pigs and dogs ( North Saami šūvon trained dog ) and apiculture Balanovo livestock initially had more swine and sheep than other livestock Excavations indicate hunting and fishing ( žalga šapalas ) was often practiced ( Lougas 1999 ) as well as swidden agriculture ( Krasnov 1971 ) They gathered hazel nuts Excavations indicate Fatyanovo cultivated barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972
Jaanits 1992 49 ) Bone wrist guards imply they were accomplished archers Two-wheeled wagons (Goldina 1999) are also typical finds ( re ratas ) as are toy wheels There are a profusion of sites in the northern Baltic countries including
the Kazan Russia (Volga-Kama) region The more metallurgically exploited Ural region of the Fatyanovo culture was designated as the Balanovo culture (2900-
2100 BCE) from a cemetery found near the town Balanovo cemeteries had both kurgan ( Lith kapas ) and flat type burials ( like Abashevo - Kuzmina 2007
p221 ) The funeral chambers were wooden constructions in rectangular pits with the deceased wrapped in birch bark or hides
SW amp NE gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Balanovo copper metallurgy has its roots in central European cultural traditions which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper Cultural area Balanovo jewelry duplicates specific designs of a Central European provenance perhaps derived from the Centum Globular Amphora substratum assimilated into the Middle Dnieper - Fatyanovo cultures East Baltic lexicon also has unique isoglosses with Central European Celto-Italic dialects w ERC GAC bilinguals which also shared the BBC amp TRB substrate found in the Centum Globular Amphora horizon ( semti ratas peku ) Emulating the earlier poly-ethnic Globular Amphora ERC culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers adorned their ceramics with specific solar or unique designs ( re
Globular Amphora amp Narva substratum w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) valued pork ( parša ) high among livestock and practiced copper metallurgy But quite unlike the Globular Amphora culture stone cist burials with heads oriented to the East Satem Fatyanovo-Balanovo orientated male burials to the Southwest ( ДАКрайнов 1964 1972 re 188-192 ) - per steppe Maykop custom - as did the nearby related Satem Pit Grave culture and the much later early phase Sarmatian burials of Pokrovka Even a distant Afanasievo migration burial east of the Ural river with its Repin traits orientated the male to the southwest By 2600 BCE the Fatyanovo Balanovo culture and its copper metallurgy was firmly established in the Volga-Kama Ural region East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo Ural metallurgy was the nexus for a revolution that would sweep across the steppes and beyond
Cis-Ural Metallurgy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The villages were composed of above ground wooden houses built from logs with saddled roofs and had fenced enclosures ( Udmurt kar - town site Komi kar -
site of ancient town Mordvinian Erzya kardas - enclosure courtyard w -as ending lt
East-Baltic gardas - enclosure vs Ossetian kaeligrt - id ) East Baltic Balanovo and Finno-Uralic Volosovo peoples apparently mixed well ( LWb allele amp N1c1 ) without too much conflict as they did with steppe peoples with whom they they had contact via trade with the Caucacus metalworkers The East Balt association with amber is quite old ( ДАКрайнов 1972 1973 Loze 1979 1993 ) Chuvash jandar and Hungarian ( w LWb ) gyentar - amber gyenta - resin reflect the legacy of an archaic adjectival -tar neuter suffixed Balanovo
( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin Skt jatu - resin jātarūpa - golden ( lt jęta-rūpa Lith gentaro-rupis re Skt jā-ta- Lith gen-tis ) Avestan toponym jatara- resinous Corded Ware Balanovo amp Abashevo metallurgy would provide significant impetus to Seyma-Turbino metallurgy ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked celt-axes lt gt ) Komi ram- calm peace and
erd- field reflect peaceful interaction with the Volga-Balts ( Lith erdvas ardvas
Saacutemi aacutervas ) Note Komi rit - evening and Lettic riets- sunset The pirtis - log shed (sauna) of the pioneering Volga-Balts was evidently noticed and emulated by the locals ( Mari poumlrt Saacutemi barta) Finnish Orja - slave Estonian [gen] Orja Udmurt Var Komi Ver Mokša Urauml Erzya Ure - slave indicates some later conflicts with the Āryans - as do some archaeological sites ( note - all the various late Finnic Āryan terms lack archaic nominative s - like later Timber-
Grave Iranian ) In contrast Saacutemi Oarje just designates a direction ( Abaev 1981 85
) Variations (re mtDNA Z1a V ) among Saacutemi mtDNA now show an earlier link to the Volga-Ural region ( M Ingman et al 2007 ) Neither the LT Aukštaičiai nor the Saacutemi have any common European mtDNA H1 ( ) The Saacutemi may well have an old folk saying similar to Oh well there goes the neighborhood but it has eluded my research into it
Residual Stratum gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Scholars are still perplexed by the imbalance or lopsided ratio of loanwords between East Baltic and the Uralic languages This is because the bulk of Baltic loanwords into Uralic arent loanwords per se but rather residuals of a scattered ( LWb allele R1a Z92) stratum language reflecting the widespread and prolonged assimilation of bilingual archaic East Baltic speaking Fatyanovo-Balanovo Battle Axe settlers and their poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a N1c1 ) descendants ( Finnish heimo sisar Saacutemi gaacuteibmi ) with the numerically dominant Uralic tribes for millennia The merging of Comb and Corded Ware ceramics ( w chamotte or grog ) and other associated artifacts reflect this hybrid cultural horizon ( Lith šeškas Mari šāškə Veps hāhk re Sanskrit śaśakas ) The Kiukainen culture is one example Multi-room houses also appear Some isolated pockets of poly-ethnic Baltic speakers such as the ГОЛЯДЬ survived intact even up to historic times North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92 N1c1) with tl dl consonant cluster changes gt kl gl - like East Baltic implies multiple pockets of poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a1a Z92 N1c1 ) East Baltic speakers there Yet the rate of assimilation eventually outpaced the passage of substratum language inheritance Hence the additional impact of not uncommon Baltic-Uralic bilingualism ( eg Kiukainen culture ) on the structure of Finnic languages along with a myriad of archaic common everyday ( EB neuters - heinauml hay tarha
garden plot silta bridge ) terminology Uralic impacted Baltic as well The absence of weaponry or conflict terms is notable - and in hindsight altogether wise Fatyanovo-Balanovo East Baltic ( w GAS ) had became an established regional poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) substratum language ( paimen herder )
throughout its range ( re LWb allele ) Although numerically overwhelmed its innovative broad-based ( apiculture agriculture building amp metallurgy ) cultural impact proved enduring - as expressed in the Kiukainen culture Scholars are not fond of such dramatic re-assessments even when molecular DNA amp traditional archaeology clearly illuminates the mounting dateable evidence The challenging complexity of Finno-Ugrian origins and evolution has only grown with recent studies yet traditional archaeology acknowledges that Fatyanovo-Uralic contact ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 N1c1 ) zones precede Āryan-Uralic contact ( Krajnov 1972 251-252 Gurina 1963 133 139 Khalikov 1969 205 Tretrsquojakov
1966 135 ) Fatyanovo used chamotte admixture in ceramics like their neighbors ( Laitinen et al 2002 ) Some Aryan loanwords in Uralic may reflect a poly-ethnic Alakul forest re-intrusion and were diffused by a subsequent F-U speakers migration as implied by DNA genetics And the earliest Corded Ware words found in Uralic are an identifiable archaic East Baltic ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem
1000 ) as exemplified by a shared vocabulary ( Mari karas šāškə Lith šeškas
Sanskrit śaśakas ) amp the singular neuter and not some amorphous pre-Baltic that vanished without a trace
Kela vs Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Overlapping the Southern edge of the Fatyanovo - Balanovo region by where the rivers flow South another group of the East Baltic-type Satem Corded Ware pottery tradition ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) later
developed that is called the Abashevo culture ( 2400 - 1800 BCE ) after a nearby village East of Kazan Russia The Abashevo culture exhibited strong influences from both Pit-grave and MVK Catacomb cultures on its Baltic-type Corded Ware traditions Abashevo metallurgy was proportionally less weapon-oriented than that of their Pit-grave Āryan neighbors exhibiting more utilitarian or artistic ornamental products That being said Abashevo weapon metallurgy was innovative and the designs were adopted by Andronovo cultures Unlike the Pit-grave Āryans of the bordering steppe the forest dwelling Abashevo like the Balanovo mixed some with the local Volosovo ( N1c1 ) hunters amp foragers influencing their culture in many ways The Abashevo relations with Seima - Turbino were also apparently fruitful for each other (East Baltic Fatyanovo kela
Finnish kela - reel spindle Fatyanovo amp Lith ratas Finnish amp Estonian ratas - wheel North
Saami raacutehtis - id Fatyanovo amp Lith kepti Saami giksa- kopša- to cook) The archaic East Baltic kela vs ratas usage invites scholarly investigation of the neuter in East Baltic as well as assessing Globular Amphora poly-ethnic Substratum influence from ERC Finnish taivas Estonian taevas amp Saacutemi daivas - heaven reflect an archaic East Baltic influence still heard in Saule noiet dievā or Saule iet dievu of the old Latvian Dainās ( re H Biezais 1961
Gimbutas 1958 46 ) Lithuanian still has dievop dieviep declensions Perhaps
Saacutemi taiw Hungarian taacutej and Khanty tai - locus are also related if heaven is a place - somewhere
Like Balanovo sites many Abashevo settlements were also by the copper laden southwestern foothills of the Urals and as the Volga-Kama area Balanovo East-Balts did left ample kurgan burials and flat graves as part of their Abashevo burial rite Late Abashevo artifacts were found in Sintashta ( Pre-Vedic ) culture graves Sintashta also had not only one but two flat grave cemeteries along with the expected more prestigious kurgans Sintashta ceramics display the influence of early Abashevo amp Fatyanovo-Balanovo pottery styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) just as many
Sintashta Europoid remains exhibit the dolichocephaly of Abashevans ( Schwidetzky 1978 Menck 1980 Gimbutas 1997 322 ) amp Fatyanovans ( Denisova 1980
Rimantiene amp Cesnys 1996 50 Loze 1996 68 ) Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo )
ceramics with chamotte exhibit a projecting rim as does later Abashevo ( re
mtDNA N1a1a1 294 ) The artifacts suggest a unique cultural exchange between poly-ethnic ( w Uralic amp GAS admixture) Abashevo and Fatyanovo-Balanovo people into the Sintashta culture of Pre-Vedic peoples ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The nearby Volga Finnic Erzya-Moksha Mordvin language group has preserved loanwords from early Āryan Volga-East-Baltic and possibly a Pre-Tocharian Repin type language which would seem to confirm the probability of such exchanges Residual Ural-Volga Repins may well have become contributing substratum in the ethno-genesis of the Corded Ware Abashevo considering their geographical locations The Volga-Sok river Ural region by Samara has yielded Repin-influenced pottery reflecting the Repin influenced pottery of the earliest Afanasievo kurgans Early Uralic exchanges with IE Centum speakers probably correlate with this regional Volga-Repin horizon by the Urals Re haplogroup U5 Tokharian A waumls Tokharian B yasa - gold ( PT wesā ) Uralic Mari waž Kamassian waza Votyak az-veś Hungarian vas Mansi atvės Forest Nenets wyesya whereas Saacutemi vieške Moksha uśkauml Estonian vask reflect Tokharian A wsā-yok lt wesā-yāku - gold colored Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration with decorated rims on a round-based pot The NE orientation of male burials characteristic of Don Repins is also noted later with some ( not all ) Timber-Grave burials vs the early Afanasievo migration burials with Repin traits which orientated males to the southwest like Poltavka Fatyanovo ( Lith talka
telkti East Tocharian A talke Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) and the early phases of Sarmatian burials
Indo-Āryan Soma ( contents lt source ) preserved the native Uralic ( N1c1 ) word for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) was pressed with stones in water to produce a batch of the Soma beverage ( re Khanty Sŏma hewn
mortar-bowl Estonian Soim hewn manger ) or passed around and shared The misnomer well have been a cross-cultural semantic mistranslation from Balanovo-Volosovo contacts Finger pointing can be misconstrued as Elbing Vocabulary 141 comically demonstrates Some other tribes may have noticed East Baltic Balanovo neuters were one consonant shy of a combo plate and later added one Amanita muscaria reflects the Sun-Moon symbolism well
especially as they rise amp set smoky chestnut red ( žalas ) An pioneer ethno-mycologist R Gordon Wasson identified Vedic Soma as Amanita muscaria in his 1967 book although its legendary use was clearly Pre-Vedic Note that Balanovo and Volosovo-Garino ( Finno-Uralic ) culture pottery are sometimes discovered in sites side by side ( Goldin 1999130 ) inferring very close contacts (re mtdna haplogroup U4 [ Pliss et al 2005 16134ndash16356ndash16362 Bermisheva et al 2002 16189ndash16311ndash16356
Derbeneva et al2002b ] R1a amp N1c1 ) Ethnic customs were shared The Volosovo ( N1c1) use of talc or chamotte to temper pottery is significant since the custom of talc admixture is shared in Abashevo ceramics and later found in Sintashta culture ceramics Two pots unearthed far away near Sarazm betray their poly-ethnic Abashevo Ural area ( N1c1) origination by their unusual talc admixture
One side effect of the Ural region metallurgic bonanza was the need to defend key mining claims and production An escalation in production of weapons is noted The Pepkino burial kurgan suggests Abashevo northern territorial encroachment into Balanovo mining districts was strictly non-negotiable Later Sintashta - Arkaim type fortifications anticipated security concerns regarding metallurgic production centers
Sounds of Thunder gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Songs of the Erzya Mordvinic thunder spirit Purrsquogine Pərgənauml parallel both traditions of Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons and Rig Vedic Parjanyah closely ( Rig Veda Book 5 Hymn 83 ) The ancient Permic Komi myth of Pera the Giant amp the Oak grove like Parjanya and Erzya Pərgənauml may also reflect cultural integration or assimilation ( LWb R1a1a- Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) of residual Volga-Kama Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo East Balts by the Urals ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt checkered ornament of Volga-Urals ) The East
Balt type R1a1a- Z92 variant found among the Volga Erzya suggests such (
R1a1a- Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) Unlike Pera the giant amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Another Volga-Kama area Permic variation was noted by Y Wickman ( Teitoja Votjaakkien Mytologiiasta 1893
p 33)as the Votiak wrathful Perkịno who was offered bread gruel and ( ) butter The Chuvash still say ascha schapat about lightning Missionaries demonized the hewn idols as the devil of hell replacing them with a foreign stern storm-god tradition - and new improved idols There is even a Perkino Russia - somewhat near Tula
Legends of the North gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Recent discoveries have eclipsed traditional mindsets Aerial surveys revealed Sintashta amp Arkaim Archaeological analysis from excavations have revealed four thousand year old cultural intermingling ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) In 2002 Fragments of Lappish Mythology by Lars Levi Laestadius was finally published
in English It had been long forgotten since the 1840s The Saacutemi version of the Storm-giant bears a close conformity to Pera the giant and Parjanya ( RV 563 ) The evil troll hiding in the hollow ( Lith dumbas Slavic dub - oak ) gets zapped in the Saacutemi version reflecting Rig Veda 563 After ridding the world of evil the only reward Pera the giant wants is a net How odd A net Whatz wit that A net A more multi-cultural analysis would provide insight Perhaps one can discern a unity of traditions considering that a Baltic net Sietynas is also Pleiades ( Saacutemi siejdi gt ON seieth ) Pashto Perūne is the knotty six-star Pleiades Northern legends of the six bogatyr sons the Sun maiden Pera marries the Suns daughter Saulė and the bear Saulės ratelis the sun maidens ring sauryās rathas The golden horned elk Zarni Anj Shundy Mumy solar mother the crescent moon ( Saacutemi maacutennu maacuteno ) Saacutemi has pirjanne - borjja-dat storms There are many Saacutemi - Permic conformities ( Charnolusski 1965 101-130 ) The Perm culture of the Vychegda river region practiced both inhumation amp cremation In their region 34 of inhumations were oriented to the SW Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( Vychegda region ) burial orientations were also to the SW The northern peoples SW buried with head towards sunset orientation ( Taylor 1989 280 Mansin 1984 64 Karlalainen 1996 46 ) is explained as the South representing the Sky gt Heaven ( Lith dievas Estonian taevas Saacutemi taiw Hungarian
taacutej and Khanty tai ldquo ) Early phase Sarmatian burials are similar There are many northern shared traditions ( sarvas - hirvas - sirvas ) and legends with some well over four thousand years old ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) They are not well received today nor have been in the past ( Willumsen LH 1997 ) Nobody magically disappears not even in Las Vegas
Perga - Pargai gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The interpretation of the phonetics of Parjanyah should consider three factors Sanskrit J followed by a front vowel as in Parjanya matches a Baltic G ( Lith augu Skt ojah lt H2eug- ) Secondly classical Sanskrit parkaṭī - fig tree has a holly oak ( Quercus ilex ) dialect homonym in a western Punjabi dialect with parg-ai instead of park-aṭī ( note related Skt k-g-j- bhakti bhaga-
bhajati ) In other words the Punjab region Vedic Parjanyah may be phonetically interpreted as Pərgənyah from the Iranian-like R-only Rig Vedic dialect lt possibly reflecting a phonetic alternate Pərkənyas from another ( Alakul ) immigration of R amp L Madhyadeśa dialects of mixed lineage populace - say perhaps marginalized poly-ethnic metalworkers
artisans a post-Sintashta śāpharikas fisherman ( re śapharas gt महाशफर )
farmers and herders perhaps even Yadavas ( re the tadbhava layer ) The 800 years from Sintashta to the Vedas significantly impacted Indo-Iranian itself much less a few odd loanwords A phonetic Iranian-like Punjab Vedic Pərgənyah amp Pərgənauml of the Volga-Ural Erzya look suspiciously similar Whatz up with that Was there a Volga-Ural cultural contact in common with a similarly positioned ldquoalpinerdquo velar The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 ) indicates that very common contact were the Volga-Ural
Fatyanovo- Balanovo Balts and their descendants ndash the same mushroom munching forest folk with their rolling ratas gentara- golden amber and stinky šapalas breath Thirdly Parjanya ( Divas putrāya ) like Vāyu and his obscure dhēnā lt dainā have already been marginalized in the Punjab Rig-Veda of elite Āryan priests - with only a few old token hymns Times change people change languages change Even Gods change All we are is dust in the wind
More Bull gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In East Baltic Mythology Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons is closely associated with the Bull In Nuristani Mythology Paumlrun is a war god ( kariaunas ) In Pashto Perūne is the knotty Pleiades star cluster ( re Old Prus Perōni - group Lith Peruotas
- beetle brood Peras - egg brood larvae ) The reason Perkūnas-Perkaunis is associated with the Bull is due to the ancient correlation of the Taurus constellations importance to the agricultural Dnieper Satem Tripolye R1a1a- Z280 substratum of East Balts The Taurus constellation ( Latv Vērsis ) signaled the start of the growing year and the arrival of Perkaunis loud Thunder storms Pashto Pleiades is in ( you guessed it ) - the Taurus constellation ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) The stars brought the rain of the Bull representing the magic of fertility to the Z280 Satem farmers When the Satem East Balts assimilated the poly-ethnic Globular Amphora-post-Narva substatum with their pre-Fairguni a Centum velar was added to Peraunas by his wife Perkūnija hence the E+W poly-ethnic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons Uralic loanwords attest to this antiquity of the East Baltic ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive variant Perkūnas was very important to farmers unlocking the start of a new growing year by his loud return In Lithuania the first ritual plowing of the Spring was done by two sacred black ( kirsna- ) bulls His two stones ( not red ) release fire The goatish echoes of flying snipes before a storm warn of his arrival Stricken lightning locations are šventas The darža checkered ceramics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) in Sintashta and Alakul pottery track contacts with Fatyanovo-Balanovo Z92 farmers Parjanya later appears in the Rig Veda as an peripheral obscure deity even though he is a son of Heaven ( Divas putrāya ) He is associated with Soma Vāyu ( Lith
dialect Vėjus ) and has Bull symbolism He gladdens the Earth He has a trace of a misplaced velar unlike Pashto Perūne star cluster ( Pleiades - in Vērsis ) Paumlrun or Slavic velarless Perun Parjanya has lost his militaristic affinities amp exploits Early Mitanni mining contacts may culturally connect Ashur Marduk to the Asuras Maruts There were no copyrights back then The evil serpent and various keraunophobic belief systems have remained quite popular to this day It is the hero Indra who now frees the cattle from the Vala cave slays the Vritra ahi- serpent and throws the wheel of the kerauninkas Kāvya Uśanas ( Latv milna lt mildna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild-
Tocharian kaumlrwentildee )
Perunaš Peraunas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Angis anžuolas reflect connections to the Hittite ( Maykop or Lydian ) diffused Myth of Illuy-ankas (eel-snake Latin anguilla ) and a storm deity named Tarḫunna Perunaš a stone-boulder-cliff deity joins in ( Myth of Ullikummi Ivanov
1958 108-9 ) The peaks of Greek Κέρκυρα island Baden alpine Hercynia and GAC pre-Fairguni or later Norse Fjoumlrgyn mountain all have a peaked alpine velar whereas Middle Dnieper Tripolye Satem reflects a Hittite common gender Perunaš as the Middle Dnieper cultures velar-less Peraunas we all know and love ( Czech Peraun Slavic Perunŭ Polabian Peraumlune- ) Sanskrit velar-less
Paru Parv-ata mountain ( Hittite Peru Perunant- Avestan Paruuatā ) was also used for a cloud especially a massive knotty cumulonimbus cloud cluster the kind which usually precedes violent thunderstorms ( Rig Veda 106411 ) An affiliation of Peraunas with cumulonimbus thundercloud clusters geologic uplifts lightning-bolts and magic ceraunium stones ( Tocharian kaumlrwentildee pārem ) is still noted Neighboring Catacomb Culture provides a later Greek Keraunos - thunderbolt ( Grk Poimenes Lith Piemenes Kerauninkas ) Circular triple crossed ceraunic hexagrams were popular Baltic woodcarving motifs Lithuanian kerauti translates as to make magic sorcery Globular Amphora amp Northern Dnieper Satems assimilate uniquely blending Satem Peraunas amp Centum Perkūnija in a wedding of sky amp earth ( re post-GAC ON Fjoumlrgynn amp Fjoumlrgyn ) Perkaunas-Perkūnija unite the poly-ethnic Baltic Centum amp Satem farmers which also head East with his still new ERC velar wedding attire as Uralic words record Neither the Polabian Peraumlune nor Pashto Perūne ldquoclusterrdquo cognates have the ERC velar whereas the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno neighbors of Fatyanovo-Balanovo do Perkaunas adopts the mycological magic orphans of the forest folk along the way to the Urals with Fatyanovo-Balanovo metallurgic pioneers His reception was cordial but the forest is his home with his oak and his ever popular sacred orphans The Baltic etymology of the revered oak is perhaps a ldquosecretrdquo taboo double entendre ( ang-is anž-
uolas ) but knotty fits just fine Perkūnas clash with a hiding Velinas ( Latv jods -
black ) the serpent-demon in the oak ( Middle Welsh derwen ) over theft ( cattle-
fertility ) is an old theme Thus the traditional black hued choice of sacrifices especially during times of drought Fire in the oak Quercitron The Storms of Spring battle Winters dark deceit for the release and restoration of Life Perkūnas was to wed the laume water spirit Indraja but it was not to be Parjanya isnt as popular in the Avesta Nuristani Paumlrun is a war god no bull Parjanya has already been de-oaked by the time of the Vedas and his ancient heroic legends have been assigned to Indra Parjanyas name is still spoken by farmers The Komi have Pera the giant amp his Oak grove As for his northern šventas orphans ( V N Toporov 1979 RV 9823 ) word gets around For the paru
peru jointed knotty IE etymology see Karl Hoffman 1974 In addition I note Sanskrit Paru - knotty having joints ( esp of reed or cane ) and Lith Peras - jointed plant shoot ( eg of reed ) cluster as well as a cluster of white knotty or jointed larvae or brood cluster bear close etymological affinities ( for -as vs-us note Lith Vėjas vs dialect Vėjus ) This cluster could be of stones clouds rock eggs sprouts larvae chicks church goers reeds or
stars From the eggs amp seeds of PIE per- to bear begets the cluster That
cluster becomes a cloud ( Perunaš Peraun ) or if stone later becomes a mountain
( Perunant- Paruuatā ) The visual connection of a puffy cloud cluster with a cluster of cute fluffy chicks or squirming larvae ( Lith Peras ) may be easily comprehended by a native Oaxacan but most scholars to date just dont get it They may well never Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are all related cluster cognates GAS influenced Perkons amp Parjanya are also related and especially to each other with the GAS velar infixation - due specifically to Volga-Ural inter-ethnic contact ( copyVirdainas )
Oaks are strikingly knotty as are firs fingers posts backbones cliffs and clouds Oaks are also like mountains ( re Fairguni ) strikingly tall or as they say in Hittite Parku- or Tocharian Paumlrk- and long when felled ( Tocharian Paumlrkaumlr- again ) - as when one makes a 26 ft dugout canoe - or perga - pergas ( Finnish haapio lt Fatyanovo aspen canoe ) Greek Πέργ- implies a European substratum p inclination for expected b Khotanese bulysa also prefers the horizontal orientation A Proto-Kartvelian dialect root for acorn dialect for oak reflects ḳrḳo- which bares a striking similarity to Italic Kerkus an oak ( with
many branches ) Venetian Querquerni Thucydides mountain Kirkine Celtic alpine Hercynia gt Gothic mountain Fairguni gt ON Fjoumlrgyn Greek island Κέρκσρα Lith Kerkūrė - hill mountain summit Lith Kerkulė many branched stump ( trunk ) Lith Kerkutys branching trunk Welsh Perth bush ( with many branches ) Old Norse Fjoumlrr tree Lith Keras bush ( with many
branches ) Lith kerkoti ndash to ldquostickrdquo out - like the ldquoalpinerdquo velar in Perkons or Parjanya darža laquo checked raquo Alakul or Kandahar Mundigak-VI Afghan pottery or z92 by Samara Initial or medial Q gt T gt P is early Lengyel BBC influencing GAC TRB traders amp Baden outliers Follow the Money Lengyel - Bell Beaker culture influence is easily percieved in various numerals such as Breton pemp Swedish fem Old High German fimf Oscan pompe - 5 or Welsh pedwar Old English fēower vs Lith keturi Sanskrit chatur - 4 Perhaps also GAC 11 amp 12 w -p lt -q like 4 Jātarūpa amber Gentaro rupis (
FYI - Some Western Chicago dialects pronounce knotty amp naughty the same way ) The 2800 BCE Corded Ware GAC connection of ON alpine Fjoumlrgyn amp E Baltic elevated Perkūnija is fairly obvious given current archaeological amp DNA evidence Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are cluster cognates Perkons amp Parjanya are also related - due to contact Roth ratas rathas Embrace the Chaos
Velars amp Vowels
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Given what has been revealed from the archaeology of the Sintashta era and later ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornament of the Volga-Urals ) the northwestern Punjab Rig Vedic dialect of Parjanyah may reflect an earlier Volga-Urals region polyethnic Perkaunyas or Pərgənyas which would resemble the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno or Baltic Perkaunias very very closely Why are the nearest cognates of Parjanya with an rdquoalpinerdquo velar ( plosive ) only in Balto-Finnic Volgaic Permic Baltic and otherwise noticeably absent in surrounding Satem Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani European Celtic Hercynia Gothic Fairguni attest to Western perhaps GAC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive affinities ( re roth ratas rathas below ) As linguists struggle with the etymology of the Punjab Rig Vedic Parjanya or even Baltic Perkūnas for that matter did they even consider the heresy of a poly-ethnic origin ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2 ) or a GAC origin of the integrated ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive ( re Eulau GAC
DNA amp Shughnans ) Slavic Satem Ruki amp velarless Perun would support it Perkaunias gt Perkonias gt Pərganyas Short e o get leveled to a as Indo-Iranian evolves At least a half a millennium passes between Sintashta and the Vedas Velar plosive [-G-] before a front vowel becomes [-J-] In other words we are discussing a shared cultural tradition ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) spanning well over four thousand years ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 The laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Beyond the similar name itself the very verses of each cultures related hymns ( dainās ) exactly parallel each other in a truly uncanny way The inclusive Perkaunijas appealed to poly-ethnic farmers herders and smiths not to a xenophobic ruling elite The increased frequency of dental cavities in Arkaim remains may reflect polyethnic Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo populace Given the Fatyanovo link with Sintashta ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) amp Kandahar ceramics ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 laquo checked raquo 14 ) and Corded Ware Abashevo origins of chariot cheek-pieces in the Urals such speculation is well within reasonable parameters even for diehard skeptics ( DNA data pending ) The Sintashta metal workers were busy real busy - cooking ( varia ) copper which is noisy hot foundry type work A rare day off meant quietly fishing by the cool water with some herbal headache medicine And it is still the common farmers who welcome Parjanya Pərgənauml or Perkons Perhaps the priests forgot ( RV 10853 ) Parjanyas is still the father of Soma ( RV 9823 ) Bon Appetit
The astonishing similarity of the archaic Central East Baltic (Latvian dial example Perkaunis Perkūne and Lietas) Dainās tradition mirrors the Eastern Fatyanovo Balanovo Baltic culture mythology as seen with the Votiak Perkịno and Volgaic (Erzya Pur‟gine Lit-ava) songs The initial L vs R of Lit-ava would presume early-Baltic contact since Vedic vṛkah ( vs archaic Baltic
vilkas) is associated with the loanword vərgas in Uralic Moksha or Komi Zyryan voumlrkas - wolf terms which were probably acquired from an Alakul intrusion into the forest-steppe Yet Ossetic does have Lymaelign friend reflecting Mordvin Loman man whereas Sanskrit has Ramana - man
married (re Latvian Loma- role Lithuanian Luomas- marital status class of men) Erzya has Paz reflecting Saka Bagas - a legacy of their contact ( Slavic
Bogъ) Discovering East Balt R1a1a- Z92 among the Volga-Ural Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) may pale to other previously unidentified R1a lineages from ancient cultural contact The Pur‟gine Paz - Lit-ava hymns are thus part of a poly-ethnic shared tradition
Syllabic Resonants R gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The East Baltic šapalas and Indic śapharas (chub-carp ) śāpharikas ( fisherman ) isogloss is indeed very interesting - given the absence of other fish cognate isoglosses ( Ossetian kaeligf Old Japanese kwop(j)i gt koi ) Sanskrit scholars have determined at least two early Vedic dialects ( the IE L gt R only
vs the R and L - Madhyadeśa region ) and possibly a third ( the L only ) existed The Rig Veda we know today is in the R only dialect ( Indo-Iranian coalescence of
L gt R ) Note Sanskrit śroṇis vs Lith šlaunis Thus only occasional token words remain from 2 of the 3 Vedic era dialects Baltic had retained IE L The Greek Indo-Iranian dialect area exhibited issues with syllabic resonants ( l r m n ) - as when m and n became a or Greek alla amp arra or Indo-Iranians syllabic liquids where l usually became r There remained an Indic instability with r (ṛH) where Iranian had ar vs Indic ir ur - with E-W dialect variants Examples of this are Skt śiras vs Av sarah- Grk karā- or Skt giri- vs Av gairi- ( Lith girė vs Slavic gora ) The conservative Satem speaking communities of IE dialects which begat the Baltics usually evolved reflexes of semi-vowels l r m n into il ir im in yet also rendered them as ul ur um un after original labiovelar plosives and later rearranged after more changes The two different reflexes cluster in contrast - inflectional morphemes have the i- reflex whereas the u- reflex is not uncommon in the expressive lexicon
There was certainly early Āryan as well as Catacomb culture ( merger of Genitive
amp Ablative) influence - interaction with the respective emerging Baltic dialects (as
Middle Dnieper artifacts actually reflect amp also javas- grain isogloss or Skt paścāt Lith
paskuj later ) and with Proto-Slavic while each neighbored near the larger proto Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian isogloss area of dialects (eg Graeco-Armeno-Indo-
Iranian past tense prefix augment isogloss) Reflecting this archaic regional relationship is the specific spiritual tradition of Dawn ( Uṣas Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven isolated together in the Indic Greek and Baltic cultures The semantic perceive vs awake contrast of Greek peuthomai Avestan baodaiti and Indic bodha-h vs Balto-Slavic Lith budėti invites some curiosity Is there some specific Balto-Indic link for the divergent wake-awaken semantics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) The Armeno-Aryan remodeling of the Ablative suffix helps to date influences on Middle Dnieper dialects Another relic of this same late Sredny Stog era influencedialogue interaction maybe the proposed loss of a laryngeal (H )
after the introduction of a long vowel (Korlandt 1975 - re Latv guovs Skt gauh ) and of course RUKI The Middle Dnieper Baltics amp Slavics were thus distinct early autonomous NW Satem IE dialects (Upper Middle Dnieper-Don region ) and even more so upon becoming Europeanized R1a1a- poly-ethnics Hydronyms by Tula Russia ( re Eulau CWC DNA ) appear quite Baltic Early Satem contacts ( mtDNA T ) and exchange may have also occurred with Don-Volga Repins before an exodus flight of a group far to the East which evolved into the Afanasievo culture ( Russ toloka Lith talka telkti Tocharian talke VRC
) Repin A1 type pottery arrived at Mikkhailovka on the Dnieper around 3500 BCE from a people that had a connection to the Volga-Don Region Repins There were Repin settlements in Middle Don where it dispersed to Volga and Dnieper areas ( Sinuk 1981 ) Tocharian may be thus related to both the early Middle-Lower Dnieper Repins ( re Middle Dnieper Repins gt ERC gt pre-Germanics ) and the northern Ural-Volga Repins that migrated the Trans-Ural region East ( Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) The incorporation of some Middle Dnieper Repins into the multi-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture is supported by isoglosses between Slavic Baltic Germanic and Tocharian
The cultural convergence of these various Āryan Baltic and Uralic peoples by the Urals in the second millennium BCE is reflected in name of the annual Finnish Kekri celebration which exemplfies the state of developement of the Indo-Iranian at that time - as compared with later Rig Vedic Sanskrit sg pl čakras čakrā- PIE kʷekʷlos ( Finnish yh-deksaumln 9 or 1 from 10 lt IIr - vs
Finnish tuhante 1000 lt E Baltic Fatyanovo ) It appears from above loanwords that at mid-third millennium BCE the Fatyanovo East Baltic Satem [ š ] preceded a slower developing Indo-Āryan [ ś ] Note Nuristani parallel sonsonant It ( Finnish tuhante ) also shows uncompromised original East Baltic pre-GAS Ruki Did each Satem tribe perhaps influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) the other ( Mari indeś 9 Ossetic daeligs 10) East Baltic Fatyanovo žemė lowland was adopted as a toponym šaumlme and is now known as the haumlme region of Finland ( w Fatyanovo artifacts ) Before the Finnic change of š to h the toponym provided an ethnonym - Saacutemi aka the Lapplanders (Koivulehto 1993)
Uralic Honey
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
It is common to read that the Finno-Ugric loanwords for honey - Hungarian mez Mordvinic med Estonian Finnish mesi were not borrowed from Battle Axe Baltic medu - honey or a Ural-Volga Pre-Tocharian Repin dialect ( Latv sāls Toch A sāle Zyryan sol - salt ) but rather from a later Āryan madhu - sweet drink Even though the same Finno-Ugrics have loanwords - Mordvinic Mokša kaumlras Mari karas Udmurt karas for honeycomb wax - reflecting East Baltic kāras honeycomb ( Lith korys Latv kāres ) and in spite of the archaeological chronology of centuries of Battle Axe Balt Finno-Ugric
( eg pre-Kiukainen culture w LWb ) contact or earlier Pre-Tocharian Repin Finno-Ugric interaction ( eg Saacutemi vieške Tokharian A wsā-yok ) long before Pit Grave Āryan culture arrival No mekši -fly cognate is found in Ob-Ugric It is noteworthy that current Bashkir preserves kaumlrauml- along with Altaic Kazan Tatar kaumlraumls in that Ural region and even distant Chuvash has karas - honeycomb Note Mordvinic Erzya kšta beeswax Lith šekštė thick coarse Single markers of mtDNA N1a also group Bashkirs with Lithuania and the Komi Permyaks East Balt type Y-DNA R1a1a1 Z92 among the Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) adds additional linguistic perspective to the kāras range East Baltic bitis bee has an interesting cognate with Egyptian bi-t Baltic amber has been found in the pyramids Ural karas honeycomb is clearly a legacy of Fatyanovo-Balanovo regional assimilation ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) Surprisingly neither Slavic ( w solitary exception of Polish skarzyk lt GAS ) nor
Indo-Iranian possess a cognate ( करण - honeycomb ) although Greek does
( κηρός ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo was not some amorphous Balto-Slavic - it was evidently an identifiable archaic East Baltic - that preceded Kiukainen type hybrid cultures
Archaeological Chronology of Cultures ( Cal
14C vs the time-travel of Linguists )
5600 BCE Akali Narva-Kunda settlement in Estonia w Cannabis amp Triticum pollen
3700 BCE - Volga Repins by the Urals Volosovo expanded from Urals 3200 BCE - Fatyanovo Battle Axe arrival - Volosovo culture interaction
2800 BCE - Fatyanovo-Balanovo ceramic laquo checked raquo darža double row diamond ornament re Bronocice pot motifs
2700 BCE Kiukainen hybrid type cultures Balanovo Metallurgy in Ural forests 2300 BCE Abashevo - Pepkino Kurgan ( MVK Poltavka Fatyanovo Hybrids )
2100 BCE Abashevo amp Seyma-Turbino Metallurgic developement amp interaction 2100 BCE - Sintasta - Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament
2026 BCE Sintasta - Arkaim ( Poltavka w some MVK amp Abashevo becomes Andronovo ) - U of AZ
14C
1780-1660 BCE Alakul cemeteries pine timbers of Lisakovsk Kostany oblast by Tobol river - U of AZ 14
C 1700 BCE Timber Grave and Alakul culture intrusions into Ural forest zone cultures
1600 BCE - Timber Grave - Alakul - Fedorovo laquo checked raquo double row diamond Volga-Ural ornaments 1000 BCE - Mundigak Period VI ceramics of Afghanistan with darža laquo checked raquo double row diamond ornaments
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
From Kaunas to Kazan
to Kandahar - We Are Family
The time-travel of linguists is supported by serious academic references of
proto Indo-Aryans loaning proto Finnish vasa - calf - prior to the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC arrival thereby neutralizing any possibility of a ratas rathas debate whatsoever and uncountable cans of worms of a probable Centum connection ( GAS ) The debate was only postponed Pots dont talk they speak - volumes Note that Ossetian waeligs Yaghnob wasa - calf - would suggest a 1st millennium BCE Gorodets era contact loanword The artifacts do Another archaic Baltic loanword into Finno-Ugric exemplifying the range of influence the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC had is the East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole or long pole stick ( Arm jałk rod branch ) which has traces in Saami čuolggu pole for pushing a fishing net under the ice Finnish salko long pole Mordvin śalgo stick Komi źal lath-stick Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane
Bison in the Forest gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Gradual climatic warming of the vast pine-birch forests of Russia also afforded a home to the woodland bison (Bison bonasus bonasus) known in Lithuanian as stumbras or in Old Latvian as sumbrs - which bears a odd amp curious resemblance to the Sanskrit śambaras ( stag lt F-U śambaras lt ) A similar semantic drift is seen with the Russian izubr - stag ( Slavic jьzōbrь [ jьlt vь ]
OPr wissambrs ) Evolution of the tusked Satem žambras žumbras gt zumbras gt sumbrs noun for the dangerous forest dwelling wisent bison is far from being etymologically settled although sumbrs is unique to East Baltic Note žambas žambras derivation as well as later GAC wisent lt OPr wissambrs gt Slavic jьzōbrь ( jьlt vь ) The wisent is the largest herbivore in Europe Excavated sites in the Baltic countries indicate wisents constituted 20 of the hunted wild ungulates In Lithuania there are still meadow ( Lith
lanka Khanty lŏk ) names such as Zumbriškės by Aukštadvaris and Žumbrickiai by Ramygala in the central Panevėžys district whereas Stumbriškis place-names appear less archaic Wisents often frequent lush meadows for grazing Archaic Satem cognates for the Carpathian bison in central Europe extend beyond Slavic examples Niketas Choniates recorded
the δοσμπρος (lt zumbros ) of 12th century Cumanians hundreds of years after
the advent of Old Church Slavonic liturgical texts The apparently Thracian ( w
final -os ) δόμβρος (lt zumbros ) cognate dates to the same century as the
beginning of formalized Old Church Slavonic literature Other cognates also display this close relationship such as Thracian midne - homestead
reflecting Latvian mītne - dwelling very nicely
Given the existing evidence of Žumbr- type place-names in Lithuania like Žumbrickiai East Baltic (re upė vs apė ) obviously had a dialect variant Žumbras Finno-Ugric pronounciation of the ž- or z- consonant perhaps yielded a multi-cultural Balt-Finnic term sumbras (re Old Latv Sumbrs ) in the distant past (eg Dyakovo culture ) for the forest wisent An East Baltic remodeled variant stumbras ( re stirna ) arose In many outlying regions after the animal disappeared so did its old name Scandinavian and Slavic traders later brought in new substitute wisent names Over thousands of years of multi-cultural interaction the common term sumbrs overtook the older zumbrs variant in the Latvian region - probably due to the Estonian-Finnic phonetic influence Modern Lithuanian still has the tusked žambras žambris although the semantics are now limited to a wooden plow ( Lith žambuotas Skt
jambhate) Regional polyethnic changes of ž- to s- as in žalga gt salko do not necessitate a taboo in place of multi-millennial Finnic influenced cross-culture contact For example the related Baltic taurė - herders blow horn is not at all uncommon in Uralic languages The neighboring Finnic influence of ž- or z- to s- with zumbrs gt sumbrs needs no extravagant linguistic explanation
The East Baltic Neuter gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The singular neuter gender exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages with West Baltic documented using singular neuter gender asigmatic -n as in kelan - wheel Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords from Uralic such as kela - reel or in modern East Baltic ( Žemaitian medė forest or coastal dialect lizda vs Prussian median ) once again dating the commonality of a West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 ) pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-
Svitych 1963 42-44 ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as the singular neuter in Lydian with the generalized singular neuter ending in -d The Slavic neuter origin may reflect an old R1a1a- Z92 Eastern orientation The anaphoric pronoun -ad lt ( ntr sg ) -od reflects the Hititte -at used for
collectives or neuter plurals suggesting an early ( Mysian ) Lydian Hittite split East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords in Uralic imply the loss of the final consonant occurred prior to a Northern expansion The evolution of the neuter gender in East Baltic can be deduced from the surviving languages and dialects Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains The Lithuanian neuter is still used in impersonal constructions Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of that language - even after the era when dialects became different languages As the R1a1a- Z92 or the LWb allele genetically indicate Fatyanovo Baltic was as identifiable East Baltic - as Latvian Lithuanian and Žemaitian are to this today Apples dont fall far from the apple tree
Loanwords in Uralic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Academia also attributes Finnish porsas pig as a loanword from an Iranian (
pārsas ) source Note that archaic East Baltic parša pig ( neut ) was the signature livestock of East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo culture archaeological excavations ( like Centum poly-ethnic GAS ) - and is also noted ( Varov amp Kosintsev
1996 54 ) as a significant feature of Corded Ware Abashevo livestock (Koryakova-Epimakhov 200765) in the very same Volga-Kama region as the later Khudyakovo group of the Pyanobor ( Udmurt parś boar ) culture region Some post-Balanovo Finnic Ananyino culture excavation sites (eg Svinogorskoye) also favor the pig above other livestock The Mordvin cognate may reflect Sauromatian (Prokhorovo) influence Note Khotanese pāsa- lt pālsa- lt pārsa- lt parsa- lt parša- One of the most conspicuous traits of the Indo-Iranian Andronovo culture is the complete absence of pigs as opposed to the related western poly-ethnic Timber grave culture - which evolved with discernible Corded Ware Abashevo culture assimilation Andronovo Indo-Iranians werent keen about mushrooms either ( Yasna XLVIII10 ) Given the distribution ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 Kandahar laquo checked raquo 14 ) of uniquely
Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornament of Urals ) one may speculate if their parša term followed ( Grishakov V
Stavitsky V 2003 ) their motifs (re the Sanskrit cognate of neuter E Baltic parša gt
Estonian parh lt parha lt parša )
vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras
The Finnish loanword vasara hammer appears to be from a late Āryan vazarah ( vajrah lt vaźras ) without the final s most likely from the 16th-13th
century BCE Timber-Grave northern forest intrusion ( re Erzya azuru man of rank
Udmurt uzər lt Timber-Grave Iranian asurah ) as opposed to an Alakul forest-steppe re-intrusion ( re Moksha vərgas w -s nom sg ending ) Other Uralic terms include Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere and all lack a final s ( re Redei
1986 25-26 28-30 ) The East Baltic cognates range from Lithuanian vėzdras vėzdas mace club Latvian vẽza stick club vẽzecirct to swing in the air
wave wag lt ueg Note the vežys of crayfish waving their pinchers Latvian
veseris maul-hammer appears to be a loanword from Livonian since the phonetics are closer to the Finnic versions than Lith vėzdras mace club The -d da- contamination of vėz-das vėzdras may be from the closely related stone-less synonym laz-da - club and may well have altered ź-da gt zda as in Lith lazda lt laźda (Albanian lajthi ledhi - id ) Bored stone maces with a peculiar solar rosette design - ubiquitous in the Abashevo culture have been unearthed in the Mariampolė district of Lithuania East Balt four five or seven-bulbed stone bored maces are almost identical to Andronovo maces Perkūnas thunderbolt ( Latv milna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild- ) was also a round stone The evolution from vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras vėzdas appears rather old but provides fresh new perspective to the etymology of Sanskrit vajra and Avestan vazra The practical forest dwelling East Balt woodsmen apparently favored the utilitarian kirvis- axe-hammer ( Indic kṛvi- ) or Maykop like vedega - adze more and evidently shared them with the Uralic locals Hazel nuts were a Fatyanovo staple
The early polyethnic East Balt Uralic Pre-Indo-Iranian group would play a role in the settlement ( U of AZ - radio carbon date average - 2026 BCE) of Sintashta Arkaim and later also influence the regional speakers in Iran India who become bilingual Like the Magyars in Central Europe or the Goths-Galindi-Alani in Spain Āryan languages are now marginally reflected in the gene pool of India ( re Uralic variant of mtDNA N1a )
The Ethnogenesis of Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Abashevo pottery resembles and blends Fatyanovo and Balanovo East Baltic
Corded Ware styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) Like poly-ethnic Balanovo East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) the forest-zone Abashevo culture left both kurgans and flat graves although some burials may also reflect nearby Poltavka culture customs of the steppe-zone This indicates a transitional group of Corded Ware populace of mixed affinities with an emerging Āryan elite Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich - were probably influenced from a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave Iranian asurah - perhaps pre-Ananyino era and do not indicate any hypothetical Āryan type Abashevo language for that Corded Ware group Latvian folk solar design signs exactly match the enigmatic Abashevo ubiquitous rosettes Poltavka amp Abashevo complexes of the Novokumak horizon coexisted by the Volga The Abashevo southeastern expansion towards territory that was prior a Catacomb border region suggests cultural assimilation of that populace as well which was later followed by a Timber Grave assimilation once again
This widespread polyethnic (kulturnaya obshchnostrsquo ) Abashevo mixed populace invites varied interpretations by differing viewpoints of different stages and regions - resembling the Heisenberg uncertainty principle Abashevo defies oversimplification for convenience sake An expert on the Abashevo culture A Pryakhin ( Pryakhin amp Khalikov 1987 ) deduced that it evolved from contacts between Fatyanovo Balanovo (Balts) and MVK Catacomb (Mnogovalikovo) Poltavka (Pit-grave Āryan) peoples in the Ural forest-steppe Most Corded Ware Abashevans were like Fatyanovo Balanovo narrow faced and dolichocephalous - contrasting somewhat from the MVK Catacomb Pit-grave Poltavka cranial amp physical type ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) But the Abashevo were on the whole poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) and multicultural Regional variant sub-groups include a Ural Volga Don-Volga and Kama-Vetluga expressions Sometimes the Balanbash label is used for the eastern variant
Were the varied poly-ethnic cosmopolitan Abashevo people MVK Catacomb Poltavka Āryan CWC East Balts residual upper Don-Volga Repins or partly Finno-Ugric Yes
Abashevo was multi-cultural and poly-ethnic E Pluribus Unum
One is inclined then to consider the singular masc baritone ratas gt rathas term as a probable Corded Ware Abashevo poly-ethnic lexical legacy
Sintashta intensifies the regional forest-zone copper metallurgy of the Corded Ware Abashevo and the earlier pioneering Balanovo East Balt metalworkers Balanovo copper ( varis ) metallurgy in the Urals had become an attractive alternative to the then destabilized Carpathian sources drawing the attention of southerly (Saami Oarje) Volga Pit-grave Āryans who had endured cyclic periods of drought The Urals quickly became a major metallurgic center Sintashta stock-breeding reflects the earlier Abashevo Corded Ware culture (note East Baltic šėmas gōvs gray cow or papijusi - cow with milk and related Sanskrit
pipyūṣī id) as does some of its metallurgic products and flat graves A recent
genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) add additional perspective The Sintashta slightly concave knife-sickles are connected to the Abashevo polyfunctional ones (Skt kṛpā- Latvian cirpe Lith
kirpe- ) Many Sintashta remains were dolichocephalous europoids ( re Kirsna
man ) like the forest-steppe Corded Ware Abashevans and earlier Fatyanovans ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) while others resemble Pit-grave Poltavka types In fact kurgans only accounted for about one third of the burials at Sintashta (Epimakhov 2002) E Kuzmina (The Origin of the Indo-
Iranians Volume 3 p 222 ) suggests Sintashta was not purely Āryan in composition and quite possibly quasi-bilingual Over a period time the cultures consolidated by the need for mutual co-operation
The later stage of the polyethnic populace of Abashevo amp Sintashta cultures may give an insight to the language of Proto-Indo-Iranian ( Pre-VedicAvestan
Sintashta ) Remains of the Pokrovskij type continue dolochocephaly and narrow faces with additional admixture of Uralic types detected in that group The Arkaim Sintashta area sites correspond to the Avestan Vara of the arriianəm vaējō Reflecting its polyethnic populace is Finno-Ugric Hungarian var fortress Saami var village and East Baltic Lithuanian varas tall timber palisade stockade ( Skt vartra ) Arkaim and Sintashta are also shaped like Central European Rondels The circular or oval settlement designs are very reminiscent of earlier Tripolye Dnieper sites or later East Baltic fortresses (eg
Tushemlya ) The dolichocephalous narrow faced Volga-Balts originated from the Northern Fatyanovo variants of the earlier Middle Dnieper culture which had assimilated some Tripolye C2 substrata Here is perhaps an example of a East Baltic term varas ( timber stockade ) borrowed in Finno-Ugric Vedic and Avestan In stark contrast the later Āryan Petrovka phase preferred a rectangular settlement shape over the circular or oval forts of the Urals yet still exhibit influence from western Abashevo Abashevan socketed spear designs eventually end up in western China via Andronovo influence The the range of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motif even extended to the Cherkaskul culture and regions of Siberia ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Latvian apsa aspen closely resembles Altai dialect apsa-k or Tatar Tobolsk dialect awsak and Chuvash eumlveumls Who knew
The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) of Baltic Uralic people in the ethnogenesis of the Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim cultures has provided scholars with linguistic opportunities in studies of the early Indo-Iranian dialects and in Finno-Ugric Baltic etymologies The Avestan and Vedic combinations of neuter plural nouns or multiple single and plural nouns with the verb in singular ( in Greek as well ) reflects archaic Baltic
constructions ( Lith beržorai esti ) Just as Lithuanian dialect panta or pantas - a crossbeam provides insight to the origins of Greek pontos - sea (linking ports) - Latin pontis bridge Armenian hown - a riverbed ( ford ) - a fresh new ( re Lithuanian-Latvian dialect panta - a link etc ) semantical understanding of Sanskrit panthās Avestan pantā - path ( link ) finally emerges from the mists of antiquity Khanty-Ostyak - pant path vs Mokša pandaz halter lt hobblelt link are related examples of Satem cultural interaction with Finno-Ugrics over time It is very important to keep in context the limited duration of this cultural horizon Here is a window a key that may unlock many doors It is a very unique horizon (chapter) of Eurasian and Russian prehistory when early Indo-Iranian traditions blend with Finnic and East Baltic cultures ( re DRD2 data) The Satem connection between Tolstoy and Gandhi was not only linguistic
A Fishy Whale gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There has been noted ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) a widespread hybrid checkered ceramic tradition of Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Abashevo and Pozdnyakovo cultures reflecting intimate polyethnic relations (re mtDNA haplogroups U4 Narva U5b2 and T1 ) The Sintashta Culture was not monolithic but rather a regional composite of various components as reflected by the variability of the ceramics If Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo influenced and integrated with the Sintashta area people ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) did it also influence their Āryan language (re Eastern Sanskrit R amp L dialects) Indic-Baltic specific isoglosses ( eg śāpa- šapas miśra- mišras ) may need updated reappraisals in light of the unfolding archaeological evidence of Corded Ware Abashevo influence and ethnic presence ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt
checked ornaments ) Riverine Latvian sence- mussel matches Sanskrit śaṅkha- shell rather well as does barytone Baltic antis Skt ātih - both waterfowl Sanskrit nārās and Lith nara both flow The Sanskrit suffix - inga- (Skt sphulinga- spark) looks peculiarly Baltic (ie Lith blezdinga swallow) as does the - ikas suffixed Skt śāpharikas fisherman Lith šventikas priest
The šapalas and śapharas ( Faux Dace महाशफर पतिशफरी शफररप Skt
śāpharikas fisherman ) isogloss is quite unique and curiously percise Similarities between Leuciscus cephalus idus amp lehmanni ( Zeravshan Dace ) may have encouraged the terms usage Puntius sophore aka śapharas the faux Dace has the identical profile coloration and specific reddish hue on its lower fins as its above Leuciscus šapalas neighbors Coincidence left the room with Elvis Someone remembered exactly what that fish looked like Indic śapharas ( the Faux Dace ) may well be an identifiable relic-loanword from East Baltic Corded Ware Abashevo-Balanovo-Fatyanovo šapalas contact since it is altogether absent ( like Parjanya ) in Avestan or Ossetic ( kaeligf big type
of fish) or other Petrovka derived Āryan languages There is no ichthyic cognate of East Baltic šapalas in the Catacomb culture derived languages
or even Slavic ( ) Germanic or Uralic for that matter So it is equally odd to note the complete absence of cognates for the archaic East Baltic žuvis - fish in all the Indo-Iranian branches although the Pontic steppe related Greek and Armenian somehow both preserved related ichthyic cognates ( Arm jukn ) Ossetic has retained an IE laeligsaeligg brown trout as well as a loanword kaeligsag from Hungarian keszeg and Mansi kāsəŋ a bream-dace type fish reflecting Timber Grave Iranian amp Finno-Ugric cultural interactions The Avestan mythic kara- may recall the voracious Volga wels ( Old Prussian kalis lt kalas - wels catfish ) which to this day exhibits legendary proportions approaching 10 ft The archaic žuvis šapalas howled today by an excited Lithuanian fisherman ( Skt śāpharikas ) still echoes the simple joy of his forefathers from long long ago
The Perkūnijas Parjanyah Pərgənauml Perkịno shared tradition is a delicate issue since each is venerated to this day in their respective cultures One may note that all three are very close in certain details The East Baltic laitus rain (Lith lietas lietus ) tradition with lightning East Baltic Laita may have been an archaic term for Summer rainy season (re Slavic Lēto year) which followed the return of Pleiades before the northern migrations of Battle Axe Balts The Erzya Lit-ava in their Prayer Hymns remained intact Modern Pashto has Perūne - Pleiades (re Greek Keraunos thunderbolt Slavic Perun all lacking a velar
plosive lt GAC ) Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- For the mushroom Perkūnas relationship see V N Toporov 1979 Parjanya is the father of Uralic Soma Perkūnas was to be the groom of the aquatic Laumė Indraja - Lith hydronyms Indus Indra Indura ( Mitanni Indara Skt Indu ) The Laumė Indraja is a mushroom guide or teacher And to uphold respect about these cultures and to be as accurate as possible I will only use the term shared
Perkūnas amp Indraja gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In the old Baltic dainos folksongs Perkūnas was to wed the Laumė Indraja One role of Indraja is as a mushroom guide spirit Vedic Parjanya is the father of Soma The Abashevo used talc in their ceramics as was common with their Uralic neighbors The pottery of the two cultures are found in the same room Note ( N1c1 ) Mari paŋgə mushroom Udmurt paŋτəl- paŋτət- to howl and carry on after partaking of Fly Agaric The Lithuanian version Ar prisiėdęs musmirių refers to the partaking of Fly Agaric mushroom and exhibiting a skewed or altered state of reality It is a quite common courteous way of calling someone stone crazy If they ate a little too much dried - žalas ( RV
7981 ) Fly Agaric mushroom and there upon glare ominously wild-eyed
howl ecstatically see the Unseen amp carry on - that person would be labeled aršus The Avestan term for an ecstatic seer is ǝrǝšiš which is a close cognate to Sanskrit ṛṣiḥ - a Seer Back in the Ural forests Uralic Khanty still has a word sŏma for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl or vessel as well as one for partaking of Amanita muscaria This would all be quite coincidental if they had never met - but they did Archaeology has already provided the where when and why Latvian has an equally courteous and common expression for telling someone to buzz off - get a clue - ej bekot or go pick mushrooms Latvian beka mushroom or dialect peka is loaned from Balto-Finnic Livonian paeligkā id lt pękā lt Uralic pəηkā Note that the mixed Balanovo-Volosovo sites were mediums of cross-cultural bilingual interaction for sharing ethnic customs preceding and contributing to Sintashta which influenced poly-ethnic Alakul ( Grigoryev 2000 ) groups ( ОД
Мочалов 2001-2 re ceramic lt gt checkered ornaments ) Sharing the hewn sŏma-bowl
with its entheogenic contents like a diplomatic cross-cultural peace pipe evidently sparked its legendary admiration The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding m-m-m Sŏma good Uh-oh East Baltic neuters did not require a final consonant They still dont It is also suggested that Uralic panga mushroom fly agaric entheogen žalas - when dried re bangus is possibly the source for the Sarmatian-Magyar loanword in Slavic Polish pienka Russian Пенька - hemp entheogen ( lt Finno-Ugric Pəηka via Sarmatians amp Magyars w U2e1 - re C
Keyser et al 2009 ) Note Irish arsan - a Seer or German rasen - be ecstatic Let it rain
The Unthinkable Now Highly Probable gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The everyday awkward pidgin bilingualism albeit semantically skewed at times between the East Balt Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo MVK Catacombs and Poltavka Āryans in that culture is highly probable ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) considering some of their similar ( at times identical ) vocabularies and quasi-related grammar The cultural continuity of metallurgy in the Ural region that started with Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) continued with Abashevo and was intensified at Sintashta and Arkaim The artifacts including specific trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered ornamentation motifs on pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) reflect their co-operation and integration with each other The chance of trace Baltic loanwords in old Indo-Iranian has shifted from unthinkable to highly probable lt gt Mainstream archaeological academia has reviewed the collective material evidence thoroughly and is quite confident in their evaluations of it Archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics are finally revealing this untold story The scientific evidence is becoming increasingly difficult to dismiss And ratas is not some amorphous proto Balto-Slavic
Suggested essential readings include The Origin of the Indo-Iranians Volume 3 by Elena E Kuzmina edited by J P Mallory p 222 Brill NV Leiden The Netherlands 2007 ISBN 978 90 04 16054 5 The Horse The Wheel and Language by David W Anthony Princeton University Press ISBN10
0691058873 and especially laquoШАХМАТНЫЙraquo ОРНАМЕНТ КЕРАМИКИ
КУЛЬТУР РАЗВИТОГО БРОНЗОВОГО ВЕКА ПОВОЛЖЬЯ И УРАЛА by ОД Мочалов Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ( The laquochessraquo ornament on
the pottery of the Middle Bronze Age in the Volga and Ural regions by OD Mochalov
Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ) - available as a PDF from Stratum Note title mistranslation of laquo chess raquo for laquo checked raquo The ceramics track the East Balt cultural assimilation ( amp Z280 ) into various Indo-Iranian sub-groups It‟s a fact
PIE dei - gt Dainā gt Dhēnā gt Daēna gt Dēn gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Vedic Sanskrit has the somewhat (15 times ) obscure word Dhēnā meaning hymn song which reflects East Baltic Daina meaning dance gt song From IE dei- (move spin whirl) we have Latvian deinis dancer daiņa restless person dainēt daināt to dance sing deja dance Lithuanian dainuoti to sing ( vs somuoti ) clearly illustrating the core Baltic etymology (It is
also attested in West Baltic toponyms) But Vedic Dhēnās hymn-prayer lacks any such dance etymology The Avestan Daēna ( Middle Persian Dēn ) is even more semantically vague - that which is revealed revelation This implies a loanword and like in Vedic - a word without a clear etymology The closet indigenous Indo-Iranian cognate is Avestan Dian meaning fast (re Grk δινεύω whirl or διά-νοια thought ) Scholars interpret the actual pronunciations of the old Vedic Sanskrit Dhēnā and Avestan Daēna as Dainā Hello By following this thread the shroud of the past unravels and finally falls apart
There is only one ( ) Rig Vedic hymn to Vāyu wind Skt nom Vāyus lt Vējus Lith dialect Vėjus which is otherwise called Vāta Iranian Ossetic wad and Ob-Ugric Mansi loanword wōt indicate the primacy of Vāta usage in the early Indo-Iranian dialects where as Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant ( Lith Vėjūkas ) appears to be a loanword (also note Skt
vāhin amp Latv āzinis) Note that Dhēnā is also used in the rare Vāyu hymn (I 2 3-
) Vāyu is closely associated with Parjanyah amp Soma ( Pashto ōmə ) Ancient Rig Vedic Uṣas and todays East Baltic Ūšas Ūštun - dawning to dawn
illustrate the challenges Vedic like Baltic or Greek often made an adjective into a noun by just moving the stress to another syllable although in this case Rig Vedic Uṣas has the adjectival accent In other words Uṣas = Ūšas but no one writes about it (re Skt uśras Lith ūšras OCS za-ustra ) Nada Zip
The Rig Veda uses the word Dhēnās for hymns but does not emphasize it although that connection is later implied as such by Avestan Daēna From the new archeaological and archeaogenetic evidence of the polyethnic ethnogenesis of the Abashevo and Sintashta populace it is not linguistically unreasonable to deduce that the Dainā dance gt song gt hymn tradition of the assimilated Abashevo Balts was adopted as the term Dhēnās hymns songs by their fellow Āryan metalworkers near the Urals during a period of bilingualism and was used as such later in the Rig Veda An Abashevo-MVK Monteoru trade link for cheek-piece diffusion may provide an alternate explanation for a Dacian gt Romanian doina - lyrical song although the ancient amber trade explanation remains equally viable
From IE dei- (move spin whirl) developed East Baltic Dainā - dance song hymn ( Grk δινεύω whirl ) which was borrowed as Vedic Dhēnā - hymn prayer Avestan Daēnā - revelation Middle Persian Dēn - religion The word dena - revelation religion is still used in Kashmiri Arabic Dīn ( دين faith
religion ) is beyond the scope of this topic
Little did the stubborn poly-ethnic Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 L235 amp
N1c1 ) or Abashevo East Baltic forest-folk singing their Sacred Hymns of Divine Revelation ( Dainās ) near the Country of Towns by Sintashta in the Urals of 2100 BCE know how far their songs would travel and for how long they would echo - up to this day by contributing a term for a new Monotheism (
Daēnā ) emulated later to its West The Volgaic Erzya Rav-ava - mother Volga Volgaic Mokša Rava - river and East Baltic Lithuanian Ravas - stream or Latvian Rāva - marsh water correlation is rather interesting (Lith
Rauti - to run quickly )
The Baltic amp Uralic in Vedic Sanskrit Avestan gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The mythical Avestan ten month winters and Vara Daēna legend Āryan Soma Haoma ( RV 128 Khanty Sŏma hewn wooden mortar-bowl Volgaic Erzya
Mokša Sjuma Səma hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger ) Sanskrit Śarabha ( Mansi Suorp Mokša Sjarda ) the Avestan water goddess Anāhitā in a Northern forests beaver furcoat (re Finno-Ugric mother-beaver cult) Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC talc or chamotte ceramic admixture amp specific trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ornamentation ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) and the many Finno-Ugric loanwords (Burrow 1955 pp 24-27 ) from
both early Indo-Iranian ( Finnish kekri ) and Volga-East-Baltic ( Finnish ratas ) uphold the latest archaeological findings Soma is the guardian spirit of the North And U4 is U4 ( Pliss et al 2005 Derbeneva et al2002 ) A multi-disciplinary approach combining archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics together are yielding scientific results
That there is possibly a Ural-East-Baltic Daina Ratas Perkonias or Šapalas in Sanskrit or Avestan should not come as a surprise considering Uralic ( re Sŏma ) is indisputably present (re N1c1 Khanty Sŏma hewn mortar-bowl )
Indo-Iranian Soma preserved the native N1c1 Uralic word ( Sŏma ) for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric ( Amanita muscaria ) was pressed with stones in water ( Skt
saumya- soft ) The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo-Garino cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding of what was pointed at ( re EV 141 ) Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 amp N1c1 poly-ethnics ) to this day still partake dried Amanita muscaria with milk amp honey as they have done for well over four thousand years It is Senasis Takas- The Ancient Way
Such drift of semantics can be heard even today in the English phrase Do you want to do a bowl
The Āryan Soma of the Urals eventually became a generic ( Pashto ōmə ) term to label an entheogen
Finding Baltisms ( ntr pl [ as w Hittite ] or multiple sg w sg verb the -yu- -ju- words like Vāyus - Vėjus ) or specific loanwords ( GAS Satem ) will be next to impossible especially without the displaced Vedic era R amp L middle dialects (eg ślokas - Madhyadeśa region ) of earlier migrations The integration of the polyethnic Corded Ware Abashevo into the Sintashta cultures may have not had a significant impact beyond contributing their earlier equine cheek-pieces Ural metallurgy amp talc chamotte pottery admixture or trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ceramics ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked
ceramics lt gt ) but it is probable they did leave other cultural traces (including DNA
words like ratas daina ) as well A recent genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) adds additional perspective Why
does East Balt ichthyic šapalas match Indic faux Dace śapharas ( महाशफर ) or śāpharikas ( fisherman ) so closely and as with other word matches
cognates are wholly absent in Avestan and even Slavic like the alpine velar in Parjanyas Also Skt śāka- Lith šėkas - green grass or Skt śakala- Lith šakalys - splinter - et cetera etc etc Perhaps even a Fatyanovo š itself given the Nuristani counterpart There are the parallel myth traditions of Dawn ( Uṣas - Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven dhēnā of Vāyus - Vėjus or the Ashvins - Ašvieniai Divine Twins Yet the breaking up of Middle Dnieper culture Balto-Slavic occurred especially with distant Fatyanovo-Balanovo well over a millennium prior to the ethnogenesis of Indo-Iranian The preponderance of such Baltic Indo-Iranian isoglosses suggests a period of contact and just as importantly the nature of those contacts Archaeology has indeed already provided the where when and why ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Pots amp DNA do speak
That a central European culture ( 3400 BCE - Baden Globular Amphora ) centered new wheel term ( Old Irish masc sg roth pl rothai Latin neuter sg rota pl rotae
Albanian diminutive w th from a t gt sg rreth pl rratheuml ) reflected in Corded Ware East Baltic baritone masc sg ratas pl ratai was loaned into Finnic languages is uncontested (re Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) but where does an Āryan baritone masc sg raacutethas - vehicle figure in the pre-Sintashta ( 2400
BCE ) Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian shared lexicon It doesnt
Bronocice Poland - Pot pre-3400 BCE - Farmers Wagons
Note laquo checked raquo darža motif similar to GAS-BALTIC Fatyanovo motif
And why would Indo-Europeans need to rename the wheel ( PIE kʷekʷlos ) Perhaps the assimilated European farmers did it East Baltic Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) copper metallurgy in the Urals has its roots in central European cultural traditions ( re Globular Amphora ) which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo Cultural area The old Carpathian metal trade of central Europe provided for contacts and cultural exchanges ( re amber trade ) between language groups like NE pre-Celts pre-Albanians and Middle Dnieper Balts ( Albanian lopeuml - cow Latvian Luops - id ) as well as Triploye C2 Lengyel amp TRB substratum interaction This interaction between the central European Dniester Tripolye C2 refugees - which may also have spoken their native Temematian language - and the northern Middle Dnieper Tripolye C2 bi-lingual populace may account as a medium of some unusual archaisms ( re tauras ) and with additional admixture of TRB Lengyel BBC ( Q gt P ) Globular Amphora spread Corded Ware isoglosses amp innovations ( plural dative m long root preterite ) in the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Fatyanovo regions as well as traditions of central European Carpathian arsenic copper metallurgy Arkaim and Sintashta
fortifications are even shaped like Central European Rondels Trade networks between Centum Euro-Repin GAC subgroups were conduits for isoglosses even beyond the other Balts in the West Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1 ) amber contacts amp Uralic substratum may well be the phonetic impetus of the dative plural -M- type linguistic transitions away from a -B- The influence of a Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva ( w U5b2 ) poly-ethnic substratum perhaps contributed to incongruities in Baltic Satemization amp partial RUKI ( eg Finnish
laiha GAS Lith liesa ipo lieša ) as well as contributing a residual substratum vocabulary of their central European Centum words like pẽku Make no mistake the impact of this Centum Satem tango went both ways ( GAS gt Germanic 1112 1000 etc) Balanovo jewelry from the Urals also emulates specific designs of a central European provenance perhaps derived from Globular Amphora-Narva poly-ethnics as a substratum ( GAS ) of Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo ( Česnys et al 1990 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) The Baltic amber sun disc talisman or solar halo ( rẽtis ) wheel Saulės Ratas is found distributed in central European cultures particularly the Centum Globular Amphora culture - which contributed substratum to Fatyanovo-Balanovo which in turn contributed to the Corded Ware Abashevo culture and eventually poly-ethnic Sintashta Arkaim ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) If the Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas Saule is also a common traditional Kazakh amp Central Asian ( Afghan
Kyrgyz etc ) female name The meaning of the name is translated as sunlight or Sun just like the feminine East Baltic Saulė which is also used for a female name Another coincidence Again
Saulės Ratas
Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Ural copper metallurgy preceded Corded Ware Abashevo and later Sintashta Arkaim metalworking predating them by about half a millennium The terminology of the typical dual wheeled cart ( Lith dviratis vežimas ratai Finnish
rattaat ) of the early GAS East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Goldina 1999) farmers amp metallurgist-woodsmen and multi-cultural Abashevo successors may have been a source for a unique northern archaic import ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas wheel ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) providing an Āryan masculine singular ratʔas gt raacutethas upgraded intact as a nominative singular word for the new chariot of the Abashevo - Sintashta era metallurgic bonanza Semantic incongruity is a hallmark of loanwords in traditional linguistics The Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas One might expect an Āryan neuter form as the Sanskrit scholar T Burrow did or perhaps an Āryan plural form East Baltic has in fact many old variants
including Latvian ruota toy ruotacirct to hop turn roll and Lith rẽtis halo Coincidence A speeding Āryan raacutethas bounced a lot - it hopped The wheel spread faster than the flu in central Europe and prestigious words of new innovations were traded as well as new trends from contact ( re Baden Globular Amphora Fatyanovo Abashevo ) In fact the PIE roteH2 rotH2os rotoH2s discussions are currently at a stalemate an academic impasse Why would some Indo-Europeans want to rename the wheel anyway ( PIE kʷekʷlos
) Maybe they didnt
An East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo GAS loanword proposal for post-Sintashtan rathas is not only linguistically practical and etymologically grounded it is archaeologically probable ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) We do know the earlier Corded Ware Abashevo cheek-pieces were copied - but what else Given the boatload of Corded Ware influenced artifacts at Sintashta and Arkaim maybe one or two Corded Ware words leaked out Just maybe To quote M Witzel (2003) quoting JP Mallory (2002) there are still degrees of geo-linguistic plausibility
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
Some ornament traits let us to link Sintashta with northwest forest Fatyanovo culture
( Oleg Mochalov - Samara State Pedagogical University Institute for History and Archaeology of Volga region Samara Russia)
- The origin of Sintashta culture ceramic Ceramic through the Millennia methods approaches results - 2008 -
East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) entered the North after 3200 BCE ( C-14 cal dates from Latvia- see Loze 1992 ) and shared their ratas wheel with the local Uralics ( Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) on the way to the copper deposits by the Urals About 1000 years later Sintashtan Āryans - after spending a couple of centuries with the Corded Ware East Baltic speaking woodsmen ride off into the dawn of history on their new Āryan twin-wheeled rathas (re Kassite king Abi-rattaš Mitanni king Tušratta gt
circa 1350 BCE) drawn by two horses using the Corded Ware Abashevo amp MVK Catacomb inspired cheek-pieces Academics still dismiss the coincidence () of a baritone masculine singular Āryan rathas rattaš spontaneously produced in the linguistic company of Ural East Balt metallurgists who had an isolated northern archaic ratʔas dialect form ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) of baritone masculine singular ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas for near a thousand
years since 3200 BCE Pots do speak - as does DNA The silence of Cherchen Man speaks volumes
The Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo with their characteristic central European Globular Amphora cultural-substratum influence ( re GAS lt GAC-Narva w U5b2 poly-ethnics pottery copper pigs flint axes
amber ) and Uralic admixture ( re N1c1 Volosovo talc or chamotte ceramics ) are thus the most logical candidates for the dissemination of the ratas term of 2400 BCE as heard to this day with East Baltic Lithuanian ratas amp the related Latvian cognate Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo ) ceramics use chamotte admixture and exhibit a projecting rim as does later Corded Ware Abashevo ( re mtDNA N1a1a1 294 lt GAS ) Volosovo amp Balanovo pottery is found in the same room Words were spoken Abashevo amp Sintashta adopt specifically Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered diamond rhombus type ceramic designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Arkaim amp Sintashta artifacts - clearly exhibiting Corded Ware Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural influences including talc - chamotte pottery admixture amp darža checkered ceramics ( thus verifiable contacts ) - provide the archaeological support for just such a linguistic loanword exchange as well as the foreign mycologic sŏma tradition of these quasi-trilingual misfits Kandahar valleys Mundigak Period VI ceramics in Afghanistan ( Kuzmina 2007 p 716 fig 101 14
re Lith piešalas Sanskrit peśalas ) also exhibit the unique Fatyanovo darža checkered double row striped diamond motif The Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest dwelling quasi-trilinguals stubbornly clung to their Euro-farmer identity and never did quite fit ( ārya- ) in Fly Agaric is the fruit of the forests not the wide open steppes As noted by Kramer the cat is out of the bag Vedic ashvyam goh - horses amp cows of the Dasyus still echoes todays East Baltic ashva amp guovs The Babino Multi-Roller Ware MVK Catacomb culture neighbors of the Corded Ware Abashevo would later be reflected in shaft graves with cheek-pieces in distant places as Mycenae near Athens by around 17th century BCE Mycenaean warriors also wore Baltic amber Mycenaean mtDNA had a match in SE Poland A MVK-Monteoru link or CWC GAS - again
The combination of kurgan and flat graves reflecting the integration of indigenous Europeans with IE steppe ethnicities (re Dniester Usatovo-Tripolye) is found in the Middle Dnieper culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo and Corded Ware Abashevo Abashevo integration at Sintashta is indicated by various material artifacts Sintashta kurgans account for about a third of the burials - the rest are interestingly enough flat graves
The Ural Elephant in the Room gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Then there is the intriguing Perkaunijas Perkino Pərgənauml Parjanya legacy - the Ural elephant in the room so to speak Unlike Pera amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Why are Parjanya cognates
with an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive absent in the multitude of other surrounding Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani Satem languages and dialects - or even related Satem Slavic (re Pashto Perūne Slavic Perun Nuristani Paumlrun vs Gas Lith
Perkūnas ) Slavic Ruki amp velarless Perun vs Gothic alpine Fairguni suggest a Centum GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive was assimilated into Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns type cognates Archaeological support for such a bold linguistic assertion is beyond debate The zones of such Centum Satem contacts have been thoroughly dated with C-14 Although Perkino amp Pərgənauml may only reflect the 1st millennium BCE Dyakovo era the Dainos of the forest dwelling East Balts easily pre-date the Sintashta-Arkaim era by a millennium Variability of Sintashta ceramics with Fatyanovo influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2
rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) certainly reflect cultural contact and interaction Parjanyas reflects an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive - East Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns reflects a GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive Rathas vs GAS ratas The lexical legacies of poly-ethnic Sintashta contact have survived intact four thousand years ( re U of Az C-14 ) Prakrits of India also preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) not found in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words Was the Sanskrit (ṛH) dialect ir ur variation ( Skt śiras vs Av sarah-) an innovation or perhaps a polyethnic relic of the earlier migrations South It is a rich field awaiting someone to harvest it Such material was reviewed by W Tomaschek in 1883 (Ausland p 862) and discussed later by H Arntz S G Oliphant and S K Chatterji
It was women who made the checkered pottery sang their songs and mothers who taught the language to their child Men sometimes forget this The mtDNA evidence should not be overlooked ( Narva-U5b2 ) As L Koryakova and A Epimakhov note in their The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron ages Balanovo culture villages consisted of above-ground wooden log houses and in their cemeteries (flat amp kurgan) men were buried on their right side women on their left side - as also in Baltic Corded Ware tradition After the Sintashta polyethnic horizon by the Urals and subsequent first migration South we find a continuity of this same Baltic Corded Ware ( Abashevo Alakul
w checkered pottery ) type of burial custom in Tulkhar by the Andronovo Bishkent culture (1700-1500 BCE) and the later Vakhsh and Swāt ( Vedic Suvastu
) cultures and also at Timargarha This unusual Andronovo gender dimorphism MR FL burial trait was even noted by J P Mallory amp Douglas Q Adams in their Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture Bishkent skulls were dolichocranial (Khodzhayov 2008) like Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Denisova 1975) One general trait to distinguish Andronovo from Timber Grave burials is how the first has the head oriented to the West or SW whereas some Timber Grave cultures favored orienting the deceased towards the North ( re Mahaparinibbana
Sutta ) or East East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo burials oriented male heads to the SW females to NE - per steppe Maikop tradition Later East Baltic Jukhnovo settlements even oriented their streets to NE SW
Pottery shards found at a tin miners camp on the lower Zeravshan at Karnab have an Abashevo style of decoration from an early phase of contact Two pots unearthed far away by Sarazm betray their polyethnic Abashevo Sintashta Ural area origination by their talc admixture ( N1c1 cultural custom -
re fly agaric amp sŏma ) Near the tin mining camps the Tazabagyab variant of Andronovo buried their dead in flat cemeteries not kurgans The Saka of the Pamirs were also dolichocranial and narrow faced ( re 2005 Vaclav Blažek Lamb 2011 T Witczak bužys ) A unique cognate for barley-seed invites further speculation ( Lith miežis Latvmiezē Khotanese miṣṣa- ttumaumlṣa- re H W Bailey
BSOAS 21 pp 42) as do Fatyanovo maižis barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972 ) darža checkered Siberian amp Cherkaskul axe-celts ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo
checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Eurasian cattle DNA ( J Kantanen et all 2009 )
The early metallurgy of the Urals had fostered a far reaching network of contact ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) we are only now beginning to grasp and map out Some Corded Ware traditions of the integrated polyethnic Abashevo ( w Uralic
admixture) appear to have continued beyond Sintashta with the first of many migrations of that Āryan population South as well as those left behind contributing in the ethnogenesis of the polyethnic Timber Grave Culture of the Don-Volga region Pokrovskiy and Potapovka cultures ( runic Alanian Vayuk amp
Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Lith Vėjūkas see also ОД Мочалов 2001-2 )
Talc admixture in the early pottery of Sarmatians suggests a close interaction with Uralic N1c1 people ( Mari in-deš 9 Ossetic daeligs 10 Mari kene hemp Ossetic
gaelign(aelig) id) Overall Potapovka burial remains show a continuity of earlier Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) amp Poltavka cranial types reflected in Timber Grave amp west Andronovo burials contrasting with the different Corded Ware Abashevo skull remains ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) and related Pokrovskiy cranial types Cimmerian amp Scythian daggers have proto-types found in the Volga-Kama region The Timber Grave culture and Andronovo in turn both contributed to the formation of the Sauromatians and the Saka The western Timber-Grave culture that assimilated the Corded Ware Abashevo become quite settled in small scattered log home settlements without fortifications and even raised pigs like them (vs eastern Andronovo nomads) The agrarian Corded Ware Abashevo ( poly-ethnic R1a amp N1c1 ) character would persist as integrated parts (agricultural Solar cult clan) of some certain select groups and clans ( Alakul
Srubna ) eventually melting away over generations assimilating in here amp there leaving only relics in the earth inherited cranial amp DNA evidence only now being uncovered and scattered traces in later regionalized Āryan vocabularies (Skt
Parjanyah śapharas - faux dace Ossetian baeliglon dove ) amp culture Not to be overlooked by any means is a genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) A relationship between taurine breeds of the Baltic ( Fatyanovo ) region and Sakha ( Andronovo ) cattle suggests cultural connections or later contact ( re ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) A later influx from the steppes of the East back to the Ukraine is suggested by traces of zebu mtDNA in cattle there
The archaeological evidence suggests integration amp assimilation Haplogroup N1a (mtDNA) in the Volga-Kama Komi Permyaks indicates some farmers stayed Recent studies regarding the DRD2 gene are producing data which show a relationship between Eurasian people near the Volga-Kama Urals area and Brahmins in India Go figure Uralic descendants of the Corded Ware Fatyanovo Balanovo settlers preserved some of their language ( re karas ) and most likely have Finno-Baltic Balanovo-Abashevo DNA as well ( mtDNA
U5b2 HV3 nodal HVS1 N1c1 amp R1a L235 ) Some Corded Ware R1a1 remains ( massacred by locals near Eulau around 2600 BCE ) with X2 mtDNA closely matched living individuals of Estonia ( GAS of Fatyanovo ) with Syria (Mitanni) and Iran (post-Andronovo ) while the male DNA ( lt CWC-Globular Amphora R1a- M458 ) closely matched with individuals in Gdansk and Tambov Russia (SE of Tula amp near
Perkino ) - regions associated with Globular Amphora Corded Ware cultures ( Berezanskaja 1971 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) One of the K1b lineages showed matches to two Shughnans from Tajikistan ( Wolfgang Haak et al 2008 ) Vaclav Blažek ( 2005 ) specifically ties a Fatyanovo word (SKES VI 1819-1820 ) for lamb found in Vepsian vodnaz to the proto-form for the Shughni cognate among others ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) T Witzcak ( 2011 ) relates Lith bužys to Ossetic buʒ Shughni vazič amp Avestan buzya- ( re
CWC Eulau-Shughnan DNA darža motifs ) As Grissom said - follow the evidence The Corded Ware settlement near Tenteksor in Kazakhstan (see below ) may provides an interesting possible DNA perspective The mounting DNA evidence implies a Corded Ware component of Andronovo amp the archaeology of Sintashta-Arkaim proves a Corded Ware Abashevo-Fatyanovo component of Andronovo ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The probability of a Ural-Baltic Daina Ratas or Šapalas in post Andronovo Vedic Sanskrit or Avestan could therefore be logically expected given the above DNA amp archaeological evidence If linguists can ignore unique checkered pots they can ignore DNA But an out of place velar lt plosive just might elicit their curiosity Understanding the language of whales should be a new priority and test their mettle It appears that the men living around Sintashta amp Arkaim had time to talk together - about their vehicles horse-power fishing the rain shrooms and songs Some things never change Its a guy thing
The poly-ethnic ( R1a1a1 amp N1c1 ) Eastern Balts of today have preserved a Continuum of Cultural Tradition for Indo-European use of the dried žalas Fly Agaric in collective celebratory use ( such as peasant weddings amp various festivities
) from the very mists of antiquity - before Abraham the Shasu YHW or even the post-Sintashta Soma reveling Rig Veda itself The above daina dhēnā daēnā song-hymn-revelation topic has often been muddled with the inclusion of unrelated Vedic dhēnā - milk cow which is cognate with Baltic daine - cow (that calves in the 2nd year re FU tajine) and daini - pregnant with offspring (Adj of cow or mare) Even discussions about the Dainava dancing waters singing rapids region of Lithuania are not immune from such distractions New
archeaological and genetic DNA evidence continues to unveil the unexpected as will comparative study of the ancient Latvian Lithuanian and varied Finno-Uralic languages like Estonian
The Assimilated East Baltic amp Āryan in Finno-Ugric Ethnogenisis gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Fatyanovo and Balanovo settlement sites dwindle after the severe Winters around 2100 BCE when the East Baltic speaking population ( LWb allele R1a1a-
amp N1c1 ) for the most part assimilated in with their related Abashevo or nearby Āryan or Finnic ( N1c1) neighbors ( eg Sintashta-Arkaim Chirkovo-Seyma Pozdnyakovo Timber grave culture amp the much later diverse poly-ethnic [one
group choosing interment the other cremation] Northern Burtas pig farmers lt Nart Borataelig ) Fatyanovo amp Abashevo characteristics especially specific darža checkered designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals
) are noticed on ceramics from Chirkovo-Seyma ( gt later Ananyino ) culture sites near the Volga river Pozdnyakovo settlements ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) as well as on Sintashta amp Alakul culture checkered pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 ) Hexagonal Cis-Ural structures of the Fatyanovo ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ) may correlate with Baltic cosmological hexagram ( triple crossed keraunos ) kerai
magic reflecting an old ceraunic hexagram star design ( ऋि = 6 ) motif found in
many East Baltic distaff ( verpstė ) folk carvings ( re Gromoviti znaci Taranis wheels ) The Ugric Sky Elk had six legs The six ray solar-star hexagram design is later found in Mycenae designs ( re contacts ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The Ural Forests are unimaginably immense and the Winters around 2100 BCE were unusually long and severe ( Vidēvdāt 23 ) The demand for skilled metalworkers was growing fast with the Ural metallurgic bonanza History is messy The archaeological evidence indicates multi-lingual Fatyanovo-Balanovo people assimilated in with both Timber Grave Pozdnyakovo Iranian speakers and Volga-Kama Uralic speakers Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link or panta bridging Timber Grave with Uralic And that multi-lingualism was valued ndash and used We do not know when Fatyanovo-Balanovo converted to a Srubna Iranian but we know that they did and where ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Oink
Regional bilingualism probably persisted for centuries reflected today in archaic residual loanwords ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem 1000 Ossetian baeliglon dove
) Many Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture Balts assimilated ( Erzya Purrsquogine amp Permic
Pera myth traditions ) and adopted Uralic ( N1c1) languages ( Ananyino horizon ) and cultures as many had done earlier with the Abashevo culture ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) and repeating again with the early Pozdnyakovo amp Sarmatian ethnogenesis (w Gorodets admixture) The first millennium BCE Dyakovo culture was again poly-ethnic partly East Baltic during its middle phase - with polished ceramics ( re CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation LWb allele gt ) mainly Finno-Ugrian perhaps part Sarmatian is known from its hillforts with palisades (E Baltic varas gardas gt Volgaic kardaz Permyak kar city town ) Population size was about a hundred at each site The building styles of log cabins in the hillforts change from North to South - above ground to semi-subterranean - reflecting Balt amp Āryan building traditions The fibulae buckle (Mordvin sjulgam) artifacts appear Baltic as do many sickles and bronze headdresses ( Krasnov 1968 4-5 8 ) The Volsk-Lbishche culture known from sites like Shiromasovo in Mordovia exhibited Fatyanovo Corded Ware characteristics and was unexpectedly found far away from a excavated settlement in Tenteksor Kazakhstan - a northeastern area of the Trans-Caspian region
Reports of Bigfoot gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The genetic linguistic and archaeological record documents a prolonged assimilation by descendants of Volga-Kama Balanovo East Balts various polyethnic Abashevo Āryans and later mixed Timber Grave Sarmatians into the ethnogenisis of regional Finno-Permic peoples ( Goldina 1999 ) of the Chirkovo-Seyma Ananyino Pyanobor Pozdniakovo and related Djakovo Gorodets cultures (eg Finnish vuosituhat ) Volgaic ( śid-al sed bridge Finnish silta
id ) Words of an East Baltic provenance ( Latvian sēta tilts ) attest to ethnic movements ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) as well as the specific East Baltic balandis Ossetian baeliglon dove isogloss Latvian lanka low plain Ossetian laumlnk ( Khanty lŏk ) Lith Vėjūkas runic Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Ossetic raeligmūʒyn closely matches the semantics of East Baltic cognates rather than the related Indo-Iranian cognates Sarmatian archaeological periods reflect cultural changes ( ie burial
orientation ) in their population which probably indicates a diverse variety of regional dialects of which only the one found in Ossetic survives A recent study about N1c1 Uralics as origin of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation in Caucasian populations ( re Ossetians ) adds an additional perspective ( F Libert et
al 1998 ) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old The broadest area of high frequency is located in northeastern Europe particularly the Baltic region ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) New dating of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation coincides closely with the Dyakovo horizon and the distribution of elevated frequencies match the archaeological ethnicities ( initial Volgaic amp later East Baltic ) which converged in the Dyakovo poly-ethnic horizon especially during its middle phase of polished ceramics and expanded agriculture From Dyakovo settlements cultural contact with
Gorodets sites and nearby Sarmatians might be expected to further spread the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation
The ethnogenesis and development of the Ural forest-steppe Sarmatians did not occur in a vacuum Evidence of Sarmatian - East Balt ( Plain Pottery gt
Bondarikha culture ) as well as Sarmatian - Finno-Ugric interaction has linguistic support ( also CCR5 Delta 32 amp LWb allele frequencies) Note Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich lt influenced from perhaps a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave asurah - of a pre-Ananyino era forest intrusion by Timber Grave tribes or later Trade contacts were valued - Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel or Hungarian ezer 1000 amp Ossetian aeligrzaelig- huge The Mnogovalikovo and Abashevo also played a significant part in the ethnogenesis of the Timber-grave culture ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) especially with the Pokrovskiy culture as well as with Uralic cultures Single markers 187 270 272 of mtDNA N1a1a1a group Bashkirs with Lithuanians and the Komi Permyaks Elevated R1a1 ( haplogroup R-SRY108312
aka SRY15322 ) is found not only with the Erzya ( re R1a Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13
DYS 520 =22 ampc) but also with the Bashkirs (38-48) of the Urals who still harvest their ancient kaumlrauml- honeycomb A match of Estonian and Indian single marker 294 of mtDNA N1a1a1 has been reported GAS Again Or was the 294 from the beautiful but endangered Seto people amp culture Perhaps some Narva mtDNA U5b2 will surface far from home Embrace the Chaos
The regions surviving autonomous Baltic speakers assimilated again in the 5th century AD as new Slavic type cultural groups filtered in from the South although in some areas Baltic speakers remained intact as evident from the historic record The new Slavic speakers (Komi rotś ) followed the same path into Russia as the old Fatjanovo-Balanovo era East Baltic speakers did three thousand years before the Slavic immigration The common R1a ancestry of many East Balts ( R1a1a1 Z280 L235 Z92 ) and East Slavs (R1a1a- Z92) invites new scholarly re-examination of East Balt and East Slavic isoglosses The Old Russian Ipatiy Compilation of Chronicles mentions that in 1147 the Prince of Rostov-Suzdal defeated the Golyad ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) who lived by the River Porotva The Golyad lt Golędь ethnonym was derived from a Baltic hydronym galin- meaning deep water The defeated population ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) would be from then on taxed - accordingly For more info see Marija Gimbutas here Today the family of related decendants of all these mixed forebearers can be seen in Latvians Lithuanians Estonians as well as in Russians the Erzya Moksha
Mordvins Mari Permics Bashkirs Ural Tatars and Indians ॐ
Balto-Slavic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The late Sredny Stog Middle Dnieper Culture grew from conservative peripheral IE dialects related to Yamna Satem with admixture of different assimilated indigenous peoples from Dnieper Donets and the Tripolye culture of Central Europe as well as subgroups of Centum Globular Amphora contributors ( w TRB BBC) and a host of others (re remnant Middle Dnieper Repins ) The ethnogenesis of these distinct dialects with assimilated indigenous peoples formed various diverse regional Balto-Slavic speakers which were localized as the poly-ethnic Europeanized peripheral Satem dialects of Baltic and Slavic closely related to early Pit-grave Āryan yet distinctly different even then with diverse degrees of admixture within regional subgroups The Balto-Slavic type poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture was a fusion of ethnic groups - a melting pot - so to speak with a retro core Satem dialect (archaic Balto-Slavic lacks perfect reduplication - agreeing with Albanian Hamp 1963)
The unique peripheral components of the Middle Dnieper culture say the early East Baltic Fatyanovo migrated away before a thorough homogenization of Middle Dnieper Satem lingua franca dialects could consolidate among regional subgroups ( eg E Baltic kur kame W Baltic kuei Slavic kъde - Finnish tuhante Mokša
tožaumln lt E Baltic 1000 lt pre-GAS RUKI - Baltic long root preterite re Burrow 1955 p 19 ) Hence the Balto-Slavic debates Dative plural m or the tūšante tūšanti type Satem participle term ( Latvian tūska ) for a thousand were probably disseminated by trade contacts between distant Globular Amphora subgroups various Middle Dnieper subgroups and other groups ( re Goth ain-lif - p lt k lt
GAC - P-Celtic-BBC Lith vienuo-lika eleven OSw thornuacutesand thousand ) from the earlier Centum Globular Amphora migrations ( Globular Amphora-Narva polyethnics
w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) near the expanding networks of Fatyanovo ( R1a1a1 Z280 LWb ) pioneering the North The Y-STR variation among Slavs has given the evidence for the Slavic homeland near the middle Dnieper basin which provides a geographic context for the Slavic linguistic correlation to the early Satem West amp East Baltic Upper Middle Dnieper homeland and the nearby Catacomb amp Pit-grave Āryans to the East During the period (3400
BCE) of the oxen pulled wheeled wagon revolution the Yamnaya culture slowly expanded toward the edge of the Corded Ware horizon of late Sredny Stog culture Millennia later in the same eastern area of the contact zone near the middle Dnieper a poly-ethnic Slav Timber Grave Iranian ethno-genesis would develop the Chernoles culture
A separation of Belarus subpopulations along a North South line can be demonstrated particularly in distribution of Y chromosomal lineages R1b I1a and I1b N3 and G-chromosomes The uniqueness of the northern Belarusian population is most likely due to the high incidence of poly-ethnic pre- ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 [old name N3] (
homogeneous Baltic pre-ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo substrate with allele DYS1915 ) which is twice the frequency as in central and southern Belarus The central and southern Belarusian substratum Baltic Milograd physical traits differ somewhat from Ukrainian substratum SlavScytho-Sarmatian traits (re U3) The assimilation of Belarus may have been mainly linguistic and less physically ethnical ( R1a1a- Z92 )
The Autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov Culture gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture complex of the Podolian Upland bordered the Trzciniec and Sosnitsa (early peripheral Baltic) complexes to its far North but appears culturally related to the Montreoru (early Dacian) and later Sabatinovka Thracian complex to its near South in regard to burial rites and pottery (also see Linguistics and Ethnogenesis of the Slavs 1985 by Oleg N
Trubačev) Native Pre-IE Tripolye culture farming populace (Temematian) were assimilated also as they were with Middle Dnieper Baltic The unique close relation of early Slavic origins to Globular Amphora and later Ural-Steppe amp Asian Iranian ( Slavic azъ Tumshuq Sakan azu ) and nearby Dacian and Thracian are often lost to the worn out Balto-Slavic chorus of cliches After the arrival of the Huns (w G V mtDNA N1a U4) in Europe and a devastating plague in the 6th-7th century AD post multi-ethnic Cherniakhov culture Slavic soon became the lingua franca of commerce trade throughout most of Central Europe and beyond A polyethnic ethnogenesis interpretation (Proto-Slav Komarov gt Belogrudovka gt
Chernoles culture) helps to explain why Slavic has partial elements of a Satem Corded Ware dialect of an early autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture language resembling Baltic (Middle Dnieper culture) languages bordering to the North The archaeology also agrees with regional hydronyms of a decidely Slavic provenance (vs Trzciniec amp Sosnitsa Baltic) as proposed by the renowned Russian philologist Oleg N Trubačev Trubačev (1986) had also detected nearby Illyrian and Thracian hydronyms on the Dniester Bug and Middle Dnieper A poly-ethnic ethnogenesis interpretation also explains some of the Slav Timber Grave Iranian religious vocabulary ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- ) as
well as other linguistic impacts on Slavic ( see EricHamp 2011 ) from the Timber Grave amp Steppe Iranian culture ( Slavic azъ Saka azu ) and also detection of common Slav Timber Grave Iranian mtDNA types ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 )
The southern neighbors of the Proto-Slavic Belogrudovka (from earlier Komarov ) culture ( mtDNA U4a2 ) were the Sabatinovka Thracian complex - a mix of Catacomb Timber Grave amp Monteoru ( Sharafutdinova 1986 115 ) Dacian of which some yielded to the Belozerka gt Chernogorovka Cimmerian early Timber Grave Iranian speakers which in turn yielded to steppe Timber Grave Scythians The rest of the Dacians survived and are heard in todays Albanian The Timber Grave culture retreated South from the Ural forest steppe around the 12th century BCE due to climatic cooling Mezhovka culture filled the void they left Also the later Sarmatian amp Alan presence near the Dnieper by Kiev was enormous (re mtDNA U3 R1a- Z93 Slavic azъ Saka azu Ossetian aeligz amp loss of word-final nom -s ) Ukrainian cattle zebu mtDNA reflects this influx from the steppes of the East
In the Ukrainian gene pool six Y-DNA haplogroups are revealed E F (213
including G and I) J N1c1 (96) P and R1a1 Northeast European Sarmatians ( C Keyser et al 2009 ) are not merely romantics as Saka kurgan (mtDNa N1a1a1) genetics bear out ( C Keyser et al 2009 Voevoda et al 2000 Clisson et al 2002
Ricaut Francois-X et al 2004) - although historical Sarmatians ( Śarmis ) included Asian R1a- Z93 amp Uralic admixture (N3 U4) Note Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel The tripartite division of the Slavic languages may reflect latent regional substratum influence on dialects evolved from the Proto-Slav Komarov culture which was designated by hydronyms of a Slavic provenance by O N Trubačev East Slavic like its neighboring East Baltic Sosnitsa ( gt Bondarikha gt
Jukhnovo ) complex to the North had the near influence of the Catacomb culture and may reflect some later MVK Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) cultural dialogue ( Russian jalovec juniper Armenian elevin id ) from MVK Monteoru culture trade exchanges Monteoru Dacian and Proto Slavic were close to each other which may explain some Slavic Albanian isoglosses West Slavic R1a
M458 may well be inherited from ( post Lengyel -TRB ) Corded Ware Centum Globular Amphora culture area substratum ( re ERC GAS gt Czech pyacuteř fire
embers re ERC Oscan pūr ) with a Satem Pomeranian R1a1a1 L365 conversion (
in NW Pomeranian in SW Dacian ) preceding a later W Slavic expansion ( Slavic
Bogъ Saka Baga- Slavic azъ Saka azu - see EricHamp 2011 ) Language is not genetic it is acquired Note N1c1 ( N-M178 ) Baltic speakers in Lithuania amp Latvia or R1a1a1 ( LWb ) Uralic speakers in Estonia or Yoeme speakers of Yoi Noki in Arizona
Kelan Kolo Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Does this support the construct of a so-called Balto-Slavic region or Middle Dnieper cultural horzon of anciently related initial dialects of subgroups like a
Satem Armeno-Aryan Catacomb culture Graeco-Armenian poly-ethnic Centum Celto-Italic or much earlier Indo-Uralic Probably The distance between Slavic amp Baltic each to early Satem Indo-Iranian (Pit-grave Āryan Satem) is not as great as such labels would imply One can also easily group together Satem Baltic-Slavic-Indo-Iranian with RUKI amp declension ( locPl ending -su ) considerations They were all in obviously close contact by horseback or river travel But if there never was a specifically monolithic Proto-Baltic per se how can you ever have a monolithic Proto Balto-Slavic amid the chaotic multiculturalism of the Middle Dnieper horizon The R1a1a- evidence begs to differ Early Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo sites in Estonia date to 3000 BCE The different Balts are even physically distinct around that time due to substratum
The Baltic and Slavic subgroups were already well differentiated and autonomous (eg separate mythologies amp Baltic long root preterite archaic divergent
vocabularies ) yet close to one another with the adoption of the wheel kelan kolo ratas (3200 BCE) West Balts used asigmatic nom sg ntr ending -n whereas the East Baltic neuter compliment was derived from asigmatic -d like Lydian Zaza ləzga Ossetian лaeligдзaeligг - branch Russian dialect ляэга vs Lith laz-da (Albanian ledhi - id ) Note Baltic o Slavic a - and but - reflecting an ablative form of a pronoun (Avestan āt - then and) Archaeologists have not found the archetypal Balto-Slavic settlements per se probably because each branch group were formed and influenced in different NE W S regions ( re ratas kelan kolo ) of the Middle Dnieper culture by a diverse admixture of various peoples and influences albeit somewhat near each other neighboring a Proto-Dacian distinctly different Satem variant Of course they are related Balto-Slavic is a generic generalization of a brief Europeanized Satem linguistic horizon like Armeno-Aryan (remodeled ablative suffix etc) - but initially more polyethnic The idealized Proto-Balto-Slavic Satem dialect probably pertains to an earlier pre-Middle Dnieper Culture peripheral area somewhere bordering Catacomb amp Pit-Grave groups and in contact with northern Repin dialects for awhile But Baltic like Slavic are in fact products of multiculturalism throughout their linguistic evolutions
Proto-Slavic and the more northern early Baltics were partially composed of assimilated Dnieper-Donets and acculturated later Tripolye peoples emulating the Yamna-like IE Satem speakers of peripheral related Sredny Stog dialects among a multi-ethnic converging cultural vortex of others ( Dnieper Repins TRB
Globular Amphora amp CWC poly-ethnics ) and with more admixture later where they would settle The eventual influence of Timber Grave Belozerka Cimmerian and later steppe Scythian amp Sarmatian on Slavic ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 ) was significant ( loss of word-final -s ) With the mobility of wheels changes were occurring rapidly - isolation was fading fast The Slavic participle with -L appears to have more in common to distant Lydian than nearby Baltic
Like Wild West movies debates on Balto-Slavic have had a duration longer
than the original horizon probably lasted The close affinity of Satem Slavic amp Baltic to Yamna related Indo-Iranian can be no surprise nor their distinctive European poly-ethnic accents The fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) It seems the growing early pre-IIr Yamna and Eastern Baltic dialect areas moved Northward as did the early West Balts as the Thracians Dacian Pre-Albanians and Slavs who migrated southwestward assimilating various Central European non-IE native and early Centum-TRB mixed IE people ( GAS R1a M458 ) into their cultures ( Dacian place
name Clevora Lith Klevas maple Lith place-names Liepora Beržorai w distributive -
or- suffix ) Thereafter the original Slavic future tense (which was perhaps similar to
Baltic amp Indo-Iranian) was lost while assimilating Dniester Tripolye C2 populace and other groups - as did the neighboring pre-proto Germanic Globular Amphora who had replaced the future tense as well It now appears that Winters Law also applies to Albanian which draws Thracian into question Inconsistancies in Albanian Satemization may reflect a pre-Bilopotok culture substratum to Monteoru Dacian Satem language which was influenced by Hercynian Celts and later Dalmation substratum
The early Proto-Slavic dialect reflects an inter-ethnic dialogue ( RUKI of Slavic
Mid-Iranian ) of early Timber Grave Iranian (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp
later steppe Scythian) assimilation which occurred upon an earlier polyethnic Balto-Slavic dialects accent region ( due to assimilated non-IE substratum admixture) Slavic loss of word-final -s may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by early Timber Grave Iranian contact (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp steppe Scythian) Culturally the influence of the Timber Grave immigration ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- Vedic
Bhagas ) was not as imposing on the rustic nearby Dnieper-Desna Baltic steppe-forest dwellers An earlier hypothetical Balto-Slavic dialects Dnieper Basin Accent (DBA) of the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Culture ( R1a- Z280 ) area would be at least later-Sredny-Stog era followed by a gradual Pre-Proto-Slavic westward steppe ( plateau vs the forest ) trajectory evolving into the Proto-Slavic Komarov gt Belogrudovka culture
Maps indicating the location of the (Temematian) non-IE Tripolye (Cucuteni-
Trypillian) Culture of Dniester farmers compared with maps of the Proto-Slavic language region (based on hydronyms) parallel each other closely although there is at least two thousand years between each horizon Herodotus later describes Scythian farmers where once were only European Tripolye culture farmers On either side of the early Slavics were lively trade partners of early Germanics to the Northeast and early Baltics to the Northwest - both of which were also polyethnic to various degrees with native European peoples If the Corded Ware Europeanized isogloss of Dative Plural - M occurred as an areal innovation perhaps due to Uralic substratum phonetic influence it probably started with contact and assimilation with Globular Amphora peoples now of mixed affinities ( Narva Lengyel TRB amp Centum Globular Amphora R1a- M458 )
and spread at a very early formative stage of E+W Baltic development and pre-proto-Germanic pre-Slavic The Sanskrit alphabet long ago anticipated the natural progression of B to M which enabled a fast transition Assimilation often accompanies innovation It is interesting that both regionally related poly-ethnic ( Dniester Tripolye C2 TRB GAS ) neighboring Centum pre-Germanics and Satem pre-Slavics replaced the original future tense construct of -s- (re relics -
Slavic byšęšteje Czech probyšucny ) as opposed to the Italo-Celtics as well as the distant eastern Baltics who shared borders and the original future tense with -s with the early Satem Āryan Yamna cultures A example of Baltic s future may be seen in Lith duos lt dōH3s lt doH3s ( Lith dial dōs ) The mtDNA reflects such a scenario but whether it happened like this is anybodys guess
The influence of Dnieper Donets or the Tripolye substratum in the DBA or RUKI has not been given the attention it deserves The assimilation of regional Baltic speakers also influenced various Slavic languages such as the Milograd (E
Slavic jasen vs jesen - ash tree) Kolochin and Yotvingian cultures in Belarusian the large-scale East ( amp West ) Baltic substratum in the Old Novgorodian territory North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92+ amp N1c1 ) tl dl consonant clusters gt kl gl - like East Baltic the Pomeranian presence in West Slavic Dnieper-Dvina East Balt foundation of the Tušemlja culture (which later included immigrant
Sudovians and Slavs in the Long Barrow culture) and the widely scattered East Baltic speaking tribes in Western amp Northern Russia ( re LWb allele at 22 for Vologda
Russians ) Also noted is the area where Belarusian Russian amp Polish prepose their genitives In contrast specific lineage characterized by 16304C-16311C mutations which indicate the Slavonic migrations from Central to E Europe was not found among Lithuanians Although historically instructive it cannot eclipse the common origin in the Middle Dnieper culture that both Slavs and Balts share together especially the East Balts and East Slavs ( both with R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 ) and always will
Caveat Emptor gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Theories about dating the earliest Proto-Slavic in relation to the distinct early Baltic branches need to examine the carbon dated chronology of East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural remains ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) Baltic hydronyms in Russia such as the Oka river the loss of the original Slavic Future tense and Baltic loanwords (from assimilated East Balts) in Finno-Volgaic which help date the evidence Examples of archaic Baltic loanwords into Finno-Ugric are East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole gt North Saami čuolggu pole Finnish salko long pole Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane or Lithuanian šaras fodder gt Moksha Mordvinian śora grain lt Saka ṣara seed Another Finno-Ugric loanword from East Baltic ( re Samogitian medė forest ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest-border is gt Finnish metsauml- forest Estonian mets
Karelian mečču id Saami meahcci forest fringe Hungarian (w LWb allele
) messze far distant vs OCS mežda - alley lane Words to the wise about any theoretical Balto-Slavic dates - Caveat emptor and compare it to all the facts we already know from empirical science There are Latvias eleven C-14 cal dates ( Loze 1992 Tab1 ) of CWC with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (
Purhonen 1986 11 ) A diet of fish ( šapalas ) may lessen the dates a little but no time-travel technology has yet been found with those CWC artifacts Cest la vie Wisconsin celebrates a Leif Erikson Day but Spain may not
Fatyanovo East Baltic developed from an earlier Northeastern forest variant subgroup ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 ) of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon with assimilated Euro-Repin Centum GAS while Southwestern Proto-Slavic steppe variants were emerging at the same time elsewhere Each were regionally distinct (forest steppe) subgroups yet related hybrid retro-core Satem cultures of diverse cultural components Neither group ever identified themselves with a xenophobic Āryan terminology ( re Mansi tas stranger ) The more conservative Northern Satem groups preferred to use the IE inclusive term Tauta (people) or liaudis (re Russ ljudi Khowar roi) Balto-Slavic is a useful generalization of a complex Middle Dnieper linguistic horizon and generic at best
Think Green gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There never was a monolithic Proto-Baltic per se Note the Eastern Baltic LWb gene analysis below or the multiple R1a1a- variations of Middle Dnieper Z280 cultures There are archaic pre-GAC Satem and post-GAS Euro-Repin Centum integrated aspects of the Baltic languages If GAC Euro-Repin-Centum defines what is Baltic does Steppe TG Iranian define what is Slavic The various West East Baltic Thracian amp Slavic languages (along with the Indo-Iranian branch) represent an archaic continuum of remnant subgroups of former core Satem IE dialects the last Proto Indo-European branches to finally split The Proto-Baltics would be none other than some Proto Satem Indo-European dialects together with the closely neighboring Satem pre-Thracian amp pre-Dacian Proto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-Iranian It may be more helpful to visualize East Baltic Slavic amp Indo-Iranian as part of the still growing main Satem trunk rather than as language branches Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
The LWb blood marker CCR5 Delta 32 mutation BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In respect to hematological variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele was highest in the Central East Balts around 75 among Lithuanian Samogitians
and very low among the other western Europeans ( 0-01 ) Click here for the PDF
version of the LWb Study The LWb blood allele can be seen as a genetic Tribal Marker of Prehistoric East Baltic Migrations and Admixture and perhaps not a West-Baltic marker since inhabitants of the Sūduva region average only a mere 27 vs 29 for Finns 22 for distant northern Vologda Russians or 4 for Estonians ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) - even after over 600 years of continuous Lithuanian colonization and admixture in the Sūduva region For those who still think all Sudovians vanished please reread the prior sentence - slowly Lithuanian R1a rates ( R1a1a1 including Z92 or L235 w LWb ) vary widely with West Aukštaičiai 406 vs South Aukštaičiai R1a at 618 in a sans MtDNA H1 region ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004 ) The absence of the 16304C-
16311C mutations prevents unneeded misinterpretations Genetic structure analyses also suggest Poles from Suwalszczyzna (northeastern Poland ) differ from all remaining Polish and Russian samples ( Grzybowski et al 2007 ) The Aryan R1a- Z93+ found in Lithuania is associated with that regions Tatars China Japan and Somalia evidently evaded incursions of LWb laced barbarians far better than either Gotland or Hungary although Gotlands LWb probably involved extensive secondary contacts with Estonians and Finns Maritime interaction with Vikings of Sweden amp Gotland is reflected by increased frequencies of the PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland region of Latvia ( Beckman L et al 1999 ) whereas Estonian interaction with Gotland is reflected by the TFDCHI allele ( Beckman L et al 1998 ) and LWb allele frequencies in Gotland ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) Hungarys LWb may perhaps reflect the Dyakovo-Gorodets horizon with East Balt participation Eurasian or archaeological DNA test results for the rare LWb allele mutation are sill pending Any occurrence of the LWb allele or Z280 ( Northern variants ) in Kazakhstan amp Eurasia will be noteworthy as will unexpected N1c1 types The Y-DNA of Lithuania is roughly about 5050 for N1c1 amp R1a and varies somewhat by regions MtDNA H1 frequencies are very very low among Lithuanians and virtually non-existent with the Saacutemi In Lithuania MtDNA H1 is mainly confined to only Northern Žemaitians The Aukštaičiai like the Saacutemi have none ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004
) Tests confirm the Narva substratum assimilated by East Balts had mtDNA U5b1 U5b2 amp U4 ( Bramanti et al 2009 ) This cultural inheritance from Kunda amp an early N1c Uralic substratum links Lithuanians amp Saacutemi as well as centuries of cross cultural fly agaric mushroom trade ( per M Gimbutas ) or the shared ethnocidal amp genocidal persecutions from a European Christendom ( Willumsen
LH 1997 ) busy shilling tickets to their heaven Tickets to Heaven hocus pocus amp the gravy train ( re nāstika Brihaspati ) The Prince of Peace deserves better
Less the above referenced genetical info be misinterpreted as some form of encrypted RWA cracker-code-speak I will stress that the fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) You are unique - just like everyone else People are people - some individuals shine some hide in their cruel fear Most of our DNA is African As my friend Robbin
said Its all good
The elevated CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation frequencies distributed in East Balts amp Volgaics and CCR5-Delta 32 DNA chronology ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) coincide closely with the ethnicities of the poly-ethnic Dyakovo cultures middle phase and may further illuminate earlier Ossetian contacts or some unique isoglosses Whether there is any correlation between the LWb allele and the CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation besides Baltic region epicenters is just speculation at present Perhaps the science of a common R1a Z92 inheritance of Russians and Baltic people will usher in a new era of unity and respect
The Western Balts were a hybrid mix of Funnel Beaker ( TRB including some
outlier Badens ) Centum Globular Amphora ( GAS gt eg pẽku ) and Corded Ware Satem Middle Dnieper people with Uralic Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1) people on Neolithic Nemunas and Narva substratum populations Archaeologist today can distinguish Europeanized West Balt culture skulls from those of nearby neighboring Satem East Baltic Fatyanovo types The distinction ( R1a1a- L366 vs LWb allele w R1a1a1 or Z92 L235 amp N1c1 ) was evidently very old and more than just grammatical Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements ( Brazaitis
2005 fig 5 Girininkas 2009 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import like pešti pešus pẽšis Kailas ( re Sudovian Kayles Gothic Hails
Vandalic Eils Old Norse Hail - perhaps all heard together for centuries at Wiskiauten Bar-B-Qs )
Ρως Ρωζζία amp Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
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| C + Ͻ |
YATVEZ - Ятвезь
The myth of Terra Nullius ( deserted wasteland ) was merely historic ethnocidal propaganda justifying centuries of Papal Conquests Atrocities amp Theft - in both the Old and the New World It was a lie and DNA now proves it was only ethnic cleansing fiction A census by the Orthodox clergy of the Belarus
Grodno area in 1860 had as many as 30929 inhabitants identifying themselves as Yatviags (Yotvingians) The Byzantine Treaty with Kiev prince
Igor in 944 notes among the Rus ( Grk Ρως ) envoys a Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
one Jaacutetvįgrsquo for Gunnar ᚴᚢᚾᛅᚱ The Varangian (lt Old Norse Vaeligringi ) affinities
of an original poly-ethnic Jaacutetvings minority may explain the reapplication of East Baltic Gudai to later stereotype that Grodno regions other mixed poly-ethnic inhabitants ( Γυδωνες - Γουται ) Settlements of the 9th century with distinctly Viking cultural characteristics have been found around the Grodno area It appears that within a century or two of Viking trade and settlement those Norse ( Norethmenn ) either dispersed along the nearby Nemunas river and or assimilated in with ranking locals ( a common Viking custom ) Their Yotvingian Y-DNA survives with closest Y-DNA matches from Norway Ireland amp Scotland ( clan Gotheray ) Sweden followed by Cumbria amp one in Finland - a Y-DNA trail of related Lochlannar Norse clansmen Family
Historic records indicate they opposed surrendering the old beliefs of their forefathers for an imposed foreign import A new ( re AС Кибинь below ) rational etymology of the Baltic Jotving- Jātving- now rescued from from an inert provincialism of kaleidoscopic self-replicating hypotheticals and ethnocentric tunnel vision can finally be derived from an original Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr lucky spear Varangian leaders Heiti name ( gen sg = Jātvīgs Ρως - Lieth
retinue-crew gt Jātvįgs Rōs or Jātvįgs Lieth gt Jātvings - as luck would have it
L448 ) The nasal infixation of the West Norse original ( -iacutegs -īgs gt -įgs gt -ings ) as well as artifacts reflects close early contacts with local Dainavians-Sūdovians for whom the ubiquitous trademark nasal -ing- suffix ( -īg- in Latvian ) was indeed highly productive ( re Aps-ingis Zietela ldquoRus-ingisrdquo etc ) and is thus non-problematic - and in fact rather insightful for its nasal affectation of the local Balts Top this off with the peculiar parallel nominative-genitive singular ( re Wilkaskaymen ) of West Baltic dialects and it it easy to see how an original genitive Jaacutetviacutegs Lieth ( Varangians ) from Old Norse becomes assimilated as a poly-ethnic West Baltic nominative Jātvings Jotvings Voilagrave A Dainavianized nomgen sg nasal Jātvįgs from an Old West Norse genitive singular Jaacutetviacutegs - Jaacutetviacutegr‟s Lieth effortlessly yeilds
Jotvings ( note Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr (w-t-) vs related Eadwig [ Ӕтьвѧгъ ᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴ ] Eadwy or Jadwiga w-d- )
These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvaacutegs Rocircs ( Liethsmenn ) along
the Nemunas river would acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically within 3 generations or less ) amp assimilation - many by inter-marriage like with other Vikings elsewhere Rocircs ( lt Roethsmenn ) may well reflect an earlier pre-sail era maritime terminology Centuries of multi-cultural
commingling between West Balts amp Scandinavians are also reflected at other trade settlements like Saeborg-Grobina Truso or Kaup Wiskiauten PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland ( Kurland ) region of Latvia ( Beckman L et
al 1999 ) mirror poly-cultural blending of Grobina artifacts as does LWb in Gotland In more precise terms the Varangians were primarily Norse mercenaries whereas the Rocircs or Rus were the wider poly-ethnic base of the imported Viking culture which also included merchants boatmen and traders - from Birka to Kiev
As convenient as that all sounds it should be noted that the ubiquitous modern Lithuanian Jotvingis term itself a recent theoretical neologism from the middle 1920s Opps This Jotvingis neologism coined in the 20s was derived solely from various historical Slavic labels of the Varangian era To the Balts repelling the aggressive invading Kiev Rus and later Crusaders these poly-ethnic assimilated mixed Norse-Balt descendants were already just one
of us These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvįgs Varangians would
acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically
within 3 generations or less ) amp with assimilation A Zietela dialect word pamarkas-accursed is probably an assimilated Viking relic term of the Old Norse morkinn-decayed-rotten like the Scots English murkle reproach The Turovians group name likewise reflects a Norse Varangian Rus leaders name
( THORNoacuterir - ᚦᚬᚱᛁᚱ ) aligned with a Ragnvaldr - ᚱᛅᚴᚾᚢᛅᛚᛏᚱ in Polotsk along with
Garethariki Holmgarethr - ᚼᚢᛚᛘᚴᛅᚱᚦᚱ Austrvegr although the Рогволод - Моря Ragnvaldr - Moslashre similarities invite a critique Relations between Polotsk and Kiev became rather strained in 945 One of Vladimirs many campaigns to collect more tribute-taxes ( poliude ) and gain strategic Nemunas river trade access to the Baltic Sea is the first written ( albeit somewhat quasi-historical ) account of plural Yotvingians dated to 983 Fifty five years later in 1038 Yaroslav battles the Yotvingians and later the Lithuanians who were together allied with rebellious pagan Masovians ( amp prior Galindians ) - although another source reports a quite different scenario of a 1038 Yotvingian conflict - by Volkavysk Viking turf wars were not altogether unknown No traces of any hypothetical Baltic hydronym Jacirct-vacirc have ever been found to this day in the Terra Jatwezenorum region None Zip
A Belarusian Vawkavysk dialect Ятвезь [ Yatvez or Jatvez ] Anchor term obtusely connects the Norse Thors hammer of Vikings amp other Scandinavian relics to the original Yotvingians of that Black Russian region - who initially
spoke the Old Norse of Varangians Nobody vanished Get real ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᚱ When in doubt tell the truth - Mark Twain
For more about a Norse Rus Yatviag Yotvingian etymology see Кибинь
AС Ятвяги в X-XI вв laquoбалтское племяraquo или laquoбереговое братствоraquo Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2008 2(4) С117-132
The Loki pendant of Gnezdovo note the striking resemblance to the Snaptun Stone Loki - jp
Another East Baltic tribal migration marker may be a significantly increased frequency of the BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype ( Van Landeghem et al 1998 )
The spread of Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup R1a1a- as well as the B blood type is associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages too Many Latvian tartan weaving patterns are nearly identical to ancient Tocharian tartans found recently with Tocharian mummies (w U4 two-rooted lower canines
VRC ) recovered in Western China (see Secrets of the Silk Road) Tocharians were evidently also dedicated hemp farmers like the Balts and historical kapnobatai Thracians East Baltic Lithuanian place-names Beržorai ( birches
) or Liepora ( lindens ) reflect the Tocharian B distributive suffix -ār as does the Satem Dacian place-name Clevora (re Lith Klevas maple) West Baltic had Saitoran - the knotty Pleiades ( EV 6 ) Slavic also has such a parallel arboreal related suffix It would be worthy to note that some Dnieper culture horizons exhibit a degree of intrusive Repin style pottery from Middle Dnieper Repins Middle Dnieper Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration A high frequency of the CCR5-Delta 32 allele in Lithuanian populations at levels of about 16 has been documented This allele mutation confers resistance to HIV (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old ( J Novembre et al 2005 )
Lithuanian Ashkenazi Jews have also interested geneticists since they display a number of unique genetic characteristics including Y-DNA haplogroup Q
SONGS OF THE FOREST gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Traditional ancient Baltic songs ( Lith Dainos Latv Dainās re Vedic Dhėnās ) are a vast resource of the Baltic languages The Dainos are the Rig Veda of the East Baltic people These Hymns were first brought into the Baltic forests before 3000 BCE and preserved within innumerable homesteads person to person winter after long winter from 2600 BCE to this day Their antiquity is only eclipsed by their numbers and variations They are usually Hymns of stanzas many of which are divine revelations from the ancient Native Religion and Mythology but in contrast to most other similar forms they often lack earthly heroes Many Latvian dainās are not long typically in quatrains and often trochaic (metrically of one long syllable followed by one short one) and more rarely dactylic These ancient Hymns are superb relics of the pre-Christian East Baltic Native Religion and the life of the people especially its three important events - birth weddings and deathburial but also lifes infinite experiences
Dod Dieviņi ko dodamis Dod man labas div‟ lietiņas
Ceļā labū kumeliņu Mūžāi labu līgaviņu
There are literally millions of verses of these truly ancient Dainos Dainās now in written form The forest is also home to Seto Leelo the Seto polyphonic singing tradition Saacutemi joiks ( or ldquoyoiksrdquo ) and others All are irreplaceable treasures So intertwined with the archaic languages and their enormous vocabularies it is virtually impossible to try to separate the two These Hymns are still sung to this day - person to person
The magic of language is a gift from mother to child
living as a memorial to all Women who gave it to us
____________________________________________________
BE HERE NOW
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More than half of the planets 7000 or so languages are facing extinction within this century
We are losing around two languages a month - or about one every two weeks
Learn an endangered language or at least help conserve one - as if it was your own They are
PLEASE DONATE TODAY TO
Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization
ADOPT-A-LANGUAGE
This webpage was FREE after all Dont be cheap
DO IT NOW BE A MAN ___________________________________________________ And as a special way of saying Thank You for your generous contribution we will provide you a link to exciting new Saacutemi music on YouTube absolutely FREE OF CHARGE
___________________________________________________
The Sudovian greeting Kailas re-affirms that we are all One - with each other and with the Earth we share
Dermė
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The nearly extinct Lithuanian gray - Latvian blue cow breeds also need immediate international support amp attention - ASAP
- poshkahotmailcom
Click on Photo for Baltic Log Home Architecture
The ancient Twin Horse Sky motif found on top of
Lithuanian homes reflects the related Vedic Sanskrit Ašvins Similiar ( Ašvieniai ) symbolism was found in the
Khvalynsk and Samara PIE cultures (4100 - 5500 BCE) The Twin Horse Sky motif is also evident in Mari ethnic symbols
| Proto Indo European | | Mažiulis | | Nostratic Language |
| Prussian Language Website | | Janis Endzelins Baltic Languages |
| Old Prussian Texts |
| Mordvinian Dictionary |
The above text is an excerpt from Virdainas copy Jos Pashka 2012
~ in memory of Jeannette DeBusk Cox Charles Richard Dean amp Netta Poska ~
Erzya-Moksha Mordvin loanwords include - vərgas ( Indo-Iran vrkah ) pejel - knife ( Lith peilis peile ) kardaz ( Lith gardas gt Common Permian kar fortified place )
and uske viska - metal ( Tokharian A was B yasa Armenian uoski Sanskrit ucchati ) Finnic Mari has waž for metal ore Forest Nenets has a wyesya cognate
Also Finnish kekri annual Native festival lt kekra-j lt kekra- gt Sanskrit chakra Finnic kehrauml disk vs Sanskrit chāttra Finnic vihi ( Lith vėžė )
Baltic Deivas - The Divine Spirit of Heaven influenced Finnish taivas Estonian taevas heaven perhaps Saami taiw and also
Hungarian taacutej Khanty tai - locus Often ignored semantics of East Baltic celestial Deivas are illustrated in phrases from Latvian dainās ( eg Saule noiet dievā - Nav
saulīte dievā gaiša ) Finnish toivo like orpo ( Skt arbha-h ) or vasara ( Skt vajra-h ) lack final s unlike Finnish taivas - blue blue sky re Saule
noiet dievā
Saulės Rẽtis
( Suns Halo )
As for the monolithic Balto-Slavic of academics - Slavic has kolo wheel kola cart West Baltic has kelan wheel kelā cart East Baltic ratas wheel ratai cart
East Baltic Lithuanian also has rẽtys - halo circle around sun moon re E Baltic risti - rita raitėti - rieta retėti riets rotāt rotēt etc - ablaut - related to Lithuanian ratas wheel Latvian rats
Magic spiritual talismans known as Amber Sun-Discs found in Globular Amphora sites and elsewhere may be a key to the cross cultural ratas term of central Europe
(Linear B ideogram 243) Latin teres-retis - rounded well-turned and East Baltic Lithuanian retys provide a fresh etymology for PIE
roteH2 rotH2os ( spokes included ) If phonemic pitch following loss of laryngeals developed in connection with the monophthongization of diphthongs exhibited by a vocalic
feature from a segmental phoneme - Finnish taivas or heinauml illustrate the chronology of the loans from the host East Baltic language
Estonia and India alone share the 294 single marker of mtDNA N1a1a1 ( 147A-172-223-248-294-320-355 ) lt GAS
Mitochondrial haplogroup N1a phylogeography with implications to the origin of European Farmers 2010 BMC Evolutionary Biology Publication 10304
Re Karelian kes(t)rauml Estonian kedr spindle and Vedic cāttra id
The pre-migration Tocharian like Volga-Repins may have had an unattested word for Maple borrowed as wakšter into Finnic Cognates may be Latin acer - maple Old Norse askr - ash Old Lithuanian akštras - sharp The maples range extends to the Kama
river basin Perhaps Tocharian Repins originally used maple saplings for livestock prods Or perhaps it was a Baltic akšteras
The songs of the Erzya Mordvin thunder god Pur‟gine parallel both Lith Perkūnas and Vedic Parjanya ( परजनय ) closely
The Avestan name Vada-gan for a demon ( the Striker ) - reflecting a similar word in East Baltic vedega ax may have a Ural region kulturnaya obshchnost‟ connection ( Saami vietka bdquoadze‟rlm )
Finnish vasara hammer is a loanword from an later form ( lacking final s ) of Avestan vazra amp Vedic vajra [ vaźras - mace club ]
which are related to Lith vėzdras mace club Latv vẽza vẽzecirct to swing in the air wave wag or perhaps Lith vagis wedge ( Finnish vaaja )
Latvian veseris maul-hammer probably a loanword from Livonian Note Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere lack archaic Indo-Iranian final s (re Komi voumlrkas wolf )
PIE ueg - to swing gt vẽźras gt vėzdras vėzdas w altered ź-da gt zda as in synonym Lith lazda lt laźda
The current Finnish word for Millennium vuosituhat is a combination of four thousand year old loanwords
from both Pre-Indo-Aryan and Volga-Baltic neighbors by the Ural Mountains (re Latv tū-ska swelling Lith tū-las many Tocharian B kaumlnte 100 Sanskrit dve śate 200 )
Related Repin Tocharian B tumane 10000 lt Iranian tumān id lack a s cognate
( East Baltic Lithuanian tum-stas bulk heap mass - tumėti to curdle)
Mordvin Erzya tožon tužən Moksha tožaumln Estonian root stem tuhante 1000 may reflect an early Fatyanovo East Baltic participle tūśante tūšanti
preceding a poly-ethnic GAS Centum tūskanti and GAS-ed East Baltic tūstantis 1000 ( gt Old Latvian tuustosch- )
re Finnish laiha GAS Lith liesa Fatyanovo laiša ( also Latvian tūkst sing pret tūska ) Perhaps tūksa- gt tūšant- gt + GAS gt tūstantis 1000 huge - note Old Latvian tuustosch-
The Uralic words may well reflect an early East Baltic pre-GAS ( pre-compromised RUKI ) Upper Dnieper Satem word that evolved with poly-ethnicism
( East Baltic Dnieper Satem evolved on a non-IE Narva substratum w N1c1 early Uralics and ERC Globular Amphora = poly-ethnic )
Follow the Money Back in 3000 BCE it was follow the copper amp amber
It has been suggested Germanic thousand reflects tū-skont- which may reflect
a Gas poly-ethnic ( š gt sk ) trade variant tūskanti by Centum Globular Amphora The Globular Amphora amber trade network may have used a Centum modified
( š gt sk gt tūskant- gt tū-skont- ) variant while the Uralic variants reflect an EBaltic tūšant- ( gt later GAS-ed tūstant- ) variant from Fatyanovo-
Balanovo ( East Baltic Dnieper Satem ) A 2800 BCE flint-amber trade GAC tūs-kont- was perhaps interpreted by trade contacts as
a tūs-šimt- compound word gt W Baltic tūsimt-
The chronology of CWC regional variant cultures is critical for untangling the etymology of 1000
Slavic RUKI indicates far less early integration of GAS although cultural trade contacts
are plainly evident Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive
in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- A 2800 BCE Slavic -s- from -sk- appears plausible considering dative pl -m- became -b-
and the perceived participle reflecting eo type variations of 1000 Pots dont talk they speak - volumes
Old East Baltic Medu and Vaška were related neuters Note Finno-Ugric Hungarian meh-viasz In the same occupation are the related words - Mordvin keras Mari karas Udmurt karas from Fatyanovo era East Baltic
( Latv kāres Lith korys ) Re Lith Mekš-uogis buckthorn-berry Meksėti meksi stutter be mad - Skt makšikā fly bee makš- be angry
( Volgaic Mekš bee the angry one ) No Mekši cognate is found in Ob-Ugric
There is also a DNA relationship between Baltic males and Uralics ( Mari )
eg Meadow Mari tuumlžem - thousand Mari ləśtaś - Lith lakštas From the archaeological record one can also trace legacies of Upper Middle Dnieper gt Fatyanovo gt Balanovo gt Kazan gt Chirkovo-Seyma gt
Ananino gt Mari amp Mordvin cultures
The Romanian Dacian Doina - song is probably a residual loanword from the Lithuanian The Daina Dhėnā Vedic word has been analyzed many years earlier but not as an assimilated loanword from Corded Ware East Baltic
which J Pāshka contends and which Ural region loanwords and polyethnic Abashevo-Sintashta archeaological data would support Vedic Dhėnā and Soma ( borrowed from Uralic ) reflect the polyethnic early Āryan culture by the Ural Mountains ( Rhipean Lipynė )
Ephedra is not found in the Ural regions conifer forests Amanita muscaria is and abundantly so ( re Khanty Soma hewn mortar ) - On Vedic Dhėnā Prayer Song - Maurice Bloomfield Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol 46 (1926) pp 303-308
D Razauskas wrote an excellent article about
CORRESPONDENCES TO THE INDO-IRANIAN MYTHICAL WIND IN LITHUANIAN FOLKLORE
Do try to Google it
Rig Vedic Sanskrit Vāyu - wind Lithuanian dialect Vėjus - wind
The round kurgan mound tradition of the Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan in Nothern Bihar India also resembles Śaka Steppe kurgans of Eurasia amp Russia w U4
Timber Grave culture favored orienting the head of the deceased towards the North - re Mahaparinibbana Sutta The Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan identified themselves with the Solar clan
The Digha Nikaya of the Tipitaka Pali Buddhist canon describes Siddhartha Gautama as having very blue eyes ( Pali abhi nila netto )
The Chinese described Bodhidharma as 藍眼睛的野人
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India although U4 is more prevalent on the Afghanistan - Pakistan border Tajikistan and the Eurasia of the Steppe Śaka
Gintaras reflects the Sembian dialect pronunciation with their typical narrowing of en to in
adopted as such in some neighboring East Baltic dialects ie swints vs šventas Modern Lithuanian gintaras amber vs dialect variant gentaras id
Hungarian gyentar gt gyantar amber gyenta resin Chuvash jandar glassy Mari jamdar transparent suggest the amber trade with
East Balts Old adjectival -tar neuter suffix in East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin
( re ON kvaetha Skt jatu resin aśvatara- mule ) The original PIE adjectival -tar neuter suffix was also later used in a comparative sense ( ie wet-ter )
although originally it was mainly adjectival The 13th century work Jami ul hikayat by Ufi describes the Baltic sea origin of yellow amber traded to the
Chinese by Khotan procured from Turks re Chinese yan tse - ( alhagi camelorum ) plant which produces a amber-like honey sap Baltic in Chinese - who knew
Amber ornaments have been found with the Middle Dnieper and Globular Amphorae ( w TRB ) culture artifacts attesting to the ancient relationship Balts have had with Amber
Of Soma the original entheogen ingredient of dried Amanita muscaria ( Fly Agaric ) became extremely scarce with later Āryan migrations and was eventually substituted with a mixture of Ephedra Cannabis and opiates
It was a very poor imitation of the genuine Uralic Soma rite The Indo-European use of Amanita muscaria survived intact in Lithuania - hidden away in forests beyond
the reach of ethnocidal Christians Lithuanians continue the ancient custom of using milk and honey ingredients mixed with the dried Amanita muscaria
to make a beverage for Sharing According to Marija Gimbutas Lithuanians used to supply quantities of Amanita muscaria to the
Saacutemi Noiade in the North for use by the Saacutemi Shamans (Finnish tietaumljauml) ( Volgaic Erzya Mokša Sjuma Səma - hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger
Khanty Soma hewn wooden vessel ) Not directly related to above are Lithuanian semti to draw water Uralic sim- drink Tocharian smantildentildee broth
Hungarian hiacuted bridge is of Alanic origin - re Ossetian xid xed id Khotanese hī id
One out of 3 Kalash have mitochondrial DNA belonging to haplogroup U4 In fact the most prevalent mitochondrial haplogroup of the Kalasha people is U4 aka the Ulrike clade
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India Haplogroup U4 is common among northwestern Siberian populations and is also found among the Mari Mordvin
and Mansi of the Volga-Ural region of Russia as well as the Estonians Finns Balts and Tocharian mummies A Kalasha English Dictionary link is provided below
The Prakrits preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) absent in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words
The mushroom associated Kaukeliai gnomes remained with the forest dwellers
The hemp tradition of Eurasian Steppe Saka is reflect in Old English haelignep Old Irish cnaip Slovak konope West Baltic knapios Armenian kanap Albanian Geg kaneumlp Latvian kaņepe Lithuanian kanapė Turkmen kenaumlp
The Novosvobodna and earlier Maikop (aka Maykop ) cultures probably conveyed the Sumerian kanubi term - as well as the genetic clade of R1b ( aka R1b1b2 ) into IE early Bronze Age cultures with trade and contact ( re Germanic amp Tocharian R1b )
Note - Sumerian gu gt Skt gaus Latvian guovs Armenian kov Gk bous L bov- OIr bo - cow as well as the East Baltic Lydian singular neuter ending in -d
Within the Moscow City limits are found a Fatyanovo cemetary and a later Dyakovo settlement - both near the Kremlin re Finnish kesauml - summer harvest and E Baltic kasyti kast kesyti ( Albanian kosit - harvest the crops)
Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov born in Staraya Kupavna near Moscow would single handedly save humanity and the World in 1962
East Baltic lašiša salmon is also known as vošis a fast type of fish or trout or more commonly vašylas For 3rd person dual jiedu instead of expected yra or esti my Suvalkian Grandmother Johanna used esą Strange but true
Legal Disclaimer - The above text in no way suggests anyone should use illegal drugs or experiment with Amanita mushrooms
Genetic portrait of modern Belarusians mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome perspective Alena Kushniarevich 1Larysa Sivitskaya 1Nina Danilenko 2Richard Villems 1Oleg Davydenko
1Institute of Genetics and Cytology Academicheskaya Str 27 Belarus 2Estonian Biocenter Riia Str 23 Estonia
The LWb blood group as a marker of prehistoric Baltic migrations and admixture Sistonen P Virtaranta-Knowles K Denisova R Kucinskas V Ambrasiene D Beckman L
Hum Hered 1999 Jun49 (3)154-8
LW locus has been assigned to chromosome 19p133 The LW gene corresponds to 3 exons of 265 kb on chromosome 19 The LWa amp LWb alleles are different at a single base pair - codon 70 - corresponding to one amino acid residue which is arginine for LWb
The LWb mutation was a singular event - in all of human history
ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚷᚨᚷᚿᚱᛃᚿᛖᚿᛞᚢᚱ ᛗᛁᚿᚨᚱ ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚡᛁᛋᛏᚨ ᚨᚿᛞᚨᚿᚢᛗ
ᚦᚢ ᚦᚨᚱᚠᛏ ᚦᚨᚧ ᚠᛃᚱᛁᚱ ᚢᛈᛈᛒᛚᚨᛋᚿᚨ ᛖᛚᛋᚲᚢᚷᚨ ᚦᛁᚿᚿ
Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
| MariUver - a Site about Maris Mari El Finno-Ugric |
| and other Indigenous People of Russia |
The ancient Sacred Grove of Native Mari Religion
The Mari Kuumlsoto parallels Finnic and Estonian Hiis Similiar Holy Groves are known as Lud among the Udmurt The East
Baltic terms are Lith Alkas amp Latv Elka
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) and Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG) in an exhaustive 2006 report Russian Federation The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El found widespread evidence of political and cultural persecution of Mari people The Mari Native religious practices ( and the Cheremis Marla
faith ) have come under ever increasing pressure and severe persecution from intolerant Russian Government Officials and so-called Christians according to Human Rights groups
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| Kalasha - English Dictionary Online |
| English - Kalasha Dictionary |
Thank you for visiting Genetically WE ARE ALL ONE
and thats a fact
Culture is something we Share - not own
As Comrade Lennon said - Imagine
Shi nūsun būsna ast praeivingiska kaigi asenes vupjai
Budeis
does the archaeological record around 3000 BCE Fatyanovo East Baltic influenced Globular Amphora as well Finnish stem tuhante - 1000 implies Centum Globular Amphora substratum quickly adopted unique innovative Fatyanovo Satem terms ( one-leftover - w later GAC-BBC p lt q ) and took them elsewhere - just as Fatyanovo used new GAS- ERC terms far and wide This mutual integration is the basis for vague linguistic terms like Northern Indo-European supported by Germanic-Baltic isoglosses ( aldija vs perga ) Circular linguistic polemics now can utilize such terms as GAS or ERC regarding Baltic Slavic or Germanic for that matter Pedal to the metal
Poly-Ethnic Reductionism 101 gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Middle Dnieper burial customs of males laid on their right side - females on their left was already practiced by some forest-steppe Satems Maykop burial traditions of orienting the male head to the Southwest and the female to the Northeast was followed by the Fatyanovo-Balanovo Northern Z92 offshoot of Middle Dnieper as did other regional sub-groups of it as opposed to other Corded Ware variants Most burial remains exhibit dolichocranial features The vortex of this Middle Dnieper Culture multi-ethnic fusion was in part propelled by a devastating climatic change known as the Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase that took place prior to the Middle Dnieper cultures synthesis coupled with the mobility of the wheel A perfect storm Regional variant steppe dialects from the southern part of this multi-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture would contribute to the ethno-genesis of the Slavs neighboring an earlier outlier Satem Proto-Dacian dialect near Baden As with the neighboring related Catacomb or Centum-Globular Amphora ( R1a- M458 ) polyethnic cultures the Satem Middle Dnieper culture had quite a few (lt link R1a1a- Z280 etc ) regionally diverse variant subgroups that spawned later peripheral cultures
The mythical Balto-Slavic (SVO) is none other than a Middle Dnieper cultural horizon of various unique regional yet distinctly polyethnic Europeanized conservative core IE Satem dialects neighboring related Pit-grave Yamna Āryan Satem (SOV) to their East as well as the nearby Catacomb culture (SOV) and Europeanized Centum Globular Amphora type languages (SVO) to their West Contact with Dnieper-Don Repins (SOV) is implied by unique Slavic Baltic Tocharian isoglosses Hollow based flint arrowheads of the Middle Dnieper culture bear a undeniable resemblance with Pit-grave Yamna and Catacomb culture counterparts ( pre-Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian ) as does some pottery River lake and marsh food including mollusks ( Latv sence ) were important food sources Pontic steppe Catacomb amp East Baltic bored stone hammer-axes are almost interchangeable and of course some aspects of their languages (re Grk Poimenes Lith Piemenes and the merger of Genitive amp
Ablative) Armenian Baltic Slavic and Indo-Iranian share innovations of the 1st person plural pronoun East Balt and Andronovo four five or seven-bulbed stone bored maces ( Lith vėzdras Skt vajrah ) are nearly identical as are their
archaic Ashvins Ašvieniai Divine Twins mythology as well It is no surprise that the Indo-Iranian and Baltic future tense echo each other as do many cultural terms and words This reflective Greek Sanskrit Lithuanian relationship is more than just a bridge between East and West (like Ket amp Navajo
amp Q ) it is a timeless Harmony letting even a blind man to view all Humanity as Family
These Satem core components of varied pre-Baltic pre-Slavic cultures migrated from the Sredny Stog culture (4500-3350 BCE) which with the Khvalynsk culture evolved from the Samara PIE homeland culture (5500-5000
BCE) on the Volga River Artifacts connect Samara with the earlier ( 7th
millenium BCE) polyethnic Indo-Uralic Seroglazovo culture by the Ural river probably validating the Indo-Uralic theory of V Thomsen from 1869 (re miti
languages)
Pots Dont Talk - They Speak - Volumes gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Most migrations were often due to prolonged climatic changes such as the Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase (4200 BCE colder 3500 BCE drier) population pressure on natural resources and or favorable new frontiers to colonize The migrations by each group resulted in different ethnic assimilations (Dnieper
Repins Dnieper-Donets Tripolye C2 amp Globular Amphora ) during the migrations and even more so at the eventual settlement regions (eg Uralic Comb amp Pitted Ware
Cultures and polyethnic Globular Amphora with non-Uralic Nemunas amp Narva Substratum U4
U5b2 ) The Fatyanovo custom of adding chamotte-grog or crushed shell to pottery reflects cultures like Narva ( amp later Globular Amphora-Narva poly-ethnic -
Česnys et al 2006 ) populations of the East Baltic and also older pottery by the Dnieper Rapids (Surskii island - circa 6000 BCE) and later Don-steppe cord impressed ceramics associated with Dnieper-Donets steppe cultures Twin horse heads ( Ašvieniai sky motif ) and boar tusks also culturally link Satem Balts to Syezzhe by Samara From the Samara culture to the present speakers of the archaic roots of Baltic type ( and Slavic ) languages have been indisputably polyethnic in various degrees in their long mosaic evolution The divergence of language is usually happening while there is also a convergence of languages Europe today is like an unmarked ancient sack of mixed genetic seeds The Sudovians ( Dainavians Yotvingians ) Galindians Pomesanians and various Prussians together formed a closely related Baltic language group known as the Western Balts ( West Baltic Barrow cultures ) to which one should also include the ancient Curonians The languages of both the Western and Eastern Balts ( Lithuanian Samogitian and Latvian ) evolved from the varied poly-ethnic Pre-Baltic Satem languages that migrated ( each differently ) from the late Sredny Stog horizon and subsequent Middle Dnieper culture regional variant subcultures These early Baltic language settlement areas of which ( the lower
reaches of the Vistula Daugava the Nemunas basin the upper reaches of the Dnieper amp even
to the Urals ) - is known to have developed into the (1) Early East Baltic Area of
Northern amp NE dialects ( w LWb ) and (2) Early West Baltic Area of Western amp Coastal dialects The Sudovians Prussians and Curonians can be regarded as links in a chain of this latter group while the Lithuanians Žemaitians
( Samogitians ) and Latvians ( R1a1a1 L235 L784 amp Z92) are considered to be the remnants (R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants) of a more Northern Early East-Baltic ( LWb allele ) area migration The differences between East and West Baltic cultures are reflected by Y-DNA data currently processed by the U of AZ ( re
Sintashta C14 dates ) in Tucson
The Eastern most dialects of the Early East-Baltic area ( Fatyanovo-Balanovo ) did not survive intact to be documented beyond numerous hydronyms and many archaic loanwords in various Finnic languages ( gyenta gyentar ) and Indic ( dhēnā śapharas rathas ) as well as contributing later to Russian dialects (re
ГОЛЯДЬ Terje Mathiassen amp Sprachbund notion ) There are loanwords in Saacutemi from Volga-East-Baltic that show no indications of Finnic sound changes ( ie
Saacutemi luossalt Volga-Baltic lašiša vs Finnish lohi salmon ) which help to approximately date a common source language for Finnic and Saami - and trade with Volga-Balts The loanwords were decidedly not prestigious items of an arrogant elite ie Saacutemi duovli Latvian dagla tinder or for example North Saacutemi suoidni hay Finnish heinauml id Lith šienas id Finnish ranta shore Lith krantas id
From reconstructions of the many cultural loanwords in Finno-Uralic by linguists amp those found in Vedic one might gather that the languages of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo Volga-Balts resembled a very archaic ( circa 2800 BCE ) East Baltic Samo-Lettic (w their Solar cult amp Sun songs) surviving ( LWb allele
R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants Z92 L235 L784 amp Kz) and evolving for the most part into Modern East-Baltic Lithuanian Žemaitian and Latvian and being culturally preserved in their dainos dainās especially those with a solar theme Many East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo artifacts exhibit designs reflecting such solar themes Abashevo rosettes mirror Latvian sun sign folk designs
Lexical Provenance gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Some regard the central Latvian system of three intonations ( also in Samogitian-
Žemaitian ) as an archaism of the Baltic group while others (Stang 1966 142 ) view the 3 tones as a reflection of accent retraction due to contact with another language ( a new broken tone from where stress was retracted to a syllable which originally had acute tone ) These related Northern Boat Axe tribes include the D Balts of the late great Balticist V Mažiulis Given the earlier political assassination of Lithuanian linguist Jonas Kazlauskas by the KGB (Deacutejagrave Vu - again - re Maris Prof Yuri Anduganov ) it perhaps was a safer label than a more accurate Ural Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a12 etc Z92 L235 type Kz ) or more inflammatory yet factual Volga-Kama Balts Neutralizing scholars is so
passeacute The settlement of East Balts in Russia three thousand years before the arrival of East Slavs was not politically expedient information nor particularly welcome It still isnt welcomed to this day like the Turim Basin ( VRC )
Tocharians in China Note loanwords into Finno-Ugric below (Gordeev 1967
180-203 Redei 1986 25-26) - of a specifically archaic East Baltic lexical Fatyanovo provenance ie žalga dagla darža vežys (v)āžys gentar kela ratas tilta kāras deivas not some amorphous Proto Balto-Slavic Finnish Perkele amp Votiak Perkịno reflect a Fatyanovo Baltic ldquoalpinerdquo velar that is altogether absent in Slavic Perun Details details details
Baltic amp Uralic in Vedic
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The old names of the various groups were derived from nearby hydronyms such as the historic Lamai by the Lama river or the Eastern Galindai ( ГОЛЯДЬ
) Some of these Eastern Balts by the Ural mountains evidently merged culturally with or extended to the nearby cosmopolitan poly-ethnic Abashevo culture which became a major component of the Sintashta Arkaim culture ( Kuzmina 2000 Pryakhin et al 2001 ) later becoming one of many conservative Alakul dialects to Pre-BMAC Proto-Indo-Aryan ( Proto-Vedic ) Some Abashevo pottery looks quite similar to and even blends specific darža designs from Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) which indicates East Baltic Corded Ware culture (Kuzmina OV 2000) integration in the Abashevo ethnogenesis as well as in later Sintashta-Arkaim One of the uniquely Fatyanovo-Balanovo trademark ceramic designs ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 ) was a pecular darža checkered double row diamond rhombus (
languotas raštas rūtains ) pattern which found its way into both Andronovo amp Timber Grave ( Srubna Pozdnyakovo ) ceramics and culture ( copyjp ) It is also indisputably evident in Andronovo Fedorovo artifacts ( re Kuzmina 2007 p 653
fig 41 Urefty pottery 3 amp 44 p 628 fig 19 5 Smolino pottery Also fig 101 14 Mundigak
Period VI Kandahar valley ) Lith piešalas Sanskrit peśalas Buckle up
If unique designs were assimilated unique words were probably assimilated as well Ratas isnt some amorphous proto-balto-slavic word Ratas is GAS East Baltic just like its unique trademark darža checkered ceramics ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) of Fatyanovo barley amp hemp farmers Baltic in Vedic Checked mate Que rico A Uralic component of poly-ethnic Balanovo culture ( Goldin 1999 130 ) may also account for old Uralic words in Andronovo culture and adding chamotte-grog in ceramics Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link the panta between the two disparate cultures of Poltavka and Volosovo-Garino Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered pottery connects Poltavka amp Volosovo-Garino revealing the conduit for cultural exchange The Southern
most peripheral Baltic dialects were from the Sosnica cultural complex ( gt
Milograd amp Jukhnovo cultures ) which much later on assimilated with migrating Eastern Slavic speakers ( R1a1a- Z92 ) Yet it should be remembered that neither Satemization or Ruki match genetic charts very well
Map of the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Cultures
with Dative Plural M amp R1a- M417 Z283
The early ancestors of the West Balts ( R1a1a- Z280 ) were the West Baltic Barrow culture and the Mazovia-Podlasie groups of the Trzciniec culture along the Bug river basin which bordered the autonomous Komarov ( Proto-Slavic ) culture of the Podolian Uplands further to the South The Baltic Trzciniec (Streaked pottery) culture was related to the autonomous Komarov culture but different as ceramics metalwork hydronyms and burial rites indicate This difference can be seen in the word for mans best friend dog where West Baltic had suns vs Old Church Slavic pьsъ or rock - Baltic akmō ašmō vs OC Slavic kamy West Baltic pausē pine vs Slavic bor or sosna (lt sopsna ) and also with many fundamental lexical and mythological disparities In contrast note East Baltic šuo with Kalasha šua dog or Lith puš-es pines and Waigali puċ pine (see Haplogroup U4 below) The West-Satem branch relatedness is illustrated by the word for name - West Baltic emens Albanian emen and Slavic imę vs more Central-Satem East Baltic Lithuanian vardas
The West Baltic Barrow culture and Trzciniec evolved into the later Pomeranian culture ( R1a1a- Z280 L365 ) horizon The West Baltic dialect area flourished with their lively amber trade with the Unitice culture and beyond Even as late as the Early Iron Age (600 BCE) the southern limit of the large Sudovian culture territory bordered the SlavicScythian Chernoles culture Scytho-Sarmatian (Ossetic) and Slavic isoglosses can be illustrated in Ossetic terminology of agriculture ( yoke harvest reaping-hook ) - in somatic terminology ( ear ) and in kinship ( sister brother mother father mother and father-in-law ) The Slavic and Mid-Iranian RUKI had much in common as well as Slavic loss of word-final -s which may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by Timber Grave Iranian contact (re U3)
The Neuri of Herodotus gtgtgt|||ltltlt
According to Herodotus (approx 450 BCE) the Neuri ( Νέσροι ) were a tribe living
North of the Tyres (Dneister river) and the furthest nation beyond the Scythian farmers along the course of the river Hypanis (Bug river) The Bug river meets the Naura ( Baltic name for the Narew ) river The Naura river leads one to Galinda and Suduva Since trade increased recognition the Neuri of Herodotus were possibly related to the Galindians and Sudovians Herodotus also mentions the wild white horses nearby that grazed by a great lake which scholars today suggest are the Podlesie marshes by the Bialowieza Forest Yotvingian Tarpans from the Bialowieza Forest seasonally faded to near white in Winter In 500 BCE Eastern Europe climate was much cooler and wetter There is still a town in Poland named Nur ( Νσρ) 52deg 40 0 N 22deg 18 0 E along the upper Bug River near the Bialowieza Forest The Nurzec river runs nearby and the local district currently bears the rivers name Balts traditionally take ethnonyms from local hydronyms The Baltic verbal roots nur- to immerse or niur- to get murky may be sources of the local hydronym Archaeologists have excavated a fortified settlement and an open settlement near Moloczki Poland by the Nurzec river There are probably many more yet unexcavated in Ziemia Nurska as the area is known as Udmurt nur swamp might contradict this theory
The Balts of Ptolemy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Greek geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd Century AD mentioned only two
Baltic tribal nations the Γαλίνδαι and Σοσδινοί Romans coins ( Tiberius
Caligula ) unearthed in Suduva predate Ptolemys account Σουδινοί was
possibly a typo for Σουδιυοί (re Ιαησγγιωνες) It is of interest to note that an early differentiation of dialects also took place in the Central Eastern dialects evolving early Lithuanian Žemaitian Latvian at a period when the neuter gender was still common in East Baltic ( Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish kela reel spool
Old Prussian kelan wheel )
The Western Balts gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Western Baltic dialect that later gave rise to the Sudovian Galindian Pomesanian and various Prussian languages is one of the dialects of the Early-Western Baltic Area ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) The Coastal West Balts emerged as yet another dialect (Curonian language) of the Peripheral Early-West Baltic Area near the bordering dialects of the Central Early-East Baltic language area The Western Balts were a poly-ethnic hybrid mix of Corded Ware Satem peoples on outliers of Funnel Beaker Globular Amphora with Nemunas - Narva substratum ( GAS ) population Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements there
( Brazaitis 2005 fig 5 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import
Thus the Western Balts should include the Sudovians ( Яцьвягі ) Galindians Pomesanians and various Prussians and also the Curonians the former comprising the Southern group and the latter the Coastal Northern group This explains the close similarity between Sudovian ( Yotvingian ) Galindian Pomesanian and Prussian A successful modern revival of the Prussian language is now known as New Prussian A link to their Prussian language website is provided below
The Old Prussian Sembian dialect though exhibits a prolonged influence ( Pratorius corrupt Prussian ) from the influx of nearby Curonians when compared to the more distant Pomesanian or Sudovian The Sembian dialect of the Old Prussian Catechisms has muti tawas (mother father) whereas the Pomesanian of the Elbing Vocabulary has mothe towis The chronicled Sudovian Occopirmus similarly differs from the Catechism Sembian ucka- Farther inland away from coast and Curonians we do find Prussian Tlokunpelk - Bears Marsh Galindian did not historically border the Curonians and was close to Sudovian in many respects
Certain innovations (ie thousand participle ) that occurred in the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 L235 L784 N1c1 ) dialects are not reflected in the
Peripheral ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) Western Baltic dialects ( with attrition to 4 core
declensional cases re neighboring Gothic) Each area also had different mixtures of substratum populations involved in their ethno-genetic formations ( re LT F-U
Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) and later neighboring influences The Peripheral West Baltic dialects exhibit an archaic appearing declension which gives one a unique window into both Baltics and the Northern Indo-European GAS influenced dialects and the influence of diverse substratum on varied evolutions The currently spoken East Baltic dialects are more evolved expressive and elegant Bi-lingual West East Baltic speakers adopted East Baltic rather quickly
The traditional academic construct of a seven case declensional system for early Proto Indo-European is as synthetic as it is theoretically convenient ( Jeannette DeBusk Cox )
Only nominative genitive dative and accusative forms have constant
intercrossing functions in various Indo-European languages while forms used for the instrumental or locative cases (traditionally declared to be Common Indo-
European) have related functions eg the IE -ois may occur in the instrumental case in one language and in the locative case in other ones or -ō (apophonically) -ē occurs as -āt in the Indo-Iranian ablative and as -it in the Hittite instrumental Such intercrossing elements were used for semi-paradigmatic adverbial forms differently paradigmatized in the various Indo-European languages (V Toporov V J Mažiulis)
Eastern amp Western Baltic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Some very archaic lexical differences exist between the Western Baltic ( R1a1a-
Z280 L366 etc ) dialects and the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92
L235 N1c1 ) dialects The word for fire is just such an example The Western Balts used the word panu whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ugnis Another example is the word for wheel The Western Balts used the word kelan whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ratas These words have cognates in other ancient Indo-European languages ( For the
Centum GAS ratʔas relationship between Old Irish roth Lithuanian ratas and
Sanskrit ratha - see below ) That such diversity of basic terminology existed within Proto-Baltic illustrates the antiquity of the West East Baltic vocabulary inherited from the late Sredny Stog horizon (3500-3350 BCE) into the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Middle Dnieper culture ( R1a1a- Z280 ) horizon that influenced the evolution of divergent dialects by cultural contacts Outliers of Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva populations added poly-ethnic substratum cultural influence ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 Česnys et al 1990
Mochalov OD 2001-2002 ) to Fatyanovo contributing a residual non-Satem vocabulary of their central European GAS Centum words like pẽku - livestock ( vsSatem Lith pešti pešus pẽšis OCS pьsъ ) and perhaps gradually compromising East Baltic Ruki Non-IE East Baltic substratum ( Pit Comb Ware N1c1 Uralic amp Nemunas-Narva w U5b2 ) bilinguals were perhaps a phonetic impetus behind Dative Plural -m- from -b- for example Baltic žambas Estonian hammas as well as the custom of adding chamotte-grog to ceramics ( re LT F-U Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) The Dative Plural -m- from -b- probably reflects early Baltic area GAC trade network contact dialects The loss of the neuter gender in East Baltic was due to primarily inherited dynamics of rearrangement Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains yet Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of the language - even after the era when dialects became languages The formative influence of poly-ethnic substratum populations on the various early Baltic-type dialects thus becomes easily apparent even for a layman to grasp
In regard to variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele in regions of East vs West Balts provides solid scientific proof of an ancient genetic distinction ( E Baltic -
W Baltic lt R1a- Z280 ) between speakers of the two Baltic groups Theories of a Proto-Balto-Slavic split around 1000 BCE (eg Kortlandt 1982 181) naively contradict the immense volume of linguistic archaeological and emerging genetic DNA (lt link ) Corded Ware evidence Latvia has eleven C-14 dates of Corded Ware Culture ( Loze 1992 A Kriiska 2001 ) with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (w 954 probability) A fish diet ( eg šapalas ) may lessen those calculations a little bit but not greatly
Another key feature of West Baltic languages is the asigmatic nominative singular neuter gender ending in -n This is noted in such words as kelan ( wheel ) azeran ( lake ) and dadan ( milk ) There are also many neuter gender words that end in -u such as panu ( fire ) pẽku ( livestock ) as well as alu ( mead re Latvian aluot ) of which the later two may well be from Centum Globular Amphora substratum and amber trade contacts Note Old Prussian panno ( re panu-staklan ) and Gothic fōn Armenian hur hnoc Old Prussian druwis Iranian dhruvi- indicate the core Satem foundation of West Baltic Aswinan amp dadan certainly do The neuter gender asigmatic -n exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp [ re neuter vaška beeswax gt Finnish vaha ] The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords or modern East Baltic ( Prussian median vs Samogitian medė forest ) once again dating a the West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 )
pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-Svitych 1963 42-44 see below ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as Lydian The developements of the Slavic neuter are being still debated This isogloss could provide insight about the Novosvobodna Maykop type steppe burial orientation tradition of Fatyanovo males to SW females to NE as well as Novosvobodna Maykop type metallurgic influences on Fatyanovo [ re
Samogitian medė forest Finnish metsauml - forest Estonian mets Votic meccauml Karelian mečču id Lule Saacutemi miehttjēn far away Saacutemi meahcci forest fringe Hungarian ( ) messze far distant East Baltic tilta bridge - Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish silta bridge Estonian sild Volgaic Erzya śid-al sed id lt Skt sētu- band bridge Latvian sēta fence ]
A very unique feature preserved in the West Baltic languages is the Genitive singular declensional ending in -as for words that end in -as or -an in the Nominative case Hittite also shared this feature -aš lt -os as well as perhaps neighboring Gothic ( nomgensg harjis ) nearby in the West although mere appearances may be misleading Neighboring Wielbark culture ( Gothic
I1-M253 - Y-DNA ) interaction with West Baltic tribes especially the Galindians appears to have been co-operative and mutually beneficial The border between the two may account for certain Gothic type loanwords into the Baltic languages This Gen -as declensional ending is as disconcerting for
expedited Balto-Slavic theories as the East Baltic neuter although it does strengthen and lend support to the effect of GAS Such a generalized declensional feature is noted in a word like Nominative singular pēdan ( ploughshare ) Genitive singular pēdas or in the West Baltic Genitive singular Deivas ( Gods ) and in places names ( re Wilkaskaymen ) Many unique features of West Baltic are relics from the Proto-Indo-European Sredny Stog horizon (4500-3350 BCE) as is the deduced archaic East Baltic ( amp R1a1a- Z92
Slavic ) singular neuter with -d resembling a Lydian type developement - unlike West Baltic
West Baltic has the same four nominal accent classes as does Lithuanian but it has retained the original accentual state of Dnieper Baltics ( an acute rising
accent and a circumflex falling accent) The first class is the acute barytone paradigm The second is the circumflex barytone paradigm Thirdly the acute mobile paradigm Lastly the circumflex mobile paradigm
The Archaeological Record gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Reading from the archaeological record one can associate dates of 3200 - 2300 BCE with various material artifacts (toy wheeled wagon) and increased plant ( hemp and wheat ) pollens that appear to indicate the arrival of Baltic speaking peoples in the Baltic region who appear gradually and slowly settled in well among native populations ( recently arrived Uralic Comb amp Pitted Ware Cultures
( N1c1 ) mixed with an older Nemunas amp Narva Substratum w U5b2 amp Centum Globular
Amphora outliers ) Recent archaeological finds of Triticum and Cannabis pollen circa 5600 BCE from the Akali Neolithic Narva-Kunda settlement in East Estonia ( A Poska L Saarse et al 2006 ) places Cannabis cultivation in the Baltic region much further back into antiquity than even the Corded or Pitted Ware eras Also the East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants also Z92 ) had more close contact with Uralic (eg Kiukainen culture ) and nearby Pit-grave Yamna Āryan speaking cultures than the West Balts ( Sanskrit hastas amp Lith
žastas ) After 2750 BCE the agricultural record intensifies ( Rimantienė et al
1999 ) as well as beginning East Baltic copper ( varis ) amp bronze metallurgy near the Ural Mountains The East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo era metallurgy proceeded the Seima-Turbino culture horizon ( vaška = Old East Baltic
neuter )
A forest-zone polyethnic ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Abashevo culture by the Urals emerged with MVK Catacomb influenced early Eastern Balts Volga Finns and Pit-grave Pre-Indo-Aryans from the steppe-zone using the same process Migrations often follow climate changes ( re the
Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase ) around the 3rd millennium BCE the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BCE amp the 12th century BCE Each migration would encounter different native ethnic groups and influence the dominant language during assimilation of those ethnic natives Indo-European peoples amp languages have ALWAYS been multi-ethnic The new molecular DNA archaeology proves it beyond question We are all related - literally
The high incidence of Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 suggest long term relations and admixture with the Uralic speaking population of the Baltic Volga and Ural region which may have had a conservative influence on the East Baltic Satem dialects and speakers Note Kurdish varg vs Komi Zyryan voumlrkas wolf N1c appears to emanate East amp West from the Ural region probably with its origin in Khakassia The divergence of language is usually happening while there is also a convergence of languages
Fatyanovo-Balanovo gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The early Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture ( 3300 - 1800 BCE Loze 1992 Tab1 ) was an Northeastern extension of the East Baltic Corded Ware culture (w mtDNA
N1a1a1 R1a1a1 ldquoM‟srdquo also Z92 LWb allele ) following various rivers in the North like the Oka to the upper Volga and Kama confluence in what is now Russia Fatyanovo developed from an early Northern variant of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon It is here that pottery displays a unique Fatyanovo Baltic style of mixed Corded Ware and Globular Amphora ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 )
features amp exhibits a trademark checked motif design ornamentation not found with the steppe cultures ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) thus allowing their contacts with those cultures to be tracked - even into Sintashta amp beyond The parallel lines motif may represent a darža or a tilled garden plot ( re Finnish tarha lt Fatyanovo ) perhaps from Dnieper Satems or GAS ( copyjp ) Compare the darža motif to the Bronocice farmers pot ( re CWC Eulau-Shughnan
DNA ) Fatyanovo hemp provided a water resistant fishing line for hooks and nets ( amp herbal medication ) and barley provided bread ( Latv miezē ) Fatyanovo migrations also correspond to regions with hydronyms of an East Baltic language dialect mapped by linguists as far as the Oka river and the upper Volga as well as regions with elevated frequencies of the rare LWb allele Spreading eastward down the Volga and beyond they discovered amp exploited the copper ores of the the western Ural foothills and started long term settlements in the lower Kama river region The East Balt Paimenes herdsmen brought their ešva - tarpan horse šėmas gōvs - gray cow avis - sheep parša - pig (neut) ratas - wheel ašis - axle tilta - bridge žalga - long fishing pole for šapalas red finned dace in the jaura - marsh a pada - clay pōdas - pot of kāras medu - honeycomb honey apiculture amp daržai - tilled crop plots - including javas - cereal grain maižis - barley šaras - seed sālis - salt along with varia - copper metallurgy and a tūšanti - thousand ( see below ) of their dainās - Holy Songs of their šventa - spiritual beliefs about dermė - harmony and the celestial -deivas
Trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo
checked ceramic darža motif copyjp
Fatyanovo cemeteries would sometimes have graves of not only people but also bear and other animals which are buried with ritual close by in individual graves Solar designs ( Solar cult clan re Saulės Rẽtis ) commonly adorn East Baltic Fatyanovo ceramics as do trademark checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Livestock includes cattle ( Y-DNA H10 ) horses sheep pigs and dogs ( North Saami šūvon trained dog ) and apiculture Balanovo livestock initially had more swine and sheep than other livestock Excavations indicate hunting and fishing ( žalga šapalas ) was often practiced ( Lougas 1999 ) as well as swidden agriculture ( Krasnov 1971 ) They gathered hazel nuts Excavations indicate Fatyanovo cultivated barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972
Jaanits 1992 49 ) Bone wrist guards imply they were accomplished archers Two-wheeled wagons (Goldina 1999) are also typical finds ( re ratas ) as are toy wheels There are a profusion of sites in the northern Baltic countries including
the Kazan Russia (Volga-Kama) region The more metallurgically exploited Ural region of the Fatyanovo culture was designated as the Balanovo culture (2900-
2100 BCE) from a cemetery found near the town Balanovo cemeteries had both kurgan ( Lith kapas ) and flat type burials ( like Abashevo - Kuzmina 2007
p221 ) The funeral chambers were wooden constructions in rectangular pits with the deceased wrapped in birch bark or hides
SW amp NE gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Balanovo copper metallurgy has its roots in central European cultural traditions which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper Cultural area Balanovo jewelry duplicates specific designs of a Central European provenance perhaps derived from the Centum Globular Amphora substratum assimilated into the Middle Dnieper - Fatyanovo cultures East Baltic lexicon also has unique isoglosses with Central European Celto-Italic dialects w ERC GAC bilinguals which also shared the BBC amp TRB substrate found in the Centum Globular Amphora horizon ( semti ratas peku ) Emulating the earlier poly-ethnic Globular Amphora ERC culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers adorned their ceramics with specific solar or unique designs ( re
Globular Amphora amp Narva substratum w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) valued pork ( parša ) high among livestock and practiced copper metallurgy But quite unlike the Globular Amphora culture stone cist burials with heads oriented to the East Satem Fatyanovo-Balanovo orientated male burials to the Southwest ( ДАКрайнов 1964 1972 re 188-192 ) - per steppe Maykop custom - as did the nearby related Satem Pit Grave culture and the much later early phase Sarmatian burials of Pokrovka Even a distant Afanasievo migration burial east of the Ural river with its Repin traits orientated the male to the southwest By 2600 BCE the Fatyanovo Balanovo culture and its copper metallurgy was firmly established in the Volga-Kama Ural region East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo Ural metallurgy was the nexus for a revolution that would sweep across the steppes and beyond
Cis-Ural Metallurgy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The villages were composed of above ground wooden houses built from logs with saddled roofs and had fenced enclosures ( Udmurt kar - town site Komi kar -
site of ancient town Mordvinian Erzya kardas - enclosure courtyard w -as ending lt
East-Baltic gardas - enclosure vs Ossetian kaeligrt - id ) East Baltic Balanovo and Finno-Uralic Volosovo peoples apparently mixed well ( LWb allele amp N1c1 ) without too much conflict as they did with steppe peoples with whom they they had contact via trade with the Caucacus metalworkers The East Balt association with amber is quite old ( ДАКрайнов 1972 1973 Loze 1979 1993 ) Chuvash jandar and Hungarian ( w LWb ) gyentar - amber gyenta - resin reflect the legacy of an archaic adjectival -tar neuter suffixed Balanovo
( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin Skt jatu - resin jātarūpa - golden ( lt jęta-rūpa Lith gentaro-rupis re Skt jā-ta- Lith gen-tis ) Avestan toponym jatara- resinous Corded Ware Balanovo amp Abashevo metallurgy would provide significant impetus to Seyma-Turbino metallurgy ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked celt-axes lt gt ) Komi ram- calm peace and
erd- field reflect peaceful interaction with the Volga-Balts ( Lith erdvas ardvas
Saacutemi aacutervas ) Note Komi rit - evening and Lettic riets- sunset The pirtis - log shed (sauna) of the pioneering Volga-Balts was evidently noticed and emulated by the locals ( Mari poumlrt Saacutemi barta) Finnish Orja - slave Estonian [gen] Orja Udmurt Var Komi Ver Mokša Urauml Erzya Ure - slave indicates some later conflicts with the Āryans - as do some archaeological sites ( note - all the various late Finnic Āryan terms lack archaic nominative s - like later Timber-
Grave Iranian ) In contrast Saacutemi Oarje just designates a direction ( Abaev 1981 85
) Variations (re mtDNA Z1a V ) among Saacutemi mtDNA now show an earlier link to the Volga-Ural region ( M Ingman et al 2007 ) Neither the LT Aukštaičiai nor the Saacutemi have any common European mtDNA H1 ( ) The Saacutemi may well have an old folk saying similar to Oh well there goes the neighborhood but it has eluded my research into it
Residual Stratum gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Scholars are still perplexed by the imbalance or lopsided ratio of loanwords between East Baltic and the Uralic languages This is because the bulk of Baltic loanwords into Uralic arent loanwords per se but rather residuals of a scattered ( LWb allele R1a Z92) stratum language reflecting the widespread and prolonged assimilation of bilingual archaic East Baltic speaking Fatyanovo-Balanovo Battle Axe settlers and their poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a N1c1 ) descendants ( Finnish heimo sisar Saacutemi gaacuteibmi ) with the numerically dominant Uralic tribes for millennia The merging of Comb and Corded Ware ceramics ( w chamotte or grog ) and other associated artifacts reflect this hybrid cultural horizon ( Lith šeškas Mari šāškə Veps hāhk re Sanskrit śaśakas ) The Kiukainen culture is one example Multi-room houses also appear Some isolated pockets of poly-ethnic Baltic speakers such as the ГОЛЯДЬ survived intact even up to historic times North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92 N1c1) with tl dl consonant cluster changes gt kl gl - like East Baltic implies multiple pockets of poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a1a Z92 N1c1 ) East Baltic speakers there Yet the rate of assimilation eventually outpaced the passage of substratum language inheritance Hence the additional impact of not uncommon Baltic-Uralic bilingualism ( eg Kiukainen culture ) on the structure of Finnic languages along with a myriad of archaic common everyday ( EB neuters - heinauml hay tarha
garden plot silta bridge ) terminology Uralic impacted Baltic as well The absence of weaponry or conflict terms is notable - and in hindsight altogether wise Fatyanovo-Balanovo East Baltic ( w GAS ) had became an established regional poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) substratum language ( paimen herder )
throughout its range ( re LWb allele ) Although numerically overwhelmed its innovative broad-based ( apiculture agriculture building amp metallurgy ) cultural impact proved enduring - as expressed in the Kiukainen culture Scholars are not fond of such dramatic re-assessments even when molecular DNA amp traditional archaeology clearly illuminates the mounting dateable evidence The challenging complexity of Finno-Ugrian origins and evolution has only grown with recent studies yet traditional archaeology acknowledges that Fatyanovo-Uralic contact ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 N1c1 ) zones precede Āryan-Uralic contact ( Krajnov 1972 251-252 Gurina 1963 133 139 Khalikov 1969 205 Tretrsquojakov
1966 135 ) Fatyanovo used chamotte admixture in ceramics like their neighbors ( Laitinen et al 2002 ) Some Aryan loanwords in Uralic may reflect a poly-ethnic Alakul forest re-intrusion and were diffused by a subsequent F-U speakers migration as implied by DNA genetics And the earliest Corded Ware words found in Uralic are an identifiable archaic East Baltic ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem
1000 ) as exemplified by a shared vocabulary ( Mari karas šāškə Lith šeškas
Sanskrit śaśakas ) amp the singular neuter and not some amorphous pre-Baltic that vanished without a trace
Kela vs Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Overlapping the Southern edge of the Fatyanovo - Balanovo region by where the rivers flow South another group of the East Baltic-type Satem Corded Ware pottery tradition ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) later
developed that is called the Abashevo culture ( 2400 - 1800 BCE ) after a nearby village East of Kazan Russia The Abashevo culture exhibited strong influences from both Pit-grave and MVK Catacomb cultures on its Baltic-type Corded Ware traditions Abashevo metallurgy was proportionally less weapon-oriented than that of their Pit-grave Āryan neighbors exhibiting more utilitarian or artistic ornamental products That being said Abashevo weapon metallurgy was innovative and the designs were adopted by Andronovo cultures Unlike the Pit-grave Āryans of the bordering steppe the forest dwelling Abashevo like the Balanovo mixed some with the local Volosovo ( N1c1 ) hunters amp foragers influencing their culture in many ways The Abashevo relations with Seima - Turbino were also apparently fruitful for each other (East Baltic Fatyanovo kela
Finnish kela - reel spindle Fatyanovo amp Lith ratas Finnish amp Estonian ratas - wheel North
Saami raacutehtis - id Fatyanovo amp Lith kepti Saami giksa- kopša- to cook) The archaic East Baltic kela vs ratas usage invites scholarly investigation of the neuter in East Baltic as well as assessing Globular Amphora poly-ethnic Substratum influence from ERC Finnish taivas Estonian taevas amp Saacutemi daivas - heaven reflect an archaic East Baltic influence still heard in Saule noiet dievā or Saule iet dievu of the old Latvian Dainās ( re H Biezais 1961
Gimbutas 1958 46 ) Lithuanian still has dievop dieviep declensions Perhaps
Saacutemi taiw Hungarian taacutej and Khanty tai - locus are also related if heaven is a place - somewhere
Like Balanovo sites many Abashevo settlements were also by the copper laden southwestern foothills of the Urals and as the Volga-Kama area Balanovo East-Balts did left ample kurgan burials and flat graves as part of their Abashevo burial rite Late Abashevo artifacts were found in Sintashta ( Pre-Vedic ) culture graves Sintashta also had not only one but two flat grave cemeteries along with the expected more prestigious kurgans Sintashta ceramics display the influence of early Abashevo amp Fatyanovo-Balanovo pottery styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) just as many
Sintashta Europoid remains exhibit the dolichocephaly of Abashevans ( Schwidetzky 1978 Menck 1980 Gimbutas 1997 322 ) amp Fatyanovans ( Denisova 1980
Rimantiene amp Cesnys 1996 50 Loze 1996 68 ) Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo )
ceramics with chamotte exhibit a projecting rim as does later Abashevo ( re
mtDNA N1a1a1 294 ) The artifacts suggest a unique cultural exchange between poly-ethnic ( w Uralic amp GAS admixture) Abashevo and Fatyanovo-Balanovo people into the Sintashta culture of Pre-Vedic peoples ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The nearby Volga Finnic Erzya-Moksha Mordvin language group has preserved loanwords from early Āryan Volga-East-Baltic and possibly a Pre-Tocharian Repin type language which would seem to confirm the probability of such exchanges Residual Ural-Volga Repins may well have become contributing substratum in the ethno-genesis of the Corded Ware Abashevo considering their geographical locations The Volga-Sok river Ural region by Samara has yielded Repin-influenced pottery reflecting the Repin influenced pottery of the earliest Afanasievo kurgans Early Uralic exchanges with IE Centum speakers probably correlate with this regional Volga-Repin horizon by the Urals Re haplogroup U5 Tokharian A waumls Tokharian B yasa - gold ( PT wesā ) Uralic Mari waž Kamassian waza Votyak az-veś Hungarian vas Mansi atvės Forest Nenets wyesya whereas Saacutemi vieške Moksha uśkauml Estonian vask reflect Tokharian A wsā-yok lt wesā-yāku - gold colored Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration with decorated rims on a round-based pot The NE orientation of male burials characteristic of Don Repins is also noted later with some ( not all ) Timber-Grave burials vs the early Afanasievo migration burials with Repin traits which orientated males to the southwest like Poltavka Fatyanovo ( Lith talka
telkti East Tocharian A talke Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) and the early phases of Sarmatian burials
Indo-Āryan Soma ( contents lt source ) preserved the native Uralic ( N1c1 ) word for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) was pressed with stones in water to produce a batch of the Soma beverage ( re Khanty Sŏma hewn
mortar-bowl Estonian Soim hewn manger ) or passed around and shared The misnomer well have been a cross-cultural semantic mistranslation from Balanovo-Volosovo contacts Finger pointing can be misconstrued as Elbing Vocabulary 141 comically demonstrates Some other tribes may have noticed East Baltic Balanovo neuters were one consonant shy of a combo plate and later added one Amanita muscaria reflects the Sun-Moon symbolism well
especially as they rise amp set smoky chestnut red ( žalas ) An pioneer ethno-mycologist R Gordon Wasson identified Vedic Soma as Amanita muscaria in his 1967 book although its legendary use was clearly Pre-Vedic Note that Balanovo and Volosovo-Garino ( Finno-Uralic ) culture pottery are sometimes discovered in sites side by side ( Goldin 1999130 ) inferring very close contacts (re mtdna haplogroup U4 [ Pliss et al 2005 16134ndash16356ndash16362 Bermisheva et al 2002 16189ndash16311ndash16356
Derbeneva et al2002b ] R1a amp N1c1 ) Ethnic customs were shared The Volosovo ( N1c1) use of talc or chamotte to temper pottery is significant since the custom of talc admixture is shared in Abashevo ceramics and later found in Sintashta culture ceramics Two pots unearthed far away near Sarazm betray their poly-ethnic Abashevo Ural area ( N1c1) origination by their unusual talc admixture
One side effect of the Ural region metallurgic bonanza was the need to defend key mining claims and production An escalation in production of weapons is noted The Pepkino burial kurgan suggests Abashevo northern territorial encroachment into Balanovo mining districts was strictly non-negotiable Later Sintashta - Arkaim type fortifications anticipated security concerns regarding metallurgic production centers
Sounds of Thunder gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Songs of the Erzya Mordvinic thunder spirit Purrsquogine Pərgənauml parallel both traditions of Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons and Rig Vedic Parjanyah closely ( Rig Veda Book 5 Hymn 83 ) The ancient Permic Komi myth of Pera the Giant amp the Oak grove like Parjanya and Erzya Pərgənauml may also reflect cultural integration or assimilation ( LWb R1a1a- Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) of residual Volga-Kama Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo East Balts by the Urals ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt checkered ornament of Volga-Urals ) The East
Balt type R1a1a- Z92 variant found among the Volga Erzya suggests such (
R1a1a- Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) Unlike Pera the giant amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Another Volga-Kama area Permic variation was noted by Y Wickman ( Teitoja Votjaakkien Mytologiiasta 1893
p 33)as the Votiak wrathful Perkịno who was offered bread gruel and ( ) butter The Chuvash still say ascha schapat about lightning Missionaries demonized the hewn idols as the devil of hell replacing them with a foreign stern storm-god tradition - and new improved idols There is even a Perkino Russia - somewhat near Tula
Legends of the North gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Recent discoveries have eclipsed traditional mindsets Aerial surveys revealed Sintashta amp Arkaim Archaeological analysis from excavations have revealed four thousand year old cultural intermingling ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) In 2002 Fragments of Lappish Mythology by Lars Levi Laestadius was finally published
in English It had been long forgotten since the 1840s The Saacutemi version of the Storm-giant bears a close conformity to Pera the giant and Parjanya ( RV 563 ) The evil troll hiding in the hollow ( Lith dumbas Slavic dub - oak ) gets zapped in the Saacutemi version reflecting Rig Veda 563 After ridding the world of evil the only reward Pera the giant wants is a net How odd A net Whatz wit that A net A more multi-cultural analysis would provide insight Perhaps one can discern a unity of traditions considering that a Baltic net Sietynas is also Pleiades ( Saacutemi siejdi gt ON seieth ) Pashto Perūne is the knotty six-star Pleiades Northern legends of the six bogatyr sons the Sun maiden Pera marries the Suns daughter Saulė and the bear Saulės ratelis the sun maidens ring sauryās rathas The golden horned elk Zarni Anj Shundy Mumy solar mother the crescent moon ( Saacutemi maacutennu maacuteno ) Saacutemi has pirjanne - borjja-dat storms There are many Saacutemi - Permic conformities ( Charnolusski 1965 101-130 ) The Perm culture of the Vychegda river region practiced both inhumation amp cremation In their region 34 of inhumations were oriented to the SW Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( Vychegda region ) burial orientations were also to the SW The northern peoples SW buried with head towards sunset orientation ( Taylor 1989 280 Mansin 1984 64 Karlalainen 1996 46 ) is explained as the South representing the Sky gt Heaven ( Lith dievas Estonian taevas Saacutemi taiw Hungarian
taacutej and Khanty tai ldquo ) Early phase Sarmatian burials are similar There are many northern shared traditions ( sarvas - hirvas - sirvas ) and legends with some well over four thousand years old ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) They are not well received today nor have been in the past ( Willumsen LH 1997 ) Nobody magically disappears not even in Las Vegas
Perga - Pargai gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The interpretation of the phonetics of Parjanyah should consider three factors Sanskrit J followed by a front vowel as in Parjanya matches a Baltic G ( Lith augu Skt ojah lt H2eug- ) Secondly classical Sanskrit parkaṭī - fig tree has a holly oak ( Quercus ilex ) dialect homonym in a western Punjabi dialect with parg-ai instead of park-aṭī ( note related Skt k-g-j- bhakti bhaga-
bhajati ) In other words the Punjab region Vedic Parjanyah may be phonetically interpreted as Pərgənyah from the Iranian-like R-only Rig Vedic dialect lt possibly reflecting a phonetic alternate Pərkənyas from another ( Alakul ) immigration of R amp L Madhyadeśa dialects of mixed lineage populace - say perhaps marginalized poly-ethnic metalworkers
artisans a post-Sintashta śāpharikas fisherman ( re śapharas gt महाशफर )
farmers and herders perhaps even Yadavas ( re the tadbhava layer ) The 800 years from Sintashta to the Vedas significantly impacted Indo-Iranian itself much less a few odd loanwords A phonetic Iranian-like Punjab Vedic Pərgənyah amp Pərgənauml of the Volga-Ural Erzya look suspiciously similar Whatz up with that Was there a Volga-Ural cultural contact in common with a similarly positioned ldquoalpinerdquo velar The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 ) indicates that very common contact were the Volga-Ural
Fatyanovo- Balanovo Balts and their descendants ndash the same mushroom munching forest folk with their rolling ratas gentara- golden amber and stinky šapalas breath Thirdly Parjanya ( Divas putrāya ) like Vāyu and his obscure dhēnā lt dainā have already been marginalized in the Punjab Rig-Veda of elite Āryan priests - with only a few old token hymns Times change people change languages change Even Gods change All we are is dust in the wind
More Bull gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In East Baltic Mythology Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons is closely associated with the Bull In Nuristani Mythology Paumlrun is a war god ( kariaunas ) In Pashto Perūne is the knotty Pleiades star cluster ( re Old Prus Perōni - group Lith Peruotas
- beetle brood Peras - egg brood larvae ) The reason Perkūnas-Perkaunis is associated with the Bull is due to the ancient correlation of the Taurus constellations importance to the agricultural Dnieper Satem Tripolye R1a1a- Z280 substratum of East Balts The Taurus constellation ( Latv Vērsis ) signaled the start of the growing year and the arrival of Perkaunis loud Thunder storms Pashto Pleiades is in ( you guessed it ) - the Taurus constellation ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) The stars brought the rain of the Bull representing the magic of fertility to the Z280 Satem farmers When the Satem East Balts assimilated the poly-ethnic Globular Amphora-post-Narva substatum with their pre-Fairguni a Centum velar was added to Peraunas by his wife Perkūnija hence the E+W poly-ethnic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons Uralic loanwords attest to this antiquity of the East Baltic ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive variant Perkūnas was very important to farmers unlocking the start of a new growing year by his loud return In Lithuania the first ritual plowing of the Spring was done by two sacred black ( kirsna- ) bulls His two stones ( not red ) release fire The goatish echoes of flying snipes before a storm warn of his arrival Stricken lightning locations are šventas The darža checkered ceramics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) in Sintashta and Alakul pottery track contacts with Fatyanovo-Balanovo Z92 farmers Parjanya later appears in the Rig Veda as an peripheral obscure deity even though he is a son of Heaven ( Divas putrāya ) He is associated with Soma Vāyu ( Lith
dialect Vėjus ) and has Bull symbolism He gladdens the Earth He has a trace of a misplaced velar unlike Pashto Perūne star cluster ( Pleiades - in Vērsis ) Paumlrun or Slavic velarless Perun Parjanya has lost his militaristic affinities amp exploits Early Mitanni mining contacts may culturally connect Ashur Marduk to the Asuras Maruts There were no copyrights back then The evil serpent and various keraunophobic belief systems have remained quite popular to this day It is the hero Indra who now frees the cattle from the Vala cave slays the Vritra ahi- serpent and throws the wheel of the kerauninkas Kāvya Uśanas ( Latv milna lt mildna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild-
Tocharian kaumlrwentildee )
Perunaš Peraunas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Angis anžuolas reflect connections to the Hittite ( Maykop or Lydian ) diffused Myth of Illuy-ankas (eel-snake Latin anguilla ) and a storm deity named Tarḫunna Perunaš a stone-boulder-cliff deity joins in ( Myth of Ullikummi Ivanov
1958 108-9 ) The peaks of Greek Κέρκυρα island Baden alpine Hercynia and GAC pre-Fairguni or later Norse Fjoumlrgyn mountain all have a peaked alpine velar whereas Middle Dnieper Tripolye Satem reflects a Hittite common gender Perunaš as the Middle Dnieper cultures velar-less Peraunas we all know and love ( Czech Peraun Slavic Perunŭ Polabian Peraumlune- ) Sanskrit velar-less
Paru Parv-ata mountain ( Hittite Peru Perunant- Avestan Paruuatā ) was also used for a cloud especially a massive knotty cumulonimbus cloud cluster the kind which usually precedes violent thunderstorms ( Rig Veda 106411 ) An affiliation of Peraunas with cumulonimbus thundercloud clusters geologic uplifts lightning-bolts and magic ceraunium stones ( Tocharian kaumlrwentildee pārem ) is still noted Neighboring Catacomb Culture provides a later Greek Keraunos - thunderbolt ( Grk Poimenes Lith Piemenes Kerauninkas ) Circular triple crossed ceraunic hexagrams were popular Baltic woodcarving motifs Lithuanian kerauti translates as to make magic sorcery Globular Amphora amp Northern Dnieper Satems assimilate uniquely blending Satem Peraunas amp Centum Perkūnija in a wedding of sky amp earth ( re post-GAC ON Fjoumlrgynn amp Fjoumlrgyn ) Perkaunas-Perkūnija unite the poly-ethnic Baltic Centum amp Satem farmers which also head East with his still new ERC velar wedding attire as Uralic words record Neither the Polabian Peraumlune nor Pashto Perūne ldquoclusterrdquo cognates have the ERC velar whereas the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno neighbors of Fatyanovo-Balanovo do Perkaunas adopts the mycological magic orphans of the forest folk along the way to the Urals with Fatyanovo-Balanovo metallurgic pioneers His reception was cordial but the forest is his home with his oak and his ever popular sacred orphans The Baltic etymology of the revered oak is perhaps a ldquosecretrdquo taboo double entendre ( ang-is anž-
uolas ) but knotty fits just fine Perkūnas clash with a hiding Velinas ( Latv jods -
black ) the serpent-demon in the oak ( Middle Welsh derwen ) over theft ( cattle-
fertility ) is an old theme Thus the traditional black hued choice of sacrifices especially during times of drought Fire in the oak Quercitron The Storms of Spring battle Winters dark deceit for the release and restoration of Life Perkūnas was to wed the laume water spirit Indraja but it was not to be Parjanya isnt as popular in the Avesta Nuristani Paumlrun is a war god no bull Parjanya has already been de-oaked by the time of the Vedas and his ancient heroic legends have been assigned to Indra Parjanyas name is still spoken by farmers The Komi have Pera the giant amp his Oak grove As for his northern šventas orphans ( V N Toporov 1979 RV 9823 ) word gets around For the paru
peru jointed knotty IE etymology see Karl Hoffman 1974 In addition I note Sanskrit Paru - knotty having joints ( esp of reed or cane ) and Lith Peras - jointed plant shoot ( eg of reed ) cluster as well as a cluster of white knotty or jointed larvae or brood cluster bear close etymological affinities ( for -as vs-us note Lith Vėjas vs dialect Vėjus ) This cluster could be of stones clouds rock eggs sprouts larvae chicks church goers reeds or
stars From the eggs amp seeds of PIE per- to bear begets the cluster That
cluster becomes a cloud ( Perunaš Peraun ) or if stone later becomes a mountain
( Perunant- Paruuatā ) The visual connection of a puffy cloud cluster with a cluster of cute fluffy chicks or squirming larvae ( Lith Peras ) may be easily comprehended by a native Oaxacan but most scholars to date just dont get it They may well never Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are all related cluster cognates GAS influenced Perkons amp Parjanya are also related and especially to each other with the GAS velar infixation - due specifically to Volga-Ural inter-ethnic contact ( copyVirdainas )
Oaks are strikingly knotty as are firs fingers posts backbones cliffs and clouds Oaks are also like mountains ( re Fairguni ) strikingly tall or as they say in Hittite Parku- or Tocharian Paumlrk- and long when felled ( Tocharian Paumlrkaumlr- again ) - as when one makes a 26 ft dugout canoe - or perga - pergas ( Finnish haapio lt Fatyanovo aspen canoe ) Greek Πέργ- implies a European substratum p inclination for expected b Khotanese bulysa also prefers the horizontal orientation A Proto-Kartvelian dialect root for acorn dialect for oak reflects ḳrḳo- which bares a striking similarity to Italic Kerkus an oak ( with
many branches ) Venetian Querquerni Thucydides mountain Kirkine Celtic alpine Hercynia gt Gothic mountain Fairguni gt ON Fjoumlrgyn Greek island Κέρκσρα Lith Kerkūrė - hill mountain summit Lith Kerkulė many branched stump ( trunk ) Lith Kerkutys branching trunk Welsh Perth bush ( with many branches ) Old Norse Fjoumlrr tree Lith Keras bush ( with many
branches ) Lith kerkoti ndash to ldquostickrdquo out - like the ldquoalpinerdquo velar in Perkons or Parjanya darža laquo checked raquo Alakul or Kandahar Mundigak-VI Afghan pottery or z92 by Samara Initial or medial Q gt T gt P is early Lengyel BBC influencing GAC TRB traders amp Baden outliers Follow the Money Lengyel - Bell Beaker culture influence is easily percieved in various numerals such as Breton pemp Swedish fem Old High German fimf Oscan pompe - 5 or Welsh pedwar Old English fēower vs Lith keturi Sanskrit chatur - 4 Perhaps also GAC 11 amp 12 w -p lt -q like 4 Jātarūpa amber Gentaro rupis (
FYI - Some Western Chicago dialects pronounce knotty amp naughty the same way ) The 2800 BCE Corded Ware GAC connection of ON alpine Fjoumlrgyn amp E Baltic elevated Perkūnija is fairly obvious given current archaeological amp DNA evidence Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are cluster cognates Perkons amp Parjanya are also related - due to contact Roth ratas rathas Embrace the Chaos
Velars amp Vowels
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Given what has been revealed from the archaeology of the Sintashta era and later ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornament of the Volga-Urals ) the northwestern Punjab Rig Vedic dialect of Parjanyah may reflect an earlier Volga-Urals region polyethnic Perkaunyas or Pərgənyas which would resemble the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno or Baltic Perkaunias very very closely Why are the nearest cognates of Parjanya with an rdquoalpinerdquo velar ( plosive ) only in Balto-Finnic Volgaic Permic Baltic and otherwise noticeably absent in surrounding Satem Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani European Celtic Hercynia Gothic Fairguni attest to Western perhaps GAC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive affinities ( re roth ratas rathas below ) As linguists struggle with the etymology of the Punjab Rig Vedic Parjanya or even Baltic Perkūnas for that matter did they even consider the heresy of a poly-ethnic origin ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2 ) or a GAC origin of the integrated ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive ( re Eulau GAC
DNA amp Shughnans ) Slavic Satem Ruki amp velarless Perun would support it Perkaunias gt Perkonias gt Pərganyas Short e o get leveled to a as Indo-Iranian evolves At least a half a millennium passes between Sintashta and the Vedas Velar plosive [-G-] before a front vowel becomes [-J-] In other words we are discussing a shared cultural tradition ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) spanning well over four thousand years ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 The laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Beyond the similar name itself the very verses of each cultures related hymns ( dainās ) exactly parallel each other in a truly uncanny way The inclusive Perkaunijas appealed to poly-ethnic farmers herders and smiths not to a xenophobic ruling elite The increased frequency of dental cavities in Arkaim remains may reflect polyethnic Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo populace Given the Fatyanovo link with Sintashta ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) amp Kandahar ceramics ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 laquo checked raquo 14 ) and Corded Ware Abashevo origins of chariot cheek-pieces in the Urals such speculation is well within reasonable parameters even for diehard skeptics ( DNA data pending ) The Sintashta metal workers were busy real busy - cooking ( varia ) copper which is noisy hot foundry type work A rare day off meant quietly fishing by the cool water with some herbal headache medicine And it is still the common farmers who welcome Parjanya Pərgənauml or Perkons Perhaps the priests forgot ( RV 10853 ) Parjanyas is still the father of Soma ( RV 9823 ) Bon Appetit
The astonishing similarity of the archaic Central East Baltic (Latvian dial example Perkaunis Perkūne and Lietas) Dainās tradition mirrors the Eastern Fatyanovo Balanovo Baltic culture mythology as seen with the Votiak Perkịno and Volgaic (Erzya Pur‟gine Lit-ava) songs The initial L vs R of Lit-ava would presume early-Baltic contact since Vedic vṛkah ( vs archaic Baltic
vilkas) is associated with the loanword vərgas in Uralic Moksha or Komi Zyryan voumlrkas - wolf terms which were probably acquired from an Alakul intrusion into the forest-steppe Yet Ossetic does have Lymaelign friend reflecting Mordvin Loman man whereas Sanskrit has Ramana - man
married (re Latvian Loma- role Lithuanian Luomas- marital status class of men) Erzya has Paz reflecting Saka Bagas - a legacy of their contact ( Slavic
Bogъ) Discovering East Balt R1a1a- Z92 among the Volga-Ural Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) may pale to other previously unidentified R1a lineages from ancient cultural contact The Pur‟gine Paz - Lit-ava hymns are thus part of a poly-ethnic shared tradition
Syllabic Resonants R gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The East Baltic šapalas and Indic śapharas (chub-carp ) śāpharikas ( fisherman ) isogloss is indeed very interesting - given the absence of other fish cognate isoglosses ( Ossetian kaeligf Old Japanese kwop(j)i gt koi ) Sanskrit scholars have determined at least two early Vedic dialects ( the IE L gt R only
vs the R and L - Madhyadeśa region ) and possibly a third ( the L only ) existed The Rig Veda we know today is in the R only dialect ( Indo-Iranian coalescence of
L gt R ) Note Sanskrit śroṇis vs Lith šlaunis Thus only occasional token words remain from 2 of the 3 Vedic era dialects Baltic had retained IE L The Greek Indo-Iranian dialect area exhibited issues with syllabic resonants ( l r m n ) - as when m and n became a or Greek alla amp arra or Indo-Iranians syllabic liquids where l usually became r There remained an Indic instability with r (ṛH) where Iranian had ar vs Indic ir ur - with E-W dialect variants Examples of this are Skt śiras vs Av sarah- Grk karā- or Skt giri- vs Av gairi- ( Lith girė vs Slavic gora ) The conservative Satem speaking communities of IE dialects which begat the Baltics usually evolved reflexes of semi-vowels l r m n into il ir im in yet also rendered them as ul ur um un after original labiovelar plosives and later rearranged after more changes The two different reflexes cluster in contrast - inflectional morphemes have the i- reflex whereas the u- reflex is not uncommon in the expressive lexicon
There was certainly early Āryan as well as Catacomb culture ( merger of Genitive
amp Ablative) influence - interaction with the respective emerging Baltic dialects (as
Middle Dnieper artifacts actually reflect amp also javas- grain isogloss or Skt paścāt Lith
paskuj later ) and with Proto-Slavic while each neighbored near the larger proto Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian isogloss area of dialects (eg Graeco-Armeno-Indo-
Iranian past tense prefix augment isogloss) Reflecting this archaic regional relationship is the specific spiritual tradition of Dawn ( Uṣas Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven isolated together in the Indic Greek and Baltic cultures The semantic perceive vs awake contrast of Greek peuthomai Avestan baodaiti and Indic bodha-h vs Balto-Slavic Lith budėti invites some curiosity Is there some specific Balto-Indic link for the divergent wake-awaken semantics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) The Armeno-Aryan remodeling of the Ablative suffix helps to date influences on Middle Dnieper dialects Another relic of this same late Sredny Stog era influencedialogue interaction maybe the proposed loss of a laryngeal (H )
after the introduction of a long vowel (Korlandt 1975 - re Latv guovs Skt gauh ) and of course RUKI The Middle Dnieper Baltics amp Slavics were thus distinct early autonomous NW Satem IE dialects (Upper Middle Dnieper-Don region ) and even more so upon becoming Europeanized R1a1a- poly-ethnics Hydronyms by Tula Russia ( re Eulau CWC DNA ) appear quite Baltic Early Satem contacts ( mtDNA T ) and exchange may have also occurred with Don-Volga Repins before an exodus flight of a group far to the East which evolved into the Afanasievo culture ( Russ toloka Lith talka telkti Tocharian talke VRC
) Repin A1 type pottery arrived at Mikkhailovka on the Dnieper around 3500 BCE from a people that had a connection to the Volga-Don Region Repins There were Repin settlements in Middle Don where it dispersed to Volga and Dnieper areas ( Sinuk 1981 ) Tocharian may be thus related to both the early Middle-Lower Dnieper Repins ( re Middle Dnieper Repins gt ERC gt pre-Germanics ) and the northern Ural-Volga Repins that migrated the Trans-Ural region East ( Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) The incorporation of some Middle Dnieper Repins into the multi-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture is supported by isoglosses between Slavic Baltic Germanic and Tocharian
The cultural convergence of these various Āryan Baltic and Uralic peoples by the Urals in the second millennium BCE is reflected in name of the annual Finnish Kekri celebration which exemplfies the state of developement of the Indo-Iranian at that time - as compared with later Rig Vedic Sanskrit sg pl čakras čakrā- PIE kʷekʷlos ( Finnish yh-deksaumln 9 or 1 from 10 lt IIr - vs
Finnish tuhante 1000 lt E Baltic Fatyanovo ) It appears from above loanwords that at mid-third millennium BCE the Fatyanovo East Baltic Satem [ š ] preceded a slower developing Indo-Āryan [ ś ] Note Nuristani parallel sonsonant It ( Finnish tuhante ) also shows uncompromised original East Baltic pre-GAS Ruki Did each Satem tribe perhaps influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) the other ( Mari indeś 9 Ossetic daeligs 10) East Baltic Fatyanovo žemė lowland was adopted as a toponym šaumlme and is now known as the haumlme region of Finland ( w Fatyanovo artifacts ) Before the Finnic change of š to h the toponym provided an ethnonym - Saacutemi aka the Lapplanders (Koivulehto 1993)
Uralic Honey
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
It is common to read that the Finno-Ugric loanwords for honey - Hungarian mez Mordvinic med Estonian Finnish mesi were not borrowed from Battle Axe Baltic medu - honey or a Ural-Volga Pre-Tocharian Repin dialect ( Latv sāls Toch A sāle Zyryan sol - salt ) but rather from a later Āryan madhu - sweet drink Even though the same Finno-Ugrics have loanwords - Mordvinic Mokša kaumlras Mari karas Udmurt karas for honeycomb wax - reflecting East Baltic kāras honeycomb ( Lith korys Latv kāres ) and in spite of the archaeological chronology of centuries of Battle Axe Balt Finno-Ugric
( eg pre-Kiukainen culture w LWb ) contact or earlier Pre-Tocharian Repin Finno-Ugric interaction ( eg Saacutemi vieške Tokharian A wsā-yok ) long before Pit Grave Āryan culture arrival No mekši -fly cognate is found in Ob-Ugric It is noteworthy that current Bashkir preserves kaumlrauml- along with Altaic Kazan Tatar kaumlraumls in that Ural region and even distant Chuvash has karas - honeycomb Note Mordvinic Erzya kšta beeswax Lith šekštė thick coarse Single markers of mtDNA N1a also group Bashkirs with Lithuania and the Komi Permyaks East Balt type Y-DNA R1a1a1 Z92 among the Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) adds additional linguistic perspective to the kāras range East Baltic bitis bee has an interesting cognate with Egyptian bi-t Baltic amber has been found in the pyramids Ural karas honeycomb is clearly a legacy of Fatyanovo-Balanovo regional assimilation ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) Surprisingly neither Slavic ( w solitary exception of Polish skarzyk lt GAS ) nor
Indo-Iranian possess a cognate ( करण - honeycomb ) although Greek does
( κηρός ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo was not some amorphous Balto-Slavic - it was evidently an identifiable archaic East Baltic - that preceded Kiukainen type hybrid cultures
Archaeological Chronology of Cultures ( Cal
14C vs the time-travel of Linguists )
5600 BCE Akali Narva-Kunda settlement in Estonia w Cannabis amp Triticum pollen
3700 BCE - Volga Repins by the Urals Volosovo expanded from Urals 3200 BCE - Fatyanovo Battle Axe arrival - Volosovo culture interaction
2800 BCE - Fatyanovo-Balanovo ceramic laquo checked raquo darža double row diamond ornament re Bronocice pot motifs
2700 BCE Kiukainen hybrid type cultures Balanovo Metallurgy in Ural forests 2300 BCE Abashevo - Pepkino Kurgan ( MVK Poltavka Fatyanovo Hybrids )
2100 BCE Abashevo amp Seyma-Turbino Metallurgic developement amp interaction 2100 BCE - Sintasta - Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament
2026 BCE Sintasta - Arkaim ( Poltavka w some MVK amp Abashevo becomes Andronovo ) - U of AZ
14C
1780-1660 BCE Alakul cemeteries pine timbers of Lisakovsk Kostany oblast by Tobol river - U of AZ 14
C 1700 BCE Timber Grave and Alakul culture intrusions into Ural forest zone cultures
1600 BCE - Timber Grave - Alakul - Fedorovo laquo checked raquo double row diamond Volga-Ural ornaments 1000 BCE - Mundigak Period VI ceramics of Afghanistan with darža laquo checked raquo double row diamond ornaments
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
From Kaunas to Kazan
to Kandahar - We Are Family
The time-travel of linguists is supported by serious academic references of
proto Indo-Aryans loaning proto Finnish vasa - calf - prior to the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC arrival thereby neutralizing any possibility of a ratas rathas debate whatsoever and uncountable cans of worms of a probable Centum connection ( GAS ) The debate was only postponed Pots dont talk they speak - volumes Note that Ossetian waeligs Yaghnob wasa - calf - would suggest a 1st millennium BCE Gorodets era contact loanword The artifacts do Another archaic Baltic loanword into Finno-Ugric exemplifying the range of influence the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC had is the East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole or long pole stick ( Arm jałk rod branch ) which has traces in Saami čuolggu pole for pushing a fishing net under the ice Finnish salko long pole Mordvin śalgo stick Komi źal lath-stick Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane
Bison in the Forest gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Gradual climatic warming of the vast pine-birch forests of Russia also afforded a home to the woodland bison (Bison bonasus bonasus) known in Lithuanian as stumbras or in Old Latvian as sumbrs - which bears a odd amp curious resemblance to the Sanskrit śambaras ( stag lt F-U śambaras lt ) A similar semantic drift is seen with the Russian izubr - stag ( Slavic jьzōbrь [ jьlt vь ]
OPr wissambrs ) Evolution of the tusked Satem žambras žumbras gt zumbras gt sumbrs noun for the dangerous forest dwelling wisent bison is far from being etymologically settled although sumbrs is unique to East Baltic Note žambas žambras derivation as well as later GAC wisent lt OPr wissambrs gt Slavic jьzōbrь ( jьlt vь ) The wisent is the largest herbivore in Europe Excavated sites in the Baltic countries indicate wisents constituted 20 of the hunted wild ungulates In Lithuania there are still meadow ( Lith
lanka Khanty lŏk ) names such as Zumbriškės by Aukštadvaris and Žumbrickiai by Ramygala in the central Panevėžys district whereas Stumbriškis place-names appear less archaic Wisents often frequent lush meadows for grazing Archaic Satem cognates for the Carpathian bison in central Europe extend beyond Slavic examples Niketas Choniates recorded
the δοσμπρος (lt zumbros ) of 12th century Cumanians hundreds of years after
the advent of Old Church Slavonic liturgical texts The apparently Thracian ( w
final -os ) δόμβρος (lt zumbros ) cognate dates to the same century as the
beginning of formalized Old Church Slavonic literature Other cognates also display this close relationship such as Thracian midne - homestead
reflecting Latvian mītne - dwelling very nicely
Given the existing evidence of Žumbr- type place-names in Lithuania like Žumbrickiai East Baltic (re upė vs apė ) obviously had a dialect variant Žumbras Finno-Ugric pronounciation of the ž- or z- consonant perhaps yielded a multi-cultural Balt-Finnic term sumbras (re Old Latv Sumbrs ) in the distant past (eg Dyakovo culture ) for the forest wisent An East Baltic remodeled variant stumbras ( re stirna ) arose In many outlying regions after the animal disappeared so did its old name Scandinavian and Slavic traders later brought in new substitute wisent names Over thousands of years of multi-cultural interaction the common term sumbrs overtook the older zumbrs variant in the Latvian region - probably due to the Estonian-Finnic phonetic influence Modern Lithuanian still has the tusked žambras žambris although the semantics are now limited to a wooden plow ( Lith žambuotas Skt
jambhate) Regional polyethnic changes of ž- to s- as in žalga gt salko do not necessitate a taboo in place of multi-millennial Finnic influenced cross-culture contact For example the related Baltic taurė - herders blow horn is not at all uncommon in Uralic languages The neighboring Finnic influence of ž- or z- to s- with zumbrs gt sumbrs needs no extravagant linguistic explanation
The East Baltic Neuter gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The singular neuter gender exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages with West Baltic documented using singular neuter gender asigmatic -n as in kelan - wheel Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords from Uralic such as kela - reel or in modern East Baltic ( Žemaitian medė forest or coastal dialect lizda vs Prussian median ) once again dating the commonality of a West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 ) pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-
Svitych 1963 42-44 ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as the singular neuter in Lydian with the generalized singular neuter ending in -d The Slavic neuter origin may reflect an old R1a1a- Z92 Eastern orientation The anaphoric pronoun -ad lt ( ntr sg ) -od reflects the Hititte -at used for
collectives or neuter plurals suggesting an early ( Mysian ) Lydian Hittite split East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords in Uralic imply the loss of the final consonant occurred prior to a Northern expansion The evolution of the neuter gender in East Baltic can be deduced from the surviving languages and dialects Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains The Lithuanian neuter is still used in impersonal constructions Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of that language - even after the era when dialects became different languages As the R1a1a- Z92 or the LWb allele genetically indicate Fatyanovo Baltic was as identifiable East Baltic - as Latvian Lithuanian and Žemaitian are to this today Apples dont fall far from the apple tree
Loanwords in Uralic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Academia also attributes Finnish porsas pig as a loanword from an Iranian (
pārsas ) source Note that archaic East Baltic parša pig ( neut ) was the signature livestock of East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo culture archaeological excavations ( like Centum poly-ethnic GAS ) - and is also noted ( Varov amp Kosintsev
1996 54 ) as a significant feature of Corded Ware Abashevo livestock (Koryakova-Epimakhov 200765) in the very same Volga-Kama region as the later Khudyakovo group of the Pyanobor ( Udmurt parś boar ) culture region Some post-Balanovo Finnic Ananyino culture excavation sites (eg Svinogorskoye) also favor the pig above other livestock The Mordvin cognate may reflect Sauromatian (Prokhorovo) influence Note Khotanese pāsa- lt pālsa- lt pārsa- lt parsa- lt parša- One of the most conspicuous traits of the Indo-Iranian Andronovo culture is the complete absence of pigs as opposed to the related western poly-ethnic Timber grave culture - which evolved with discernible Corded Ware Abashevo culture assimilation Andronovo Indo-Iranians werent keen about mushrooms either ( Yasna XLVIII10 ) Given the distribution ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 Kandahar laquo checked raquo 14 ) of uniquely
Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornament of Urals ) one may speculate if their parša term followed ( Grishakov V
Stavitsky V 2003 ) their motifs (re the Sanskrit cognate of neuter E Baltic parša gt
Estonian parh lt parha lt parša )
vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras
The Finnish loanword vasara hammer appears to be from a late Āryan vazarah ( vajrah lt vaźras ) without the final s most likely from the 16th-13th
century BCE Timber-Grave northern forest intrusion ( re Erzya azuru man of rank
Udmurt uzər lt Timber-Grave Iranian asurah ) as opposed to an Alakul forest-steppe re-intrusion ( re Moksha vərgas w -s nom sg ending ) Other Uralic terms include Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere and all lack a final s ( re Redei
1986 25-26 28-30 ) The East Baltic cognates range from Lithuanian vėzdras vėzdas mace club Latvian vẽza stick club vẽzecirct to swing in the air
wave wag lt ueg Note the vežys of crayfish waving their pinchers Latvian
veseris maul-hammer appears to be a loanword from Livonian since the phonetics are closer to the Finnic versions than Lith vėzdras mace club The -d da- contamination of vėz-das vėzdras may be from the closely related stone-less synonym laz-da - club and may well have altered ź-da gt zda as in Lith lazda lt laźda (Albanian lajthi ledhi - id ) Bored stone maces with a peculiar solar rosette design - ubiquitous in the Abashevo culture have been unearthed in the Mariampolė district of Lithuania East Balt four five or seven-bulbed stone bored maces are almost identical to Andronovo maces Perkūnas thunderbolt ( Latv milna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild- ) was also a round stone The evolution from vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras vėzdas appears rather old but provides fresh new perspective to the etymology of Sanskrit vajra and Avestan vazra The practical forest dwelling East Balt woodsmen apparently favored the utilitarian kirvis- axe-hammer ( Indic kṛvi- ) or Maykop like vedega - adze more and evidently shared them with the Uralic locals Hazel nuts were a Fatyanovo staple
The early polyethnic East Balt Uralic Pre-Indo-Iranian group would play a role in the settlement ( U of AZ - radio carbon date average - 2026 BCE) of Sintashta Arkaim and later also influence the regional speakers in Iran India who become bilingual Like the Magyars in Central Europe or the Goths-Galindi-Alani in Spain Āryan languages are now marginally reflected in the gene pool of India ( re Uralic variant of mtDNA N1a )
The Ethnogenesis of Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Abashevo pottery resembles and blends Fatyanovo and Balanovo East Baltic
Corded Ware styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) Like poly-ethnic Balanovo East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) the forest-zone Abashevo culture left both kurgans and flat graves although some burials may also reflect nearby Poltavka culture customs of the steppe-zone This indicates a transitional group of Corded Ware populace of mixed affinities with an emerging Āryan elite Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich - were probably influenced from a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave Iranian asurah - perhaps pre-Ananyino era and do not indicate any hypothetical Āryan type Abashevo language for that Corded Ware group Latvian folk solar design signs exactly match the enigmatic Abashevo ubiquitous rosettes Poltavka amp Abashevo complexes of the Novokumak horizon coexisted by the Volga The Abashevo southeastern expansion towards territory that was prior a Catacomb border region suggests cultural assimilation of that populace as well which was later followed by a Timber Grave assimilation once again
This widespread polyethnic (kulturnaya obshchnostrsquo ) Abashevo mixed populace invites varied interpretations by differing viewpoints of different stages and regions - resembling the Heisenberg uncertainty principle Abashevo defies oversimplification for convenience sake An expert on the Abashevo culture A Pryakhin ( Pryakhin amp Khalikov 1987 ) deduced that it evolved from contacts between Fatyanovo Balanovo (Balts) and MVK Catacomb (Mnogovalikovo) Poltavka (Pit-grave Āryan) peoples in the Ural forest-steppe Most Corded Ware Abashevans were like Fatyanovo Balanovo narrow faced and dolichocephalous - contrasting somewhat from the MVK Catacomb Pit-grave Poltavka cranial amp physical type ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) But the Abashevo were on the whole poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) and multicultural Regional variant sub-groups include a Ural Volga Don-Volga and Kama-Vetluga expressions Sometimes the Balanbash label is used for the eastern variant
Were the varied poly-ethnic cosmopolitan Abashevo people MVK Catacomb Poltavka Āryan CWC East Balts residual upper Don-Volga Repins or partly Finno-Ugric Yes
Abashevo was multi-cultural and poly-ethnic E Pluribus Unum
One is inclined then to consider the singular masc baritone ratas gt rathas term as a probable Corded Ware Abashevo poly-ethnic lexical legacy
Sintashta intensifies the regional forest-zone copper metallurgy of the Corded Ware Abashevo and the earlier pioneering Balanovo East Balt metalworkers Balanovo copper ( varis ) metallurgy in the Urals had become an attractive alternative to the then destabilized Carpathian sources drawing the attention of southerly (Saami Oarje) Volga Pit-grave Āryans who had endured cyclic periods of drought The Urals quickly became a major metallurgic center Sintashta stock-breeding reflects the earlier Abashevo Corded Ware culture (note East Baltic šėmas gōvs gray cow or papijusi - cow with milk and related Sanskrit
pipyūṣī id) as does some of its metallurgic products and flat graves A recent
genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) add additional perspective The Sintashta slightly concave knife-sickles are connected to the Abashevo polyfunctional ones (Skt kṛpā- Latvian cirpe Lith
kirpe- ) Many Sintashta remains were dolichocephalous europoids ( re Kirsna
man ) like the forest-steppe Corded Ware Abashevans and earlier Fatyanovans ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) while others resemble Pit-grave Poltavka types In fact kurgans only accounted for about one third of the burials at Sintashta (Epimakhov 2002) E Kuzmina (The Origin of the Indo-
Iranians Volume 3 p 222 ) suggests Sintashta was not purely Āryan in composition and quite possibly quasi-bilingual Over a period time the cultures consolidated by the need for mutual co-operation
The later stage of the polyethnic populace of Abashevo amp Sintashta cultures may give an insight to the language of Proto-Indo-Iranian ( Pre-VedicAvestan
Sintashta ) Remains of the Pokrovskij type continue dolochocephaly and narrow faces with additional admixture of Uralic types detected in that group The Arkaim Sintashta area sites correspond to the Avestan Vara of the arriianəm vaējō Reflecting its polyethnic populace is Finno-Ugric Hungarian var fortress Saami var village and East Baltic Lithuanian varas tall timber palisade stockade ( Skt vartra ) Arkaim and Sintashta are also shaped like Central European Rondels The circular or oval settlement designs are very reminiscent of earlier Tripolye Dnieper sites or later East Baltic fortresses (eg
Tushemlya ) The dolichocephalous narrow faced Volga-Balts originated from the Northern Fatyanovo variants of the earlier Middle Dnieper culture which had assimilated some Tripolye C2 substrata Here is perhaps an example of a East Baltic term varas ( timber stockade ) borrowed in Finno-Ugric Vedic and Avestan In stark contrast the later Āryan Petrovka phase preferred a rectangular settlement shape over the circular or oval forts of the Urals yet still exhibit influence from western Abashevo Abashevan socketed spear designs eventually end up in western China via Andronovo influence The the range of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motif even extended to the Cherkaskul culture and regions of Siberia ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Latvian apsa aspen closely resembles Altai dialect apsa-k or Tatar Tobolsk dialect awsak and Chuvash eumlveumls Who knew
The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) of Baltic Uralic people in the ethnogenesis of the Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim cultures has provided scholars with linguistic opportunities in studies of the early Indo-Iranian dialects and in Finno-Ugric Baltic etymologies The Avestan and Vedic combinations of neuter plural nouns or multiple single and plural nouns with the verb in singular ( in Greek as well ) reflects archaic Baltic
constructions ( Lith beržorai esti ) Just as Lithuanian dialect panta or pantas - a crossbeam provides insight to the origins of Greek pontos - sea (linking ports) - Latin pontis bridge Armenian hown - a riverbed ( ford ) - a fresh new ( re Lithuanian-Latvian dialect panta - a link etc ) semantical understanding of Sanskrit panthās Avestan pantā - path ( link ) finally emerges from the mists of antiquity Khanty-Ostyak - pant path vs Mokša pandaz halter lt hobblelt link are related examples of Satem cultural interaction with Finno-Ugrics over time It is very important to keep in context the limited duration of this cultural horizon Here is a window a key that may unlock many doors It is a very unique horizon (chapter) of Eurasian and Russian prehistory when early Indo-Iranian traditions blend with Finnic and East Baltic cultures ( re DRD2 data) The Satem connection between Tolstoy and Gandhi was not only linguistic
A Fishy Whale gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There has been noted ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) a widespread hybrid checkered ceramic tradition of Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Abashevo and Pozdnyakovo cultures reflecting intimate polyethnic relations (re mtDNA haplogroups U4 Narva U5b2 and T1 ) The Sintashta Culture was not monolithic but rather a regional composite of various components as reflected by the variability of the ceramics If Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo influenced and integrated with the Sintashta area people ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) did it also influence their Āryan language (re Eastern Sanskrit R amp L dialects) Indic-Baltic specific isoglosses ( eg śāpa- šapas miśra- mišras ) may need updated reappraisals in light of the unfolding archaeological evidence of Corded Ware Abashevo influence and ethnic presence ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt
checked ornaments ) Riverine Latvian sence- mussel matches Sanskrit śaṅkha- shell rather well as does barytone Baltic antis Skt ātih - both waterfowl Sanskrit nārās and Lith nara both flow The Sanskrit suffix - inga- (Skt sphulinga- spark) looks peculiarly Baltic (ie Lith blezdinga swallow) as does the - ikas suffixed Skt śāpharikas fisherman Lith šventikas priest
The šapalas and śapharas ( Faux Dace महाशफर पतिशफरी शफररप Skt
śāpharikas fisherman ) isogloss is quite unique and curiously percise Similarities between Leuciscus cephalus idus amp lehmanni ( Zeravshan Dace ) may have encouraged the terms usage Puntius sophore aka śapharas the faux Dace has the identical profile coloration and specific reddish hue on its lower fins as its above Leuciscus šapalas neighbors Coincidence left the room with Elvis Someone remembered exactly what that fish looked like Indic śapharas ( the Faux Dace ) may well be an identifiable relic-loanword from East Baltic Corded Ware Abashevo-Balanovo-Fatyanovo šapalas contact since it is altogether absent ( like Parjanya ) in Avestan or Ossetic ( kaeligf big type
of fish) or other Petrovka derived Āryan languages There is no ichthyic cognate of East Baltic šapalas in the Catacomb culture derived languages
or even Slavic ( ) Germanic or Uralic for that matter So it is equally odd to note the complete absence of cognates for the archaic East Baltic žuvis - fish in all the Indo-Iranian branches although the Pontic steppe related Greek and Armenian somehow both preserved related ichthyic cognates ( Arm jukn ) Ossetic has retained an IE laeligsaeligg brown trout as well as a loanword kaeligsag from Hungarian keszeg and Mansi kāsəŋ a bream-dace type fish reflecting Timber Grave Iranian amp Finno-Ugric cultural interactions The Avestan mythic kara- may recall the voracious Volga wels ( Old Prussian kalis lt kalas - wels catfish ) which to this day exhibits legendary proportions approaching 10 ft The archaic žuvis šapalas howled today by an excited Lithuanian fisherman ( Skt śāpharikas ) still echoes the simple joy of his forefathers from long long ago
The Perkūnijas Parjanyah Pərgənauml Perkịno shared tradition is a delicate issue since each is venerated to this day in their respective cultures One may note that all three are very close in certain details The East Baltic laitus rain (Lith lietas lietus ) tradition with lightning East Baltic Laita may have been an archaic term for Summer rainy season (re Slavic Lēto year) which followed the return of Pleiades before the northern migrations of Battle Axe Balts The Erzya Lit-ava in their Prayer Hymns remained intact Modern Pashto has Perūne - Pleiades (re Greek Keraunos thunderbolt Slavic Perun all lacking a velar
plosive lt GAC ) Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- For the mushroom Perkūnas relationship see V N Toporov 1979 Parjanya is the father of Uralic Soma Perkūnas was to be the groom of the aquatic Laumė Indraja - Lith hydronyms Indus Indra Indura ( Mitanni Indara Skt Indu ) The Laumė Indraja is a mushroom guide or teacher And to uphold respect about these cultures and to be as accurate as possible I will only use the term shared
Perkūnas amp Indraja gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In the old Baltic dainos folksongs Perkūnas was to wed the Laumė Indraja One role of Indraja is as a mushroom guide spirit Vedic Parjanya is the father of Soma The Abashevo used talc in their ceramics as was common with their Uralic neighbors The pottery of the two cultures are found in the same room Note ( N1c1 ) Mari paŋgə mushroom Udmurt paŋτəl- paŋτət- to howl and carry on after partaking of Fly Agaric The Lithuanian version Ar prisiėdęs musmirių refers to the partaking of Fly Agaric mushroom and exhibiting a skewed or altered state of reality It is a quite common courteous way of calling someone stone crazy If they ate a little too much dried - žalas ( RV
7981 ) Fly Agaric mushroom and there upon glare ominously wild-eyed
howl ecstatically see the Unseen amp carry on - that person would be labeled aršus The Avestan term for an ecstatic seer is ǝrǝšiš which is a close cognate to Sanskrit ṛṣiḥ - a Seer Back in the Ural forests Uralic Khanty still has a word sŏma for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl or vessel as well as one for partaking of Amanita muscaria This would all be quite coincidental if they had never met - but they did Archaeology has already provided the where when and why Latvian has an equally courteous and common expression for telling someone to buzz off - get a clue - ej bekot or go pick mushrooms Latvian beka mushroom or dialect peka is loaned from Balto-Finnic Livonian paeligkā id lt pękā lt Uralic pəηkā Note that the mixed Balanovo-Volosovo sites were mediums of cross-cultural bilingual interaction for sharing ethnic customs preceding and contributing to Sintashta which influenced poly-ethnic Alakul ( Grigoryev 2000 ) groups ( ОД
Мочалов 2001-2 re ceramic lt gt checkered ornaments ) Sharing the hewn sŏma-bowl
with its entheogenic contents like a diplomatic cross-cultural peace pipe evidently sparked its legendary admiration The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding m-m-m Sŏma good Uh-oh East Baltic neuters did not require a final consonant They still dont It is also suggested that Uralic panga mushroom fly agaric entheogen žalas - when dried re bangus is possibly the source for the Sarmatian-Magyar loanword in Slavic Polish pienka Russian Пенька - hemp entheogen ( lt Finno-Ugric Pəηka via Sarmatians amp Magyars w U2e1 - re C
Keyser et al 2009 ) Note Irish arsan - a Seer or German rasen - be ecstatic Let it rain
The Unthinkable Now Highly Probable gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The everyday awkward pidgin bilingualism albeit semantically skewed at times between the East Balt Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo MVK Catacombs and Poltavka Āryans in that culture is highly probable ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) considering some of their similar ( at times identical ) vocabularies and quasi-related grammar The cultural continuity of metallurgy in the Ural region that started with Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) continued with Abashevo and was intensified at Sintashta and Arkaim The artifacts including specific trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered ornamentation motifs on pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) reflect their co-operation and integration with each other The chance of trace Baltic loanwords in old Indo-Iranian has shifted from unthinkable to highly probable lt gt Mainstream archaeological academia has reviewed the collective material evidence thoroughly and is quite confident in their evaluations of it Archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics are finally revealing this untold story The scientific evidence is becoming increasingly difficult to dismiss And ratas is not some amorphous proto Balto-Slavic
Suggested essential readings include The Origin of the Indo-Iranians Volume 3 by Elena E Kuzmina edited by J P Mallory p 222 Brill NV Leiden The Netherlands 2007 ISBN 978 90 04 16054 5 The Horse The Wheel and Language by David W Anthony Princeton University Press ISBN10
0691058873 and especially laquoШАХМАТНЫЙraquo ОРНАМЕНТ КЕРАМИКИ
КУЛЬТУР РАЗВИТОГО БРОНЗОВОГО ВЕКА ПОВОЛЖЬЯ И УРАЛА by ОД Мочалов Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ( The laquochessraquo ornament on
the pottery of the Middle Bronze Age in the Volga and Ural regions by OD Mochalov
Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ) - available as a PDF from Stratum Note title mistranslation of laquo chess raquo for laquo checked raquo The ceramics track the East Balt cultural assimilation ( amp Z280 ) into various Indo-Iranian sub-groups It‟s a fact
PIE dei - gt Dainā gt Dhēnā gt Daēna gt Dēn gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Vedic Sanskrit has the somewhat (15 times ) obscure word Dhēnā meaning hymn song which reflects East Baltic Daina meaning dance gt song From IE dei- (move spin whirl) we have Latvian deinis dancer daiņa restless person dainēt daināt to dance sing deja dance Lithuanian dainuoti to sing ( vs somuoti ) clearly illustrating the core Baltic etymology (It is
also attested in West Baltic toponyms) But Vedic Dhēnās hymn-prayer lacks any such dance etymology The Avestan Daēna ( Middle Persian Dēn ) is even more semantically vague - that which is revealed revelation This implies a loanword and like in Vedic - a word without a clear etymology The closet indigenous Indo-Iranian cognate is Avestan Dian meaning fast (re Grk δινεύω whirl or διά-νοια thought ) Scholars interpret the actual pronunciations of the old Vedic Sanskrit Dhēnā and Avestan Daēna as Dainā Hello By following this thread the shroud of the past unravels and finally falls apart
There is only one ( ) Rig Vedic hymn to Vāyu wind Skt nom Vāyus lt Vējus Lith dialect Vėjus which is otherwise called Vāta Iranian Ossetic wad and Ob-Ugric Mansi loanword wōt indicate the primacy of Vāta usage in the early Indo-Iranian dialects where as Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant ( Lith Vėjūkas ) appears to be a loanword (also note Skt
vāhin amp Latv āzinis) Note that Dhēnā is also used in the rare Vāyu hymn (I 2 3-
) Vāyu is closely associated with Parjanyah amp Soma ( Pashto ōmə ) Ancient Rig Vedic Uṣas and todays East Baltic Ūšas Ūštun - dawning to dawn
illustrate the challenges Vedic like Baltic or Greek often made an adjective into a noun by just moving the stress to another syllable although in this case Rig Vedic Uṣas has the adjectival accent In other words Uṣas = Ūšas but no one writes about it (re Skt uśras Lith ūšras OCS za-ustra ) Nada Zip
The Rig Veda uses the word Dhēnās for hymns but does not emphasize it although that connection is later implied as such by Avestan Daēna From the new archeaological and archeaogenetic evidence of the polyethnic ethnogenesis of the Abashevo and Sintashta populace it is not linguistically unreasonable to deduce that the Dainā dance gt song gt hymn tradition of the assimilated Abashevo Balts was adopted as the term Dhēnās hymns songs by their fellow Āryan metalworkers near the Urals during a period of bilingualism and was used as such later in the Rig Veda An Abashevo-MVK Monteoru trade link for cheek-piece diffusion may provide an alternate explanation for a Dacian gt Romanian doina - lyrical song although the ancient amber trade explanation remains equally viable
From IE dei- (move spin whirl) developed East Baltic Dainā - dance song hymn ( Grk δινεύω whirl ) which was borrowed as Vedic Dhēnā - hymn prayer Avestan Daēnā - revelation Middle Persian Dēn - religion The word dena - revelation religion is still used in Kashmiri Arabic Dīn ( دين faith
religion ) is beyond the scope of this topic
Little did the stubborn poly-ethnic Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 L235 amp
N1c1 ) or Abashevo East Baltic forest-folk singing their Sacred Hymns of Divine Revelation ( Dainās ) near the Country of Towns by Sintashta in the Urals of 2100 BCE know how far their songs would travel and for how long they would echo - up to this day by contributing a term for a new Monotheism (
Daēnā ) emulated later to its West The Volgaic Erzya Rav-ava - mother Volga Volgaic Mokša Rava - river and East Baltic Lithuanian Ravas - stream or Latvian Rāva - marsh water correlation is rather interesting (Lith
Rauti - to run quickly )
The Baltic amp Uralic in Vedic Sanskrit Avestan gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The mythical Avestan ten month winters and Vara Daēna legend Āryan Soma Haoma ( RV 128 Khanty Sŏma hewn wooden mortar-bowl Volgaic Erzya
Mokša Sjuma Səma hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger ) Sanskrit Śarabha ( Mansi Suorp Mokša Sjarda ) the Avestan water goddess Anāhitā in a Northern forests beaver furcoat (re Finno-Ugric mother-beaver cult) Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC talc or chamotte ceramic admixture amp specific trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ornamentation ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) and the many Finno-Ugric loanwords (Burrow 1955 pp 24-27 ) from
both early Indo-Iranian ( Finnish kekri ) and Volga-East-Baltic ( Finnish ratas ) uphold the latest archaeological findings Soma is the guardian spirit of the North And U4 is U4 ( Pliss et al 2005 Derbeneva et al2002 ) A multi-disciplinary approach combining archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics together are yielding scientific results
That there is possibly a Ural-East-Baltic Daina Ratas Perkonias or Šapalas in Sanskrit or Avestan should not come as a surprise considering Uralic ( re Sŏma ) is indisputably present (re N1c1 Khanty Sŏma hewn mortar-bowl )
Indo-Iranian Soma preserved the native N1c1 Uralic word ( Sŏma ) for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric ( Amanita muscaria ) was pressed with stones in water ( Skt
saumya- soft ) The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo-Garino cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding of what was pointed at ( re EV 141 ) Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 amp N1c1 poly-ethnics ) to this day still partake dried Amanita muscaria with milk amp honey as they have done for well over four thousand years It is Senasis Takas- The Ancient Way
Such drift of semantics can be heard even today in the English phrase Do you want to do a bowl
The Āryan Soma of the Urals eventually became a generic ( Pashto ōmə ) term to label an entheogen
Finding Baltisms ( ntr pl [ as w Hittite ] or multiple sg w sg verb the -yu- -ju- words like Vāyus - Vėjus ) or specific loanwords ( GAS Satem ) will be next to impossible especially without the displaced Vedic era R amp L middle dialects (eg ślokas - Madhyadeśa region ) of earlier migrations The integration of the polyethnic Corded Ware Abashevo into the Sintashta cultures may have not had a significant impact beyond contributing their earlier equine cheek-pieces Ural metallurgy amp talc chamotte pottery admixture or trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ceramics ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked
ceramics lt gt ) but it is probable they did leave other cultural traces (including DNA
words like ratas daina ) as well A recent genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) adds additional perspective Why
does East Balt ichthyic šapalas match Indic faux Dace śapharas ( महाशफर ) or śāpharikas ( fisherman ) so closely and as with other word matches
cognates are wholly absent in Avestan and even Slavic like the alpine velar in Parjanyas Also Skt śāka- Lith šėkas - green grass or Skt śakala- Lith šakalys - splinter - et cetera etc etc Perhaps even a Fatyanovo š itself given the Nuristani counterpart There are the parallel myth traditions of Dawn ( Uṣas - Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven dhēnā of Vāyus - Vėjus or the Ashvins - Ašvieniai Divine Twins Yet the breaking up of Middle Dnieper culture Balto-Slavic occurred especially with distant Fatyanovo-Balanovo well over a millennium prior to the ethnogenesis of Indo-Iranian The preponderance of such Baltic Indo-Iranian isoglosses suggests a period of contact and just as importantly the nature of those contacts Archaeology has indeed already provided the where when and why ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Pots amp DNA do speak
That a central European culture ( 3400 BCE - Baden Globular Amphora ) centered new wheel term ( Old Irish masc sg roth pl rothai Latin neuter sg rota pl rotae
Albanian diminutive w th from a t gt sg rreth pl rratheuml ) reflected in Corded Ware East Baltic baritone masc sg ratas pl ratai was loaned into Finnic languages is uncontested (re Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) but where does an Āryan baritone masc sg raacutethas - vehicle figure in the pre-Sintashta ( 2400
BCE ) Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian shared lexicon It doesnt
Bronocice Poland - Pot pre-3400 BCE - Farmers Wagons
Note laquo checked raquo darža motif similar to GAS-BALTIC Fatyanovo motif
And why would Indo-Europeans need to rename the wheel ( PIE kʷekʷlos ) Perhaps the assimilated European farmers did it East Baltic Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) copper metallurgy in the Urals has its roots in central European cultural traditions ( re Globular Amphora ) which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo Cultural area The old Carpathian metal trade of central Europe provided for contacts and cultural exchanges ( re amber trade ) between language groups like NE pre-Celts pre-Albanians and Middle Dnieper Balts ( Albanian lopeuml - cow Latvian Luops - id ) as well as Triploye C2 Lengyel amp TRB substratum interaction This interaction between the central European Dniester Tripolye C2 refugees - which may also have spoken their native Temematian language - and the northern Middle Dnieper Tripolye C2 bi-lingual populace may account as a medium of some unusual archaisms ( re tauras ) and with additional admixture of TRB Lengyel BBC ( Q gt P ) Globular Amphora spread Corded Ware isoglosses amp innovations ( plural dative m long root preterite ) in the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Fatyanovo regions as well as traditions of central European Carpathian arsenic copper metallurgy Arkaim and Sintashta
fortifications are even shaped like Central European Rondels Trade networks between Centum Euro-Repin GAC subgroups were conduits for isoglosses even beyond the other Balts in the West Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1 ) amber contacts amp Uralic substratum may well be the phonetic impetus of the dative plural -M- type linguistic transitions away from a -B- The influence of a Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva ( w U5b2 ) poly-ethnic substratum perhaps contributed to incongruities in Baltic Satemization amp partial RUKI ( eg Finnish
laiha GAS Lith liesa ipo lieša ) as well as contributing a residual substratum vocabulary of their central European Centum words like pẽku Make no mistake the impact of this Centum Satem tango went both ways ( GAS gt Germanic 1112 1000 etc) Balanovo jewelry from the Urals also emulates specific designs of a central European provenance perhaps derived from Globular Amphora-Narva poly-ethnics as a substratum ( GAS ) of Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo ( Česnys et al 1990 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) The Baltic amber sun disc talisman or solar halo ( rẽtis ) wheel Saulės Ratas is found distributed in central European cultures particularly the Centum Globular Amphora culture - which contributed substratum to Fatyanovo-Balanovo which in turn contributed to the Corded Ware Abashevo culture and eventually poly-ethnic Sintashta Arkaim ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) If the Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas Saule is also a common traditional Kazakh amp Central Asian ( Afghan
Kyrgyz etc ) female name The meaning of the name is translated as sunlight or Sun just like the feminine East Baltic Saulė which is also used for a female name Another coincidence Again
Saulės Ratas
Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Ural copper metallurgy preceded Corded Ware Abashevo and later Sintashta Arkaim metalworking predating them by about half a millennium The terminology of the typical dual wheeled cart ( Lith dviratis vežimas ratai Finnish
rattaat ) of the early GAS East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Goldina 1999) farmers amp metallurgist-woodsmen and multi-cultural Abashevo successors may have been a source for a unique northern archaic import ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas wheel ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) providing an Āryan masculine singular ratʔas gt raacutethas upgraded intact as a nominative singular word for the new chariot of the Abashevo - Sintashta era metallurgic bonanza Semantic incongruity is a hallmark of loanwords in traditional linguistics The Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas One might expect an Āryan neuter form as the Sanskrit scholar T Burrow did or perhaps an Āryan plural form East Baltic has in fact many old variants
including Latvian ruota toy ruotacirct to hop turn roll and Lith rẽtis halo Coincidence A speeding Āryan raacutethas bounced a lot - it hopped The wheel spread faster than the flu in central Europe and prestigious words of new innovations were traded as well as new trends from contact ( re Baden Globular Amphora Fatyanovo Abashevo ) In fact the PIE roteH2 rotH2os rotoH2s discussions are currently at a stalemate an academic impasse Why would some Indo-Europeans want to rename the wheel anyway ( PIE kʷekʷlos
) Maybe they didnt
An East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo GAS loanword proposal for post-Sintashtan rathas is not only linguistically practical and etymologically grounded it is archaeologically probable ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) We do know the earlier Corded Ware Abashevo cheek-pieces were copied - but what else Given the boatload of Corded Ware influenced artifacts at Sintashta and Arkaim maybe one or two Corded Ware words leaked out Just maybe To quote M Witzel (2003) quoting JP Mallory (2002) there are still degrees of geo-linguistic plausibility
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
Some ornament traits let us to link Sintashta with northwest forest Fatyanovo culture
( Oleg Mochalov - Samara State Pedagogical University Institute for History and Archaeology of Volga region Samara Russia)
- The origin of Sintashta culture ceramic Ceramic through the Millennia methods approaches results - 2008 -
East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) entered the North after 3200 BCE ( C-14 cal dates from Latvia- see Loze 1992 ) and shared their ratas wheel with the local Uralics ( Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) on the way to the copper deposits by the Urals About 1000 years later Sintashtan Āryans - after spending a couple of centuries with the Corded Ware East Baltic speaking woodsmen ride off into the dawn of history on their new Āryan twin-wheeled rathas (re Kassite king Abi-rattaš Mitanni king Tušratta gt
circa 1350 BCE) drawn by two horses using the Corded Ware Abashevo amp MVK Catacomb inspired cheek-pieces Academics still dismiss the coincidence () of a baritone masculine singular Āryan rathas rattaš spontaneously produced in the linguistic company of Ural East Balt metallurgists who had an isolated northern archaic ratʔas dialect form ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) of baritone masculine singular ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas for near a thousand
years since 3200 BCE Pots do speak - as does DNA The silence of Cherchen Man speaks volumes
The Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo with their characteristic central European Globular Amphora cultural-substratum influence ( re GAS lt GAC-Narva w U5b2 poly-ethnics pottery copper pigs flint axes
amber ) and Uralic admixture ( re N1c1 Volosovo talc or chamotte ceramics ) are thus the most logical candidates for the dissemination of the ratas term of 2400 BCE as heard to this day with East Baltic Lithuanian ratas amp the related Latvian cognate Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo ) ceramics use chamotte admixture and exhibit a projecting rim as does later Corded Ware Abashevo ( re mtDNA N1a1a1 294 lt GAS ) Volosovo amp Balanovo pottery is found in the same room Words were spoken Abashevo amp Sintashta adopt specifically Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered diamond rhombus type ceramic designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Arkaim amp Sintashta artifacts - clearly exhibiting Corded Ware Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural influences including talc - chamotte pottery admixture amp darža checkered ceramics ( thus verifiable contacts ) - provide the archaeological support for just such a linguistic loanword exchange as well as the foreign mycologic sŏma tradition of these quasi-trilingual misfits Kandahar valleys Mundigak Period VI ceramics in Afghanistan ( Kuzmina 2007 p 716 fig 101 14
re Lith piešalas Sanskrit peśalas ) also exhibit the unique Fatyanovo darža checkered double row striped diamond motif The Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest dwelling quasi-trilinguals stubbornly clung to their Euro-farmer identity and never did quite fit ( ārya- ) in Fly Agaric is the fruit of the forests not the wide open steppes As noted by Kramer the cat is out of the bag Vedic ashvyam goh - horses amp cows of the Dasyus still echoes todays East Baltic ashva amp guovs The Babino Multi-Roller Ware MVK Catacomb culture neighbors of the Corded Ware Abashevo would later be reflected in shaft graves with cheek-pieces in distant places as Mycenae near Athens by around 17th century BCE Mycenaean warriors also wore Baltic amber Mycenaean mtDNA had a match in SE Poland A MVK-Monteoru link or CWC GAS - again
The combination of kurgan and flat graves reflecting the integration of indigenous Europeans with IE steppe ethnicities (re Dniester Usatovo-Tripolye) is found in the Middle Dnieper culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo and Corded Ware Abashevo Abashevo integration at Sintashta is indicated by various material artifacts Sintashta kurgans account for about a third of the burials - the rest are interestingly enough flat graves
The Ural Elephant in the Room gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Then there is the intriguing Perkaunijas Perkino Pərgənauml Parjanya legacy - the Ural elephant in the room so to speak Unlike Pera amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Why are Parjanya cognates
with an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive absent in the multitude of other surrounding Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani Satem languages and dialects - or even related Satem Slavic (re Pashto Perūne Slavic Perun Nuristani Paumlrun vs Gas Lith
Perkūnas ) Slavic Ruki amp velarless Perun vs Gothic alpine Fairguni suggest a Centum GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive was assimilated into Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns type cognates Archaeological support for such a bold linguistic assertion is beyond debate The zones of such Centum Satem contacts have been thoroughly dated with C-14 Although Perkino amp Pərgənauml may only reflect the 1st millennium BCE Dyakovo era the Dainos of the forest dwelling East Balts easily pre-date the Sintashta-Arkaim era by a millennium Variability of Sintashta ceramics with Fatyanovo influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2
rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) certainly reflect cultural contact and interaction Parjanyas reflects an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive - East Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns reflects a GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive Rathas vs GAS ratas The lexical legacies of poly-ethnic Sintashta contact have survived intact four thousand years ( re U of Az C-14 ) Prakrits of India also preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) not found in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words Was the Sanskrit (ṛH) dialect ir ur variation ( Skt śiras vs Av sarah-) an innovation or perhaps a polyethnic relic of the earlier migrations South It is a rich field awaiting someone to harvest it Such material was reviewed by W Tomaschek in 1883 (Ausland p 862) and discussed later by H Arntz S G Oliphant and S K Chatterji
It was women who made the checkered pottery sang their songs and mothers who taught the language to their child Men sometimes forget this The mtDNA evidence should not be overlooked ( Narva-U5b2 ) As L Koryakova and A Epimakhov note in their The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron ages Balanovo culture villages consisted of above-ground wooden log houses and in their cemeteries (flat amp kurgan) men were buried on their right side women on their left side - as also in Baltic Corded Ware tradition After the Sintashta polyethnic horizon by the Urals and subsequent first migration South we find a continuity of this same Baltic Corded Ware ( Abashevo Alakul
w checkered pottery ) type of burial custom in Tulkhar by the Andronovo Bishkent culture (1700-1500 BCE) and the later Vakhsh and Swāt ( Vedic Suvastu
) cultures and also at Timargarha This unusual Andronovo gender dimorphism MR FL burial trait was even noted by J P Mallory amp Douglas Q Adams in their Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture Bishkent skulls were dolichocranial (Khodzhayov 2008) like Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Denisova 1975) One general trait to distinguish Andronovo from Timber Grave burials is how the first has the head oriented to the West or SW whereas some Timber Grave cultures favored orienting the deceased towards the North ( re Mahaparinibbana
Sutta ) or East East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo burials oriented male heads to the SW females to NE - per steppe Maikop tradition Later East Baltic Jukhnovo settlements even oriented their streets to NE SW
Pottery shards found at a tin miners camp on the lower Zeravshan at Karnab have an Abashevo style of decoration from an early phase of contact Two pots unearthed far away by Sarazm betray their polyethnic Abashevo Sintashta Ural area origination by their talc admixture ( N1c1 cultural custom -
re fly agaric amp sŏma ) Near the tin mining camps the Tazabagyab variant of Andronovo buried their dead in flat cemeteries not kurgans The Saka of the Pamirs were also dolichocranial and narrow faced ( re 2005 Vaclav Blažek Lamb 2011 T Witczak bužys ) A unique cognate for barley-seed invites further speculation ( Lith miežis Latvmiezē Khotanese miṣṣa- ttumaumlṣa- re H W Bailey
BSOAS 21 pp 42) as do Fatyanovo maižis barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972 ) darža checkered Siberian amp Cherkaskul axe-celts ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo
checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Eurasian cattle DNA ( J Kantanen et all 2009 )
The early metallurgy of the Urals had fostered a far reaching network of contact ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) we are only now beginning to grasp and map out Some Corded Ware traditions of the integrated polyethnic Abashevo ( w Uralic
admixture) appear to have continued beyond Sintashta with the first of many migrations of that Āryan population South as well as those left behind contributing in the ethnogenesis of the polyethnic Timber Grave Culture of the Don-Volga region Pokrovskiy and Potapovka cultures ( runic Alanian Vayuk amp
Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Lith Vėjūkas see also ОД Мочалов 2001-2 )
Talc admixture in the early pottery of Sarmatians suggests a close interaction with Uralic N1c1 people ( Mari in-deš 9 Ossetic daeligs 10 Mari kene hemp Ossetic
gaelign(aelig) id) Overall Potapovka burial remains show a continuity of earlier Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) amp Poltavka cranial types reflected in Timber Grave amp west Andronovo burials contrasting with the different Corded Ware Abashevo skull remains ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) and related Pokrovskiy cranial types Cimmerian amp Scythian daggers have proto-types found in the Volga-Kama region The Timber Grave culture and Andronovo in turn both contributed to the formation of the Sauromatians and the Saka The western Timber-Grave culture that assimilated the Corded Ware Abashevo become quite settled in small scattered log home settlements without fortifications and even raised pigs like them (vs eastern Andronovo nomads) The agrarian Corded Ware Abashevo ( poly-ethnic R1a amp N1c1 ) character would persist as integrated parts (agricultural Solar cult clan) of some certain select groups and clans ( Alakul
Srubna ) eventually melting away over generations assimilating in here amp there leaving only relics in the earth inherited cranial amp DNA evidence only now being uncovered and scattered traces in later regionalized Āryan vocabularies (Skt
Parjanyah śapharas - faux dace Ossetian baeliglon dove ) amp culture Not to be overlooked by any means is a genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) A relationship between taurine breeds of the Baltic ( Fatyanovo ) region and Sakha ( Andronovo ) cattle suggests cultural connections or later contact ( re ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) A later influx from the steppes of the East back to the Ukraine is suggested by traces of zebu mtDNA in cattle there
The archaeological evidence suggests integration amp assimilation Haplogroup N1a (mtDNA) in the Volga-Kama Komi Permyaks indicates some farmers stayed Recent studies regarding the DRD2 gene are producing data which show a relationship between Eurasian people near the Volga-Kama Urals area and Brahmins in India Go figure Uralic descendants of the Corded Ware Fatyanovo Balanovo settlers preserved some of their language ( re karas ) and most likely have Finno-Baltic Balanovo-Abashevo DNA as well ( mtDNA
U5b2 HV3 nodal HVS1 N1c1 amp R1a L235 ) Some Corded Ware R1a1 remains ( massacred by locals near Eulau around 2600 BCE ) with X2 mtDNA closely matched living individuals of Estonia ( GAS of Fatyanovo ) with Syria (Mitanni) and Iran (post-Andronovo ) while the male DNA ( lt CWC-Globular Amphora R1a- M458 ) closely matched with individuals in Gdansk and Tambov Russia (SE of Tula amp near
Perkino ) - regions associated with Globular Amphora Corded Ware cultures ( Berezanskaja 1971 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) One of the K1b lineages showed matches to two Shughnans from Tajikistan ( Wolfgang Haak et al 2008 ) Vaclav Blažek ( 2005 ) specifically ties a Fatyanovo word (SKES VI 1819-1820 ) for lamb found in Vepsian vodnaz to the proto-form for the Shughni cognate among others ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) T Witzcak ( 2011 ) relates Lith bužys to Ossetic buʒ Shughni vazič amp Avestan buzya- ( re
CWC Eulau-Shughnan DNA darža motifs ) As Grissom said - follow the evidence The Corded Ware settlement near Tenteksor in Kazakhstan (see below ) may provides an interesting possible DNA perspective The mounting DNA evidence implies a Corded Ware component of Andronovo amp the archaeology of Sintashta-Arkaim proves a Corded Ware Abashevo-Fatyanovo component of Andronovo ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The probability of a Ural-Baltic Daina Ratas or Šapalas in post Andronovo Vedic Sanskrit or Avestan could therefore be logically expected given the above DNA amp archaeological evidence If linguists can ignore unique checkered pots they can ignore DNA But an out of place velar lt plosive just might elicit their curiosity Understanding the language of whales should be a new priority and test their mettle It appears that the men living around Sintashta amp Arkaim had time to talk together - about their vehicles horse-power fishing the rain shrooms and songs Some things never change Its a guy thing
The poly-ethnic ( R1a1a1 amp N1c1 ) Eastern Balts of today have preserved a Continuum of Cultural Tradition for Indo-European use of the dried žalas Fly Agaric in collective celebratory use ( such as peasant weddings amp various festivities
) from the very mists of antiquity - before Abraham the Shasu YHW or even the post-Sintashta Soma reveling Rig Veda itself The above daina dhēnā daēnā song-hymn-revelation topic has often been muddled with the inclusion of unrelated Vedic dhēnā - milk cow which is cognate with Baltic daine - cow (that calves in the 2nd year re FU tajine) and daini - pregnant with offspring (Adj of cow or mare) Even discussions about the Dainava dancing waters singing rapids region of Lithuania are not immune from such distractions New
archeaological and genetic DNA evidence continues to unveil the unexpected as will comparative study of the ancient Latvian Lithuanian and varied Finno-Uralic languages like Estonian
The Assimilated East Baltic amp Āryan in Finno-Ugric Ethnogenisis gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Fatyanovo and Balanovo settlement sites dwindle after the severe Winters around 2100 BCE when the East Baltic speaking population ( LWb allele R1a1a-
amp N1c1 ) for the most part assimilated in with their related Abashevo or nearby Āryan or Finnic ( N1c1) neighbors ( eg Sintashta-Arkaim Chirkovo-Seyma Pozdnyakovo Timber grave culture amp the much later diverse poly-ethnic [one
group choosing interment the other cremation] Northern Burtas pig farmers lt Nart Borataelig ) Fatyanovo amp Abashevo characteristics especially specific darža checkered designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals
) are noticed on ceramics from Chirkovo-Seyma ( gt later Ananyino ) culture sites near the Volga river Pozdnyakovo settlements ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) as well as on Sintashta amp Alakul culture checkered pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 ) Hexagonal Cis-Ural structures of the Fatyanovo ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ) may correlate with Baltic cosmological hexagram ( triple crossed keraunos ) kerai
magic reflecting an old ceraunic hexagram star design ( ऋि = 6 ) motif found in
many East Baltic distaff ( verpstė ) folk carvings ( re Gromoviti znaci Taranis wheels ) The Ugric Sky Elk had six legs The six ray solar-star hexagram design is later found in Mycenae designs ( re contacts ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The Ural Forests are unimaginably immense and the Winters around 2100 BCE were unusually long and severe ( Vidēvdāt 23 ) The demand for skilled metalworkers was growing fast with the Ural metallurgic bonanza History is messy The archaeological evidence indicates multi-lingual Fatyanovo-Balanovo people assimilated in with both Timber Grave Pozdnyakovo Iranian speakers and Volga-Kama Uralic speakers Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link or panta bridging Timber Grave with Uralic And that multi-lingualism was valued ndash and used We do not know when Fatyanovo-Balanovo converted to a Srubna Iranian but we know that they did and where ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Oink
Regional bilingualism probably persisted for centuries reflected today in archaic residual loanwords ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem 1000 Ossetian baeliglon dove
) Many Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture Balts assimilated ( Erzya Purrsquogine amp Permic
Pera myth traditions ) and adopted Uralic ( N1c1) languages ( Ananyino horizon ) and cultures as many had done earlier with the Abashevo culture ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) and repeating again with the early Pozdnyakovo amp Sarmatian ethnogenesis (w Gorodets admixture) The first millennium BCE Dyakovo culture was again poly-ethnic partly East Baltic during its middle phase - with polished ceramics ( re CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation LWb allele gt ) mainly Finno-Ugrian perhaps part Sarmatian is known from its hillforts with palisades (E Baltic varas gardas gt Volgaic kardaz Permyak kar city town ) Population size was about a hundred at each site The building styles of log cabins in the hillforts change from North to South - above ground to semi-subterranean - reflecting Balt amp Āryan building traditions The fibulae buckle (Mordvin sjulgam) artifacts appear Baltic as do many sickles and bronze headdresses ( Krasnov 1968 4-5 8 ) The Volsk-Lbishche culture known from sites like Shiromasovo in Mordovia exhibited Fatyanovo Corded Ware characteristics and was unexpectedly found far away from a excavated settlement in Tenteksor Kazakhstan - a northeastern area of the Trans-Caspian region
Reports of Bigfoot gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The genetic linguistic and archaeological record documents a prolonged assimilation by descendants of Volga-Kama Balanovo East Balts various polyethnic Abashevo Āryans and later mixed Timber Grave Sarmatians into the ethnogenisis of regional Finno-Permic peoples ( Goldina 1999 ) of the Chirkovo-Seyma Ananyino Pyanobor Pozdniakovo and related Djakovo Gorodets cultures (eg Finnish vuosituhat ) Volgaic ( śid-al sed bridge Finnish silta
id ) Words of an East Baltic provenance ( Latvian sēta tilts ) attest to ethnic movements ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) as well as the specific East Baltic balandis Ossetian baeliglon dove isogloss Latvian lanka low plain Ossetian laumlnk ( Khanty lŏk ) Lith Vėjūkas runic Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Ossetic raeligmūʒyn closely matches the semantics of East Baltic cognates rather than the related Indo-Iranian cognates Sarmatian archaeological periods reflect cultural changes ( ie burial
orientation ) in their population which probably indicates a diverse variety of regional dialects of which only the one found in Ossetic survives A recent study about N1c1 Uralics as origin of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation in Caucasian populations ( re Ossetians ) adds an additional perspective ( F Libert et
al 1998 ) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old The broadest area of high frequency is located in northeastern Europe particularly the Baltic region ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) New dating of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation coincides closely with the Dyakovo horizon and the distribution of elevated frequencies match the archaeological ethnicities ( initial Volgaic amp later East Baltic ) which converged in the Dyakovo poly-ethnic horizon especially during its middle phase of polished ceramics and expanded agriculture From Dyakovo settlements cultural contact with
Gorodets sites and nearby Sarmatians might be expected to further spread the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation
The ethnogenesis and development of the Ural forest-steppe Sarmatians did not occur in a vacuum Evidence of Sarmatian - East Balt ( Plain Pottery gt
Bondarikha culture ) as well as Sarmatian - Finno-Ugric interaction has linguistic support ( also CCR5 Delta 32 amp LWb allele frequencies) Note Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich lt influenced from perhaps a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave asurah - of a pre-Ananyino era forest intrusion by Timber Grave tribes or later Trade contacts were valued - Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel or Hungarian ezer 1000 amp Ossetian aeligrzaelig- huge The Mnogovalikovo and Abashevo also played a significant part in the ethnogenesis of the Timber-grave culture ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) especially with the Pokrovskiy culture as well as with Uralic cultures Single markers 187 270 272 of mtDNA N1a1a1a group Bashkirs with Lithuanians and the Komi Permyaks Elevated R1a1 ( haplogroup R-SRY108312
aka SRY15322 ) is found not only with the Erzya ( re R1a Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13
DYS 520 =22 ampc) but also with the Bashkirs (38-48) of the Urals who still harvest their ancient kaumlrauml- honeycomb A match of Estonian and Indian single marker 294 of mtDNA N1a1a1 has been reported GAS Again Or was the 294 from the beautiful but endangered Seto people amp culture Perhaps some Narva mtDNA U5b2 will surface far from home Embrace the Chaos
The regions surviving autonomous Baltic speakers assimilated again in the 5th century AD as new Slavic type cultural groups filtered in from the South although in some areas Baltic speakers remained intact as evident from the historic record The new Slavic speakers (Komi rotś ) followed the same path into Russia as the old Fatjanovo-Balanovo era East Baltic speakers did three thousand years before the Slavic immigration The common R1a ancestry of many East Balts ( R1a1a1 Z280 L235 Z92 ) and East Slavs (R1a1a- Z92) invites new scholarly re-examination of East Balt and East Slavic isoglosses The Old Russian Ipatiy Compilation of Chronicles mentions that in 1147 the Prince of Rostov-Suzdal defeated the Golyad ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) who lived by the River Porotva The Golyad lt Golędь ethnonym was derived from a Baltic hydronym galin- meaning deep water The defeated population ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) would be from then on taxed - accordingly For more info see Marija Gimbutas here Today the family of related decendants of all these mixed forebearers can be seen in Latvians Lithuanians Estonians as well as in Russians the Erzya Moksha
Mordvins Mari Permics Bashkirs Ural Tatars and Indians ॐ
Balto-Slavic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The late Sredny Stog Middle Dnieper Culture grew from conservative peripheral IE dialects related to Yamna Satem with admixture of different assimilated indigenous peoples from Dnieper Donets and the Tripolye culture of Central Europe as well as subgroups of Centum Globular Amphora contributors ( w TRB BBC) and a host of others (re remnant Middle Dnieper Repins ) The ethnogenesis of these distinct dialects with assimilated indigenous peoples formed various diverse regional Balto-Slavic speakers which were localized as the poly-ethnic Europeanized peripheral Satem dialects of Baltic and Slavic closely related to early Pit-grave Āryan yet distinctly different even then with diverse degrees of admixture within regional subgroups The Balto-Slavic type poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture was a fusion of ethnic groups - a melting pot - so to speak with a retro core Satem dialect (archaic Balto-Slavic lacks perfect reduplication - agreeing with Albanian Hamp 1963)
The unique peripheral components of the Middle Dnieper culture say the early East Baltic Fatyanovo migrated away before a thorough homogenization of Middle Dnieper Satem lingua franca dialects could consolidate among regional subgroups ( eg E Baltic kur kame W Baltic kuei Slavic kъde - Finnish tuhante Mokša
tožaumln lt E Baltic 1000 lt pre-GAS RUKI - Baltic long root preterite re Burrow 1955 p 19 ) Hence the Balto-Slavic debates Dative plural m or the tūšante tūšanti type Satem participle term ( Latvian tūska ) for a thousand were probably disseminated by trade contacts between distant Globular Amphora subgroups various Middle Dnieper subgroups and other groups ( re Goth ain-lif - p lt k lt
GAC - P-Celtic-BBC Lith vienuo-lika eleven OSw thornuacutesand thousand ) from the earlier Centum Globular Amphora migrations ( Globular Amphora-Narva polyethnics
w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) near the expanding networks of Fatyanovo ( R1a1a1 Z280 LWb ) pioneering the North The Y-STR variation among Slavs has given the evidence for the Slavic homeland near the middle Dnieper basin which provides a geographic context for the Slavic linguistic correlation to the early Satem West amp East Baltic Upper Middle Dnieper homeland and the nearby Catacomb amp Pit-grave Āryans to the East During the period (3400
BCE) of the oxen pulled wheeled wagon revolution the Yamnaya culture slowly expanded toward the edge of the Corded Ware horizon of late Sredny Stog culture Millennia later in the same eastern area of the contact zone near the middle Dnieper a poly-ethnic Slav Timber Grave Iranian ethno-genesis would develop the Chernoles culture
A separation of Belarus subpopulations along a North South line can be demonstrated particularly in distribution of Y chromosomal lineages R1b I1a and I1b N3 and G-chromosomes The uniqueness of the northern Belarusian population is most likely due to the high incidence of poly-ethnic pre- ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 [old name N3] (
homogeneous Baltic pre-ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo substrate with allele DYS1915 ) which is twice the frequency as in central and southern Belarus The central and southern Belarusian substratum Baltic Milograd physical traits differ somewhat from Ukrainian substratum SlavScytho-Sarmatian traits (re U3) The assimilation of Belarus may have been mainly linguistic and less physically ethnical ( R1a1a- Z92 )
The Autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov Culture gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture complex of the Podolian Upland bordered the Trzciniec and Sosnitsa (early peripheral Baltic) complexes to its far North but appears culturally related to the Montreoru (early Dacian) and later Sabatinovka Thracian complex to its near South in regard to burial rites and pottery (also see Linguistics and Ethnogenesis of the Slavs 1985 by Oleg N
Trubačev) Native Pre-IE Tripolye culture farming populace (Temematian) were assimilated also as they were with Middle Dnieper Baltic The unique close relation of early Slavic origins to Globular Amphora and later Ural-Steppe amp Asian Iranian ( Slavic azъ Tumshuq Sakan azu ) and nearby Dacian and Thracian are often lost to the worn out Balto-Slavic chorus of cliches After the arrival of the Huns (w G V mtDNA N1a U4) in Europe and a devastating plague in the 6th-7th century AD post multi-ethnic Cherniakhov culture Slavic soon became the lingua franca of commerce trade throughout most of Central Europe and beyond A polyethnic ethnogenesis interpretation (Proto-Slav Komarov gt Belogrudovka gt
Chernoles culture) helps to explain why Slavic has partial elements of a Satem Corded Ware dialect of an early autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture language resembling Baltic (Middle Dnieper culture) languages bordering to the North The archaeology also agrees with regional hydronyms of a decidely Slavic provenance (vs Trzciniec amp Sosnitsa Baltic) as proposed by the renowned Russian philologist Oleg N Trubačev Trubačev (1986) had also detected nearby Illyrian and Thracian hydronyms on the Dniester Bug and Middle Dnieper A poly-ethnic ethnogenesis interpretation also explains some of the Slav Timber Grave Iranian religious vocabulary ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- ) as
well as other linguistic impacts on Slavic ( see EricHamp 2011 ) from the Timber Grave amp Steppe Iranian culture ( Slavic azъ Saka azu ) and also detection of common Slav Timber Grave Iranian mtDNA types ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 )
The southern neighbors of the Proto-Slavic Belogrudovka (from earlier Komarov ) culture ( mtDNA U4a2 ) were the Sabatinovka Thracian complex - a mix of Catacomb Timber Grave amp Monteoru ( Sharafutdinova 1986 115 ) Dacian of which some yielded to the Belozerka gt Chernogorovka Cimmerian early Timber Grave Iranian speakers which in turn yielded to steppe Timber Grave Scythians The rest of the Dacians survived and are heard in todays Albanian The Timber Grave culture retreated South from the Ural forest steppe around the 12th century BCE due to climatic cooling Mezhovka culture filled the void they left Also the later Sarmatian amp Alan presence near the Dnieper by Kiev was enormous (re mtDNA U3 R1a- Z93 Slavic azъ Saka azu Ossetian aeligz amp loss of word-final nom -s ) Ukrainian cattle zebu mtDNA reflects this influx from the steppes of the East
In the Ukrainian gene pool six Y-DNA haplogroups are revealed E F (213
including G and I) J N1c1 (96) P and R1a1 Northeast European Sarmatians ( C Keyser et al 2009 ) are not merely romantics as Saka kurgan (mtDNa N1a1a1) genetics bear out ( C Keyser et al 2009 Voevoda et al 2000 Clisson et al 2002
Ricaut Francois-X et al 2004) - although historical Sarmatians ( Śarmis ) included Asian R1a- Z93 amp Uralic admixture (N3 U4) Note Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel The tripartite division of the Slavic languages may reflect latent regional substratum influence on dialects evolved from the Proto-Slav Komarov culture which was designated by hydronyms of a Slavic provenance by O N Trubačev East Slavic like its neighboring East Baltic Sosnitsa ( gt Bondarikha gt
Jukhnovo ) complex to the North had the near influence of the Catacomb culture and may reflect some later MVK Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) cultural dialogue ( Russian jalovec juniper Armenian elevin id ) from MVK Monteoru culture trade exchanges Monteoru Dacian and Proto Slavic were close to each other which may explain some Slavic Albanian isoglosses West Slavic R1a
M458 may well be inherited from ( post Lengyel -TRB ) Corded Ware Centum Globular Amphora culture area substratum ( re ERC GAS gt Czech pyacuteř fire
embers re ERC Oscan pūr ) with a Satem Pomeranian R1a1a1 L365 conversion (
in NW Pomeranian in SW Dacian ) preceding a later W Slavic expansion ( Slavic
Bogъ Saka Baga- Slavic azъ Saka azu - see EricHamp 2011 ) Language is not genetic it is acquired Note N1c1 ( N-M178 ) Baltic speakers in Lithuania amp Latvia or R1a1a1 ( LWb ) Uralic speakers in Estonia or Yoeme speakers of Yoi Noki in Arizona
Kelan Kolo Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Does this support the construct of a so-called Balto-Slavic region or Middle Dnieper cultural horzon of anciently related initial dialects of subgroups like a
Satem Armeno-Aryan Catacomb culture Graeco-Armenian poly-ethnic Centum Celto-Italic or much earlier Indo-Uralic Probably The distance between Slavic amp Baltic each to early Satem Indo-Iranian (Pit-grave Āryan Satem) is not as great as such labels would imply One can also easily group together Satem Baltic-Slavic-Indo-Iranian with RUKI amp declension ( locPl ending -su ) considerations They were all in obviously close contact by horseback or river travel But if there never was a specifically monolithic Proto-Baltic per se how can you ever have a monolithic Proto Balto-Slavic amid the chaotic multiculturalism of the Middle Dnieper horizon The R1a1a- evidence begs to differ Early Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo sites in Estonia date to 3000 BCE The different Balts are even physically distinct around that time due to substratum
The Baltic and Slavic subgroups were already well differentiated and autonomous (eg separate mythologies amp Baltic long root preterite archaic divergent
vocabularies ) yet close to one another with the adoption of the wheel kelan kolo ratas (3200 BCE) West Balts used asigmatic nom sg ntr ending -n whereas the East Baltic neuter compliment was derived from asigmatic -d like Lydian Zaza ləzga Ossetian лaeligдзaeligг - branch Russian dialect ляэга vs Lith laz-da (Albanian ledhi - id ) Note Baltic o Slavic a - and but - reflecting an ablative form of a pronoun (Avestan āt - then and) Archaeologists have not found the archetypal Balto-Slavic settlements per se probably because each branch group were formed and influenced in different NE W S regions ( re ratas kelan kolo ) of the Middle Dnieper culture by a diverse admixture of various peoples and influences albeit somewhat near each other neighboring a Proto-Dacian distinctly different Satem variant Of course they are related Balto-Slavic is a generic generalization of a brief Europeanized Satem linguistic horizon like Armeno-Aryan (remodeled ablative suffix etc) - but initially more polyethnic The idealized Proto-Balto-Slavic Satem dialect probably pertains to an earlier pre-Middle Dnieper Culture peripheral area somewhere bordering Catacomb amp Pit-Grave groups and in contact with northern Repin dialects for awhile But Baltic like Slavic are in fact products of multiculturalism throughout their linguistic evolutions
Proto-Slavic and the more northern early Baltics were partially composed of assimilated Dnieper-Donets and acculturated later Tripolye peoples emulating the Yamna-like IE Satem speakers of peripheral related Sredny Stog dialects among a multi-ethnic converging cultural vortex of others ( Dnieper Repins TRB
Globular Amphora amp CWC poly-ethnics ) and with more admixture later where they would settle The eventual influence of Timber Grave Belozerka Cimmerian and later steppe Scythian amp Sarmatian on Slavic ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 ) was significant ( loss of word-final -s ) With the mobility of wheels changes were occurring rapidly - isolation was fading fast The Slavic participle with -L appears to have more in common to distant Lydian than nearby Baltic
Like Wild West movies debates on Balto-Slavic have had a duration longer
than the original horizon probably lasted The close affinity of Satem Slavic amp Baltic to Yamna related Indo-Iranian can be no surprise nor their distinctive European poly-ethnic accents The fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) It seems the growing early pre-IIr Yamna and Eastern Baltic dialect areas moved Northward as did the early West Balts as the Thracians Dacian Pre-Albanians and Slavs who migrated southwestward assimilating various Central European non-IE native and early Centum-TRB mixed IE people ( GAS R1a M458 ) into their cultures ( Dacian place
name Clevora Lith Klevas maple Lith place-names Liepora Beržorai w distributive -
or- suffix ) Thereafter the original Slavic future tense (which was perhaps similar to
Baltic amp Indo-Iranian) was lost while assimilating Dniester Tripolye C2 populace and other groups - as did the neighboring pre-proto Germanic Globular Amphora who had replaced the future tense as well It now appears that Winters Law also applies to Albanian which draws Thracian into question Inconsistancies in Albanian Satemization may reflect a pre-Bilopotok culture substratum to Monteoru Dacian Satem language which was influenced by Hercynian Celts and later Dalmation substratum
The early Proto-Slavic dialect reflects an inter-ethnic dialogue ( RUKI of Slavic
Mid-Iranian ) of early Timber Grave Iranian (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp
later steppe Scythian) assimilation which occurred upon an earlier polyethnic Balto-Slavic dialects accent region ( due to assimilated non-IE substratum admixture) Slavic loss of word-final -s may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by early Timber Grave Iranian contact (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp steppe Scythian) Culturally the influence of the Timber Grave immigration ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- Vedic
Bhagas ) was not as imposing on the rustic nearby Dnieper-Desna Baltic steppe-forest dwellers An earlier hypothetical Balto-Slavic dialects Dnieper Basin Accent (DBA) of the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Culture ( R1a- Z280 ) area would be at least later-Sredny-Stog era followed by a gradual Pre-Proto-Slavic westward steppe ( plateau vs the forest ) trajectory evolving into the Proto-Slavic Komarov gt Belogrudovka culture
Maps indicating the location of the (Temematian) non-IE Tripolye (Cucuteni-
Trypillian) Culture of Dniester farmers compared with maps of the Proto-Slavic language region (based on hydronyms) parallel each other closely although there is at least two thousand years between each horizon Herodotus later describes Scythian farmers where once were only European Tripolye culture farmers On either side of the early Slavics were lively trade partners of early Germanics to the Northeast and early Baltics to the Northwest - both of which were also polyethnic to various degrees with native European peoples If the Corded Ware Europeanized isogloss of Dative Plural - M occurred as an areal innovation perhaps due to Uralic substratum phonetic influence it probably started with contact and assimilation with Globular Amphora peoples now of mixed affinities ( Narva Lengyel TRB amp Centum Globular Amphora R1a- M458 )
and spread at a very early formative stage of E+W Baltic development and pre-proto-Germanic pre-Slavic The Sanskrit alphabet long ago anticipated the natural progression of B to M which enabled a fast transition Assimilation often accompanies innovation It is interesting that both regionally related poly-ethnic ( Dniester Tripolye C2 TRB GAS ) neighboring Centum pre-Germanics and Satem pre-Slavics replaced the original future tense construct of -s- (re relics -
Slavic byšęšteje Czech probyšucny ) as opposed to the Italo-Celtics as well as the distant eastern Baltics who shared borders and the original future tense with -s with the early Satem Āryan Yamna cultures A example of Baltic s future may be seen in Lith duos lt dōH3s lt doH3s ( Lith dial dōs ) The mtDNA reflects such a scenario but whether it happened like this is anybodys guess
The influence of Dnieper Donets or the Tripolye substratum in the DBA or RUKI has not been given the attention it deserves The assimilation of regional Baltic speakers also influenced various Slavic languages such as the Milograd (E
Slavic jasen vs jesen - ash tree) Kolochin and Yotvingian cultures in Belarusian the large-scale East ( amp West ) Baltic substratum in the Old Novgorodian territory North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92+ amp N1c1 ) tl dl consonant clusters gt kl gl - like East Baltic the Pomeranian presence in West Slavic Dnieper-Dvina East Balt foundation of the Tušemlja culture (which later included immigrant
Sudovians and Slavs in the Long Barrow culture) and the widely scattered East Baltic speaking tribes in Western amp Northern Russia ( re LWb allele at 22 for Vologda
Russians ) Also noted is the area where Belarusian Russian amp Polish prepose their genitives In contrast specific lineage characterized by 16304C-16311C mutations which indicate the Slavonic migrations from Central to E Europe was not found among Lithuanians Although historically instructive it cannot eclipse the common origin in the Middle Dnieper culture that both Slavs and Balts share together especially the East Balts and East Slavs ( both with R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 ) and always will
Caveat Emptor gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Theories about dating the earliest Proto-Slavic in relation to the distinct early Baltic branches need to examine the carbon dated chronology of East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural remains ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) Baltic hydronyms in Russia such as the Oka river the loss of the original Slavic Future tense and Baltic loanwords (from assimilated East Balts) in Finno-Volgaic which help date the evidence Examples of archaic Baltic loanwords into Finno-Ugric are East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole gt North Saami čuolggu pole Finnish salko long pole Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane or Lithuanian šaras fodder gt Moksha Mordvinian śora grain lt Saka ṣara seed Another Finno-Ugric loanword from East Baltic ( re Samogitian medė forest ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest-border is gt Finnish metsauml- forest Estonian mets
Karelian mečču id Saami meahcci forest fringe Hungarian (w LWb allele
) messze far distant vs OCS mežda - alley lane Words to the wise about any theoretical Balto-Slavic dates - Caveat emptor and compare it to all the facts we already know from empirical science There are Latvias eleven C-14 cal dates ( Loze 1992 Tab1 ) of CWC with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (
Purhonen 1986 11 ) A diet of fish ( šapalas ) may lessen the dates a little but no time-travel technology has yet been found with those CWC artifacts Cest la vie Wisconsin celebrates a Leif Erikson Day but Spain may not
Fatyanovo East Baltic developed from an earlier Northeastern forest variant subgroup ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 ) of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon with assimilated Euro-Repin Centum GAS while Southwestern Proto-Slavic steppe variants were emerging at the same time elsewhere Each were regionally distinct (forest steppe) subgroups yet related hybrid retro-core Satem cultures of diverse cultural components Neither group ever identified themselves with a xenophobic Āryan terminology ( re Mansi tas stranger ) The more conservative Northern Satem groups preferred to use the IE inclusive term Tauta (people) or liaudis (re Russ ljudi Khowar roi) Balto-Slavic is a useful generalization of a complex Middle Dnieper linguistic horizon and generic at best
Think Green gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There never was a monolithic Proto-Baltic per se Note the Eastern Baltic LWb gene analysis below or the multiple R1a1a- variations of Middle Dnieper Z280 cultures There are archaic pre-GAC Satem and post-GAS Euro-Repin Centum integrated aspects of the Baltic languages If GAC Euro-Repin-Centum defines what is Baltic does Steppe TG Iranian define what is Slavic The various West East Baltic Thracian amp Slavic languages (along with the Indo-Iranian branch) represent an archaic continuum of remnant subgroups of former core Satem IE dialects the last Proto Indo-European branches to finally split The Proto-Baltics would be none other than some Proto Satem Indo-European dialects together with the closely neighboring Satem pre-Thracian amp pre-Dacian Proto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-Iranian It may be more helpful to visualize East Baltic Slavic amp Indo-Iranian as part of the still growing main Satem trunk rather than as language branches Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
The LWb blood marker CCR5 Delta 32 mutation BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In respect to hematological variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele was highest in the Central East Balts around 75 among Lithuanian Samogitians
and very low among the other western Europeans ( 0-01 ) Click here for the PDF
version of the LWb Study The LWb blood allele can be seen as a genetic Tribal Marker of Prehistoric East Baltic Migrations and Admixture and perhaps not a West-Baltic marker since inhabitants of the Sūduva region average only a mere 27 vs 29 for Finns 22 for distant northern Vologda Russians or 4 for Estonians ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) - even after over 600 years of continuous Lithuanian colonization and admixture in the Sūduva region For those who still think all Sudovians vanished please reread the prior sentence - slowly Lithuanian R1a rates ( R1a1a1 including Z92 or L235 w LWb ) vary widely with West Aukštaičiai 406 vs South Aukštaičiai R1a at 618 in a sans MtDNA H1 region ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004 ) The absence of the 16304C-
16311C mutations prevents unneeded misinterpretations Genetic structure analyses also suggest Poles from Suwalszczyzna (northeastern Poland ) differ from all remaining Polish and Russian samples ( Grzybowski et al 2007 ) The Aryan R1a- Z93+ found in Lithuania is associated with that regions Tatars China Japan and Somalia evidently evaded incursions of LWb laced barbarians far better than either Gotland or Hungary although Gotlands LWb probably involved extensive secondary contacts with Estonians and Finns Maritime interaction with Vikings of Sweden amp Gotland is reflected by increased frequencies of the PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland region of Latvia ( Beckman L et al 1999 ) whereas Estonian interaction with Gotland is reflected by the TFDCHI allele ( Beckman L et al 1998 ) and LWb allele frequencies in Gotland ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) Hungarys LWb may perhaps reflect the Dyakovo-Gorodets horizon with East Balt participation Eurasian or archaeological DNA test results for the rare LWb allele mutation are sill pending Any occurrence of the LWb allele or Z280 ( Northern variants ) in Kazakhstan amp Eurasia will be noteworthy as will unexpected N1c1 types The Y-DNA of Lithuania is roughly about 5050 for N1c1 amp R1a and varies somewhat by regions MtDNA H1 frequencies are very very low among Lithuanians and virtually non-existent with the Saacutemi In Lithuania MtDNA H1 is mainly confined to only Northern Žemaitians The Aukštaičiai like the Saacutemi have none ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004
) Tests confirm the Narva substratum assimilated by East Balts had mtDNA U5b1 U5b2 amp U4 ( Bramanti et al 2009 ) This cultural inheritance from Kunda amp an early N1c Uralic substratum links Lithuanians amp Saacutemi as well as centuries of cross cultural fly agaric mushroom trade ( per M Gimbutas ) or the shared ethnocidal amp genocidal persecutions from a European Christendom ( Willumsen
LH 1997 ) busy shilling tickets to their heaven Tickets to Heaven hocus pocus amp the gravy train ( re nāstika Brihaspati ) The Prince of Peace deserves better
Less the above referenced genetical info be misinterpreted as some form of encrypted RWA cracker-code-speak I will stress that the fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) You are unique - just like everyone else People are people - some individuals shine some hide in their cruel fear Most of our DNA is African As my friend Robbin
said Its all good
The elevated CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation frequencies distributed in East Balts amp Volgaics and CCR5-Delta 32 DNA chronology ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) coincide closely with the ethnicities of the poly-ethnic Dyakovo cultures middle phase and may further illuminate earlier Ossetian contacts or some unique isoglosses Whether there is any correlation between the LWb allele and the CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation besides Baltic region epicenters is just speculation at present Perhaps the science of a common R1a Z92 inheritance of Russians and Baltic people will usher in a new era of unity and respect
The Western Balts were a hybrid mix of Funnel Beaker ( TRB including some
outlier Badens ) Centum Globular Amphora ( GAS gt eg pẽku ) and Corded Ware Satem Middle Dnieper people with Uralic Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1) people on Neolithic Nemunas and Narva substratum populations Archaeologist today can distinguish Europeanized West Balt culture skulls from those of nearby neighboring Satem East Baltic Fatyanovo types The distinction ( R1a1a- L366 vs LWb allele w R1a1a1 or Z92 L235 amp N1c1 ) was evidently very old and more than just grammatical Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements ( Brazaitis
2005 fig 5 Girininkas 2009 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import like pešti pešus pẽšis Kailas ( re Sudovian Kayles Gothic Hails
Vandalic Eils Old Norse Hail - perhaps all heard together for centuries at Wiskiauten Bar-B-Qs )
Ρως Ρωζζία amp Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
| C + Ͻ |
YATVEZ - Ятвезь
The myth of Terra Nullius ( deserted wasteland ) was merely historic ethnocidal propaganda justifying centuries of Papal Conquests Atrocities amp Theft - in both the Old and the New World It was a lie and DNA now proves it was only ethnic cleansing fiction A census by the Orthodox clergy of the Belarus
Grodno area in 1860 had as many as 30929 inhabitants identifying themselves as Yatviags (Yotvingians) The Byzantine Treaty with Kiev prince
Igor in 944 notes among the Rus ( Grk Ρως ) envoys a Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
one Jaacutetvįgrsquo for Gunnar ᚴᚢᚾᛅᚱ The Varangian (lt Old Norse Vaeligringi ) affinities
of an original poly-ethnic Jaacutetvings minority may explain the reapplication of East Baltic Gudai to later stereotype that Grodno regions other mixed poly-ethnic inhabitants ( Γυδωνες - Γουται ) Settlements of the 9th century with distinctly Viking cultural characteristics have been found around the Grodno area It appears that within a century or two of Viking trade and settlement those Norse ( Norethmenn ) either dispersed along the nearby Nemunas river and or assimilated in with ranking locals ( a common Viking custom ) Their Yotvingian Y-DNA survives with closest Y-DNA matches from Norway Ireland amp Scotland ( clan Gotheray ) Sweden followed by Cumbria amp one in Finland - a Y-DNA trail of related Lochlannar Norse clansmen Family
Historic records indicate they opposed surrendering the old beliefs of their forefathers for an imposed foreign import A new ( re AС Кибинь below ) rational etymology of the Baltic Jotving- Jātving- now rescued from from an inert provincialism of kaleidoscopic self-replicating hypotheticals and ethnocentric tunnel vision can finally be derived from an original Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr lucky spear Varangian leaders Heiti name ( gen sg = Jātvīgs Ρως - Lieth
retinue-crew gt Jātvįgs Rōs or Jātvįgs Lieth gt Jātvings - as luck would have it
L448 ) The nasal infixation of the West Norse original ( -iacutegs -īgs gt -įgs gt -ings ) as well as artifacts reflects close early contacts with local Dainavians-Sūdovians for whom the ubiquitous trademark nasal -ing- suffix ( -īg- in Latvian ) was indeed highly productive ( re Aps-ingis Zietela ldquoRus-ingisrdquo etc ) and is thus non-problematic - and in fact rather insightful for its nasal affectation of the local Balts Top this off with the peculiar parallel nominative-genitive singular ( re Wilkaskaymen ) of West Baltic dialects and it it easy to see how an original genitive Jaacutetviacutegs Lieth ( Varangians ) from Old Norse becomes assimilated as a poly-ethnic West Baltic nominative Jātvings Jotvings Voilagrave A Dainavianized nomgen sg nasal Jātvįgs from an Old West Norse genitive singular Jaacutetviacutegs - Jaacutetviacutegr‟s Lieth effortlessly yeilds
Jotvings ( note Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr (w-t-) vs related Eadwig [ Ӕтьвѧгъ ᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴ ] Eadwy or Jadwiga w-d- )
These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvaacutegs Rocircs ( Liethsmenn ) along
the Nemunas river would acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically within 3 generations or less ) amp assimilation - many by inter-marriage like with other Vikings elsewhere Rocircs ( lt Roethsmenn ) may well reflect an earlier pre-sail era maritime terminology Centuries of multi-cultural
commingling between West Balts amp Scandinavians are also reflected at other trade settlements like Saeborg-Grobina Truso or Kaup Wiskiauten PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland ( Kurland ) region of Latvia ( Beckman L et
al 1999 ) mirror poly-cultural blending of Grobina artifacts as does LWb in Gotland In more precise terms the Varangians were primarily Norse mercenaries whereas the Rocircs or Rus were the wider poly-ethnic base of the imported Viking culture which also included merchants boatmen and traders - from Birka to Kiev
As convenient as that all sounds it should be noted that the ubiquitous modern Lithuanian Jotvingis term itself a recent theoretical neologism from the middle 1920s Opps This Jotvingis neologism coined in the 20s was derived solely from various historical Slavic labels of the Varangian era To the Balts repelling the aggressive invading Kiev Rus and later Crusaders these poly-ethnic assimilated mixed Norse-Balt descendants were already just one
of us These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvįgs Varangians would
acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically
within 3 generations or less ) amp with assimilation A Zietela dialect word pamarkas-accursed is probably an assimilated Viking relic term of the Old Norse morkinn-decayed-rotten like the Scots English murkle reproach The Turovians group name likewise reflects a Norse Varangian Rus leaders name
( THORNoacuterir - ᚦᚬᚱᛁᚱ ) aligned with a Ragnvaldr - ᚱᛅᚴᚾᚢᛅᛚᛏᚱ in Polotsk along with
Garethariki Holmgarethr - ᚼᚢᛚᛘᚴᛅᚱᚦᚱ Austrvegr although the Рогволод - Моря Ragnvaldr - Moslashre similarities invite a critique Relations between Polotsk and Kiev became rather strained in 945 One of Vladimirs many campaigns to collect more tribute-taxes ( poliude ) and gain strategic Nemunas river trade access to the Baltic Sea is the first written ( albeit somewhat quasi-historical ) account of plural Yotvingians dated to 983 Fifty five years later in 1038 Yaroslav battles the Yotvingians and later the Lithuanians who were together allied with rebellious pagan Masovians ( amp prior Galindians ) - although another source reports a quite different scenario of a 1038 Yotvingian conflict - by Volkavysk Viking turf wars were not altogether unknown No traces of any hypothetical Baltic hydronym Jacirct-vacirc have ever been found to this day in the Terra Jatwezenorum region None Zip
A Belarusian Vawkavysk dialect Ятвезь [ Yatvez or Jatvez ] Anchor term obtusely connects the Norse Thors hammer of Vikings amp other Scandinavian relics to the original Yotvingians of that Black Russian region - who initially
spoke the Old Norse of Varangians Nobody vanished Get real ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᚱ When in doubt tell the truth - Mark Twain
For more about a Norse Rus Yatviag Yotvingian etymology see Кибинь
AС Ятвяги в X-XI вв laquoбалтское племяraquo или laquoбереговое братствоraquo Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2008 2(4) С117-132
The Loki pendant of Gnezdovo note the striking resemblance to the Snaptun Stone Loki - jp
Another East Baltic tribal migration marker may be a significantly increased frequency of the BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype ( Van Landeghem et al 1998 )
The spread of Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup R1a1a- as well as the B blood type is associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages too Many Latvian tartan weaving patterns are nearly identical to ancient Tocharian tartans found recently with Tocharian mummies (w U4 two-rooted lower canines
VRC ) recovered in Western China (see Secrets of the Silk Road) Tocharians were evidently also dedicated hemp farmers like the Balts and historical kapnobatai Thracians East Baltic Lithuanian place-names Beržorai ( birches
) or Liepora ( lindens ) reflect the Tocharian B distributive suffix -ār as does the Satem Dacian place-name Clevora (re Lith Klevas maple) West Baltic had Saitoran - the knotty Pleiades ( EV 6 ) Slavic also has such a parallel arboreal related suffix It would be worthy to note that some Dnieper culture horizons exhibit a degree of intrusive Repin style pottery from Middle Dnieper Repins Middle Dnieper Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration A high frequency of the CCR5-Delta 32 allele in Lithuanian populations at levels of about 16 has been documented This allele mutation confers resistance to HIV (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old ( J Novembre et al 2005 )
Lithuanian Ashkenazi Jews have also interested geneticists since they display a number of unique genetic characteristics including Y-DNA haplogroup Q
SONGS OF THE FOREST gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Traditional ancient Baltic songs ( Lith Dainos Latv Dainās re Vedic Dhėnās ) are a vast resource of the Baltic languages The Dainos are the Rig Veda of the East Baltic people These Hymns were first brought into the Baltic forests before 3000 BCE and preserved within innumerable homesteads person to person winter after long winter from 2600 BCE to this day Their antiquity is only eclipsed by their numbers and variations They are usually Hymns of stanzas many of which are divine revelations from the ancient Native Religion and Mythology but in contrast to most other similar forms they often lack earthly heroes Many Latvian dainās are not long typically in quatrains and often trochaic (metrically of one long syllable followed by one short one) and more rarely dactylic These ancient Hymns are superb relics of the pre-Christian East Baltic Native Religion and the life of the people especially its three important events - birth weddings and deathburial but also lifes infinite experiences
Dod Dieviņi ko dodamis Dod man labas div‟ lietiņas
Ceļā labū kumeliņu Mūžāi labu līgaviņu
There are literally millions of verses of these truly ancient Dainos Dainās now in written form The forest is also home to Seto Leelo the Seto polyphonic singing tradition Saacutemi joiks ( or ldquoyoiksrdquo ) and others All are irreplaceable treasures So intertwined with the archaic languages and their enormous vocabularies it is virtually impossible to try to separate the two These Hymns are still sung to this day - person to person
The magic of language is a gift from mother to child
living as a memorial to all Women who gave it to us
____________________________________________________
BE HERE NOW
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
More than half of the planets 7000 or so languages are facing extinction within this century
We are losing around two languages a month - or about one every two weeks
Learn an endangered language or at least help conserve one - as if it was your own They are
PLEASE DONATE TODAY TO
Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization
ADOPT-A-LANGUAGE
This webpage was FREE after all Dont be cheap
DO IT NOW BE A MAN ___________________________________________________ And as a special way of saying Thank You for your generous contribution we will provide you a link to exciting new Saacutemi music on YouTube absolutely FREE OF CHARGE
___________________________________________________
The Sudovian greeting Kailas re-affirms that we are all One - with each other and with the Earth we share
Dermė
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The nearly extinct Lithuanian gray - Latvian blue cow breeds also need immediate international support amp attention - ASAP
- poshkahotmailcom
Click on Photo for Baltic Log Home Architecture
The ancient Twin Horse Sky motif found on top of
Lithuanian homes reflects the related Vedic Sanskrit Ašvins Similiar ( Ašvieniai ) symbolism was found in the
Khvalynsk and Samara PIE cultures (4100 - 5500 BCE) The Twin Horse Sky motif is also evident in Mari ethnic symbols
| Proto Indo European | | Mažiulis | | Nostratic Language |
| Prussian Language Website | | Janis Endzelins Baltic Languages |
| Old Prussian Texts |
| Mordvinian Dictionary |
The above text is an excerpt from Virdainas copy Jos Pashka 2012
~ in memory of Jeannette DeBusk Cox Charles Richard Dean amp Netta Poska ~
Erzya-Moksha Mordvin loanwords include - vərgas ( Indo-Iran vrkah ) pejel - knife ( Lith peilis peile ) kardaz ( Lith gardas gt Common Permian kar fortified place )
and uske viska - metal ( Tokharian A was B yasa Armenian uoski Sanskrit ucchati ) Finnic Mari has waž for metal ore Forest Nenets has a wyesya cognate
Also Finnish kekri annual Native festival lt kekra-j lt kekra- gt Sanskrit chakra Finnic kehrauml disk vs Sanskrit chāttra Finnic vihi ( Lith vėžė )
Baltic Deivas - The Divine Spirit of Heaven influenced Finnish taivas Estonian taevas heaven perhaps Saami taiw and also
Hungarian taacutej Khanty tai - locus Often ignored semantics of East Baltic celestial Deivas are illustrated in phrases from Latvian dainās ( eg Saule noiet dievā - Nav
saulīte dievā gaiša ) Finnish toivo like orpo ( Skt arbha-h ) or vasara ( Skt vajra-h ) lack final s unlike Finnish taivas - blue blue sky re Saule
noiet dievā
Saulės Rẽtis
( Suns Halo )
As for the monolithic Balto-Slavic of academics - Slavic has kolo wheel kola cart West Baltic has kelan wheel kelā cart East Baltic ratas wheel ratai cart
East Baltic Lithuanian also has rẽtys - halo circle around sun moon re E Baltic risti - rita raitėti - rieta retėti riets rotāt rotēt etc - ablaut - related to Lithuanian ratas wheel Latvian rats
Magic spiritual talismans known as Amber Sun-Discs found in Globular Amphora sites and elsewhere may be a key to the cross cultural ratas term of central Europe
(Linear B ideogram 243) Latin teres-retis - rounded well-turned and East Baltic Lithuanian retys provide a fresh etymology for PIE
roteH2 rotH2os ( spokes included ) If phonemic pitch following loss of laryngeals developed in connection with the monophthongization of diphthongs exhibited by a vocalic
feature from a segmental phoneme - Finnish taivas or heinauml illustrate the chronology of the loans from the host East Baltic language
Estonia and India alone share the 294 single marker of mtDNA N1a1a1 ( 147A-172-223-248-294-320-355 ) lt GAS
Mitochondrial haplogroup N1a phylogeography with implications to the origin of European Farmers 2010 BMC Evolutionary Biology Publication 10304
Re Karelian kes(t)rauml Estonian kedr spindle and Vedic cāttra id
The pre-migration Tocharian like Volga-Repins may have had an unattested word for Maple borrowed as wakšter into Finnic Cognates may be Latin acer - maple Old Norse askr - ash Old Lithuanian akštras - sharp The maples range extends to the Kama
river basin Perhaps Tocharian Repins originally used maple saplings for livestock prods Or perhaps it was a Baltic akšteras
The songs of the Erzya Mordvin thunder god Pur‟gine parallel both Lith Perkūnas and Vedic Parjanya ( परजनय ) closely
The Avestan name Vada-gan for a demon ( the Striker ) - reflecting a similar word in East Baltic vedega ax may have a Ural region kulturnaya obshchnost‟ connection ( Saami vietka bdquoadze‟rlm )
Finnish vasara hammer is a loanword from an later form ( lacking final s ) of Avestan vazra amp Vedic vajra [ vaźras - mace club ]
which are related to Lith vėzdras mace club Latv vẽza vẽzecirct to swing in the air wave wag or perhaps Lith vagis wedge ( Finnish vaaja )
Latvian veseris maul-hammer probably a loanword from Livonian Note Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere lack archaic Indo-Iranian final s (re Komi voumlrkas wolf )
PIE ueg - to swing gt vẽźras gt vėzdras vėzdas w altered ź-da gt zda as in synonym Lith lazda lt laźda
The current Finnish word for Millennium vuosituhat is a combination of four thousand year old loanwords
from both Pre-Indo-Aryan and Volga-Baltic neighbors by the Ural Mountains (re Latv tū-ska swelling Lith tū-las many Tocharian B kaumlnte 100 Sanskrit dve śate 200 )
Related Repin Tocharian B tumane 10000 lt Iranian tumān id lack a s cognate
( East Baltic Lithuanian tum-stas bulk heap mass - tumėti to curdle)
Mordvin Erzya tožon tužən Moksha tožaumln Estonian root stem tuhante 1000 may reflect an early Fatyanovo East Baltic participle tūśante tūšanti
preceding a poly-ethnic GAS Centum tūskanti and GAS-ed East Baltic tūstantis 1000 ( gt Old Latvian tuustosch- )
re Finnish laiha GAS Lith liesa Fatyanovo laiša ( also Latvian tūkst sing pret tūska ) Perhaps tūksa- gt tūšant- gt + GAS gt tūstantis 1000 huge - note Old Latvian tuustosch-
The Uralic words may well reflect an early East Baltic pre-GAS ( pre-compromised RUKI ) Upper Dnieper Satem word that evolved with poly-ethnicism
( East Baltic Dnieper Satem evolved on a non-IE Narva substratum w N1c1 early Uralics and ERC Globular Amphora = poly-ethnic )
Follow the Money Back in 3000 BCE it was follow the copper amp amber
It has been suggested Germanic thousand reflects tū-skont- which may reflect
a Gas poly-ethnic ( š gt sk ) trade variant tūskanti by Centum Globular Amphora The Globular Amphora amber trade network may have used a Centum modified
( š gt sk gt tūskant- gt tū-skont- ) variant while the Uralic variants reflect an EBaltic tūšant- ( gt later GAS-ed tūstant- ) variant from Fatyanovo-
Balanovo ( East Baltic Dnieper Satem ) A 2800 BCE flint-amber trade GAC tūs-kont- was perhaps interpreted by trade contacts as
a tūs-šimt- compound word gt W Baltic tūsimt-
The chronology of CWC regional variant cultures is critical for untangling the etymology of 1000
Slavic RUKI indicates far less early integration of GAS although cultural trade contacts
are plainly evident Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive
in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- A 2800 BCE Slavic -s- from -sk- appears plausible considering dative pl -m- became -b-
and the perceived participle reflecting eo type variations of 1000 Pots dont talk they speak - volumes
Old East Baltic Medu and Vaška were related neuters Note Finno-Ugric Hungarian meh-viasz In the same occupation are the related words - Mordvin keras Mari karas Udmurt karas from Fatyanovo era East Baltic
( Latv kāres Lith korys ) Re Lith Mekš-uogis buckthorn-berry Meksėti meksi stutter be mad - Skt makšikā fly bee makš- be angry
( Volgaic Mekš bee the angry one ) No Mekši cognate is found in Ob-Ugric
There is also a DNA relationship between Baltic males and Uralics ( Mari )
eg Meadow Mari tuumlžem - thousand Mari ləśtaś - Lith lakštas From the archaeological record one can also trace legacies of Upper Middle Dnieper gt Fatyanovo gt Balanovo gt Kazan gt Chirkovo-Seyma gt
Ananino gt Mari amp Mordvin cultures
The Romanian Dacian Doina - song is probably a residual loanword from the Lithuanian The Daina Dhėnā Vedic word has been analyzed many years earlier but not as an assimilated loanword from Corded Ware East Baltic
which J Pāshka contends and which Ural region loanwords and polyethnic Abashevo-Sintashta archeaological data would support Vedic Dhėnā and Soma ( borrowed from Uralic ) reflect the polyethnic early Āryan culture by the Ural Mountains ( Rhipean Lipynė )
Ephedra is not found in the Ural regions conifer forests Amanita muscaria is and abundantly so ( re Khanty Soma hewn mortar ) - On Vedic Dhėnā Prayer Song - Maurice Bloomfield Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol 46 (1926) pp 303-308
D Razauskas wrote an excellent article about
CORRESPONDENCES TO THE INDO-IRANIAN MYTHICAL WIND IN LITHUANIAN FOLKLORE
Do try to Google it
Rig Vedic Sanskrit Vāyu - wind Lithuanian dialect Vėjus - wind
The round kurgan mound tradition of the Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan in Nothern Bihar India also resembles Śaka Steppe kurgans of Eurasia amp Russia w U4
Timber Grave culture favored orienting the head of the deceased towards the North - re Mahaparinibbana Sutta The Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan identified themselves with the Solar clan
The Digha Nikaya of the Tipitaka Pali Buddhist canon describes Siddhartha Gautama as having very blue eyes ( Pali abhi nila netto )
The Chinese described Bodhidharma as 藍眼睛的野人
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India although U4 is more prevalent on the Afghanistan - Pakistan border Tajikistan and the Eurasia of the Steppe Śaka
Gintaras reflects the Sembian dialect pronunciation with their typical narrowing of en to in
adopted as such in some neighboring East Baltic dialects ie swints vs šventas Modern Lithuanian gintaras amber vs dialect variant gentaras id
Hungarian gyentar gt gyantar amber gyenta resin Chuvash jandar glassy Mari jamdar transparent suggest the amber trade with
East Balts Old adjectival -tar neuter suffix in East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin
( re ON kvaetha Skt jatu resin aśvatara- mule ) The original PIE adjectival -tar neuter suffix was also later used in a comparative sense ( ie wet-ter )
although originally it was mainly adjectival The 13th century work Jami ul hikayat by Ufi describes the Baltic sea origin of yellow amber traded to the
Chinese by Khotan procured from Turks re Chinese yan tse - ( alhagi camelorum ) plant which produces a amber-like honey sap Baltic in Chinese - who knew
Amber ornaments have been found with the Middle Dnieper and Globular Amphorae ( w TRB ) culture artifacts attesting to the ancient relationship Balts have had with Amber
Of Soma the original entheogen ingredient of dried Amanita muscaria ( Fly Agaric ) became extremely scarce with later Āryan migrations and was eventually substituted with a mixture of Ephedra Cannabis and opiates
It was a very poor imitation of the genuine Uralic Soma rite The Indo-European use of Amanita muscaria survived intact in Lithuania - hidden away in forests beyond
the reach of ethnocidal Christians Lithuanians continue the ancient custom of using milk and honey ingredients mixed with the dried Amanita muscaria
to make a beverage for Sharing According to Marija Gimbutas Lithuanians used to supply quantities of Amanita muscaria to the
Saacutemi Noiade in the North for use by the Saacutemi Shamans (Finnish tietaumljauml) ( Volgaic Erzya Mokša Sjuma Səma - hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger
Khanty Soma hewn wooden vessel ) Not directly related to above are Lithuanian semti to draw water Uralic sim- drink Tocharian smantildentildee broth
Hungarian hiacuted bridge is of Alanic origin - re Ossetian xid xed id Khotanese hī id
One out of 3 Kalash have mitochondrial DNA belonging to haplogroup U4 In fact the most prevalent mitochondrial haplogroup of the Kalasha people is U4 aka the Ulrike clade
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India Haplogroup U4 is common among northwestern Siberian populations and is also found among the Mari Mordvin
and Mansi of the Volga-Ural region of Russia as well as the Estonians Finns Balts and Tocharian mummies A Kalasha English Dictionary link is provided below
The Prakrits preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) absent in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words
The mushroom associated Kaukeliai gnomes remained with the forest dwellers
The hemp tradition of Eurasian Steppe Saka is reflect in Old English haelignep Old Irish cnaip Slovak konope West Baltic knapios Armenian kanap Albanian Geg kaneumlp Latvian kaņepe Lithuanian kanapė Turkmen kenaumlp
The Novosvobodna and earlier Maikop (aka Maykop ) cultures probably conveyed the Sumerian kanubi term - as well as the genetic clade of R1b ( aka R1b1b2 ) into IE early Bronze Age cultures with trade and contact ( re Germanic amp Tocharian R1b )
Note - Sumerian gu gt Skt gaus Latvian guovs Armenian kov Gk bous L bov- OIr bo - cow as well as the East Baltic Lydian singular neuter ending in -d
Within the Moscow City limits are found a Fatyanovo cemetary and a later Dyakovo settlement - both near the Kremlin re Finnish kesauml - summer harvest and E Baltic kasyti kast kesyti ( Albanian kosit - harvest the crops)
Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov born in Staraya Kupavna near Moscow would single handedly save humanity and the World in 1962
East Baltic lašiša salmon is also known as vošis a fast type of fish or trout or more commonly vašylas For 3rd person dual jiedu instead of expected yra or esti my Suvalkian Grandmother Johanna used esą Strange but true
Legal Disclaimer - The above text in no way suggests anyone should use illegal drugs or experiment with Amanita mushrooms
Genetic portrait of modern Belarusians mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome perspective Alena Kushniarevich 1Larysa Sivitskaya 1Nina Danilenko 2Richard Villems 1Oleg Davydenko
1Institute of Genetics and Cytology Academicheskaya Str 27 Belarus 2Estonian Biocenter Riia Str 23 Estonia
The LWb blood group as a marker of prehistoric Baltic migrations and admixture Sistonen P Virtaranta-Knowles K Denisova R Kucinskas V Ambrasiene D Beckman L
Hum Hered 1999 Jun49 (3)154-8
LW locus has been assigned to chromosome 19p133 The LW gene corresponds to 3 exons of 265 kb on chromosome 19 The LWa amp LWb alleles are different at a single base pair - codon 70 - corresponding to one amino acid residue which is arginine for LWb
The LWb mutation was a singular event - in all of human history
ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚷᚨᚷᚿᚱᛃᚿᛖᚿᛞᚢᚱ ᛗᛁᚿᚨᚱ ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚡᛁᛋᛏᚨ ᚨᚿᛞᚨᚿᚢᛗ
ᚦᚢ ᚦᚨᚱᚠᛏ ᚦᚨᚧ ᚠᛃᚱᛁᚱ ᚢᛈᛈᛒᛚᚨᛋᚿᚨ ᛖᛚᛋᚲᚢᚷᚨ ᚦᛁᚿᚿ
Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
| MariUver - a Site about Maris Mari El Finno-Ugric |
| and other Indigenous People of Russia |
The ancient Sacred Grove of Native Mari Religion
The Mari Kuumlsoto parallels Finnic and Estonian Hiis Similiar Holy Groves are known as Lud among the Udmurt The East
Baltic terms are Lith Alkas amp Latv Elka
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) and Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG) in an exhaustive 2006 report Russian Federation The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El found widespread evidence of political and cultural persecution of Mari people The Mari Native religious practices ( and the Cheremis Marla
faith ) have come under ever increasing pressure and severe persecution from intolerant Russian Government Officials and so-called Christians according to Human Rights groups
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
| Kalasha - English Dictionary Online |
| English - Kalasha Dictionary |
Thank you for visiting Genetically WE ARE ALL ONE
and thats a fact
Culture is something we Share - not own
As Comrade Lennon said - Imagine
Shi nūsun būsna ast praeivingiska kaigi asenes vupjai
Budeis
archaic Ashvins Ašvieniai Divine Twins mythology as well It is no surprise that the Indo-Iranian and Baltic future tense echo each other as do many cultural terms and words This reflective Greek Sanskrit Lithuanian relationship is more than just a bridge between East and West (like Ket amp Navajo
amp Q ) it is a timeless Harmony letting even a blind man to view all Humanity as Family
These Satem core components of varied pre-Baltic pre-Slavic cultures migrated from the Sredny Stog culture (4500-3350 BCE) which with the Khvalynsk culture evolved from the Samara PIE homeland culture (5500-5000
BCE) on the Volga River Artifacts connect Samara with the earlier ( 7th
millenium BCE) polyethnic Indo-Uralic Seroglazovo culture by the Ural river probably validating the Indo-Uralic theory of V Thomsen from 1869 (re miti
languages)
Pots Dont Talk - They Speak - Volumes gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Most migrations were often due to prolonged climatic changes such as the Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase (4200 BCE colder 3500 BCE drier) population pressure on natural resources and or favorable new frontiers to colonize The migrations by each group resulted in different ethnic assimilations (Dnieper
Repins Dnieper-Donets Tripolye C2 amp Globular Amphora ) during the migrations and even more so at the eventual settlement regions (eg Uralic Comb amp Pitted Ware
Cultures and polyethnic Globular Amphora with non-Uralic Nemunas amp Narva Substratum U4
U5b2 ) The Fatyanovo custom of adding chamotte-grog or crushed shell to pottery reflects cultures like Narva ( amp later Globular Amphora-Narva poly-ethnic -
Česnys et al 2006 ) populations of the East Baltic and also older pottery by the Dnieper Rapids (Surskii island - circa 6000 BCE) and later Don-steppe cord impressed ceramics associated with Dnieper-Donets steppe cultures Twin horse heads ( Ašvieniai sky motif ) and boar tusks also culturally link Satem Balts to Syezzhe by Samara From the Samara culture to the present speakers of the archaic roots of Baltic type ( and Slavic ) languages have been indisputably polyethnic in various degrees in their long mosaic evolution The divergence of language is usually happening while there is also a convergence of languages Europe today is like an unmarked ancient sack of mixed genetic seeds The Sudovians ( Dainavians Yotvingians ) Galindians Pomesanians and various Prussians together formed a closely related Baltic language group known as the Western Balts ( West Baltic Barrow cultures ) to which one should also include the ancient Curonians The languages of both the Western and Eastern Balts ( Lithuanian Samogitian and Latvian ) evolved from the varied poly-ethnic Pre-Baltic Satem languages that migrated ( each differently ) from the late Sredny Stog horizon and subsequent Middle Dnieper culture regional variant subcultures These early Baltic language settlement areas of which ( the lower
reaches of the Vistula Daugava the Nemunas basin the upper reaches of the Dnieper amp even
to the Urals ) - is known to have developed into the (1) Early East Baltic Area of
Northern amp NE dialects ( w LWb ) and (2) Early West Baltic Area of Western amp Coastal dialects The Sudovians Prussians and Curonians can be regarded as links in a chain of this latter group while the Lithuanians Žemaitians
( Samogitians ) and Latvians ( R1a1a1 L235 L784 amp Z92) are considered to be the remnants (R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants) of a more Northern Early East-Baltic ( LWb allele ) area migration The differences between East and West Baltic cultures are reflected by Y-DNA data currently processed by the U of AZ ( re
Sintashta C14 dates ) in Tucson
The Eastern most dialects of the Early East-Baltic area ( Fatyanovo-Balanovo ) did not survive intact to be documented beyond numerous hydronyms and many archaic loanwords in various Finnic languages ( gyenta gyentar ) and Indic ( dhēnā śapharas rathas ) as well as contributing later to Russian dialects (re
ГОЛЯДЬ Terje Mathiassen amp Sprachbund notion ) There are loanwords in Saacutemi from Volga-East-Baltic that show no indications of Finnic sound changes ( ie
Saacutemi luossalt Volga-Baltic lašiša vs Finnish lohi salmon ) which help to approximately date a common source language for Finnic and Saami - and trade with Volga-Balts The loanwords were decidedly not prestigious items of an arrogant elite ie Saacutemi duovli Latvian dagla tinder or for example North Saacutemi suoidni hay Finnish heinauml id Lith šienas id Finnish ranta shore Lith krantas id
From reconstructions of the many cultural loanwords in Finno-Uralic by linguists amp those found in Vedic one might gather that the languages of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo Volga-Balts resembled a very archaic ( circa 2800 BCE ) East Baltic Samo-Lettic (w their Solar cult amp Sun songs) surviving ( LWb allele
R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants Z92 L235 L784 amp Kz) and evolving for the most part into Modern East-Baltic Lithuanian Žemaitian and Latvian and being culturally preserved in their dainos dainās especially those with a solar theme Many East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo artifacts exhibit designs reflecting such solar themes Abashevo rosettes mirror Latvian sun sign folk designs
Lexical Provenance gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Some regard the central Latvian system of three intonations ( also in Samogitian-
Žemaitian ) as an archaism of the Baltic group while others (Stang 1966 142 ) view the 3 tones as a reflection of accent retraction due to contact with another language ( a new broken tone from where stress was retracted to a syllable which originally had acute tone ) These related Northern Boat Axe tribes include the D Balts of the late great Balticist V Mažiulis Given the earlier political assassination of Lithuanian linguist Jonas Kazlauskas by the KGB (Deacutejagrave Vu - again - re Maris Prof Yuri Anduganov ) it perhaps was a safer label than a more accurate Ural Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a12 etc Z92 L235 type Kz ) or more inflammatory yet factual Volga-Kama Balts Neutralizing scholars is so
passeacute The settlement of East Balts in Russia three thousand years before the arrival of East Slavs was not politically expedient information nor particularly welcome It still isnt welcomed to this day like the Turim Basin ( VRC )
Tocharians in China Note loanwords into Finno-Ugric below (Gordeev 1967
180-203 Redei 1986 25-26) - of a specifically archaic East Baltic lexical Fatyanovo provenance ie žalga dagla darža vežys (v)āžys gentar kela ratas tilta kāras deivas not some amorphous Proto Balto-Slavic Finnish Perkele amp Votiak Perkịno reflect a Fatyanovo Baltic ldquoalpinerdquo velar that is altogether absent in Slavic Perun Details details details
Baltic amp Uralic in Vedic
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The old names of the various groups were derived from nearby hydronyms such as the historic Lamai by the Lama river or the Eastern Galindai ( ГОЛЯДЬ
) Some of these Eastern Balts by the Ural mountains evidently merged culturally with or extended to the nearby cosmopolitan poly-ethnic Abashevo culture which became a major component of the Sintashta Arkaim culture ( Kuzmina 2000 Pryakhin et al 2001 ) later becoming one of many conservative Alakul dialects to Pre-BMAC Proto-Indo-Aryan ( Proto-Vedic ) Some Abashevo pottery looks quite similar to and even blends specific darža designs from Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) which indicates East Baltic Corded Ware culture (Kuzmina OV 2000) integration in the Abashevo ethnogenesis as well as in later Sintashta-Arkaim One of the uniquely Fatyanovo-Balanovo trademark ceramic designs ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 ) was a pecular darža checkered double row diamond rhombus (
languotas raštas rūtains ) pattern which found its way into both Andronovo amp Timber Grave ( Srubna Pozdnyakovo ) ceramics and culture ( copyjp ) It is also indisputably evident in Andronovo Fedorovo artifacts ( re Kuzmina 2007 p 653
fig 41 Urefty pottery 3 amp 44 p 628 fig 19 5 Smolino pottery Also fig 101 14 Mundigak
Period VI Kandahar valley ) Lith piešalas Sanskrit peśalas Buckle up
If unique designs were assimilated unique words were probably assimilated as well Ratas isnt some amorphous proto-balto-slavic word Ratas is GAS East Baltic just like its unique trademark darža checkered ceramics ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) of Fatyanovo barley amp hemp farmers Baltic in Vedic Checked mate Que rico A Uralic component of poly-ethnic Balanovo culture ( Goldin 1999 130 ) may also account for old Uralic words in Andronovo culture and adding chamotte-grog in ceramics Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link the panta between the two disparate cultures of Poltavka and Volosovo-Garino Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered pottery connects Poltavka amp Volosovo-Garino revealing the conduit for cultural exchange The Southern
most peripheral Baltic dialects were from the Sosnica cultural complex ( gt
Milograd amp Jukhnovo cultures ) which much later on assimilated with migrating Eastern Slavic speakers ( R1a1a- Z92 ) Yet it should be remembered that neither Satemization or Ruki match genetic charts very well
Map of the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Cultures
with Dative Plural M amp R1a- M417 Z283
The early ancestors of the West Balts ( R1a1a- Z280 ) were the West Baltic Barrow culture and the Mazovia-Podlasie groups of the Trzciniec culture along the Bug river basin which bordered the autonomous Komarov ( Proto-Slavic ) culture of the Podolian Uplands further to the South The Baltic Trzciniec (Streaked pottery) culture was related to the autonomous Komarov culture but different as ceramics metalwork hydronyms and burial rites indicate This difference can be seen in the word for mans best friend dog where West Baltic had suns vs Old Church Slavic pьsъ or rock - Baltic akmō ašmō vs OC Slavic kamy West Baltic pausē pine vs Slavic bor or sosna (lt sopsna ) and also with many fundamental lexical and mythological disparities In contrast note East Baltic šuo with Kalasha šua dog or Lith puš-es pines and Waigali puċ pine (see Haplogroup U4 below) The West-Satem branch relatedness is illustrated by the word for name - West Baltic emens Albanian emen and Slavic imę vs more Central-Satem East Baltic Lithuanian vardas
The West Baltic Barrow culture and Trzciniec evolved into the later Pomeranian culture ( R1a1a- Z280 L365 ) horizon The West Baltic dialect area flourished with their lively amber trade with the Unitice culture and beyond Even as late as the Early Iron Age (600 BCE) the southern limit of the large Sudovian culture territory bordered the SlavicScythian Chernoles culture Scytho-Sarmatian (Ossetic) and Slavic isoglosses can be illustrated in Ossetic terminology of agriculture ( yoke harvest reaping-hook ) - in somatic terminology ( ear ) and in kinship ( sister brother mother father mother and father-in-law ) The Slavic and Mid-Iranian RUKI had much in common as well as Slavic loss of word-final -s which may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by Timber Grave Iranian contact (re U3)
The Neuri of Herodotus gtgtgt|||ltltlt
According to Herodotus (approx 450 BCE) the Neuri ( Νέσροι ) were a tribe living
North of the Tyres (Dneister river) and the furthest nation beyond the Scythian farmers along the course of the river Hypanis (Bug river) The Bug river meets the Naura ( Baltic name for the Narew ) river The Naura river leads one to Galinda and Suduva Since trade increased recognition the Neuri of Herodotus were possibly related to the Galindians and Sudovians Herodotus also mentions the wild white horses nearby that grazed by a great lake which scholars today suggest are the Podlesie marshes by the Bialowieza Forest Yotvingian Tarpans from the Bialowieza Forest seasonally faded to near white in Winter In 500 BCE Eastern Europe climate was much cooler and wetter There is still a town in Poland named Nur ( Νσρ) 52deg 40 0 N 22deg 18 0 E along the upper Bug River near the Bialowieza Forest The Nurzec river runs nearby and the local district currently bears the rivers name Balts traditionally take ethnonyms from local hydronyms The Baltic verbal roots nur- to immerse or niur- to get murky may be sources of the local hydronym Archaeologists have excavated a fortified settlement and an open settlement near Moloczki Poland by the Nurzec river There are probably many more yet unexcavated in Ziemia Nurska as the area is known as Udmurt nur swamp might contradict this theory
The Balts of Ptolemy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Greek geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd Century AD mentioned only two
Baltic tribal nations the Γαλίνδαι and Σοσδινοί Romans coins ( Tiberius
Caligula ) unearthed in Suduva predate Ptolemys account Σουδινοί was
possibly a typo for Σουδιυοί (re Ιαησγγιωνες) It is of interest to note that an early differentiation of dialects also took place in the Central Eastern dialects evolving early Lithuanian Žemaitian Latvian at a period when the neuter gender was still common in East Baltic ( Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish kela reel spool
Old Prussian kelan wheel )
The Western Balts gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Western Baltic dialect that later gave rise to the Sudovian Galindian Pomesanian and various Prussian languages is one of the dialects of the Early-Western Baltic Area ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) The Coastal West Balts emerged as yet another dialect (Curonian language) of the Peripheral Early-West Baltic Area near the bordering dialects of the Central Early-East Baltic language area The Western Balts were a poly-ethnic hybrid mix of Corded Ware Satem peoples on outliers of Funnel Beaker Globular Amphora with Nemunas - Narva substratum ( GAS ) population Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements there
( Brazaitis 2005 fig 5 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import
Thus the Western Balts should include the Sudovians ( Яцьвягі ) Galindians Pomesanians and various Prussians and also the Curonians the former comprising the Southern group and the latter the Coastal Northern group This explains the close similarity between Sudovian ( Yotvingian ) Galindian Pomesanian and Prussian A successful modern revival of the Prussian language is now known as New Prussian A link to their Prussian language website is provided below
The Old Prussian Sembian dialect though exhibits a prolonged influence ( Pratorius corrupt Prussian ) from the influx of nearby Curonians when compared to the more distant Pomesanian or Sudovian The Sembian dialect of the Old Prussian Catechisms has muti tawas (mother father) whereas the Pomesanian of the Elbing Vocabulary has mothe towis The chronicled Sudovian Occopirmus similarly differs from the Catechism Sembian ucka- Farther inland away from coast and Curonians we do find Prussian Tlokunpelk - Bears Marsh Galindian did not historically border the Curonians and was close to Sudovian in many respects
Certain innovations (ie thousand participle ) that occurred in the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 L235 L784 N1c1 ) dialects are not reflected in the
Peripheral ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) Western Baltic dialects ( with attrition to 4 core
declensional cases re neighboring Gothic) Each area also had different mixtures of substratum populations involved in their ethno-genetic formations ( re LT F-U
Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) and later neighboring influences The Peripheral West Baltic dialects exhibit an archaic appearing declension which gives one a unique window into both Baltics and the Northern Indo-European GAS influenced dialects and the influence of diverse substratum on varied evolutions The currently spoken East Baltic dialects are more evolved expressive and elegant Bi-lingual West East Baltic speakers adopted East Baltic rather quickly
The traditional academic construct of a seven case declensional system for early Proto Indo-European is as synthetic as it is theoretically convenient ( Jeannette DeBusk Cox )
Only nominative genitive dative and accusative forms have constant
intercrossing functions in various Indo-European languages while forms used for the instrumental or locative cases (traditionally declared to be Common Indo-
European) have related functions eg the IE -ois may occur in the instrumental case in one language and in the locative case in other ones or -ō (apophonically) -ē occurs as -āt in the Indo-Iranian ablative and as -it in the Hittite instrumental Such intercrossing elements were used for semi-paradigmatic adverbial forms differently paradigmatized in the various Indo-European languages (V Toporov V J Mažiulis)
Eastern amp Western Baltic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Some very archaic lexical differences exist between the Western Baltic ( R1a1a-
Z280 L366 etc ) dialects and the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92
L235 N1c1 ) dialects The word for fire is just such an example The Western Balts used the word panu whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ugnis Another example is the word for wheel The Western Balts used the word kelan whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ratas These words have cognates in other ancient Indo-European languages ( For the
Centum GAS ratʔas relationship between Old Irish roth Lithuanian ratas and
Sanskrit ratha - see below ) That such diversity of basic terminology existed within Proto-Baltic illustrates the antiquity of the West East Baltic vocabulary inherited from the late Sredny Stog horizon (3500-3350 BCE) into the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Middle Dnieper culture ( R1a1a- Z280 ) horizon that influenced the evolution of divergent dialects by cultural contacts Outliers of Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva populations added poly-ethnic substratum cultural influence ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 Česnys et al 1990
Mochalov OD 2001-2002 ) to Fatyanovo contributing a residual non-Satem vocabulary of their central European GAS Centum words like pẽku - livestock ( vsSatem Lith pešti pešus pẽšis OCS pьsъ ) and perhaps gradually compromising East Baltic Ruki Non-IE East Baltic substratum ( Pit Comb Ware N1c1 Uralic amp Nemunas-Narva w U5b2 ) bilinguals were perhaps a phonetic impetus behind Dative Plural -m- from -b- for example Baltic žambas Estonian hammas as well as the custom of adding chamotte-grog to ceramics ( re LT F-U Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) The Dative Plural -m- from -b- probably reflects early Baltic area GAC trade network contact dialects The loss of the neuter gender in East Baltic was due to primarily inherited dynamics of rearrangement Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains yet Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of the language - even after the era when dialects became languages The formative influence of poly-ethnic substratum populations on the various early Baltic-type dialects thus becomes easily apparent even for a layman to grasp
In regard to variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele in regions of East vs West Balts provides solid scientific proof of an ancient genetic distinction ( E Baltic -
W Baltic lt R1a- Z280 ) between speakers of the two Baltic groups Theories of a Proto-Balto-Slavic split around 1000 BCE (eg Kortlandt 1982 181) naively contradict the immense volume of linguistic archaeological and emerging genetic DNA (lt link ) Corded Ware evidence Latvia has eleven C-14 dates of Corded Ware Culture ( Loze 1992 A Kriiska 2001 ) with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (w 954 probability) A fish diet ( eg šapalas ) may lessen those calculations a little bit but not greatly
Another key feature of West Baltic languages is the asigmatic nominative singular neuter gender ending in -n This is noted in such words as kelan ( wheel ) azeran ( lake ) and dadan ( milk ) There are also many neuter gender words that end in -u such as panu ( fire ) pẽku ( livestock ) as well as alu ( mead re Latvian aluot ) of which the later two may well be from Centum Globular Amphora substratum and amber trade contacts Note Old Prussian panno ( re panu-staklan ) and Gothic fōn Armenian hur hnoc Old Prussian druwis Iranian dhruvi- indicate the core Satem foundation of West Baltic Aswinan amp dadan certainly do The neuter gender asigmatic -n exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp [ re neuter vaška beeswax gt Finnish vaha ] The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords or modern East Baltic ( Prussian median vs Samogitian medė forest ) once again dating a the West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 )
pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-Svitych 1963 42-44 see below ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as Lydian The developements of the Slavic neuter are being still debated This isogloss could provide insight about the Novosvobodna Maykop type steppe burial orientation tradition of Fatyanovo males to SW females to NE as well as Novosvobodna Maykop type metallurgic influences on Fatyanovo [ re
Samogitian medė forest Finnish metsauml - forest Estonian mets Votic meccauml Karelian mečču id Lule Saacutemi miehttjēn far away Saacutemi meahcci forest fringe Hungarian ( ) messze far distant East Baltic tilta bridge - Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish silta bridge Estonian sild Volgaic Erzya śid-al sed id lt Skt sētu- band bridge Latvian sēta fence ]
A very unique feature preserved in the West Baltic languages is the Genitive singular declensional ending in -as for words that end in -as or -an in the Nominative case Hittite also shared this feature -aš lt -os as well as perhaps neighboring Gothic ( nomgensg harjis ) nearby in the West although mere appearances may be misleading Neighboring Wielbark culture ( Gothic
I1-M253 - Y-DNA ) interaction with West Baltic tribes especially the Galindians appears to have been co-operative and mutually beneficial The border between the two may account for certain Gothic type loanwords into the Baltic languages This Gen -as declensional ending is as disconcerting for
expedited Balto-Slavic theories as the East Baltic neuter although it does strengthen and lend support to the effect of GAS Such a generalized declensional feature is noted in a word like Nominative singular pēdan ( ploughshare ) Genitive singular pēdas or in the West Baltic Genitive singular Deivas ( Gods ) and in places names ( re Wilkaskaymen ) Many unique features of West Baltic are relics from the Proto-Indo-European Sredny Stog horizon (4500-3350 BCE) as is the deduced archaic East Baltic ( amp R1a1a- Z92
Slavic ) singular neuter with -d resembling a Lydian type developement - unlike West Baltic
West Baltic has the same four nominal accent classes as does Lithuanian but it has retained the original accentual state of Dnieper Baltics ( an acute rising
accent and a circumflex falling accent) The first class is the acute barytone paradigm The second is the circumflex barytone paradigm Thirdly the acute mobile paradigm Lastly the circumflex mobile paradigm
The Archaeological Record gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Reading from the archaeological record one can associate dates of 3200 - 2300 BCE with various material artifacts (toy wheeled wagon) and increased plant ( hemp and wheat ) pollens that appear to indicate the arrival of Baltic speaking peoples in the Baltic region who appear gradually and slowly settled in well among native populations ( recently arrived Uralic Comb amp Pitted Ware Cultures
( N1c1 ) mixed with an older Nemunas amp Narva Substratum w U5b2 amp Centum Globular
Amphora outliers ) Recent archaeological finds of Triticum and Cannabis pollen circa 5600 BCE from the Akali Neolithic Narva-Kunda settlement in East Estonia ( A Poska L Saarse et al 2006 ) places Cannabis cultivation in the Baltic region much further back into antiquity than even the Corded or Pitted Ware eras Also the East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants also Z92 ) had more close contact with Uralic (eg Kiukainen culture ) and nearby Pit-grave Yamna Āryan speaking cultures than the West Balts ( Sanskrit hastas amp Lith
žastas ) After 2750 BCE the agricultural record intensifies ( Rimantienė et al
1999 ) as well as beginning East Baltic copper ( varis ) amp bronze metallurgy near the Ural Mountains The East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo era metallurgy proceeded the Seima-Turbino culture horizon ( vaška = Old East Baltic
neuter )
A forest-zone polyethnic ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Abashevo culture by the Urals emerged with MVK Catacomb influenced early Eastern Balts Volga Finns and Pit-grave Pre-Indo-Aryans from the steppe-zone using the same process Migrations often follow climate changes ( re the
Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase ) around the 3rd millennium BCE the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BCE amp the 12th century BCE Each migration would encounter different native ethnic groups and influence the dominant language during assimilation of those ethnic natives Indo-European peoples amp languages have ALWAYS been multi-ethnic The new molecular DNA archaeology proves it beyond question We are all related - literally
The high incidence of Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 suggest long term relations and admixture with the Uralic speaking population of the Baltic Volga and Ural region which may have had a conservative influence on the East Baltic Satem dialects and speakers Note Kurdish varg vs Komi Zyryan voumlrkas wolf N1c appears to emanate East amp West from the Ural region probably with its origin in Khakassia The divergence of language is usually happening while there is also a convergence of languages
Fatyanovo-Balanovo gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The early Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture ( 3300 - 1800 BCE Loze 1992 Tab1 ) was an Northeastern extension of the East Baltic Corded Ware culture (w mtDNA
N1a1a1 R1a1a1 ldquoM‟srdquo also Z92 LWb allele ) following various rivers in the North like the Oka to the upper Volga and Kama confluence in what is now Russia Fatyanovo developed from an early Northern variant of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon It is here that pottery displays a unique Fatyanovo Baltic style of mixed Corded Ware and Globular Amphora ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 )
features amp exhibits a trademark checked motif design ornamentation not found with the steppe cultures ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) thus allowing their contacts with those cultures to be tracked - even into Sintashta amp beyond The parallel lines motif may represent a darža or a tilled garden plot ( re Finnish tarha lt Fatyanovo ) perhaps from Dnieper Satems or GAS ( copyjp ) Compare the darža motif to the Bronocice farmers pot ( re CWC Eulau-Shughnan
DNA ) Fatyanovo hemp provided a water resistant fishing line for hooks and nets ( amp herbal medication ) and barley provided bread ( Latv miezē ) Fatyanovo migrations also correspond to regions with hydronyms of an East Baltic language dialect mapped by linguists as far as the Oka river and the upper Volga as well as regions with elevated frequencies of the rare LWb allele Spreading eastward down the Volga and beyond they discovered amp exploited the copper ores of the the western Ural foothills and started long term settlements in the lower Kama river region The East Balt Paimenes herdsmen brought their ešva - tarpan horse šėmas gōvs - gray cow avis - sheep parša - pig (neut) ratas - wheel ašis - axle tilta - bridge žalga - long fishing pole for šapalas red finned dace in the jaura - marsh a pada - clay pōdas - pot of kāras medu - honeycomb honey apiculture amp daržai - tilled crop plots - including javas - cereal grain maižis - barley šaras - seed sālis - salt along with varia - copper metallurgy and a tūšanti - thousand ( see below ) of their dainās - Holy Songs of their šventa - spiritual beliefs about dermė - harmony and the celestial -deivas
Trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo
checked ceramic darža motif copyjp
Fatyanovo cemeteries would sometimes have graves of not only people but also bear and other animals which are buried with ritual close by in individual graves Solar designs ( Solar cult clan re Saulės Rẽtis ) commonly adorn East Baltic Fatyanovo ceramics as do trademark checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Livestock includes cattle ( Y-DNA H10 ) horses sheep pigs and dogs ( North Saami šūvon trained dog ) and apiculture Balanovo livestock initially had more swine and sheep than other livestock Excavations indicate hunting and fishing ( žalga šapalas ) was often practiced ( Lougas 1999 ) as well as swidden agriculture ( Krasnov 1971 ) They gathered hazel nuts Excavations indicate Fatyanovo cultivated barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972
Jaanits 1992 49 ) Bone wrist guards imply they were accomplished archers Two-wheeled wagons (Goldina 1999) are also typical finds ( re ratas ) as are toy wheels There are a profusion of sites in the northern Baltic countries including
the Kazan Russia (Volga-Kama) region The more metallurgically exploited Ural region of the Fatyanovo culture was designated as the Balanovo culture (2900-
2100 BCE) from a cemetery found near the town Balanovo cemeteries had both kurgan ( Lith kapas ) and flat type burials ( like Abashevo - Kuzmina 2007
p221 ) The funeral chambers were wooden constructions in rectangular pits with the deceased wrapped in birch bark or hides
SW amp NE gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Balanovo copper metallurgy has its roots in central European cultural traditions which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper Cultural area Balanovo jewelry duplicates specific designs of a Central European provenance perhaps derived from the Centum Globular Amphora substratum assimilated into the Middle Dnieper - Fatyanovo cultures East Baltic lexicon also has unique isoglosses with Central European Celto-Italic dialects w ERC GAC bilinguals which also shared the BBC amp TRB substrate found in the Centum Globular Amphora horizon ( semti ratas peku ) Emulating the earlier poly-ethnic Globular Amphora ERC culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers adorned their ceramics with specific solar or unique designs ( re
Globular Amphora amp Narva substratum w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) valued pork ( parša ) high among livestock and practiced copper metallurgy But quite unlike the Globular Amphora culture stone cist burials with heads oriented to the East Satem Fatyanovo-Balanovo orientated male burials to the Southwest ( ДАКрайнов 1964 1972 re 188-192 ) - per steppe Maykop custom - as did the nearby related Satem Pit Grave culture and the much later early phase Sarmatian burials of Pokrovka Even a distant Afanasievo migration burial east of the Ural river with its Repin traits orientated the male to the southwest By 2600 BCE the Fatyanovo Balanovo culture and its copper metallurgy was firmly established in the Volga-Kama Ural region East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo Ural metallurgy was the nexus for a revolution that would sweep across the steppes and beyond
Cis-Ural Metallurgy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The villages were composed of above ground wooden houses built from logs with saddled roofs and had fenced enclosures ( Udmurt kar - town site Komi kar -
site of ancient town Mordvinian Erzya kardas - enclosure courtyard w -as ending lt
East-Baltic gardas - enclosure vs Ossetian kaeligrt - id ) East Baltic Balanovo and Finno-Uralic Volosovo peoples apparently mixed well ( LWb allele amp N1c1 ) without too much conflict as they did with steppe peoples with whom they they had contact via trade with the Caucacus metalworkers The East Balt association with amber is quite old ( ДАКрайнов 1972 1973 Loze 1979 1993 ) Chuvash jandar and Hungarian ( w LWb ) gyentar - amber gyenta - resin reflect the legacy of an archaic adjectival -tar neuter suffixed Balanovo
( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin Skt jatu - resin jātarūpa - golden ( lt jęta-rūpa Lith gentaro-rupis re Skt jā-ta- Lith gen-tis ) Avestan toponym jatara- resinous Corded Ware Balanovo amp Abashevo metallurgy would provide significant impetus to Seyma-Turbino metallurgy ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked celt-axes lt gt ) Komi ram- calm peace and
erd- field reflect peaceful interaction with the Volga-Balts ( Lith erdvas ardvas
Saacutemi aacutervas ) Note Komi rit - evening and Lettic riets- sunset The pirtis - log shed (sauna) of the pioneering Volga-Balts was evidently noticed and emulated by the locals ( Mari poumlrt Saacutemi barta) Finnish Orja - slave Estonian [gen] Orja Udmurt Var Komi Ver Mokša Urauml Erzya Ure - slave indicates some later conflicts with the Āryans - as do some archaeological sites ( note - all the various late Finnic Āryan terms lack archaic nominative s - like later Timber-
Grave Iranian ) In contrast Saacutemi Oarje just designates a direction ( Abaev 1981 85
) Variations (re mtDNA Z1a V ) among Saacutemi mtDNA now show an earlier link to the Volga-Ural region ( M Ingman et al 2007 ) Neither the LT Aukštaičiai nor the Saacutemi have any common European mtDNA H1 ( ) The Saacutemi may well have an old folk saying similar to Oh well there goes the neighborhood but it has eluded my research into it
Residual Stratum gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Scholars are still perplexed by the imbalance or lopsided ratio of loanwords between East Baltic and the Uralic languages This is because the bulk of Baltic loanwords into Uralic arent loanwords per se but rather residuals of a scattered ( LWb allele R1a Z92) stratum language reflecting the widespread and prolonged assimilation of bilingual archaic East Baltic speaking Fatyanovo-Balanovo Battle Axe settlers and their poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a N1c1 ) descendants ( Finnish heimo sisar Saacutemi gaacuteibmi ) with the numerically dominant Uralic tribes for millennia The merging of Comb and Corded Ware ceramics ( w chamotte or grog ) and other associated artifacts reflect this hybrid cultural horizon ( Lith šeškas Mari šāškə Veps hāhk re Sanskrit śaśakas ) The Kiukainen culture is one example Multi-room houses also appear Some isolated pockets of poly-ethnic Baltic speakers such as the ГОЛЯДЬ survived intact even up to historic times North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92 N1c1) with tl dl consonant cluster changes gt kl gl - like East Baltic implies multiple pockets of poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a1a Z92 N1c1 ) East Baltic speakers there Yet the rate of assimilation eventually outpaced the passage of substratum language inheritance Hence the additional impact of not uncommon Baltic-Uralic bilingualism ( eg Kiukainen culture ) on the structure of Finnic languages along with a myriad of archaic common everyday ( EB neuters - heinauml hay tarha
garden plot silta bridge ) terminology Uralic impacted Baltic as well The absence of weaponry or conflict terms is notable - and in hindsight altogether wise Fatyanovo-Balanovo East Baltic ( w GAS ) had became an established regional poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) substratum language ( paimen herder )
throughout its range ( re LWb allele ) Although numerically overwhelmed its innovative broad-based ( apiculture agriculture building amp metallurgy ) cultural impact proved enduring - as expressed in the Kiukainen culture Scholars are not fond of such dramatic re-assessments even when molecular DNA amp traditional archaeology clearly illuminates the mounting dateable evidence The challenging complexity of Finno-Ugrian origins and evolution has only grown with recent studies yet traditional archaeology acknowledges that Fatyanovo-Uralic contact ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 N1c1 ) zones precede Āryan-Uralic contact ( Krajnov 1972 251-252 Gurina 1963 133 139 Khalikov 1969 205 Tretrsquojakov
1966 135 ) Fatyanovo used chamotte admixture in ceramics like their neighbors ( Laitinen et al 2002 ) Some Aryan loanwords in Uralic may reflect a poly-ethnic Alakul forest re-intrusion and were diffused by a subsequent F-U speakers migration as implied by DNA genetics And the earliest Corded Ware words found in Uralic are an identifiable archaic East Baltic ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem
1000 ) as exemplified by a shared vocabulary ( Mari karas šāškə Lith šeškas
Sanskrit śaśakas ) amp the singular neuter and not some amorphous pre-Baltic that vanished without a trace
Kela vs Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Overlapping the Southern edge of the Fatyanovo - Balanovo region by where the rivers flow South another group of the East Baltic-type Satem Corded Ware pottery tradition ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) later
developed that is called the Abashevo culture ( 2400 - 1800 BCE ) after a nearby village East of Kazan Russia The Abashevo culture exhibited strong influences from both Pit-grave and MVK Catacomb cultures on its Baltic-type Corded Ware traditions Abashevo metallurgy was proportionally less weapon-oriented than that of their Pit-grave Āryan neighbors exhibiting more utilitarian or artistic ornamental products That being said Abashevo weapon metallurgy was innovative and the designs were adopted by Andronovo cultures Unlike the Pit-grave Āryans of the bordering steppe the forest dwelling Abashevo like the Balanovo mixed some with the local Volosovo ( N1c1 ) hunters amp foragers influencing their culture in many ways The Abashevo relations with Seima - Turbino were also apparently fruitful for each other (East Baltic Fatyanovo kela
Finnish kela - reel spindle Fatyanovo amp Lith ratas Finnish amp Estonian ratas - wheel North
Saami raacutehtis - id Fatyanovo amp Lith kepti Saami giksa- kopša- to cook) The archaic East Baltic kela vs ratas usage invites scholarly investigation of the neuter in East Baltic as well as assessing Globular Amphora poly-ethnic Substratum influence from ERC Finnish taivas Estonian taevas amp Saacutemi daivas - heaven reflect an archaic East Baltic influence still heard in Saule noiet dievā or Saule iet dievu of the old Latvian Dainās ( re H Biezais 1961
Gimbutas 1958 46 ) Lithuanian still has dievop dieviep declensions Perhaps
Saacutemi taiw Hungarian taacutej and Khanty tai - locus are also related if heaven is a place - somewhere
Like Balanovo sites many Abashevo settlements were also by the copper laden southwestern foothills of the Urals and as the Volga-Kama area Balanovo East-Balts did left ample kurgan burials and flat graves as part of their Abashevo burial rite Late Abashevo artifacts were found in Sintashta ( Pre-Vedic ) culture graves Sintashta also had not only one but two flat grave cemeteries along with the expected more prestigious kurgans Sintashta ceramics display the influence of early Abashevo amp Fatyanovo-Balanovo pottery styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) just as many
Sintashta Europoid remains exhibit the dolichocephaly of Abashevans ( Schwidetzky 1978 Menck 1980 Gimbutas 1997 322 ) amp Fatyanovans ( Denisova 1980
Rimantiene amp Cesnys 1996 50 Loze 1996 68 ) Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo )
ceramics with chamotte exhibit a projecting rim as does later Abashevo ( re
mtDNA N1a1a1 294 ) The artifacts suggest a unique cultural exchange between poly-ethnic ( w Uralic amp GAS admixture) Abashevo and Fatyanovo-Balanovo people into the Sintashta culture of Pre-Vedic peoples ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The nearby Volga Finnic Erzya-Moksha Mordvin language group has preserved loanwords from early Āryan Volga-East-Baltic and possibly a Pre-Tocharian Repin type language which would seem to confirm the probability of such exchanges Residual Ural-Volga Repins may well have become contributing substratum in the ethno-genesis of the Corded Ware Abashevo considering their geographical locations The Volga-Sok river Ural region by Samara has yielded Repin-influenced pottery reflecting the Repin influenced pottery of the earliest Afanasievo kurgans Early Uralic exchanges with IE Centum speakers probably correlate with this regional Volga-Repin horizon by the Urals Re haplogroup U5 Tokharian A waumls Tokharian B yasa - gold ( PT wesā ) Uralic Mari waž Kamassian waza Votyak az-veś Hungarian vas Mansi atvės Forest Nenets wyesya whereas Saacutemi vieške Moksha uśkauml Estonian vask reflect Tokharian A wsā-yok lt wesā-yāku - gold colored Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration with decorated rims on a round-based pot The NE orientation of male burials characteristic of Don Repins is also noted later with some ( not all ) Timber-Grave burials vs the early Afanasievo migration burials with Repin traits which orientated males to the southwest like Poltavka Fatyanovo ( Lith talka
telkti East Tocharian A talke Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) and the early phases of Sarmatian burials
Indo-Āryan Soma ( contents lt source ) preserved the native Uralic ( N1c1 ) word for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) was pressed with stones in water to produce a batch of the Soma beverage ( re Khanty Sŏma hewn
mortar-bowl Estonian Soim hewn manger ) or passed around and shared The misnomer well have been a cross-cultural semantic mistranslation from Balanovo-Volosovo contacts Finger pointing can be misconstrued as Elbing Vocabulary 141 comically demonstrates Some other tribes may have noticed East Baltic Balanovo neuters were one consonant shy of a combo plate and later added one Amanita muscaria reflects the Sun-Moon symbolism well
especially as they rise amp set smoky chestnut red ( žalas ) An pioneer ethno-mycologist R Gordon Wasson identified Vedic Soma as Amanita muscaria in his 1967 book although its legendary use was clearly Pre-Vedic Note that Balanovo and Volosovo-Garino ( Finno-Uralic ) culture pottery are sometimes discovered in sites side by side ( Goldin 1999130 ) inferring very close contacts (re mtdna haplogroup U4 [ Pliss et al 2005 16134ndash16356ndash16362 Bermisheva et al 2002 16189ndash16311ndash16356
Derbeneva et al2002b ] R1a amp N1c1 ) Ethnic customs were shared The Volosovo ( N1c1) use of talc or chamotte to temper pottery is significant since the custom of talc admixture is shared in Abashevo ceramics and later found in Sintashta culture ceramics Two pots unearthed far away near Sarazm betray their poly-ethnic Abashevo Ural area ( N1c1) origination by their unusual talc admixture
One side effect of the Ural region metallurgic bonanza was the need to defend key mining claims and production An escalation in production of weapons is noted The Pepkino burial kurgan suggests Abashevo northern territorial encroachment into Balanovo mining districts was strictly non-negotiable Later Sintashta - Arkaim type fortifications anticipated security concerns regarding metallurgic production centers
Sounds of Thunder gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Songs of the Erzya Mordvinic thunder spirit Purrsquogine Pərgənauml parallel both traditions of Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons and Rig Vedic Parjanyah closely ( Rig Veda Book 5 Hymn 83 ) The ancient Permic Komi myth of Pera the Giant amp the Oak grove like Parjanya and Erzya Pərgənauml may also reflect cultural integration or assimilation ( LWb R1a1a- Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) of residual Volga-Kama Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo East Balts by the Urals ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt checkered ornament of Volga-Urals ) The East
Balt type R1a1a- Z92 variant found among the Volga Erzya suggests such (
R1a1a- Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) Unlike Pera the giant amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Another Volga-Kama area Permic variation was noted by Y Wickman ( Teitoja Votjaakkien Mytologiiasta 1893
p 33)as the Votiak wrathful Perkịno who was offered bread gruel and ( ) butter The Chuvash still say ascha schapat about lightning Missionaries demonized the hewn idols as the devil of hell replacing them with a foreign stern storm-god tradition - and new improved idols There is even a Perkino Russia - somewhat near Tula
Legends of the North gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Recent discoveries have eclipsed traditional mindsets Aerial surveys revealed Sintashta amp Arkaim Archaeological analysis from excavations have revealed four thousand year old cultural intermingling ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) In 2002 Fragments of Lappish Mythology by Lars Levi Laestadius was finally published
in English It had been long forgotten since the 1840s The Saacutemi version of the Storm-giant bears a close conformity to Pera the giant and Parjanya ( RV 563 ) The evil troll hiding in the hollow ( Lith dumbas Slavic dub - oak ) gets zapped in the Saacutemi version reflecting Rig Veda 563 After ridding the world of evil the only reward Pera the giant wants is a net How odd A net Whatz wit that A net A more multi-cultural analysis would provide insight Perhaps one can discern a unity of traditions considering that a Baltic net Sietynas is also Pleiades ( Saacutemi siejdi gt ON seieth ) Pashto Perūne is the knotty six-star Pleiades Northern legends of the six bogatyr sons the Sun maiden Pera marries the Suns daughter Saulė and the bear Saulės ratelis the sun maidens ring sauryās rathas The golden horned elk Zarni Anj Shundy Mumy solar mother the crescent moon ( Saacutemi maacutennu maacuteno ) Saacutemi has pirjanne - borjja-dat storms There are many Saacutemi - Permic conformities ( Charnolusski 1965 101-130 ) The Perm culture of the Vychegda river region practiced both inhumation amp cremation In their region 34 of inhumations were oriented to the SW Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( Vychegda region ) burial orientations were also to the SW The northern peoples SW buried with head towards sunset orientation ( Taylor 1989 280 Mansin 1984 64 Karlalainen 1996 46 ) is explained as the South representing the Sky gt Heaven ( Lith dievas Estonian taevas Saacutemi taiw Hungarian
taacutej and Khanty tai ldquo ) Early phase Sarmatian burials are similar There are many northern shared traditions ( sarvas - hirvas - sirvas ) and legends with some well over four thousand years old ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) They are not well received today nor have been in the past ( Willumsen LH 1997 ) Nobody magically disappears not even in Las Vegas
Perga - Pargai gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The interpretation of the phonetics of Parjanyah should consider three factors Sanskrit J followed by a front vowel as in Parjanya matches a Baltic G ( Lith augu Skt ojah lt H2eug- ) Secondly classical Sanskrit parkaṭī - fig tree has a holly oak ( Quercus ilex ) dialect homonym in a western Punjabi dialect with parg-ai instead of park-aṭī ( note related Skt k-g-j- bhakti bhaga-
bhajati ) In other words the Punjab region Vedic Parjanyah may be phonetically interpreted as Pərgənyah from the Iranian-like R-only Rig Vedic dialect lt possibly reflecting a phonetic alternate Pərkənyas from another ( Alakul ) immigration of R amp L Madhyadeśa dialects of mixed lineage populace - say perhaps marginalized poly-ethnic metalworkers
artisans a post-Sintashta śāpharikas fisherman ( re śapharas gt महाशफर )
farmers and herders perhaps even Yadavas ( re the tadbhava layer ) The 800 years from Sintashta to the Vedas significantly impacted Indo-Iranian itself much less a few odd loanwords A phonetic Iranian-like Punjab Vedic Pərgənyah amp Pərgənauml of the Volga-Ural Erzya look suspiciously similar Whatz up with that Was there a Volga-Ural cultural contact in common with a similarly positioned ldquoalpinerdquo velar The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 ) indicates that very common contact were the Volga-Ural
Fatyanovo- Balanovo Balts and their descendants ndash the same mushroom munching forest folk with their rolling ratas gentara- golden amber and stinky šapalas breath Thirdly Parjanya ( Divas putrāya ) like Vāyu and his obscure dhēnā lt dainā have already been marginalized in the Punjab Rig-Veda of elite Āryan priests - with only a few old token hymns Times change people change languages change Even Gods change All we are is dust in the wind
More Bull gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In East Baltic Mythology Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons is closely associated with the Bull In Nuristani Mythology Paumlrun is a war god ( kariaunas ) In Pashto Perūne is the knotty Pleiades star cluster ( re Old Prus Perōni - group Lith Peruotas
- beetle brood Peras - egg brood larvae ) The reason Perkūnas-Perkaunis is associated with the Bull is due to the ancient correlation of the Taurus constellations importance to the agricultural Dnieper Satem Tripolye R1a1a- Z280 substratum of East Balts The Taurus constellation ( Latv Vērsis ) signaled the start of the growing year and the arrival of Perkaunis loud Thunder storms Pashto Pleiades is in ( you guessed it ) - the Taurus constellation ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) The stars brought the rain of the Bull representing the magic of fertility to the Z280 Satem farmers When the Satem East Balts assimilated the poly-ethnic Globular Amphora-post-Narva substatum with their pre-Fairguni a Centum velar was added to Peraunas by his wife Perkūnija hence the E+W poly-ethnic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons Uralic loanwords attest to this antiquity of the East Baltic ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive variant Perkūnas was very important to farmers unlocking the start of a new growing year by his loud return In Lithuania the first ritual plowing of the Spring was done by two sacred black ( kirsna- ) bulls His two stones ( not red ) release fire The goatish echoes of flying snipes before a storm warn of his arrival Stricken lightning locations are šventas The darža checkered ceramics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) in Sintashta and Alakul pottery track contacts with Fatyanovo-Balanovo Z92 farmers Parjanya later appears in the Rig Veda as an peripheral obscure deity even though he is a son of Heaven ( Divas putrāya ) He is associated with Soma Vāyu ( Lith
dialect Vėjus ) and has Bull symbolism He gladdens the Earth He has a trace of a misplaced velar unlike Pashto Perūne star cluster ( Pleiades - in Vērsis ) Paumlrun or Slavic velarless Perun Parjanya has lost his militaristic affinities amp exploits Early Mitanni mining contacts may culturally connect Ashur Marduk to the Asuras Maruts There were no copyrights back then The evil serpent and various keraunophobic belief systems have remained quite popular to this day It is the hero Indra who now frees the cattle from the Vala cave slays the Vritra ahi- serpent and throws the wheel of the kerauninkas Kāvya Uśanas ( Latv milna lt mildna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild-
Tocharian kaumlrwentildee )
Perunaš Peraunas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Angis anžuolas reflect connections to the Hittite ( Maykop or Lydian ) diffused Myth of Illuy-ankas (eel-snake Latin anguilla ) and a storm deity named Tarḫunna Perunaš a stone-boulder-cliff deity joins in ( Myth of Ullikummi Ivanov
1958 108-9 ) The peaks of Greek Κέρκυρα island Baden alpine Hercynia and GAC pre-Fairguni or later Norse Fjoumlrgyn mountain all have a peaked alpine velar whereas Middle Dnieper Tripolye Satem reflects a Hittite common gender Perunaš as the Middle Dnieper cultures velar-less Peraunas we all know and love ( Czech Peraun Slavic Perunŭ Polabian Peraumlune- ) Sanskrit velar-less
Paru Parv-ata mountain ( Hittite Peru Perunant- Avestan Paruuatā ) was also used for a cloud especially a massive knotty cumulonimbus cloud cluster the kind which usually precedes violent thunderstorms ( Rig Veda 106411 ) An affiliation of Peraunas with cumulonimbus thundercloud clusters geologic uplifts lightning-bolts and magic ceraunium stones ( Tocharian kaumlrwentildee pārem ) is still noted Neighboring Catacomb Culture provides a later Greek Keraunos - thunderbolt ( Grk Poimenes Lith Piemenes Kerauninkas ) Circular triple crossed ceraunic hexagrams were popular Baltic woodcarving motifs Lithuanian kerauti translates as to make magic sorcery Globular Amphora amp Northern Dnieper Satems assimilate uniquely blending Satem Peraunas amp Centum Perkūnija in a wedding of sky amp earth ( re post-GAC ON Fjoumlrgynn amp Fjoumlrgyn ) Perkaunas-Perkūnija unite the poly-ethnic Baltic Centum amp Satem farmers which also head East with his still new ERC velar wedding attire as Uralic words record Neither the Polabian Peraumlune nor Pashto Perūne ldquoclusterrdquo cognates have the ERC velar whereas the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno neighbors of Fatyanovo-Balanovo do Perkaunas adopts the mycological magic orphans of the forest folk along the way to the Urals with Fatyanovo-Balanovo metallurgic pioneers His reception was cordial but the forest is his home with his oak and his ever popular sacred orphans The Baltic etymology of the revered oak is perhaps a ldquosecretrdquo taboo double entendre ( ang-is anž-
uolas ) but knotty fits just fine Perkūnas clash with a hiding Velinas ( Latv jods -
black ) the serpent-demon in the oak ( Middle Welsh derwen ) over theft ( cattle-
fertility ) is an old theme Thus the traditional black hued choice of sacrifices especially during times of drought Fire in the oak Quercitron The Storms of Spring battle Winters dark deceit for the release and restoration of Life Perkūnas was to wed the laume water spirit Indraja but it was not to be Parjanya isnt as popular in the Avesta Nuristani Paumlrun is a war god no bull Parjanya has already been de-oaked by the time of the Vedas and his ancient heroic legends have been assigned to Indra Parjanyas name is still spoken by farmers The Komi have Pera the giant amp his Oak grove As for his northern šventas orphans ( V N Toporov 1979 RV 9823 ) word gets around For the paru
peru jointed knotty IE etymology see Karl Hoffman 1974 In addition I note Sanskrit Paru - knotty having joints ( esp of reed or cane ) and Lith Peras - jointed plant shoot ( eg of reed ) cluster as well as a cluster of white knotty or jointed larvae or brood cluster bear close etymological affinities ( for -as vs-us note Lith Vėjas vs dialect Vėjus ) This cluster could be of stones clouds rock eggs sprouts larvae chicks church goers reeds or
stars From the eggs amp seeds of PIE per- to bear begets the cluster That
cluster becomes a cloud ( Perunaš Peraun ) or if stone later becomes a mountain
( Perunant- Paruuatā ) The visual connection of a puffy cloud cluster with a cluster of cute fluffy chicks or squirming larvae ( Lith Peras ) may be easily comprehended by a native Oaxacan but most scholars to date just dont get it They may well never Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are all related cluster cognates GAS influenced Perkons amp Parjanya are also related and especially to each other with the GAS velar infixation - due specifically to Volga-Ural inter-ethnic contact ( copyVirdainas )
Oaks are strikingly knotty as are firs fingers posts backbones cliffs and clouds Oaks are also like mountains ( re Fairguni ) strikingly tall or as they say in Hittite Parku- or Tocharian Paumlrk- and long when felled ( Tocharian Paumlrkaumlr- again ) - as when one makes a 26 ft dugout canoe - or perga - pergas ( Finnish haapio lt Fatyanovo aspen canoe ) Greek Πέργ- implies a European substratum p inclination for expected b Khotanese bulysa also prefers the horizontal orientation A Proto-Kartvelian dialect root for acorn dialect for oak reflects ḳrḳo- which bares a striking similarity to Italic Kerkus an oak ( with
many branches ) Venetian Querquerni Thucydides mountain Kirkine Celtic alpine Hercynia gt Gothic mountain Fairguni gt ON Fjoumlrgyn Greek island Κέρκσρα Lith Kerkūrė - hill mountain summit Lith Kerkulė many branched stump ( trunk ) Lith Kerkutys branching trunk Welsh Perth bush ( with many branches ) Old Norse Fjoumlrr tree Lith Keras bush ( with many
branches ) Lith kerkoti ndash to ldquostickrdquo out - like the ldquoalpinerdquo velar in Perkons or Parjanya darža laquo checked raquo Alakul or Kandahar Mundigak-VI Afghan pottery or z92 by Samara Initial or medial Q gt T gt P is early Lengyel BBC influencing GAC TRB traders amp Baden outliers Follow the Money Lengyel - Bell Beaker culture influence is easily percieved in various numerals such as Breton pemp Swedish fem Old High German fimf Oscan pompe - 5 or Welsh pedwar Old English fēower vs Lith keturi Sanskrit chatur - 4 Perhaps also GAC 11 amp 12 w -p lt -q like 4 Jātarūpa amber Gentaro rupis (
FYI - Some Western Chicago dialects pronounce knotty amp naughty the same way ) The 2800 BCE Corded Ware GAC connection of ON alpine Fjoumlrgyn amp E Baltic elevated Perkūnija is fairly obvious given current archaeological amp DNA evidence Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are cluster cognates Perkons amp Parjanya are also related - due to contact Roth ratas rathas Embrace the Chaos
Velars amp Vowels
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Given what has been revealed from the archaeology of the Sintashta era and later ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornament of the Volga-Urals ) the northwestern Punjab Rig Vedic dialect of Parjanyah may reflect an earlier Volga-Urals region polyethnic Perkaunyas or Pərgənyas which would resemble the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno or Baltic Perkaunias very very closely Why are the nearest cognates of Parjanya with an rdquoalpinerdquo velar ( plosive ) only in Balto-Finnic Volgaic Permic Baltic and otherwise noticeably absent in surrounding Satem Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani European Celtic Hercynia Gothic Fairguni attest to Western perhaps GAC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive affinities ( re roth ratas rathas below ) As linguists struggle with the etymology of the Punjab Rig Vedic Parjanya or even Baltic Perkūnas for that matter did they even consider the heresy of a poly-ethnic origin ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2 ) or a GAC origin of the integrated ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive ( re Eulau GAC
DNA amp Shughnans ) Slavic Satem Ruki amp velarless Perun would support it Perkaunias gt Perkonias gt Pərganyas Short e o get leveled to a as Indo-Iranian evolves At least a half a millennium passes between Sintashta and the Vedas Velar plosive [-G-] before a front vowel becomes [-J-] In other words we are discussing a shared cultural tradition ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) spanning well over four thousand years ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 The laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Beyond the similar name itself the very verses of each cultures related hymns ( dainās ) exactly parallel each other in a truly uncanny way The inclusive Perkaunijas appealed to poly-ethnic farmers herders and smiths not to a xenophobic ruling elite The increased frequency of dental cavities in Arkaim remains may reflect polyethnic Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo populace Given the Fatyanovo link with Sintashta ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) amp Kandahar ceramics ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 laquo checked raquo 14 ) and Corded Ware Abashevo origins of chariot cheek-pieces in the Urals such speculation is well within reasonable parameters even for diehard skeptics ( DNA data pending ) The Sintashta metal workers were busy real busy - cooking ( varia ) copper which is noisy hot foundry type work A rare day off meant quietly fishing by the cool water with some herbal headache medicine And it is still the common farmers who welcome Parjanya Pərgənauml or Perkons Perhaps the priests forgot ( RV 10853 ) Parjanyas is still the father of Soma ( RV 9823 ) Bon Appetit
The astonishing similarity of the archaic Central East Baltic (Latvian dial example Perkaunis Perkūne and Lietas) Dainās tradition mirrors the Eastern Fatyanovo Balanovo Baltic culture mythology as seen with the Votiak Perkịno and Volgaic (Erzya Pur‟gine Lit-ava) songs The initial L vs R of Lit-ava would presume early-Baltic contact since Vedic vṛkah ( vs archaic Baltic
vilkas) is associated with the loanword vərgas in Uralic Moksha or Komi Zyryan voumlrkas - wolf terms which were probably acquired from an Alakul intrusion into the forest-steppe Yet Ossetic does have Lymaelign friend reflecting Mordvin Loman man whereas Sanskrit has Ramana - man
married (re Latvian Loma- role Lithuanian Luomas- marital status class of men) Erzya has Paz reflecting Saka Bagas - a legacy of their contact ( Slavic
Bogъ) Discovering East Balt R1a1a- Z92 among the Volga-Ural Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) may pale to other previously unidentified R1a lineages from ancient cultural contact The Pur‟gine Paz - Lit-ava hymns are thus part of a poly-ethnic shared tradition
Syllabic Resonants R gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The East Baltic šapalas and Indic śapharas (chub-carp ) śāpharikas ( fisherman ) isogloss is indeed very interesting - given the absence of other fish cognate isoglosses ( Ossetian kaeligf Old Japanese kwop(j)i gt koi ) Sanskrit scholars have determined at least two early Vedic dialects ( the IE L gt R only
vs the R and L - Madhyadeśa region ) and possibly a third ( the L only ) existed The Rig Veda we know today is in the R only dialect ( Indo-Iranian coalescence of
L gt R ) Note Sanskrit śroṇis vs Lith šlaunis Thus only occasional token words remain from 2 of the 3 Vedic era dialects Baltic had retained IE L The Greek Indo-Iranian dialect area exhibited issues with syllabic resonants ( l r m n ) - as when m and n became a or Greek alla amp arra or Indo-Iranians syllabic liquids where l usually became r There remained an Indic instability with r (ṛH) where Iranian had ar vs Indic ir ur - with E-W dialect variants Examples of this are Skt śiras vs Av sarah- Grk karā- or Skt giri- vs Av gairi- ( Lith girė vs Slavic gora ) The conservative Satem speaking communities of IE dialects which begat the Baltics usually evolved reflexes of semi-vowels l r m n into il ir im in yet also rendered them as ul ur um un after original labiovelar plosives and later rearranged after more changes The two different reflexes cluster in contrast - inflectional morphemes have the i- reflex whereas the u- reflex is not uncommon in the expressive lexicon
There was certainly early Āryan as well as Catacomb culture ( merger of Genitive
amp Ablative) influence - interaction with the respective emerging Baltic dialects (as
Middle Dnieper artifacts actually reflect amp also javas- grain isogloss or Skt paścāt Lith
paskuj later ) and with Proto-Slavic while each neighbored near the larger proto Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian isogloss area of dialects (eg Graeco-Armeno-Indo-
Iranian past tense prefix augment isogloss) Reflecting this archaic regional relationship is the specific spiritual tradition of Dawn ( Uṣas Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven isolated together in the Indic Greek and Baltic cultures The semantic perceive vs awake contrast of Greek peuthomai Avestan baodaiti and Indic bodha-h vs Balto-Slavic Lith budėti invites some curiosity Is there some specific Balto-Indic link for the divergent wake-awaken semantics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) The Armeno-Aryan remodeling of the Ablative suffix helps to date influences on Middle Dnieper dialects Another relic of this same late Sredny Stog era influencedialogue interaction maybe the proposed loss of a laryngeal (H )
after the introduction of a long vowel (Korlandt 1975 - re Latv guovs Skt gauh ) and of course RUKI The Middle Dnieper Baltics amp Slavics were thus distinct early autonomous NW Satem IE dialects (Upper Middle Dnieper-Don region ) and even more so upon becoming Europeanized R1a1a- poly-ethnics Hydronyms by Tula Russia ( re Eulau CWC DNA ) appear quite Baltic Early Satem contacts ( mtDNA T ) and exchange may have also occurred with Don-Volga Repins before an exodus flight of a group far to the East which evolved into the Afanasievo culture ( Russ toloka Lith talka telkti Tocharian talke VRC
) Repin A1 type pottery arrived at Mikkhailovka on the Dnieper around 3500 BCE from a people that had a connection to the Volga-Don Region Repins There were Repin settlements in Middle Don where it dispersed to Volga and Dnieper areas ( Sinuk 1981 ) Tocharian may be thus related to both the early Middle-Lower Dnieper Repins ( re Middle Dnieper Repins gt ERC gt pre-Germanics ) and the northern Ural-Volga Repins that migrated the Trans-Ural region East ( Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) The incorporation of some Middle Dnieper Repins into the multi-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture is supported by isoglosses between Slavic Baltic Germanic and Tocharian
The cultural convergence of these various Āryan Baltic and Uralic peoples by the Urals in the second millennium BCE is reflected in name of the annual Finnish Kekri celebration which exemplfies the state of developement of the Indo-Iranian at that time - as compared with later Rig Vedic Sanskrit sg pl čakras čakrā- PIE kʷekʷlos ( Finnish yh-deksaumln 9 or 1 from 10 lt IIr - vs
Finnish tuhante 1000 lt E Baltic Fatyanovo ) It appears from above loanwords that at mid-third millennium BCE the Fatyanovo East Baltic Satem [ š ] preceded a slower developing Indo-Āryan [ ś ] Note Nuristani parallel sonsonant It ( Finnish tuhante ) also shows uncompromised original East Baltic pre-GAS Ruki Did each Satem tribe perhaps influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) the other ( Mari indeś 9 Ossetic daeligs 10) East Baltic Fatyanovo žemė lowland was adopted as a toponym šaumlme and is now known as the haumlme region of Finland ( w Fatyanovo artifacts ) Before the Finnic change of š to h the toponym provided an ethnonym - Saacutemi aka the Lapplanders (Koivulehto 1993)
Uralic Honey
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
It is common to read that the Finno-Ugric loanwords for honey - Hungarian mez Mordvinic med Estonian Finnish mesi were not borrowed from Battle Axe Baltic medu - honey or a Ural-Volga Pre-Tocharian Repin dialect ( Latv sāls Toch A sāle Zyryan sol - salt ) but rather from a later Āryan madhu - sweet drink Even though the same Finno-Ugrics have loanwords - Mordvinic Mokša kaumlras Mari karas Udmurt karas for honeycomb wax - reflecting East Baltic kāras honeycomb ( Lith korys Latv kāres ) and in spite of the archaeological chronology of centuries of Battle Axe Balt Finno-Ugric
( eg pre-Kiukainen culture w LWb ) contact or earlier Pre-Tocharian Repin Finno-Ugric interaction ( eg Saacutemi vieške Tokharian A wsā-yok ) long before Pit Grave Āryan culture arrival No mekši -fly cognate is found in Ob-Ugric It is noteworthy that current Bashkir preserves kaumlrauml- along with Altaic Kazan Tatar kaumlraumls in that Ural region and even distant Chuvash has karas - honeycomb Note Mordvinic Erzya kšta beeswax Lith šekštė thick coarse Single markers of mtDNA N1a also group Bashkirs with Lithuania and the Komi Permyaks East Balt type Y-DNA R1a1a1 Z92 among the Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) adds additional linguistic perspective to the kāras range East Baltic bitis bee has an interesting cognate with Egyptian bi-t Baltic amber has been found in the pyramids Ural karas honeycomb is clearly a legacy of Fatyanovo-Balanovo regional assimilation ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) Surprisingly neither Slavic ( w solitary exception of Polish skarzyk lt GAS ) nor
Indo-Iranian possess a cognate ( करण - honeycomb ) although Greek does
( κηρός ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo was not some amorphous Balto-Slavic - it was evidently an identifiable archaic East Baltic - that preceded Kiukainen type hybrid cultures
Archaeological Chronology of Cultures ( Cal
14C vs the time-travel of Linguists )
5600 BCE Akali Narva-Kunda settlement in Estonia w Cannabis amp Triticum pollen
3700 BCE - Volga Repins by the Urals Volosovo expanded from Urals 3200 BCE - Fatyanovo Battle Axe arrival - Volosovo culture interaction
2800 BCE - Fatyanovo-Balanovo ceramic laquo checked raquo darža double row diamond ornament re Bronocice pot motifs
2700 BCE Kiukainen hybrid type cultures Balanovo Metallurgy in Ural forests 2300 BCE Abashevo - Pepkino Kurgan ( MVK Poltavka Fatyanovo Hybrids )
2100 BCE Abashevo amp Seyma-Turbino Metallurgic developement amp interaction 2100 BCE - Sintasta - Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament
2026 BCE Sintasta - Arkaim ( Poltavka w some MVK amp Abashevo becomes Andronovo ) - U of AZ
14C
1780-1660 BCE Alakul cemeteries pine timbers of Lisakovsk Kostany oblast by Tobol river - U of AZ 14
C 1700 BCE Timber Grave and Alakul culture intrusions into Ural forest zone cultures
1600 BCE - Timber Grave - Alakul - Fedorovo laquo checked raquo double row diamond Volga-Ural ornaments 1000 BCE - Mundigak Period VI ceramics of Afghanistan with darža laquo checked raquo double row diamond ornaments
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
From Kaunas to Kazan
to Kandahar - We Are Family
The time-travel of linguists is supported by serious academic references of
proto Indo-Aryans loaning proto Finnish vasa - calf - prior to the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC arrival thereby neutralizing any possibility of a ratas rathas debate whatsoever and uncountable cans of worms of a probable Centum connection ( GAS ) The debate was only postponed Pots dont talk they speak - volumes Note that Ossetian waeligs Yaghnob wasa - calf - would suggest a 1st millennium BCE Gorodets era contact loanword The artifacts do Another archaic Baltic loanword into Finno-Ugric exemplifying the range of influence the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC had is the East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole or long pole stick ( Arm jałk rod branch ) which has traces in Saami čuolggu pole for pushing a fishing net under the ice Finnish salko long pole Mordvin śalgo stick Komi źal lath-stick Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane
Bison in the Forest gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Gradual climatic warming of the vast pine-birch forests of Russia also afforded a home to the woodland bison (Bison bonasus bonasus) known in Lithuanian as stumbras or in Old Latvian as sumbrs - which bears a odd amp curious resemblance to the Sanskrit śambaras ( stag lt F-U śambaras lt ) A similar semantic drift is seen with the Russian izubr - stag ( Slavic jьzōbrь [ jьlt vь ]
OPr wissambrs ) Evolution of the tusked Satem žambras žumbras gt zumbras gt sumbrs noun for the dangerous forest dwelling wisent bison is far from being etymologically settled although sumbrs is unique to East Baltic Note žambas žambras derivation as well as later GAC wisent lt OPr wissambrs gt Slavic jьzōbrь ( jьlt vь ) The wisent is the largest herbivore in Europe Excavated sites in the Baltic countries indicate wisents constituted 20 of the hunted wild ungulates In Lithuania there are still meadow ( Lith
lanka Khanty lŏk ) names such as Zumbriškės by Aukštadvaris and Žumbrickiai by Ramygala in the central Panevėžys district whereas Stumbriškis place-names appear less archaic Wisents often frequent lush meadows for grazing Archaic Satem cognates for the Carpathian bison in central Europe extend beyond Slavic examples Niketas Choniates recorded
the δοσμπρος (lt zumbros ) of 12th century Cumanians hundreds of years after
the advent of Old Church Slavonic liturgical texts The apparently Thracian ( w
final -os ) δόμβρος (lt zumbros ) cognate dates to the same century as the
beginning of formalized Old Church Slavonic literature Other cognates also display this close relationship such as Thracian midne - homestead
reflecting Latvian mītne - dwelling very nicely
Given the existing evidence of Žumbr- type place-names in Lithuania like Žumbrickiai East Baltic (re upė vs apė ) obviously had a dialect variant Žumbras Finno-Ugric pronounciation of the ž- or z- consonant perhaps yielded a multi-cultural Balt-Finnic term sumbras (re Old Latv Sumbrs ) in the distant past (eg Dyakovo culture ) for the forest wisent An East Baltic remodeled variant stumbras ( re stirna ) arose In many outlying regions after the animal disappeared so did its old name Scandinavian and Slavic traders later brought in new substitute wisent names Over thousands of years of multi-cultural interaction the common term sumbrs overtook the older zumbrs variant in the Latvian region - probably due to the Estonian-Finnic phonetic influence Modern Lithuanian still has the tusked žambras žambris although the semantics are now limited to a wooden plow ( Lith žambuotas Skt
jambhate) Regional polyethnic changes of ž- to s- as in žalga gt salko do not necessitate a taboo in place of multi-millennial Finnic influenced cross-culture contact For example the related Baltic taurė - herders blow horn is not at all uncommon in Uralic languages The neighboring Finnic influence of ž- or z- to s- with zumbrs gt sumbrs needs no extravagant linguistic explanation
The East Baltic Neuter gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The singular neuter gender exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages with West Baltic documented using singular neuter gender asigmatic -n as in kelan - wheel Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords from Uralic such as kela - reel or in modern East Baltic ( Žemaitian medė forest or coastal dialect lizda vs Prussian median ) once again dating the commonality of a West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 ) pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-
Svitych 1963 42-44 ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as the singular neuter in Lydian with the generalized singular neuter ending in -d The Slavic neuter origin may reflect an old R1a1a- Z92 Eastern orientation The anaphoric pronoun -ad lt ( ntr sg ) -od reflects the Hititte -at used for
collectives or neuter plurals suggesting an early ( Mysian ) Lydian Hittite split East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords in Uralic imply the loss of the final consonant occurred prior to a Northern expansion The evolution of the neuter gender in East Baltic can be deduced from the surviving languages and dialects Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains The Lithuanian neuter is still used in impersonal constructions Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of that language - even after the era when dialects became different languages As the R1a1a- Z92 or the LWb allele genetically indicate Fatyanovo Baltic was as identifiable East Baltic - as Latvian Lithuanian and Žemaitian are to this today Apples dont fall far from the apple tree
Loanwords in Uralic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Academia also attributes Finnish porsas pig as a loanword from an Iranian (
pārsas ) source Note that archaic East Baltic parša pig ( neut ) was the signature livestock of East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo culture archaeological excavations ( like Centum poly-ethnic GAS ) - and is also noted ( Varov amp Kosintsev
1996 54 ) as a significant feature of Corded Ware Abashevo livestock (Koryakova-Epimakhov 200765) in the very same Volga-Kama region as the later Khudyakovo group of the Pyanobor ( Udmurt parś boar ) culture region Some post-Balanovo Finnic Ananyino culture excavation sites (eg Svinogorskoye) also favor the pig above other livestock The Mordvin cognate may reflect Sauromatian (Prokhorovo) influence Note Khotanese pāsa- lt pālsa- lt pārsa- lt parsa- lt parša- One of the most conspicuous traits of the Indo-Iranian Andronovo culture is the complete absence of pigs as opposed to the related western poly-ethnic Timber grave culture - which evolved with discernible Corded Ware Abashevo culture assimilation Andronovo Indo-Iranians werent keen about mushrooms either ( Yasna XLVIII10 ) Given the distribution ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 Kandahar laquo checked raquo 14 ) of uniquely
Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornament of Urals ) one may speculate if their parša term followed ( Grishakov V
Stavitsky V 2003 ) their motifs (re the Sanskrit cognate of neuter E Baltic parša gt
Estonian parh lt parha lt parša )
vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras
The Finnish loanword vasara hammer appears to be from a late Āryan vazarah ( vajrah lt vaźras ) without the final s most likely from the 16th-13th
century BCE Timber-Grave northern forest intrusion ( re Erzya azuru man of rank
Udmurt uzər lt Timber-Grave Iranian asurah ) as opposed to an Alakul forest-steppe re-intrusion ( re Moksha vərgas w -s nom sg ending ) Other Uralic terms include Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere and all lack a final s ( re Redei
1986 25-26 28-30 ) The East Baltic cognates range from Lithuanian vėzdras vėzdas mace club Latvian vẽza stick club vẽzecirct to swing in the air
wave wag lt ueg Note the vežys of crayfish waving their pinchers Latvian
veseris maul-hammer appears to be a loanword from Livonian since the phonetics are closer to the Finnic versions than Lith vėzdras mace club The -d da- contamination of vėz-das vėzdras may be from the closely related stone-less synonym laz-da - club and may well have altered ź-da gt zda as in Lith lazda lt laźda (Albanian lajthi ledhi - id ) Bored stone maces with a peculiar solar rosette design - ubiquitous in the Abashevo culture have been unearthed in the Mariampolė district of Lithuania East Balt four five or seven-bulbed stone bored maces are almost identical to Andronovo maces Perkūnas thunderbolt ( Latv milna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild- ) was also a round stone The evolution from vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras vėzdas appears rather old but provides fresh new perspective to the etymology of Sanskrit vajra and Avestan vazra The practical forest dwelling East Balt woodsmen apparently favored the utilitarian kirvis- axe-hammer ( Indic kṛvi- ) or Maykop like vedega - adze more and evidently shared them with the Uralic locals Hazel nuts were a Fatyanovo staple
The early polyethnic East Balt Uralic Pre-Indo-Iranian group would play a role in the settlement ( U of AZ - radio carbon date average - 2026 BCE) of Sintashta Arkaim and later also influence the regional speakers in Iran India who become bilingual Like the Magyars in Central Europe or the Goths-Galindi-Alani in Spain Āryan languages are now marginally reflected in the gene pool of India ( re Uralic variant of mtDNA N1a )
The Ethnogenesis of Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Abashevo pottery resembles and blends Fatyanovo and Balanovo East Baltic
Corded Ware styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) Like poly-ethnic Balanovo East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) the forest-zone Abashevo culture left both kurgans and flat graves although some burials may also reflect nearby Poltavka culture customs of the steppe-zone This indicates a transitional group of Corded Ware populace of mixed affinities with an emerging Āryan elite Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich - were probably influenced from a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave Iranian asurah - perhaps pre-Ananyino era and do not indicate any hypothetical Āryan type Abashevo language for that Corded Ware group Latvian folk solar design signs exactly match the enigmatic Abashevo ubiquitous rosettes Poltavka amp Abashevo complexes of the Novokumak horizon coexisted by the Volga The Abashevo southeastern expansion towards territory that was prior a Catacomb border region suggests cultural assimilation of that populace as well which was later followed by a Timber Grave assimilation once again
This widespread polyethnic (kulturnaya obshchnostrsquo ) Abashevo mixed populace invites varied interpretations by differing viewpoints of different stages and regions - resembling the Heisenberg uncertainty principle Abashevo defies oversimplification for convenience sake An expert on the Abashevo culture A Pryakhin ( Pryakhin amp Khalikov 1987 ) deduced that it evolved from contacts between Fatyanovo Balanovo (Balts) and MVK Catacomb (Mnogovalikovo) Poltavka (Pit-grave Āryan) peoples in the Ural forest-steppe Most Corded Ware Abashevans were like Fatyanovo Balanovo narrow faced and dolichocephalous - contrasting somewhat from the MVK Catacomb Pit-grave Poltavka cranial amp physical type ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) But the Abashevo were on the whole poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) and multicultural Regional variant sub-groups include a Ural Volga Don-Volga and Kama-Vetluga expressions Sometimes the Balanbash label is used for the eastern variant
Were the varied poly-ethnic cosmopolitan Abashevo people MVK Catacomb Poltavka Āryan CWC East Balts residual upper Don-Volga Repins or partly Finno-Ugric Yes
Abashevo was multi-cultural and poly-ethnic E Pluribus Unum
One is inclined then to consider the singular masc baritone ratas gt rathas term as a probable Corded Ware Abashevo poly-ethnic lexical legacy
Sintashta intensifies the regional forest-zone copper metallurgy of the Corded Ware Abashevo and the earlier pioneering Balanovo East Balt metalworkers Balanovo copper ( varis ) metallurgy in the Urals had become an attractive alternative to the then destabilized Carpathian sources drawing the attention of southerly (Saami Oarje) Volga Pit-grave Āryans who had endured cyclic periods of drought The Urals quickly became a major metallurgic center Sintashta stock-breeding reflects the earlier Abashevo Corded Ware culture (note East Baltic šėmas gōvs gray cow or papijusi - cow with milk and related Sanskrit
pipyūṣī id) as does some of its metallurgic products and flat graves A recent
genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) add additional perspective The Sintashta slightly concave knife-sickles are connected to the Abashevo polyfunctional ones (Skt kṛpā- Latvian cirpe Lith
kirpe- ) Many Sintashta remains were dolichocephalous europoids ( re Kirsna
man ) like the forest-steppe Corded Ware Abashevans and earlier Fatyanovans ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) while others resemble Pit-grave Poltavka types In fact kurgans only accounted for about one third of the burials at Sintashta (Epimakhov 2002) E Kuzmina (The Origin of the Indo-
Iranians Volume 3 p 222 ) suggests Sintashta was not purely Āryan in composition and quite possibly quasi-bilingual Over a period time the cultures consolidated by the need for mutual co-operation
The later stage of the polyethnic populace of Abashevo amp Sintashta cultures may give an insight to the language of Proto-Indo-Iranian ( Pre-VedicAvestan
Sintashta ) Remains of the Pokrovskij type continue dolochocephaly and narrow faces with additional admixture of Uralic types detected in that group The Arkaim Sintashta area sites correspond to the Avestan Vara of the arriianəm vaējō Reflecting its polyethnic populace is Finno-Ugric Hungarian var fortress Saami var village and East Baltic Lithuanian varas tall timber palisade stockade ( Skt vartra ) Arkaim and Sintashta are also shaped like Central European Rondels The circular or oval settlement designs are very reminiscent of earlier Tripolye Dnieper sites or later East Baltic fortresses (eg
Tushemlya ) The dolichocephalous narrow faced Volga-Balts originated from the Northern Fatyanovo variants of the earlier Middle Dnieper culture which had assimilated some Tripolye C2 substrata Here is perhaps an example of a East Baltic term varas ( timber stockade ) borrowed in Finno-Ugric Vedic and Avestan In stark contrast the later Āryan Petrovka phase preferred a rectangular settlement shape over the circular or oval forts of the Urals yet still exhibit influence from western Abashevo Abashevan socketed spear designs eventually end up in western China via Andronovo influence The the range of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motif even extended to the Cherkaskul culture and regions of Siberia ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Latvian apsa aspen closely resembles Altai dialect apsa-k or Tatar Tobolsk dialect awsak and Chuvash eumlveumls Who knew
The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) of Baltic Uralic people in the ethnogenesis of the Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim cultures has provided scholars with linguistic opportunities in studies of the early Indo-Iranian dialects and in Finno-Ugric Baltic etymologies The Avestan and Vedic combinations of neuter plural nouns or multiple single and plural nouns with the verb in singular ( in Greek as well ) reflects archaic Baltic
constructions ( Lith beržorai esti ) Just as Lithuanian dialect panta or pantas - a crossbeam provides insight to the origins of Greek pontos - sea (linking ports) - Latin pontis bridge Armenian hown - a riverbed ( ford ) - a fresh new ( re Lithuanian-Latvian dialect panta - a link etc ) semantical understanding of Sanskrit panthās Avestan pantā - path ( link ) finally emerges from the mists of antiquity Khanty-Ostyak - pant path vs Mokša pandaz halter lt hobblelt link are related examples of Satem cultural interaction with Finno-Ugrics over time It is very important to keep in context the limited duration of this cultural horizon Here is a window a key that may unlock many doors It is a very unique horizon (chapter) of Eurasian and Russian prehistory when early Indo-Iranian traditions blend with Finnic and East Baltic cultures ( re DRD2 data) The Satem connection between Tolstoy and Gandhi was not only linguistic
A Fishy Whale gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There has been noted ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) a widespread hybrid checkered ceramic tradition of Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Abashevo and Pozdnyakovo cultures reflecting intimate polyethnic relations (re mtDNA haplogroups U4 Narva U5b2 and T1 ) The Sintashta Culture was not monolithic but rather a regional composite of various components as reflected by the variability of the ceramics If Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo influenced and integrated with the Sintashta area people ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) did it also influence their Āryan language (re Eastern Sanskrit R amp L dialects) Indic-Baltic specific isoglosses ( eg śāpa- šapas miśra- mišras ) may need updated reappraisals in light of the unfolding archaeological evidence of Corded Ware Abashevo influence and ethnic presence ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt
checked ornaments ) Riverine Latvian sence- mussel matches Sanskrit śaṅkha- shell rather well as does barytone Baltic antis Skt ātih - both waterfowl Sanskrit nārās and Lith nara both flow The Sanskrit suffix - inga- (Skt sphulinga- spark) looks peculiarly Baltic (ie Lith blezdinga swallow) as does the - ikas suffixed Skt śāpharikas fisherman Lith šventikas priest
The šapalas and śapharas ( Faux Dace महाशफर पतिशफरी शफररप Skt
śāpharikas fisherman ) isogloss is quite unique and curiously percise Similarities between Leuciscus cephalus idus amp lehmanni ( Zeravshan Dace ) may have encouraged the terms usage Puntius sophore aka śapharas the faux Dace has the identical profile coloration and specific reddish hue on its lower fins as its above Leuciscus šapalas neighbors Coincidence left the room with Elvis Someone remembered exactly what that fish looked like Indic śapharas ( the Faux Dace ) may well be an identifiable relic-loanword from East Baltic Corded Ware Abashevo-Balanovo-Fatyanovo šapalas contact since it is altogether absent ( like Parjanya ) in Avestan or Ossetic ( kaeligf big type
of fish) or other Petrovka derived Āryan languages There is no ichthyic cognate of East Baltic šapalas in the Catacomb culture derived languages
or even Slavic ( ) Germanic or Uralic for that matter So it is equally odd to note the complete absence of cognates for the archaic East Baltic žuvis - fish in all the Indo-Iranian branches although the Pontic steppe related Greek and Armenian somehow both preserved related ichthyic cognates ( Arm jukn ) Ossetic has retained an IE laeligsaeligg brown trout as well as a loanword kaeligsag from Hungarian keszeg and Mansi kāsəŋ a bream-dace type fish reflecting Timber Grave Iranian amp Finno-Ugric cultural interactions The Avestan mythic kara- may recall the voracious Volga wels ( Old Prussian kalis lt kalas - wels catfish ) which to this day exhibits legendary proportions approaching 10 ft The archaic žuvis šapalas howled today by an excited Lithuanian fisherman ( Skt śāpharikas ) still echoes the simple joy of his forefathers from long long ago
The Perkūnijas Parjanyah Pərgənauml Perkịno shared tradition is a delicate issue since each is venerated to this day in their respective cultures One may note that all three are very close in certain details The East Baltic laitus rain (Lith lietas lietus ) tradition with lightning East Baltic Laita may have been an archaic term for Summer rainy season (re Slavic Lēto year) which followed the return of Pleiades before the northern migrations of Battle Axe Balts The Erzya Lit-ava in their Prayer Hymns remained intact Modern Pashto has Perūne - Pleiades (re Greek Keraunos thunderbolt Slavic Perun all lacking a velar
plosive lt GAC ) Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- For the mushroom Perkūnas relationship see V N Toporov 1979 Parjanya is the father of Uralic Soma Perkūnas was to be the groom of the aquatic Laumė Indraja - Lith hydronyms Indus Indra Indura ( Mitanni Indara Skt Indu ) The Laumė Indraja is a mushroom guide or teacher And to uphold respect about these cultures and to be as accurate as possible I will only use the term shared
Perkūnas amp Indraja gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In the old Baltic dainos folksongs Perkūnas was to wed the Laumė Indraja One role of Indraja is as a mushroom guide spirit Vedic Parjanya is the father of Soma The Abashevo used talc in their ceramics as was common with their Uralic neighbors The pottery of the two cultures are found in the same room Note ( N1c1 ) Mari paŋgə mushroom Udmurt paŋτəl- paŋτət- to howl and carry on after partaking of Fly Agaric The Lithuanian version Ar prisiėdęs musmirių refers to the partaking of Fly Agaric mushroom and exhibiting a skewed or altered state of reality It is a quite common courteous way of calling someone stone crazy If they ate a little too much dried - žalas ( RV
7981 ) Fly Agaric mushroom and there upon glare ominously wild-eyed
howl ecstatically see the Unseen amp carry on - that person would be labeled aršus The Avestan term for an ecstatic seer is ǝrǝšiš which is a close cognate to Sanskrit ṛṣiḥ - a Seer Back in the Ural forests Uralic Khanty still has a word sŏma for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl or vessel as well as one for partaking of Amanita muscaria This would all be quite coincidental if they had never met - but they did Archaeology has already provided the where when and why Latvian has an equally courteous and common expression for telling someone to buzz off - get a clue - ej bekot or go pick mushrooms Latvian beka mushroom or dialect peka is loaned from Balto-Finnic Livonian paeligkā id lt pękā lt Uralic pəηkā Note that the mixed Balanovo-Volosovo sites were mediums of cross-cultural bilingual interaction for sharing ethnic customs preceding and contributing to Sintashta which influenced poly-ethnic Alakul ( Grigoryev 2000 ) groups ( ОД
Мочалов 2001-2 re ceramic lt gt checkered ornaments ) Sharing the hewn sŏma-bowl
with its entheogenic contents like a diplomatic cross-cultural peace pipe evidently sparked its legendary admiration The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding m-m-m Sŏma good Uh-oh East Baltic neuters did not require a final consonant They still dont It is also suggested that Uralic panga mushroom fly agaric entheogen žalas - when dried re bangus is possibly the source for the Sarmatian-Magyar loanword in Slavic Polish pienka Russian Пенька - hemp entheogen ( lt Finno-Ugric Pəηka via Sarmatians amp Magyars w U2e1 - re C
Keyser et al 2009 ) Note Irish arsan - a Seer or German rasen - be ecstatic Let it rain
The Unthinkable Now Highly Probable gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The everyday awkward pidgin bilingualism albeit semantically skewed at times between the East Balt Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo MVK Catacombs and Poltavka Āryans in that culture is highly probable ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) considering some of their similar ( at times identical ) vocabularies and quasi-related grammar The cultural continuity of metallurgy in the Ural region that started with Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) continued with Abashevo and was intensified at Sintashta and Arkaim The artifacts including specific trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered ornamentation motifs on pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) reflect their co-operation and integration with each other The chance of trace Baltic loanwords in old Indo-Iranian has shifted from unthinkable to highly probable lt gt Mainstream archaeological academia has reviewed the collective material evidence thoroughly and is quite confident in their evaluations of it Archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics are finally revealing this untold story The scientific evidence is becoming increasingly difficult to dismiss And ratas is not some amorphous proto Balto-Slavic
Suggested essential readings include The Origin of the Indo-Iranians Volume 3 by Elena E Kuzmina edited by J P Mallory p 222 Brill NV Leiden The Netherlands 2007 ISBN 978 90 04 16054 5 The Horse The Wheel and Language by David W Anthony Princeton University Press ISBN10
0691058873 and especially laquoШАХМАТНЫЙraquo ОРНАМЕНТ КЕРАМИКИ
КУЛЬТУР РАЗВИТОГО БРОНЗОВОГО ВЕКА ПОВОЛЖЬЯ И УРАЛА by ОД Мочалов Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ( The laquochessraquo ornament on
the pottery of the Middle Bronze Age in the Volga and Ural regions by OD Mochalov
Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ) - available as a PDF from Stratum Note title mistranslation of laquo chess raquo for laquo checked raquo The ceramics track the East Balt cultural assimilation ( amp Z280 ) into various Indo-Iranian sub-groups It‟s a fact
PIE dei - gt Dainā gt Dhēnā gt Daēna gt Dēn gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Vedic Sanskrit has the somewhat (15 times ) obscure word Dhēnā meaning hymn song which reflects East Baltic Daina meaning dance gt song From IE dei- (move spin whirl) we have Latvian deinis dancer daiņa restless person dainēt daināt to dance sing deja dance Lithuanian dainuoti to sing ( vs somuoti ) clearly illustrating the core Baltic etymology (It is
also attested in West Baltic toponyms) But Vedic Dhēnās hymn-prayer lacks any such dance etymology The Avestan Daēna ( Middle Persian Dēn ) is even more semantically vague - that which is revealed revelation This implies a loanword and like in Vedic - a word without a clear etymology The closet indigenous Indo-Iranian cognate is Avestan Dian meaning fast (re Grk δινεύω whirl or διά-νοια thought ) Scholars interpret the actual pronunciations of the old Vedic Sanskrit Dhēnā and Avestan Daēna as Dainā Hello By following this thread the shroud of the past unravels and finally falls apart
There is only one ( ) Rig Vedic hymn to Vāyu wind Skt nom Vāyus lt Vējus Lith dialect Vėjus which is otherwise called Vāta Iranian Ossetic wad and Ob-Ugric Mansi loanword wōt indicate the primacy of Vāta usage in the early Indo-Iranian dialects where as Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant ( Lith Vėjūkas ) appears to be a loanword (also note Skt
vāhin amp Latv āzinis) Note that Dhēnā is also used in the rare Vāyu hymn (I 2 3-
) Vāyu is closely associated with Parjanyah amp Soma ( Pashto ōmə ) Ancient Rig Vedic Uṣas and todays East Baltic Ūšas Ūštun - dawning to dawn
illustrate the challenges Vedic like Baltic or Greek often made an adjective into a noun by just moving the stress to another syllable although in this case Rig Vedic Uṣas has the adjectival accent In other words Uṣas = Ūšas but no one writes about it (re Skt uśras Lith ūšras OCS za-ustra ) Nada Zip
The Rig Veda uses the word Dhēnās for hymns but does not emphasize it although that connection is later implied as such by Avestan Daēna From the new archeaological and archeaogenetic evidence of the polyethnic ethnogenesis of the Abashevo and Sintashta populace it is not linguistically unreasonable to deduce that the Dainā dance gt song gt hymn tradition of the assimilated Abashevo Balts was adopted as the term Dhēnās hymns songs by their fellow Āryan metalworkers near the Urals during a period of bilingualism and was used as such later in the Rig Veda An Abashevo-MVK Monteoru trade link for cheek-piece diffusion may provide an alternate explanation for a Dacian gt Romanian doina - lyrical song although the ancient amber trade explanation remains equally viable
From IE dei- (move spin whirl) developed East Baltic Dainā - dance song hymn ( Grk δινεύω whirl ) which was borrowed as Vedic Dhēnā - hymn prayer Avestan Daēnā - revelation Middle Persian Dēn - religion The word dena - revelation religion is still used in Kashmiri Arabic Dīn ( دين faith
religion ) is beyond the scope of this topic
Little did the stubborn poly-ethnic Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 L235 amp
N1c1 ) or Abashevo East Baltic forest-folk singing their Sacred Hymns of Divine Revelation ( Dainās ) near the Country of Towns by Sintashta in the Urals of 2100 BCE know how far their songs would travel and for how long they would echo - up to this day by contributing a term for a new Monotheism (
Daēnā ) emulated later to its West The Volgaic Erzya Rav-ava - mother Volga Volgaic Mokša Rava - river and East Baltic Lithuanian Ravas - stream or Latvian Rāva - marsh water correlation is rather interesting (Lith
Rauti - to run quickly )
The Baltic amp Uralic in Vedic Sanskrit Avestan gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The mythical Avestan ten month winters and Vara Daēna legend Āryan Soma Haoma ( RV 128 Khanty Sŏma hewn wooden mortar-bowl Volgaic Erzya
Mokša Sjuma Səma hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger ) Sanskrit Śarabha ( Mansi Suorp Mokša Sjarda ) the Avestan water goddess Anāhitā in a Northern forests beaver furcoat (re Finno-Ugric mother-beaver cult) Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC talc or chamotte ceramic admixture amp specific trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ornamentation ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) and the many Finno-Ugric loanwords (Burrow 1955 pp 24-27 ) from
both early Indo-Iranian ( Finnish kekri ) and Volga-East-Baltic ( Finnish ratas ) uphold the latest archaeological findings Soma is the guardian spirit of the North And U4 is U4 ( Pliss et al 2005 Derbeneva et al2002 ) A multi-disciplinary approach combining archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics together are yielding scientific results
That there is possibly a Ural-East-Baltic Daina Ratas Perkonias or Šapalas in Sanskrit or Avestan should not come as a surprise considering Uralic ( re Sŏma ) is indisputably present (re N1c1 Khanty Sŏma hewn mortar-bowl )
Indo-Iranian Soma preserved the native N1c1 Uralic word ( Sŏma ) for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric ( Amanita muscaria ) was pressed with stones in water ( Skt
saumya- soft ) The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo-Garino cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding of what was pointed at ( re EV 141 ) Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 amp N1c1 poly-ethnics ) to this day still partake dried Amanita muscaria with milk amp honey as they have done for well over four thousand years It is Senasis Takas- The Ancient Way
Such drift of semantics can be heard even today in the English phrase Do you want to do a bowl
The Āryan Soma of the Urals eventually became a generic ( Pashto ōmə ) term to label an entheogen
Finding Baltisms ( ntr pl [ as w Hittite ] or multiple sg w sg verb the -yu- -ju- words like Vāyus - Vėjus ) or specific loanwords ( GAS Satem ) will be next to impossible especially without the displaced Vedic era R amp L middle dialects (eg ślokas - Madhyadeśa region ) of earlier migrations The integration of the polyethnic Corded Ware Abashevo into the Sintashta cultures may have not had a significant impact beyond contributing their earlier equine cheek-pieces Ural metallurgy amp talc chamotte pottery admixture or trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ceramics ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked
ceramics lt gt ) but it is probable they did leave other cultural traces (including DNA
words like ratas daina ) as well A recent genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) adds additional perspective Why
does East Balt ichthyic šapalas match Indic faux Dace śapharas ( महाशफर ) or śāpharikas ( fisherman ) so closely and as with other word matches
cognates are wholly absent in Avestan and even Slavic like the alpine velar in Parjanyas Also Skt śāka- Lith šėkas - green grass or Skt śakala- Lith šakalys - splinter - et cetera etc etc Perhaps even a Fatyanovo š itself given the Nuristani counterpart There are the parallel myth traditions of Dawn ( Uṣas - Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven dhēnā of Vāyus - Vėjus or the Ashvins - Ašvieniai Divine Twins Yet the breaking up of Middle Dnieper culture Balto-Slavic occurred especially with distant Fatyanovo-Balanovo well over a millennium prior to the ethnogenesis of Indo-Iranian The preponderance of such Baltic Indo-Iranian isoglosses suggests a period of contact and just as importantly the nature of those contacts Archaeology has indeed already provided the where when and why ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Pots amp DNA do speak
That a central European culture ( 3400 BCE - Baden Globular Amphora ) centered new wheel term ( Old Irish masc sg roth pl rothai Latin neuter sg rota pl rotae
Albanian diminutive w th from a t gt sg rreth pl rratheuml ) reflected in Corded Ware East Baltic baritone masc sg ratas pl ratai was loaned into Finnic languages is uncontested (re Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) but where does an Āryan baritone masc sg raacutethas - vehicle figure in the pre-Sintashta ( 2400
BCE ) Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian shared lexicon It doesnt
Bronocice Poland - Pot pre-3400 BCE - Farmers Wagons
Note laquo checked raquo darža motif similar to GAS-BALTIC Fatyanovo motif
And why would Indo-Europeans need to rename the wheel ( PIE kʷekʷlos ) Perhaps the assimilated European farmers did it East Baltic Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) copper metallurgy in the Urals has its roots in central European cultural traditions ( re Globular Amphora ) which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo Cultural area The old Carpathian metal trade of central Europe provided for contacts and cultural exchanges ( re amber trade ) between language groups like NE pre-Celts pre-Albanians and Middle Dnieper Balts ( Albanian lopeuml - cow Latvian Luops - id ) as well as Triploye C2 Lengyel amp TRB substratum interaction This interaction between the central European Dniester Tripolye C2 refugees - which may also have spoken their native Temematian language - and the northern Middle Dnieper Tripolye C2 bi-lingual populace may account as a medium of some unusual archaisms ( re tauras ) and with additional admixture of TRB Lengyel BBC ( Q gt P ) Globular Amphora spread Corded Ware isoglosses amp innovations ( plural dative m long root preterite ) in the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Fatyanovo regions as well as traditions of central European Carpathian arsenic copper metallurgy Arkaim and Sintashta
fortifications are even shaped like Central European Rondels Trade networks between Centum Euro-Repin GAC subgroups were conduits for isoglosses even beyond the other Balts in the West Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1 ) amber contacts amp Uralic substratum may well be the phonetic impetus of the dative plural -M- type linguistic transitions away from a -B- The influence of a Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva ( w U5b2 ) poly-ethnic substratum perhaps contributed to incongruities in Baltic Satemization amp partial RUKI ( eg Finnish
laiha GAS Lith liesa ipo lieša ) as well as contributing a residual substratum vocabulary of their central European Centum words like pẽku Make no mistake the impact of this Centum Satem tango went both ways ( GAS gt Germanic 1112 1000 etc) Balanovo jewelry from the Urals also emulates specific designs of a central European provenance perhaps derived from Globular Amphora-Narva poly-ethnics as a substratum ( GAS ) of Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo ( Česnys et al 1990 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) The Baltic amber sun disc talisman or solar halo ( rẽtis ) wheel Saulės Ratas is found distributed in central European cultures particularly the Centum Globular Amphora culture - which contributed substratum to Fatyanovo-Balanovo which in turn contributed to the Corded Ware Abashevo culture and eventually poly-ethnic Sintashta Arkaim ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) If the Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas Saule is also a common traditional Kazakh amp Central Asian ( Afghan
Kyrgyz etc ) female name The meaning of the name is translated as sunlight or Sun just like the feminine East Baltic Saulė which is also used for a female name Another coincidence Again
Saulės Ratas
Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Ural copper metallurgy preceded Corded Ware Abashevo and later Sintashta Arkaim metalworking predating them by about half a millennium The terminology of the typical dual wheeled cart ( Lith dviratis vežimas ratai Finnish
rattaat ) of the early GAS East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Goldina 1999) farmers amp metallurgist-woodsmen and multi-cultural Abashevo successors may have been a source for a unique northern archaic import ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas wheel ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) providing an Āryan masculine singular ratʔas gt raacutethas upgraded intact as a nominative singular word for the new chariot of the Abashevo - Sintashta era metallurgic bonanza Semantic incongruity is a hallmark of loanwords in traditional linguistics The Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas One might expect an Āryan neuter form as the Sanskrit scholar T Burrow did or perhaps an Āryan plural form East Baltic has in fact many old variants
including Latvian ruota toy ruotacirct to hop turn roll and Lith rẽtis halo Coincidence A speeding Āryan raacutethas bounced a lot - it hopped The wheel spread faster than the flu in central Europe and prestigious words of new innovations were traded as well as new trends from contact ( re Baden Globular Amphora Fatyanovo Abashevo ) In fact the PIE roteH2 rotH2os rotoH2s discussions are currently at a stalemate an academic impasse Why would some Indo-Europeans want to rename the wheel anyway ( PIE kʷekʷlos
) Maybe they didnt
An East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo GAS loanword proposal for post-Sintashtan rathas is not only linguistically practical and etymologically grounded it is archaeologically probable ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) We do know the earlier Corded Ware Abashevo cheek-pieces were copied - but what else Given the boatload of Corded Ware influenced artifacts at Sintashta and Arkaim maybe one or two Corded Ware words leaked out Just maybe To quote M Witzel (2003) quoting JP Mallory (2002) there are still degrees of geo-linguistic plausibility
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
Some ornament traits let us to link Sintashta with northwest forest Fatyanovo culture
( Oleg Mochalov - Samara State Pedagogical University Institute for History and Archaeology of Volga region Samara Russia)
- The origin of Sintashta culture ceramic Ceramic through the Millennia methods approaches results - 2008 -
East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) entered the North after 3200 BCE ( C-14 cal dates from Latvia- see Loze 1992 ) and shared their ratas wheel with the local Uralics ( Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) on the way to the copper deposits by the Urals About 1000 years later Sintashtan Āryans - after spending a couple of centuries with the Corded Ware East Baltic speaking woodsmen ride off into the dawn of history on their new Āryan twin-wheeled rathas (re Kassite king Abi-rattaš Mitanni king Tušratta gt
circa 1350 BCE) drawn by two horses using the Corded Ware Abashevo amp MVK Catacomb inspired cheek-pieces Academics still dismiss the coincidence () of a baritone masculine singular Āryan rathas rattaš spontaneously produced in the linguistic company of Ural East Balt metallurgists who had an isolated northern archaic ratʔas dialect form ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) of baritone masculine singular ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas for near a thousand
years since 3200 BCE Pots do speak - as does DNA The silence of Cherchen Man speaks volumes
The Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo with their characteristic central European Globular Amphora cultural-substratum influence ( re GAS lt GAC-Narva w U5b2 poly-ethnics pottery copper pigs flint axes
amber ) and Uralic admixture ( re N1c1 Volosovo talc or chamotte ceramics ) are thus the most logical candidates for the dissemination of the ratas term of 2400 BCE as heard to this day with East Baltic Lithuanian ratas amp the related Latvian cognate Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo ) ceramics use chamotte admixture and exhibit a projecting rim as does later Corded Ware Abashevo ( re mtDNA N1a1a1 294 lt GAS ) Volosovo amp Balanovo pottery is found in the same room Words were spoken Abashevo amp Sintashta adopt specifically Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered diamond rhombus type ceramic designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Arkaim amp Sintashta artifacts - clearly exhibiting Corded Ware Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural influences including talc - chamotte pottery admixture amp darža checkered ceramics ( thus verifiable contacts ) - provide the archaeological support for just such a linguistic loanword exchange as well as the foreign mycologic sŏma tradition of these quasi-trilingual misfits Kandahar valleys Mundigak Period VI ceramics in Afghanistan ( Kuzmina 2007 p 716 fig 101 14
re Lith piešalas Sanskrit peśalas ) also exhibit the unique Fatyanovo darža checkered double row striped diamond motif The Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest dwelling quasi-trilinguals stubbornly clung to their Euro-farmer identity and never did quite fit ( ārya- ) in Fly Agaric is the fruit of the forests not the wide open steppes As noted by Kramer the cat is out of the bag Vedic ashvyam goh - horses amp cows of the Dasyus still echoes todays East Baltic ashva amp guovs The Babino Multi-Roller Ware MVK Catacomb culture neighbors of the Corded Ware Abashevo would later be reflected in shaft graves with cheek-pieces in distant places as Mycenae near Athens by around 17th century BCE Mycenaean warriors also wore Baltic amber Mycenaean mtDNA had a match in SE Poland A MVK-Monteoru link or CWC GAS - again
The combination of kurgan and flat graves reflecting the integration of indigenous Europeans with IE steppe ethnicities (re Dniester Usatovo-Tripolye) is found in the Middle Dnieper culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo and Corded Ware Abashevo Abashevo integration at Sintashta is indicated by various material artifacts Sintashta kurgans account for about a third of the burials - the rest are interestingly enough flat graves
The Ural Elephant in the Room gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Then there is the intriguing Perkaunijas Perkino Pərgənauml Parjanya legacy - the Ural elephant in the room so to speak Unlike Pera amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Why are Parjanya cognates
with an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive absent in the multitude of other surrounding Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani Satem languages and dialects - or even related Satem Slavic (re Pashto Perūne Slavic Perun Nuristani Paumlrun vs Gas Lith
Perkūnas ) Slavic Ruki amp velarless Perun vs Gothic alpine Fairguni suggest a Centum GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive was assimilated into Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns type cognates Archaeological support for such a bold linguistic assertion is beyond debate The zones of such Centum Satem contacts have been thoroughly dated with C-14 Although Perkino amp Pərgənauml may only reflect the 1st millennium BCE Dyakovo era the Dainos of the forest dwelling East Balts easily pre-date the Sintashta-Arkaim era by a millennium Variability of Sintashta ceramics with Fatyanovo influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2
rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) certainly reflect cultural contact and interaction Parjanyas reflects an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive - East Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns reflects a GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive Rathas vs GAS ratas The lexical legacies of poly-ethnic Sintashta contact have survived intact four thousand years ( re U of Az C-14 ) Prakrits of India also preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) not found in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words Was the Sanskrit (ṛH) dialect ir ur variation ( Skt śiras vs Av sarah-) an innovation or perhaps a polyethnic relic of the earlier migrations South It is a rich field awaiting someone to harvest it Such material was reviewed by W Tomaschek in 1883 (Ausland p 862) and discussed later by H Arntz S G Oliphant and S K Chatterji
It was women who made the checkered pottery sang their songs and mothers who taught the language to their child Men sometimes forget this The mtDNA evidence should not be overlooked ( Narva-U5b2 ) As L Koryakova and A Epimakhov note in their The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron ages Balanovo culture villages consisted of above-ground wooden log houses and in their cemeteries (flat amp kurgan) men were buried on their right side women on their left side - as also in Baltic Corded Ware tradition After the Sintashta polyethnic horizon by the Urals and subsequent first migration South we find a continuity of this same Baltic Corded Ware ( Abashevo Alakul
w checkered pottery ) type of burial custom in Tulkhar by the Andronovo Bishkent culture (1700-1500 BCE) and the later Vakhsh and Swāt ( Vedic Suvastu
) cultures and also at Timargarha This unusual Andronovo gender dimorphism MR FL burial trait was even noted by J P Mallory amp Douglas Q Adams in their Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture Bishkent skulls were dolichocranial (Khodzhayov 2008) like Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Denisova 1975) One general trait to distinguish Andronovo from Timber Grave burials is how the first has the head oriented to the West or SW whereas some Timber Grave cultures favored orienting the deceased towards the North ( re Mahaparinibbana
Sutta ) or East East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo burials oriented male heads to the SW females to NE - per steppe Maikop tradition Later East Baltic Jukhnovo settlements even oriented their streets to NE SW
Pottery shards found at a tin miners camp on the lower Zeravshan at Karnab have an Abashevo style of decoration from an early phase of contact Two pots unearthed far away by Sarazm betray their polyethnic Abashevo Sintashta Ural area origination by their talc admixture ( N1c1 cultural custom -
re fly agaric amp sŏma ) Near the tin mining camps the Tazabagyab variant of Andronovo buried their dead in flat cemeteries not kurgans The Saka of the Pamirs were also dolichocranial and narrow faced ( re 2005 Vaclav Blažek Lamb 2011 T Witczak bužys ) A unique cognate for barley-seed invites further speculation ( Lith miežis Latvmiezē Khotanese miṣṣa- ttumaumlṣa- re H W Bailey
BSOAS 21 pp 42) as do Fatyanovo maižis barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972 ) darža checkered Siberian amp Cherkaskul axe-celts ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo
checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Eurasian cattle DNA ( J Kantanen et all 2009 )
The early metallurgy of the Urals had fostered a far reaching network of contact ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) we are only now beginning to grasp and map out Some Corded Ware traditions of the integrated polyethnic Abashevo ( w Uralic
admixture) appear to have continued beyond Sintashta with the first of many migrations of that Āryan population South as well as those left behind contributing in the ethnogenesis of the polyethnic Timber Grave Culture of the Don-Volga region Pokrovskiy and Potapovka cultures ( runic Alanian Vayuk amp
Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Lith Vėjūkas see also ОД Мочалов 2001-2 )
Talc admixture in the early pottery of Sarmatians suggests a close interaction with Uralic N1c1 people ( Mari in-deš 9 Ossetic daeligs 10 Mari kene hemp Ossetic
gaelign(aelig) id) Overall Potapovka burial remains show a continuity of earlier Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) amp Poltavka cranial types reflected in Timber Grave amp west Andronovo burials contrasting with the different Corded Ware Abashevo skull remains ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) and related Pokrovskiy cranial types Cimmerian amp Scythian daggers have proto-types found in the Volga-Kama region The Timber Grave culture and Andronovo in turn both contributed to the formation of the Sauromatians and the Saka The western Timber-Grave culture that assimilated the Corded Ware Abashevo become quite settled in small scattered log home settlements without fortifications and even raised pigs like them (vs eastern Andronovo nomads) The agrarian Corded Ware Abashevo ( poly-ethnic R1a amp N1c1 ) character would persist as integrated parts (agricultural Solar cult clan) of some certain select groups and clans ( Alakul
Srubna ) eventually melting away over generations assimilating in here amp there leaving only relics in the earth inherited cranial amp DNA evidence only now being uncovered and scattered traces in later regionalized Āryan vocabularies (Skt
Parjanyah śapharas - faux dace Ossetian baeliglon dove ) amp culture Not to be overlooked by any means is a genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) A relationship between taurine breeds of the Baltic ( Fatyanovo ) region and Sakha ( Andronovo ) cattle suggests cultural connections or later contact ( re ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) A later influx from the steppes of the East back to the Ukraine is suggested by traces of zebu mtDNA in cattle there
The archaeological evidence suggests integration amp assimilation Haplogroup N1a (mtDNA) in the Volga-Kama Komi Permyaks indicates some farmers stayed Recent studies regarding the DRD2 gene are producing data which show a relationship between Eurasian people near the Volga-Kama Urals area and Brahmins in India Go figure Uralic descendants of the Corded Ware Fatyanovo Balanovo settlers preserved some of their language ( re karas ) and most likely have Finno-Baltic Balanovo-Abashevo DNA as well ( mtDNA
U5b2 HV3 nodal HVS1 N1c1 amp R1a L235 ) Some Corded Ware R1a1 remains ( massacred by locals near Eulau around 2600 BCE ) with X2 mtDNA closely matched living individuals of Estonia ( GAS of Fatyanovo ) with Syria (Mitanni) and Iran (post-Andronovo ) while the male DNA ( lt CWC-Globular Amphora R1a- M458 ) closely matched with individuals in Gdansk and Tambov Russia (SE of Tula amp near
Perkino ) - regions associated with Globular Amphora Corded Ware cultures ( Berezanskaja 1971 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) One of the K1b lineages showed matches to two Shughnans from Tajikistan ( Wolfgang Haak et al 2008 ) Vaclav Blažek ( 2005 ) specifically ties a Fatyanovo word (SKES VI 1819-1820 ) for lamb found in Vepsian vodnaz to the proto-form for the Shughni cognate among others ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) T Witzcak ( 2011 ) relates Lith bužys to Ossetic buʒ Shughni vazič amp Avestan buzya- ( re
CWC Eulau-Shughnan DNA darža motifs ) As Grissom said - follow the evidence The Corded Ware settlement near Tenteksor in Kazakhstan (see below ) may provides an interesting possible DNA perspective The mounting DNA evidence implies a Corded Ware component of Andronovo amp the archaeology of Sintashta-Arkaim proves a Corded Ware Abashevo-Fatyanovo component of Andronovo ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The probability of a Ural-Baltic Daina Ratas or Šapalas in post Andronovo Vedic Sanskrit or Avestan could therefore be logically expected given the above DNA amp archaeological evidence If linguists can ignore unique checkered pots they can ignore DNA But an out of place velar lt plosive just might elicit their curiosity Understanding the language of whales should be a new priority and test their mettle It appears that the men living around Sintashta amp Arkaim had time to talk together - about their vehicles horse-power fishing the rain shrooms and songs Some things never change Its a guy thing
The poly-ethnic ( R1a1a1 amp N1c1 ) Eastern Balts of today have preserved a Continuum of Cultural Tradition for Indo-European use of the dried žalas Fly Agaric in collective celebratory use ( such as peasant weddings amp various festivities
) from the very mists of antiquity - before Abraham the Shasu YHW or even the post-Sintashta Soma reveling Rig Veda itself The above daina dhēnā daēnā song-hymn-revelation topic has often been muddled with the inclusion of unrelated Vedic dhēnā - milk cow which is cognate with Baltic daine - cow (that calves in the 2nd year re FU tajine) and daini - pregnant with offspring (Adj of cow or mare) Even discussions about the Dainava dancing waters singing rapids region of Lithuania are not immune from such distractions New
archeaological and genetic DNA evidence continues to unveil the unexpected as will comparative study of the ancient Latvian Lithuanian and varied Finno-Uralic languages like Estonian
The Assimilated East Baltic amp Āryan in Finno-Ugric Ethnogenisis gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Fatyanovo and Balanovo settlement sites dwindle after the severe Winters around 2100 BCE when the East Baltic speaking population ( LWb allele R1a1a-
amp N1c1 ) for the most part assimilated in with their related Abashevo or nearby Āryan or Finnic ( N1c1) neighbors ( eg Sintashta-Arkaim Chirkovo-Seyma Pozdnyakovo Timber grave culture amp the much later diverse poly-ethnic [one
group choosing interment the other cremation] Northern Burtas pig farmers lt Nart Borataelig ) Fatyanovo amp Abashevo characteristics especially specific darža checkered designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals
) are noticed on ceramics from Chirkovo-Seyma ( gt later Ananyino ) culture sites near the Volga river Pozdnyakovo settlements ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) as well as on Sintashta amp Alakul culture checkered pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 ) Hexagonal Cis-Ural structures of the Fatyanovo ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ) may correlate with Baltic cosmological hexagram ( triple crossed keraunos ) kerai
magic reflecting an old ceraunic hexagram star design ( ऋि = 6 ) motif found in
many East Baltic distaff ( verpstė ) folk carvings ( re Gromoviti znaci Taranis wheels ) The Ugric Sky Elk had six legs The six ray solar-star hexagram design is later found in Mycenae designs ( re contacts ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The Ural Forests are unimaginably immense and the Winters around 2100 BCE were unusually long and severe ( Vidēvdāt 23 ) The demand for skilled metalworkers was growing fast with the Ural metallurgic bonanza History is messy The archaeological evidence indicates multi-lingual Fatyanovo-Balanovo people assimilated in with both Timber Grave Pozdnyakovo Iranian speakers and Volga-Kama Uralic speakers Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link or panta bridging Timber Grave with Uralic And that multi-lingualism was valued ndash and used We do not know when Fatyanovo-Balanovo converted to a Srubna Iranian but we know that they did and where ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Oink
Regional bilingualism probably persisted for centuries reflected today in archaic residual loanwords ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem 1000 Ossetian baeliglon dove
) Many Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture Balts assimilated ( Erzya Purrsquogine amp Permic
Pera myth traditions ) and adopted Uralic ( N1c1) languages ( Ananyino horizon ) and cultures as many had done earlier with the Abashevo culture ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) and repeating again with the early Pozdnyakovo amp Sarmatian ethnogenesis (w Gorodets admixture) The first millennium BCE Dyakovo culture was again poly-ethnic partly East Baltic during its middle phase - with polished ceramics ( re CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation LWb allele gt ) mainly Finno-Ugrian perhaps part Sarmatian is known from its hillforts with palisades (E Baltic varas gardas gt Volgaic kardaz Permyak kar city town ) Population size was about a hundred at each site The building styles of log cabins in the hillforts change from North to South - above ground to semi-subterranean - reflecting Balt amp Āryan building traditions The fibulae buckle (Mordvin sjulgam) artifacts appear Baltic as do many sickles and bronze headdresses ( Krasnov 1968 4-5 8 ) The Volsk-Lbishche culture known from sites like Shiromasovo in Mordovia exhibited Fatyanovo Corded Ware characteristics and was unexpectedly found far away from a excavated settlement in Tenteksor Kazakhstan - a northeastern area of the Trans-Caspian region
Reports of Bigfoot gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The genetic linguistic and archaeological record documents a prolonged assimilation by descendants of Volga-Kama Balanovo East Balts various polyethnic Abashevo Āryans and later mixed Timber Grave Sarmatians into the ethnogenisis of regional Finno-Permic peoples ( Goldina 1999 ) of the Chirkovo-Seyma Ananyino Pyanobor Pozdniakovo and related Djakovo Gorodets cultures (eg Finnish vuosituhat ) Volgaic ( śid-al sed bridge Finnish silta
id ) Words of an East Baltic provenance ( Latvian sēta tilts ) attest to ethnic movements ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) as well as the specific East Baltic balandis Ossetian baeliglon dove isogloss Latvian lanka low plain Ossetian laumlnk ( Khanty lŏk ) Lith Vėjūkas runic Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Ossetic raeligmūʒyn closely matches the semantics of East Baltic cognates rather than the related Indo-Iranian cognates Sarmatian archaeological periods reflect cultural changes ( ie burial
orientation ) in their population which probably indicates a diverse variety of regional dialects of which only the one found in Ossetic survives A recent study about N1c1 Uralics as origin of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation in Caucasian populations ( re Ossetians ) adds an additional perspective ( F Libert et
al 1998 ) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old The broadest area of high frequency is located in northeastern Europe particularly the Baltic region ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) New dating of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation coincides closely with the Dyakovo horizon and the distribution of elevated frequencies match the archaeological ethnicities ( initial Volgaic amp later East Baltic ) which converged in the Dyakovo poly-ethnic horizon especially during its middle phase of polished ceramics and expanded agriculture From Dyakovo settlements cultural contact with
Gorodets sites and nearby Sarmatians might be expected to further spread the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation
The ethnogenesis and development of the Ural forest-steppe Sarmatians did not occur in a vacuum Evidence of Sarmatian - East Balt ( Plain Pottery gt
Bondarikha culture ) as well as Sarmatian - Finno-Ugric interaction has linguistic support ( also CCR5 Delta 32 amp LWb allele frequencies) Note Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich lt influenced from perhaps a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave asurah - of a pre-Ananyino era forest intrusion by Timber Grave tribes or later Trade contacts were valued - Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel or Hungarian ezer 1000 amp Ossetian aeligrzaelig- huge The Mnogovalikovo and Abashevo also played a significant part in the ethnogenesis of the Timber-grave culture ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) especially with the Pokrovskiy culture as well as with Uralic cultures Single markers 187 270 272 of mtDNA N1a1a1a group Bashkirs with Lithuanians and the Komi Permyaks Elevated R1a1 ( haplogroup R-SRY108312
aka SRY15322 ) is found not only with the Erzya ( re R1a Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13
DYS 520 =22 ampc) but also with the Bashkirs (38-48) of the Urals who still harvest their ancient kaumlrauml- honeycomb A match of Estonian and Indian single marker 294 of mtDNA N1a1a1 has been reported GAS Again Or was the 294 from the beautiful but endangered Seto people amp culture Perhaps some Narva mtDNA U5b2 will surface far from home Embrace the Chaos
The regions surviving autonomous Baltic speakers assimilated again in the 5th century AD as new Slavic type cultural groups filtered in from the South although in some areas Baltic speakers remained intact as evident from the historic record The new Slavic speakers (Komi rotś ) followed the same path into Russia as the old Fatjanovo-Balanovo era East Baltic speakers did three thousand years before the Slavic immigration The common R1a ancestry of many East Balts ( R1a1a1 Z280 L235 Z92 ) and East Slavs (R1a1a- Z92) invites new scholarly re-examination of East Balt and East Slavic isoglosses The Old Russian Ipatiy Compilation of Chronicles mentions that in 1147 the Prince of Rostov-Suzdal defeated the Golyad ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) who lived by the River Porotva The Golyad lt Golędь ethnonym was derived from a Baltic hydronym galin- meaning deep water The defeated population ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) would be from then on taxed - accordingly For more info see Marija Gimbutas here Today the family of related decendants of all these mixed forebearers can be seen in Latvians Lithuanians Estonians as well as in Russians the Erzya Moksha
Mordvins Mari Permics Bashkirs Ural Tatars and Indians ॐ
Balto-Slavic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The late Sredny Stog Middle Dnieper Culture grew from conservative peripheral IE dialects related to Yamna Satem with admixture of different assimilated indigenous peoples from Dnieper Donets and the Tripolye culture of Central Europe as well as subgroups of Centum Globular Amphora contributors ( w TRB BBC) and a host of others (re remnant Middle Dnieper Repins ) The ethnogenesis of these distinct dialects with assimilated indigenous peoples formed various diverse regional Balto-Slavic speakers which were localized as the poly-ethnic Europeanized peripheral Satem dialects of Baltic and Slavic closely related to early Pit-grave Āryan yet distinctly different even then with diverse degrees of admixture within regional subgroups The Balto-Slavic type poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture was a fusion of ethnic groups - a melting pot - so to speak with a retro core Satem dialect (archaic Balto-Slavic lacks perfect reduplication - agreeing with Albanian Hamp 1963)
The unique peripheral components of the Middle Dnieper culture say the early East Baltic Fatyanovo migrated away before a thorough homogenization of Middle Dnieper Satem lingua franca dialects could consolidate among regional subgroups ( eg E Baltic kur kame W Baltic kuei Slavic kъde - Finnish tuhante Mokša
tožaumln lt E Baltic 1000 lt pre-GAS RUKI - Baltic long root preterite re Burrow 1955 p 19 ) Hence the Balto-Slavic debates Dative plural m or the tūšante tūšanti type Satem participle term ( Latvian tūska ) for a thousand were probably disseminated by trade contacts between distant Globular Amphora subgroups various Middle Dnieper subgroups and other groups ( re Goth ain-lif - p lt k lt
GAC - P-Celtic-BBC Lith vienuo-lika eleven OSw thornuacutesand thousand ) from the earlier Centum Globular Amphora migrations ( Globular Amphora-Narva polyethnics
w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) near the expanding networks of Fatyanovo ( R1a1a1 Z280 LWb ) pioneering the North The Y-STR variation among Slavs has given the evidence for the Slavic homeland near the middle Dnieper basin which provides a geographic context for the Slavic linguistic correlation to the early Satem West amp East Baltic Upper Middle Dnieper homeland and the nearby Catacomb amp Pit-grave Āryans to the East During the period (3400
BCE) of the oxen pulled wheeled wagon revolution the Yamnaya culture slowly expanded toward the edge of the Corded Ware horizon of late Sredny Stog culture Millennia later in the same eastern area of the contact zone near the middle Dnieper a poly-ethnic Slav Timber Grave Iranian ethno-genesis would develop the Chernoles culture
A separation of Belarus subpopulations along a North South line can be demonstrated particularly in distribution of Y chromosomal lineages R1b I1a and I1b N3 and G-chromosomes The uniqueness of the northern Belarusian population is most likely due to the high incidence of poly-ethnic pre- ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 [old name N3] (
homogeneous Baltic pre-ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo substrate with allele DYS1915 ) which is twice the frequency as in central and southern Belarus The central and southern Belarusian substratum Baltic Milograd physical traits differ somewhat from Ukrainian substratum SlavScytho-Sarmatian traits (re U3) The assimilation of Belarus may have been mainly linguistic and less physically ethnical ( R1a1a- Z92 )
The Autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov Culture gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture complex of the Podolian Upland bordered the Trzciniec and Sosnitsa (early peripheral Baltic) complexes to its far North but appears culturally related to the Montreoru (early Dacian) and later Sabatinovka Thracian complex to its near South in regard to burial rites and pottery (also see Linguistics and Ethnogenesis of the Slavs 1985 by Oleg N
Trubačev) Native Pre-IE Tripolye culture farming populace (Temematian) were assimilated also as they were with Middle Dnieper Baltic The unique close relation of early Slavic origins to Globular Amphora and later Ural-Steppe amp Asian Iranian ( Slavic azъ Tumshuq Sakan azu ) and nearby Dacian and Thracian are often lost to the worn out Balto-Slavic chorus of cliches After the arrival of the Huns (w G V mtDNA N1a U4) in Europe and a devastating plague in the 6th-7th century AD post multi-ethnic Cherniakhov culture Slavic soon became the lingua franca of commerce trade throughout most of Central Europe and beyond A polyethnic ethnogenesis interpretation (Proto-Slav Komarov gt Belogrudovka gt
Chernoles culture) helps to explain why Slavic has partial elements of a Satem Corded Ware dialect of an early autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture language resembling Baltic (Middle Dnieper culture) languages bordering to the North The archaeology also agrees with regional hydronyms of a decidely Slavic provenance (vs Trzciniec amp Sosnitsa Baltic) as proposed by the renowned Russian philologist Oleg N Trubačev Trubačev (1986) had also detected nearby Illyrian and Thracian hydronyms on the Dniester Bug and Middle Dnieper A poly-ethnic ethnogenesis interpretation also explains some of the Slav Timber Grave Iranian religious vocabulary ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- ) as
well as other linguistic impacts on Slavic ( see EricHamp 2011 ) from the Timber Grave amp Steppe Iranian culture ( Slavic azъ Saka azu ) and also detection of common Slav Timber Grave Iranian mtDNA types ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 )
The southern neighbors of the Proto-Slavic Belogrudovka (from earlier Komarov ) culture ( mtDNA U4a2 ) were the Sabatinovka Thracian complex - a mix of Catacomb Timber Grave amp Monteoru ( Sharafutdinova 1986 115 ) Dacian of which some yielded to the Belozerka gt Chernogorovka Cimmerian early Timber Grave Iranian speakers which in turn yielded to steppe Timber Grave Scythians The rest of the Dacians survived and are heard in todays Albanian The Timber Grave culture retreated South from the Ural forest steppe around the 12th century BCE due to climatic cooling Mezhovka culture filled the void they left Also the later Sarmatian amp Alan presence near the Dnieper by Kiev was enormous (re mtDNA U3 R1a- Z93 Slavic azъ Saka azu Ossetian aeligz amp loss of word-final nom -s ) Ukrainian cattle zebu mtDNA reflects this influx from the steppes of the East
In the Ukrainian gene pool six Y-DNA haplogroups are revealed E F (213
including G and I) J N1c1 (96) P and R1a1 Northeast European Sarmatians ( C Keyser et al 2009 ) are not merely romantics as Saka kurgan (mtDNa N1a1a1) genetics bear out ( C Keyser et al 2009 Voevoda et al 2000 Clisson et al 2002
Ricaut Francois-X et al 2004) - although historical Sarmatians ( Śarmis ) included Asian R1a- Z93 amp Uralic admixture (N3 U4) Note Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel The tripartite division of the Slavic languages may reflect latent regional substratum influence on dialects evolved from the Proto-Slav Komarov culture which was designated by hydronyms of a Slavic provenance by O N Trubačev East Slavic like its neighboring East Baltic Sosnitsa ( gt Bondarikha gt
Jukhnovo ) complex to the North had the near influence of the Catacomb culture and may reflect some later MVK Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) cultural dialogue ( Russian jalovec juniper Armenian elevin id ) from MVK Monteoru culture trade exchanges Monteoru Dacian and Proto Slavic were close to each other which may explain some Slavic Albanian isoglosses West Slavic R1a
M458 may well be inherited from ( post Lengyel -TRB ) Corded Ware Centum Globular Amphora culture area substratum ( re ERC GAS gt Czech pyacuteř fire
embers re ERC Oscan pūr ) with a Satem Pomeranian R1a1a1 L365 conversion (
in NW Pomeranian in SW Dacian ) preceding a later W Slavic expansion ( Slavic
Bogъ Saka Baga- Slavic azъ Saka azu - see EricHamp 2011 ) Language is not genetic it is acquired Note N1c1 ( N-M178 ) Baltic speakers in Lithuania amp Latvia or R1a1a1 ( LWb ) Uralic speakers in Estonia or Yoeme speakers of Yoi Noki in Arizona
Kelan Kolo Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Does this support the construct of a so-called Balto-Slavic region or Middle Dnieper cultural horzon of anciently related initial dialects of subgroups like a
Satem Armeno-Aryan Catacomb culture Graeco-Armenian poly-ethnic Centum Celto-Italic or much earlier Indo-Uralic Probably The distance between Slavic amp Baltic each to early Satem Indo-Iranian (Pit-grave Āryan Satem) is not as great as such labels would imply One can also easily group together Satem Baltic-Slavic-Indo-Iranian with RUKI amp declension ( locPl ending -su ) considerations They were all in obviously close contact by horseback or river travel But if there never was a specifically monolithic Proto-Baltic per se how can you ever have a monolithic Proto Balto-Slavic amid the chaotic multiculturalism of the Middle Dnieper horizon The R1a1a- evidence begs to differ Early Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo sites in Estonia date to 3000 BCE The different Balts are even physically distinct around that time due to substratum
The Baltic and Slavic subgroups were already well differentiated and autonomous (eg separate mythologies amp Baltic long root preterite archaic divergent
vocabularies ) yet close to one another with the adoption of the wheel kelan kolo ratas (3200 BCE) West Balts used asigmatic nom sg ntr ending -n whereas the East Baltic neuter compliment was derived from asigmatic -d like Lydian Zaza ləzga Ossetian лaeligдзaeligг - branch Russian dialect ляэга vs Lith laz-da (Albanian ledhi - id ) Note Baltic o Slavic a - and but - reflecting an ablative form of a pronoun (Avestan āt - then and) Archaeologists have not found the archetypal Balto-Slavic settlements per se probably because each branch group were formed and influenced in different NE W S regions ( re ratas kelan kolo ) of the Middle Dnieper culture by a diverse admixture of various peoples and influences albeit somewhat near each other neighboring a Proto-Dacian distinctly different Satem variant Of course they are related Balto-Slavic is a generic generalization of a brief Europeanized Satem linguistic horizon like Armeno-Aryan (remodeled ablative suffix etc) - but initially more polyethnic The idealized Proto-Balto-Slavic Satem dialect probably pertains to an earlier pre-Middle Dnieper Culture peripheral area somewhere bordering Catacomb amp Pit-Grave groups and in contact with northern Repin dialects for awhile But Baltic like Slavic are in fact products of multiculturalism throughout their linguistic evolutions
Proto-Slavic and the more northern early Baltics were partially composed of assimilated Dnieper-Donets and acculturated later Tripolye peoples emulating the Yamna-like IE Satem speakers of peripheral related Sredny Stog dialects among a multi-ethnic converging cultural vortex of others ( Dnieper Repins TRB
Globular Amphora amp CWC poly-ethnics ) and with more admixture later where they would settle The eventual influence of Timber Grave Belozerka Cimmerian and later steppe Scythian amp Sarmatian on Slavic ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 ) was significant ( loss of word-final -s ) With the mobility of wheels changes were occurring rapidly - isolation was fading fast The Slavic participle with -L appears to have more in common to distant Lydian than nearby Baltic
Like Wild West movies debates on Balto-Slavic have had a duration longer
than the original horizon probably lasted The close affinity of Satem Slavic amp Baltic to Yamna related Indo-Iranian can be no surprise nor their distinctive European poly-ethnic accents The fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) It seems the growing early pre-IIr Yamna and Eastern Baltic dialect areas moved Northward as did the early West Balts as the Thracians Dacian Pre-Albanians and Slavs who migrated southwestward assimilating various Central European non-IE native and early Centum-TRB mixed IE people ( GAS R1a M458 ) into their cultures ( Dacian place
name Clevora Lith Klevas maple Lith place-names Liepora Beržorai w distributive -
or- suffix ) Thereafter the original Slavic future tense (which was perhaps similar to
Baltic amp Indo-Iranian) was lost while assimilating Dniester Tripolye C2 populace and other groups - as did the neighboring pre-proto Germanic Globular Amphora who had replaced the future tense as well It now appears that Winters Law also applies to Albanian which draws Thracian into question Inconsistancies in Albanian Satemization may reflect a pre-Bilopotok culture substratum to Monteoru Dacian Satem language which was influenced by Hercynian Celts and later Dalmation substratum
The early Proto-Slavic dialect reflects an inter-ethnic dialogue ( RUKI of Slavic
Mid-Iranian ) of early Timber Grave Iranian (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp
later steppe Scythian) assimilation which occurred upon an earlier polyethnic Balto-Slavic dialects accent region ( due to assimilated non-IE substratum admixture) Slavic loss of word-final -s may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by early Timber Grave Iranian contact (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp steppe Scythian) Culturally the influence of the Timber Grave immigration ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- Vedic
Bhagas ) was not as imposing on the rustic nearby Dnieper-Desna Baltic steppe-forest dwellers An earlier hypothetical Balto-Slavic dialects Dnieper Basin Accent (DBA) of the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Culture ( R1a- Z280 ) area would be at least later-Sredny-Stog era followed by a gradual Pre-Proto-Slavic westward steppe ( plateau vs the forest ) trajectory evolving into the Proto-Slavic Komarov gt Belogrudovka culture
Maps indicating the location of the (Temematian) non-IE Tripolye (Cucuteni-
Trypillian) Culture of Dniester farmers compared with maps of the Proto-Slavic language region (based on hydronyms) parallel each other closely although there is at least two thousand years between each horizon Herodotus later describes Scythian farmers where once were only European Tripolye culture farmers On either side of the early Slavics were lively trade partners of early Germanics to the Northeast and early Baltics to the Northwest - both of which were also polyethnic to various degrees with native European peoples If the Corded Ware Europeanized isogloss of Dative Plural - M occurred as an areal innovation perhaps due to Uralic substratum phonetic influence it probably started with contact and assimilation with Globular Amphora peoples now of mixed affinities ( Narva Lengyel TRB amp Centum Globular Amphora R1a- M458 )
and spread at a very early formative stage of E+W Baltic development and pre-proto-Germanic pre-Slavic The Sanskrit alphabet long ago anticipated the natural progression of B to M which enabled a fast transition Assimilation often accompanies innovation It is interesting that both regionally related poly-ethnic ( Dniester Tripolye C2 TRB GAS ) neighboring Centum pre-Germanics and Satem pre-Slavics replaced the original future tense construct of -s- (re relics -
Slavic byšęšteje Czech probyšucny ) as opposed to the Italo-Celtics as well as the distant eastern Baltics who shared borders and the original future tense with -s with the early Satem Āryan Yamna cultures A example of Baltic s future may be seen in Lith duos lt dōH3s lt doH3s ( Lith dial dōs ) The mtDNA reflects such a scenario but whether it happened like this is anybodys guess
The influence of Dnieper Donets or the Tripolye substratum in the DBA or RUKI has not been given the attention it deserves The assimilation of regional Baltic speakers also influenced various Slavic languages such as the Milograd (E
Slavic jasen vs jesen - ash tree) Kolochin and Yotvingian cultures in Belarusian the large-scale East ( amp West ) Baltic substratum in the Old Novgorodian territory North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92+ amp N1c1 ) tl dl consonant clusters gt kl gl - like East Baltic the Pomeranian presence in West Slavic Dnieper-Dvina East Balt foundation of the Tušemlja culture (which later included immigrant
Sudovians and Slavs in the Long Barrow culture) and the widely scattered East Baltic speaking tribes in Western amp Northern Russia ( re LWb allele at 22 for Vologda
Russians ) Also noted is the area where Belarusian Russian amp Polish prepose their genitives In contrast specific lineage characterized by 16304C-16311C mutations which indicate the Slavonic migrations from Central to E Europe was not found among Lithuanians Although historically instructive it cannot eclipse the common origin in the Middle Dnieper culture that both Slavs and Balts share together especially the East Balts and East Slavs ( both with R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 ) and always will
Caveat Emptor gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Theories about dating the earliest Proto-Slavic in relation to the distinct early Baltic branches need to examine the carbon dated chronology of East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural remains ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) Baltic hydronyms in Russia such as the Oka river the loss of the original Slavic Future tense and Baltic loanwords (from assimilated East Balts) in Finno-Volgaic which help date the evidence Examples of archaic Baltic loanwords into Finno-Ugric are East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole gt North Saami čuolggu pole Finnish salko long pole Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane or Lithuanian šaras fodder gt Moksha Mordvinian śora grain lt Saka ṣara seed Another Finno-Ugric loanword from East Baltic ( re Samogitian medė forest ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest-border is gt Finnish metsauml- forest Estonian mets
Karelian mečču id Saami meahcci forest fringe Hungarian (w LWb allele
) messze far distant vs OCS mežda - alley lane Words to the wise about any theoretical Balto-Slavic dates - Caveat emptor and compare it to all the facts we already know from empirical science There are Latvias eleven C-14 cal dates ( Loze 1992 Tab1 ) of CWC with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (
Purhonen 1986 11 ) A diet of fish ( šapalas ) may lessen the dates a little but no time-travel technology has yet been found with those CWC artifacts Cest la vie Wisconsin celebrates a Leif Erikson Day but Spain may not
Fatyanovo East Baltic developed from an earlier Northeastern forest variant subgroup ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 ) of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon with assimilated Euro-Repin Centum GAS while Southwestern Proto-Slavic steppe variants were emerging at the same time elsewhere Each were regionally distinct (forest steppe) subgroups yet related hybrid retro-core Satem cultures of diverse cultural components Neither group ever identified themselves with a xenophobic Āryan terminology ( re Mansi tas stranger ) The more conservative Northern Satem groups preferred to use the IE inclusive term Tauta (people) or liaudis (re Russ ljudi Khowar roi) Balto-Slavic is a useful generalization of a complex Middle Dnieper linguistic horizon and generic at best
Think Green gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There never was a monolithic Proto-Baltic per se Note the Eastern Baltic LWb gene analysis below or the multiple R1a1a- variations of Middle Dnieper Z280 cultures There are archaic pre-GAC Satem and post-GAS Euro-Repin Centum integrated aspects of the Baltic languages If GAC Euro-Repin-Centum defines what is Baltic does Steppe TG Iranian define what is Slavic The various West East Baltic Thracian amp Slavic languages (along with the Indo-Iranian branch) represent an archaic continuum of remnant subgroups of former core Satem IE dialects the last Proto Indo-European branches to finally split The Proto-Baltics would be none other than some Proto Satem Indo-European dialects together with the closely neighboring Satem pre-Thracian amp pre-Dacian Proto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-Iranian It may be more helpful to visualize East Baltic Slavic amp Indo-Iranian as part of the still growing main Satem trunk rather than as language branches Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
The LWb blood marker CCR5 Delta 32 mutation BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In respect to hematological variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele was highest in the Central East Balts around 75 among Lithuanian Samogitians
and very low among the other western Europeans ( 0-01 ) Click here for the PDF
version of the LWb Study The LWb blood allele can be seen as a genetic Tribal Marker of Prehistoric East Baltic Migrations and Admixture and perhaps not a West-Baltic marker since inhabitants of the Sūduva region average only a mere 27 vs 29 for Finns 22 for distant northern Vologda Russians or 4 for Estonians ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) - even after over 600 years of continuous Lithuanian colonization and admixture in the Sūduva region For those who still think all Sudovians vanished please reread the prior sentence - slowly Lithuanian R1a rates ( R1a1a1 including Z92 or L235 w LWb ) vary widely with West Aukštaičiai 406 vs South Aukštaičiai R1a at 618 in a sans MtDNA H1 region ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004 ) The absence of the 16304C-
16311C mutations prevents unneeded misinterpretations Genetic structure analyses also suggest Poles from Suwalszczyzna (northeastern Poland ) differ from all remaining Polish and Russian samples ( Grzybowski et al 2007 ) The Aryan R1a- Z93+ found in Lithuania is associated with that regions Tatars China Japan and Somalia evidently evaded incursions of LWb laced barbarians far better than either Gotland or Hungary although Gotlands LWb probably involved extensive secondary contacts with Estonians and Finns Maritime interaction with Vikings of Sweden amp Gotland is reflected by increased frequencies of the PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland region of Latvia ( Beckman L et al 1999 ) whereas Estonian interaction with Gotland is reflected by the TFDCHI allele ( Beckman L et al 1998 ) and LWb allele frequencies in Gotland ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) Hungarys LWb may perhaps reflect the Dyakovo-Gorodets horizon with East Balt participation Eurasian or archaeological DNA test results for the rare LWb allele mutation are sill pending Any occurrence of the LWb allele or Z280 ( Northern variants ) in Kazakhstan amp Eurasia will be noteworthy as will unexpected N1c1 types The Y-DNA of Lithuania is roughly about 5050 for N1c1 amp R1a and varies somewhat by regions MtDNA H1 frequencies are very very low among Lithuanians and virtually non-existent with the Saacutemi In Lithuania MtDNA H1 is mainly confined to only Northern Žemaitians The Aukštaičiai like the Saacutemi have none ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004
) Tests confirm the Narva substratum assimilated by East Balts had mtDNA U5b1 U5b2 amp U4 ( Bramanti et al 2009 ) This cultural inheritance from Kunda amp an early N1c Uralic substratum links Lithuanians amp Saacutemi as well as centuries of cross cultural fly agaric mushroom trade ( per M Gimbutas ) or the shared ethnocidal amp genocidal persecutions from a European Christendom ( Willumsen
LH 1997 ) busy shilling tickets to their heaven Tickets to Heaven hocus pocus amp the gravy train ( re nāstika Brihaspati ) The Prince of Peace deserves better
Less the above referenced genetical info be misinterpreted as some form of encrypted RWA cracker-code-speak I will stress that the fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) You are unique - just like everyone else People are people - some individuals shine some hide in their cruel fear Most of our DNA is African As my friend Robbin
said Its all good
The elevated CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation frequencies distributed in East Balts amp Volgaics and CCR5-Delta 32 DNA chronology ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) coincide closely with the ethnicities of the poly-ethnic Dyakovo cultures middle phase and may further illuminate earlier Ossetian contacts or some unique isoglosses Whether there is any correlation between the LWb allele and the CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation besides Baltic region epicenters is just speculation at present Perhaps the science of a common R1a Z92 inheritance of Russians and Baltic people will usher in a new era of unity and respect
The Western Balts were a hybrid mix of Funnel Beaker ( TRB including some
outlier Badens ) Centum Globular Amphora ( GAS gt eg pẽku ) and Corded Ware Satem Middle Dnieper people with Uralic Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1) people on Neolithic Nemunas and Narva substratum populations Archaeologist today can distinguish Europeanized West Balt culture skulls from those of nearby neighboring Satem East Baltic Fatyanovo types The distinction ( R1a1a- L366 vs LWb allele w R1a1a1 or Z92 L235 amp N1c1 ) was evidently very old and more than just grammatical Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements ( Brazaitis
2005 fig 5 Girininkas 2009 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import like pešti pešus pẽšis Kailas ( re Sudovian Kayles Gothic Hails
Vandalic Eils Old Norse Hail - perhaps all heard together for centuries at Wiskiauten Bar-B-Qs )
Ρως Ρωζζία amp Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
| C + Ͻ |
YATVEZ - Ятвезь
The myth of Terra Nullius ( deserted wasteland ) was merely historic ethnocidal propaganda justifying centuries of Papal Conquests Atrocities amp Theft - in both the Old and the New World It was a lie and DNA now proves it was only ethnic cleansing fiction A census by the Orthodox clergy of the Belarus
Grodno area in 1860 had as many as 30929 inhabitants identifying themselves as Yatviags (Yotvingians) The Byzantine Treaty with Kiev prince
Igor in 944 notes among the Rus ( Grk Ρως ) envoys a Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
one Jaacutetvįgrsquo for Gunnar ᚴᚢᚾᛅᚱ The Varangian (lt Old Norse Vaeligringi ) affinities
of an original poly-ethnic Jaacutetvings minority may explain the reapplication of East Baltic Gudai to later stereotype that Grodno regions other mixed poly-ethnic inhabitants ( Γυδωνες - Γουται ) Settlements of the 9th century with distinctly Viking cultural characteristics have been found around the Grodno area It appears that within a century or two of Viking trade and settlement those Norse ( Norethmenn ) either dispersed along the nearby Nemunas river and or assimilated in with ranking locals ( a common Viking custom ) Their Yotvingian Y-DNA survives with closest Y-DNA matches from Norway Ireland amp Scotland ( clan Gotheray ) Sweden followed by Cumbria amp one in Finland - a Y-DNA trail of related Lochlannar Norse clansmen Family
Historic records indicate they opposed surrendering the old beliefs of their forefathers for an imposed foreign import A new ( re AС Кибинь below ) rational etymology of the Baltic Jotving- Jātving- now rescued from from an inert provincialism of kaleidoscopic self-replicating hypotheticals and ethnocentric tunnel vision can finally be derived from an original Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr lucky spear Varangian leaders Heiti name ( gen sg = Jātvīgs Ρως - Lieth
retinue-crew gt Jātvįgs Rōs or Jātvįgs Lieth gt Jātvings - as luck would have it
L448 ) The nasal infixation of the West Norse original ( -iacutegs -īgs gt -įgs gt -ings ) as well as artifacts reflects close early contacts with local Dainavians-Sūdovians for whom the ubiquitous trademark nasal -ing- suffix ( -īg- in Latvian ) was indeed highly productive ( re Aps-ingis Zietela ldquoRus-ingisrdquo etc ) and is thus non-problematic - and in fact rather insightful for its nasal affectation of the local Balts Top this off with the peculiar parallel nominative-genitive singular ( re Wilkaskaymen ) of West Baltic dialects and it it easy to see how an original genitive Jaacutetviacutegs Lieth ( Varangians ) from Old Norse becomes assimilated as a poly-ethnic West Baltic nominative Jātvings Jotvings Voilagrave A Dainavianized nomgen sg nasal Jātvįgs from an Old West Norse genitive singular Jaacutetviacutegs - Jaacutetviacutegr‟s Lieth effortlessly yeilds
Jotvings ( note Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr (w-t-) vs related Eadwig [ Ӕтьвѧгъ ᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴ ] Eadwy or Jadwiga w-d- )
These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvaacutegs Rocircs ( Liethsmenn ) along
the Nemunas river would acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically within 3 generations or less ) amp assimilation - many by inter-marriage like with other Vikings elsewhere Rocircs ( lt Roethsmenn ) may well reflect an earlier pre-sail era maritime terminology Centuries of multi-cultural
commingling between West Balts amp Scandinavians are also reflected at other trade settlements like Saeborg-Grobina Truso or Kaup Wiskiauten PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland ( Kurland ) region of Latvia ( Beckman L et
al 1999 ) mirror poly-cultural blending of Grobina artifacts as does LWb in Gotland In more precise terms the Varangians were primarily Norse mercenaries whereas the Rocircs or Rus were the wider poly-ethnic base of the imported Viking culture which also included merchants boatmen and traders - from Birka to Kiev
As convenient as that all sounds it should be noted that the ubiquitous modern Lithuanian Jotvingis term itself a recent theoretical neologism from the middle 1920s Opps This Jotvingis neologism coined in the 20s was derived solely from various historical Slavic labels of the Varangian era To the Balts repelling the aggressive invading Kiev Rus and later Crusaders these poly-ethnic assimilated mixed Norse-Balt descendants were already just one
of us These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvįgs Varangians would
acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically
within 3 generations or less ) amp with assimilation A Zietela dialect word pamarkas-accursed is probably an assimilated Viking relic term of the Old Norse morkinn-decayed-rotten like the Scots English murkle reproach The Turovians group name likewise reflects a Norse Varangian Rus leaders name
( THORNoacuterir - ᚦᚬᚱᛁᚱ ) aligned with a Ragnvaldr - ᚱᛅᚴᚾᚢᛅᛚᛏᚱ in Polotsk along with
Garethariki Holmgarethr - ᚼᚢᛚᛘᚴᛅᚱᚦᚱ Austrvegr although the Рогволод - Моря Ragnvaldr - Moslashre similarities invite a critique Relations between Polotsk and Kiev became rather strained in 945 One of Vladimirs many campaigns to collect more tribute-taxes ( poliude ) and gain strategic Nemunas river trade access to the Baltic Sea is the first written ( albeit somewhat quasi-historical ) account of plural Yotvingians dated to 983 Fifty five years later in 1038 Yaroslav battles the Yotvingians and later the Lithuanians who were together allied with rebellious pagan Masovians ( amp prior Galindians ) - although another source reports a quite different scenario of a 1038 Yotvingian conflict - by Volkavysk Viking turf wars were not altogether unknown No traces of any hypothetical Baltic hydronym Jacirct-vacirc have ever been found to this day in the Terra Jatwezenorum region None Zip
A Belarusian Vawkavysk dialect Ятвезь [ Yatvez or Jatvez ] Anchor term obtusely connects the Norse Thors hammer of Vikings amp other Scandinavian relics to the original Yotvingians of that Black Russian region - who initially
spoke the Old Norse of Varangians Nobody vanished Get real ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᚱ When in doubt tell the truth - Mark Twain
For more about a Norse Rus Yatviag Yotvingian etymology see Кибинь
AС Ятвяги в X-XI вв laquoбалтское племяraquo или laquoбереговое братствоraquo Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2008 2(4) С117-132
The Loki pendant of Gnezdovo note the striking resemblance to the Snaptun Stone Loki - jp
Another East Baltic tribal migration marker may be a significantly increased frequency of the BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype ( Van Landeghem et al 1998 )
The spread of Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup R1a1a- as well as the B blood type is associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages too Many Latvian tartan weaving patterns are nearly identical to ancient Tocharian tartans found recently with Tocharian mummies (w U4 two-rooted lower canines
VRC ) recovered in Western China (see Secrets of the Silk Road) Tocharians were evidently also dedicated hemp farmers like the Balts and historical kapnobatai Thracians East Baltic Lithuanian place-names Beržorai ( birches
) or Liepora ( lindens ) reflect the Tocharian B distributive suffix -ār as does the Satem Dacian place-name Clevora (re Lith Klevas maple) West Baltic had Saitoran - the knotty Pleiades ( EV 6 ) Slavic also has such a parallel arboreal related suffix It would be worthy to note that some Dnieper culture horizons exhibit a degree of intrusive Repin style pottery from Middle Dnieper Repins Middle Dnieper Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration A high frequency of the CCR5-Delta 32 allele in Lithuanian populations at levels of about 16 has been documented This allele mutation confers resistance to HIV (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old ( J Novembre et al 2005 )
Lithuanian Ashkenazi Jews have also interested geneticists since they display a number of unique genetic characteristics including Y-DNA haplogroup Q
SONGS OF THE FOREST gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Traditional ancient Baltic songs ( Lith Dainos Latv Dainās re Vedic Dhėnās ) are a vast resource of the Baltic languages The Dainos are the Rig Veda of the East Baltic people These Hymns were first brought into the Baltic forests before 3000 BCE and preserved within innumerable homesteads person to person winter after long winter from 2600 BCE to this day Their antiquity is only eclipsed by their numbers and variations They are usually Hymns of stanzas many of which are divine revelations from the ancient Native Religion and Mythology but in contrast to most other similar forms they often lack earthly heroes Many Latvian dainās are not long typically in quatrains and often trochaic (metrically of one long syllable followed by one short one) and more rarely dactylic These ancient Hymns are superb relics of the pre-Christian East Baltic Native Religion and the life of the people especially its three important events - birth weddings and deathburial but also lifes infinite experiences
Dod Dieviņi ko dodamis Dod man labas div‟ lietiņas
Ceļā labū kumeliņu Mūžāi labu līgaviņu
There are literally millions of verses of these truly ancient Dainos Dainās now in written form The forest is also home to Seto Leelo the Seto polyphonic singing tradition Saacutemi joiks ( or ldquoyoiksrdquo ) and others All are irreplaceable treasures So intertwined with the archaic languages and their enormous vocabularies it is virtually impossible to try to separate the two These Hymns are still sung to this day - person to person
The magic of language is a gift from mother to child
living as a memorial to all Women who gave it to us
____________________________________________________
BE HERE NOW
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
More than half of the planets 7000 or so languages are facing extinction within this century
We are losing around two languages a month - or about one every two weeks
Learn an endangered language or at least help conserve one - as if it was your own They are
PLEASE DONATE TODAY TO
Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization
ADOPT-A-LANGUAGE
This webpage was FREE after all Dont be cheap
DO IT NOW BE A MAN ___________________________________________________ And as a special way of saying Thank You for your generous contribution we will provide you a link to exciting new Saacutemi music on YouTube absolutely FREE OF CHARGE
___________________________________________________
The Sudovian greeting Kailas re-affirms that we are all One - with each other and with the Earth we share
Dermė
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The nearly extinct Lithuanian gray - Latvian blue cow breeds also need immediate international support amp attention - ASAP
- poshkahotmailcom
Click on Photo for Baltic Log Home Architecture
The ancient Twin Horse Sky motif found on top of
Lithuanian homes reflects the related Vedic Sanskrit Ašvins Similiar ( Ašvieniai ) symbolism was found in the
Khvalynsk and Samara PIE cultures (4100 - 5500 BCE) The Twin Horse Sky motif is also evident in Mari ethnic symbols
| Proto Indo European | | Mažiulis | | Nostratic Language |
| Prussian Language Website | | Janis Endzelins Baltic Languages |
| Old Prussian Texts |
| Mordvinian Dictionary |
The above text is an excerpt from Virdainas copy Jos Pashka 2012
~ in memory of Jeannette DeBusk Cox Charles Richard Dean amp Netta Poska ~
Erzya-Moksha Mordvin loanwords include - vərgas ( Indo-Iran vrkah ) pejel - knife ( Lith peilis peile ) kardaz ( Lith gardas gt Common Permian kar fortified place )
and uske viska - metal ( Tokharian A was B yasa Armenian uoski Sanskrit ucchati ) Finnic Mari has waž for metal ore Forest Nenets has a wyesya cognate
Also Finnish kekri annual Native festival lt kekra-j lt kekra- gt Sanskrit chakra Finnic kehrauml disk vs Sanskrit chāttra Finnic vihi ( Lith vėžė )
Baltic Deivas - The Divine Spirit of Heaven influenced Finnish taivas Estonian taevas heaven perhaps Saami taiw and also
Hungarian taacutej Khanty tai - locus Often ignored semantics of East Baltic celestial Deivas are illustrated in phrases from Latvian dainās ( eg Saule noiet dievā - Nav
saulīte dievā gaiša ) Finnish toivo like orpo ( Skt arbha-h ) or vasara ( Skt vajra-h ) lack final s unlike Finnish taivas - blue blue sky re Saule
noiet dievā
Saulės Rẽtis
( Suns Halo )
As for the monolithic Balto-Slavic of academics - Slavic has kolo wheel kola cart West Baltic has kelan wheel kelā cart East Baltic ratas wheel ratai cart
East Baltic Lithuanian also has rẽtys - halo circle around sun moon re E Baltic risti - rita raitėti - rieta retėti riets rotāt rotēt etc - ablaut - related to Lithuanian ratas wheel Latvian rats
Magic spiritual talismans known as Amber Sun-Discs found in Globular Amphora sites and elsewhere may be a key to the cross cultural ratas term of central Europe
(Linear B ideogram 243) Latin teres-retis - rounded well-turned and East Baltic Lithuanian retys provide a fresh etymology for PIE
roteH2 rotH2os ( spokes included ) If phonemic pitch following loss of laryngeals developed in connection with the monophthongization of diphthongs exhibited by a vocalic
feature from a segmental phoneme - Finnish taivas or heinauml illustrate the chronology of the loans from the host East Baltic language
Estonia and India alone share the 294 single marker of mtDNA N1a1a1 ( 147A-172-223-248-294-320-355 ) lt GAS
Mitochondrial haplogroup N1a phylogeography with implications to the origin of European Farmers 2010 BMC Evolutionary Biology Publication 10304
Re Karelian kes(t)rauml Estonian kedr spindle and Vedic cāttra id
The pre-migration Tocharian like Volga-Repins may have had an unattested word for Maple borrowed as wakšter into Finnic Cognates may be Latin acer - maple Old Norse askr - ash Old Lithuanian akštras - sharp The maples range extends to the Kama
river basin Perhaps Tocharian Repins originally used maple saplings for livestock prods Or perhaps it was a Baltic akšteras
The songs of the Erzya Mordvin thunder god Pur‟gine parallel both Lith Perkūnas and Vedic Parjanya ( परजनय ) closely
The Avestan name Vada-gan for a demon ( the Striker ) - reflecting a similar word in East Baltic vedega ax may have a Ural region kulturnaya obshchnost‟ connection ( Saami vietka bdquoadze‟rlm )
Finnish vasara hammer is a loanword from an later form ( lacking final s ) of Avestan vazra amp Vedic vajra [ vaźras - mace club ]
which are related to Lith vėzdras mace club Latv vẽza vẽzecirct to swing in the air wave wag or perhaps Lith vagis wedge ( Finnish vaaja )
Latvian veseris maul-hammer probably a loanword from Livonian Note Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere lack archaic Indo-Iranian final s (re Komi voumlrkas wolf )
PIE ueg - to swing gt vẽźras gt vėzdras vėzdas w altered ź-da gt zda as in synonym Lith lazda lt laźda
The current Finnish word for Millennium vuosituhat is a combination of four thousand year old loanwords
from both Pre-Indo-Aryan and Volga-Baltic neighbors by the Ural Mountains (re Latv tū-ska swelling Lith tū-las many Tocharian B kaumlnte 100 Sanskrit dve śate 200 )
Related Repin Tocharian B tumane 10000 lt Iranian tumān id lack a s cognate
( East Baltic Lithuanian tum-stas bulk heap mass - tumėti to curdle)
Mordvin Erzya tožon tužən Moksha tožaumln Estonian root stem tuhante 1000 may reflect an early Fatyanovo East Baltic participle tūśante tūšanti
preceding a poly-ethnic GAS Centum tūskanti and GAS-ed East Baltic tūstantis 1000 ( gt Old Latvian tuustosch- )
re Finnish laiha GAS Lith liesa Fatyanovo laiša ( also Latvian tūkst sing pret tūska ) Perhaps tūksa- gt tūšant- gt + GAS gt tūstantis 1000 huge - note Old Latvian tuustosch-
The Uralic words may well reflect an early East Baltic pre-GAS ( pre-compromised RUKI ) Upper Dnieper Satem word that evolved with poly-ethnicism
( East Baltic Dnieper Satem evolved on a non-IE Narva substratum w N1c1 early Uralics and ERC Globular Amphora = poly-ethnic )
Follow the Money Back in 3000 BCE it was follow the copper amp amber
It has been suggested Germanic thousand reflects tū-skont- which may reflect
a Gas poly-ethnic ( š gt sk ) trade variant tūskanti by Centum Globular Amphora The Globular Amphora amber trade network may have used a Centum modified
( š gt sk gt tūskant- gt tū-skont- ) variant while the Uralic variants reflect an EBaltic tūšant- ( gt later GAS-ed tūstant- ) variant from Fatyanovo-
Balanovo ( East Baltic Dnieper Satem ) A 2800 BCE flint-amber trade GAC tūs-kont- was perhaps interpreted by trade contacts as
a tūs-šimt- compound word gt W Baltic tūsimt-
The chronology of CWC regional variant cultures is critical for untangling the etymology of 1000
Slavic RUKI indicates far less early integration of GAS although cultural trade contacts
are plainly evident Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive
in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- A 2800 BCE Slavic -s- from -sk- appears plausible considering dative pl -m- became -b-
and the perceived participle reflecting eo type variations of 1000 Pots dont talk they speak - volumes
Old East Baltic Medu and Vaška were related neuters Note Finno-Ugric Hungarian meh-viasz In the same occupation are the related words - Mordvin keras Mari karas Udmurt karas from Fatyanovo era East Baltic
( Latv kāres Lith korys ) Re Lith Mekš-uogis buckthorn-berry Meksėti meksi stutter be mad - Skt makšikā fly bee makš- be angry
( Volgaic Mekš bee the angry one ) No Mekši cognate is found in Ob-Ugric
There is also a DNA relationship between Baltic males and Uralics ( Mari )
eg Meadow Mari tuumlžem - thousand Mari ləśtaś - Lith lakštas From the archaeological record one can also trace legacies of Upper Middle Dnieper gt Fatyanovo gt Balanovo gt Kazan gt Chirkovo-Seyma gt
Ananino gt Mari amp Mordvin cultures
The Romanian Dacian Doina - song is probably a residual loanword from the Lithuanian The Daina Dhėnā Vedic word has been analyzed many years earlier but not as an assimilated loanword from Corded Ware East Baltic
which J Pāshka contends and which Ural region loanwords and polyethnic Abashevo-Sintashta archeaological data would support Vedic Dhėnā and Soma ( borrowed from Uralic ) reflect the polyethnic early Āryan culture by the Ural Mountains ( Rhipean Lipynė )
Ephedra is not found in the Ural regions conifer forests Amanita muscaria is and abundantly so ( re Khanty Soma hewn mortar ) - On Vedic Dhėnā Prayer Song - Maurice Bloomfield Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol 46 (1926) pp 303-308
D Razauskas wrote an excellent article about
CORRESPONDENCES TO THE INDO-IRANIAN MYTHICAL WIND IN LITHUANIAN FOLKLORE
Do try to Google it
Rig Vedic Sanskrit Vāyu - wind Lithuanian dialect Vėjus - wind
The round kurgan mound tradition of the Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan in Nothern Bihar India also resembles Śaka Steppe kurgans of Eurasia amp Russia w U4
Timber Grave culture favored orienting the head of the deceased towards the North - re Mahaparinibbana Sutta The Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan identified themselves with the Solar clan
The Digha Nikaya of the Tipitaka Pali Buddhist canon describes Siddhartha Gautama as having very blue eyes ( Pali abhi nila netto )
The Chinese described Bodhidharma as 藍眼睛的野人
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India although U4 is more prevalent on the Afghanistan - Pakistan border Tajikistan and the Eurasia of the Steppe Śaka
Gintaras reflects the Sembian dialect pronunciation with their typical narrowing of en to in
adopted as such in some neighboring East Baltic dialects ie swints vs šventas Modern Lithuanian gintaras amber vs dialect variant gentaras id
Hungarian gyentar gt gyantar amber gyenta resin Chuvash jandar glassy Mari jamdar transparent suggest the amber trade with
East Balts Old adjectival -tar neuter suffix in East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin
( re ON kvaetha Skt jatu resin aśvatara- mule ) The original PIE adjectival -tar neuter suffix was also later used in a comparative sense ( ie wet-ter )
although originally it was mainly adjectival The 13th century work Jami ul hikayat by Ufi describes the Baltic sea origin of yellow amber traded to the
Chinese by Khotan procured from Turks re Chinese yan tse - ( alhagi camelorum ) plant which produces a amber-like honey sap Baltic in Chinese - who knew
Amber ornaments have been found with the Middle Dnieper and Globular Amphorae ( w TRB ) culture artifacts attesting to the ancient relationship Balts have had with Amber
Of Soma the original entheogen ingredient of dried Amanita muscaria ( Fly Agaric ) became extremely scarce with later Āryan migrations and was eventually substituted with a mixture of Ephedra Cannabis and opiates
It was a very poor imitation of the genuine Uralic Soma rite The Indo-European use of Amanita muscaria survived intact in Lithuania - hidden away in forests beyond
the reach of ethnocidal Christians Lithuanians continue the ancient custom of using milk and honey ingredients mixed with the dried Amanita muscaria
to make a beverage for Sharing According to Marija Gimbutas Lithuanians used to supply quantities of Amanita muscaria to the
Saacutemi Noiade in the North for use by the Saacutemi Shamans (Finnish tietaumljauml) ( Volgaic Erzya Mokša Sjuma Səma - hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger
Khanty Soma hewn wooden vessel ) Not directly related to above are Lithuanian semti to draw water Uralic sim- drink Tocharian smantildentildee broth
Hungarian hiacuted bridge is of Alanic origin - re Ossetian xid xed id Khotanese hī id
One out of 3 Kalash have mitochondrial DNA belonging to haplogroup U4 In fact the most prevalent mitochondrial haplogroup of the Kalasha people is U4 aka the Ulrike clade
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India Haplogroup U4 is common among northwestern Siberian populations and is also found among the Mari Mordvin
and Mansi of the Volga-Ural region of Russia as well as the Estonians Finns Balts and Tocharian mummies A Kalasha English Dictionary link is provided below
The Prakrits preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) absent in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words
The mushroom associated Kaukeliai gnomes remained with the forest dwellers
The hemp tradition of Eurasian Steppe Saka is reflect in Old English haelignep Old Irish cnaip Slovak konope West Baltic knapios Armenian kanap Albanian Geg kaneumlp Latvian kaņepe Lithuanian kanapė Turkmen kenaumlp
The Novosvobodna and earlier Maikop (aka Maykop ) cultures probably conveyed the Sumerian kanubi term - as well as the genetic clade of R1b ( aka R1b1b2 ) into IE early Bronze Age cultures with trade and contact ( re Germanic amp Tocharian R1b )
Note - Sumerian gu gt Skt gaus Latvian guovs Armenian kov Gk bous L bov- OIr bo - cow as well as the East Baltic Lydian singular neuter ending in -d
Within the Moscow City limits are found a Fatyanovo cemetary and a later Dyakovo settlement - both near the Kremlin re Finnish kesauml - summer harvest and E Baltic kasyti kast kesyti ( Albanian kosit - harvest the crops)
Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov born in Staraya Kupavna near Moscow would single handedly save humanity and the World in 1962
East Baltic lašiša salmon is also known as vošis a fast type of fish or trout or more commonly vašylas For 3rd person dual jiedu instead of expected yra or esti my Suvalkian Grandmother Johanna used esą Strange but true
Legal Disclaimer - The above text in no way suggests anyone should use illegal drugs or experiment with Amanita mushrooms
Genetic portrait of modern Belarusians mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome perspective Alena Kushniarevich 1Larysa Sivitskaya 1Nina Danilenko 2Richard Villems 1Oleg Davydenko
1Institute of Genetics and Cytology Academicheskaya Str 27 Belarus 2Estonian Biocenter Riia Str 23 Estonia
The LWb blood group as a marker of prehistoric Baltic migrations and admixture Sistonen P Virtaranta-Knowles K Denisova R Kucinskas V Ambrasiene D Beckman L
Hum Hered 1999 Jun49 (3)154-8
LW locus has been assigned to chromosome 19p133 The LW gene corresponds to 3 exons of 265 kb on chromosome 19 The LWa amp LWb alleles are different at a single base pair - codon 70 - corresponding to one amino acid residue which is arginine for LWb
The LWb mutation was a singular event - in all of human history
ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚷᚨᚷᚿᚱᛃᚿᛖᚿᛞᚢᚱ ᛗᛁᚿᚨᚱ ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚡᛁᛋᛏᚨ ᚨᚿᛞᚨᚿᚢᛗ
ᚦᚢ ᚦᚨᚱᚠᛏ ᚦᚨᚧ ᚠᛃᚱᛁᚱ ᚢᛈᛈᛒᛚᚨᛋᚿᚨ ᛖᛚᛋᚲᚢᚷᚨ ᚦᛁᚿᚿ
Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
| MariUver - a Site about Maris Mari El Finno-Ugric |
| and other Indigenous People of Russia |
The ancient Sacred Grove of Native Mari Religion
The Mari Kuumlsoto parallels Finnic and Estonian Hiis Similiar Holy Groves are known as Lud among the Udmurt The East
Baltic terms are Lith Alkas amp Latv Elka
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) and Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG) in an exhaustive 2006 report Russian Federation The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El found widespread evidence of political and cultural persecution of Mari people The Mari Native religious practices ( and the Cheremis Marla
faith ) have come under ever increasing pressure and severe persecution from intolerant Russian Government Officials and so-called Christians according to Human Rights groups
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
| Kalasha - English Dictionary Online |
| English - Kalasha Dictionary |
Thank you for visiting Genetically WE ARE ALL ONE
and thats a fact
Culture is something we Share - not own
As Comrade Lennon said - Imagine
Shi nūsun būsna ast praeivingiska kaigi asenes vupjai
Budeis
Northern amp NE dialects ( w LWb ) and (2) Early West Baltic Area of Western amp Coastal dialects The Sudovians Prussians and Curonians can be regarded as links in a chain of this latter group while the Lithuanians Žemaitians
( Samogitians ) and Latvians ( R1a1a1 L235 L784 amp Z92) are considered to be the remnants (R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants) of a more Northern Early East-Baltic ( LWb allele ) area migration The differences between East and West Baltic cultures are reflected by Y-DNA data currently processed by the U of AZ ( re
Sintashta C14 dates ) in Tucson
The Eastern most dialects of the Early East-Baltic area ( Fatyanovo-Balanovo ) did not survive intact to be documented beyond numerous hydronyms and many archaic loanwords in various Finnic languages ( gyenta gyentar ) and Indic ( dhēnā śapharas rathas ) as well as contributing later to Russian dialects (re
ГОЛЯДЬ Terje Mathiassen amp Sprachbund notion ) There are loanwords in Saacutemi from Volga-East-Baltic that show no indications of Finnic sound changes ( ie
Saacutemi luossalt Volga-Baltic lašiša vs Finnish lohi salmon ) which help to approximately date a common source language for Finnic and Saami - and trade with Volga-Balts The loanwords were decidedly not prestigious items of an arrogant elite ie Saacutemi duovli Latvian dagla tinder or for example North Saacutemi suoidni hay Finnish heinauml id Lith šienas id Finnish ranta shore Lith krantas id
From reconstructions of the many cultural loanwords in Finno-Uralic by linguists amp those found in Vedic one might gather that the languages of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo Volga-Balts resembled a very archaic ( circa 2800 BCE ) East Baltic Samo-Lettic (w their Solar cult amp Sun songs) surviving ( LWb allele
R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants Z92 L235 L784 amp Kz) and evolving for the most part into Modern East-Baltic Lithuanian Žemaitian and Latvian and being culturally preserved in their dainos dainās especially those with a solar theme Many East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo artifacts exhibit designs reflecting such solar themes Abashevo rosettes mirror Latvian sun sign folk designs
Lexical Provenance gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Some regard the central Latvian system of three intonations ( also in Samogitian-
Žemaitian ) as an archaism of the Baltic group while others (Stang 1966 142 ) view the 3 tones as a reflection of accent retraction due to contact with another language ( a new broken tone from where stress was retracted to a syllable which originally had acute tone ) These related Northern Boat Axe tribes include the D Balts of the late great Balticist V Mažiulis Given the earlier political assassination of Lithuanian linguist Jonas Kazlauskas by the KGB (Deacutejagrave Vu - again - re Maris Prof Yuri Anduganov ) it perhaps was a safer label than a more accurate Ural Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a12 etc Z92 L235 type Kz ) or more inflammatory yet factual Volga-Kama Balts Neutralizing scholars is so
passeacute The settlement of East Balts in Russia three thousand years before the arrival of East Slavs was not politically expedient information nor particularly welcome It still isnt welcomed to this day like the Turim Basin ( VRC )
Tocharians in China Note loanwords into Finno-Ugric below (Gordeev 1967
180-203 Redei 1986 25-26) - of a specifically archaic East Baltic lexical Fatyanovo provenance ie žalga dagla darža vežys (v)āžys gentar kela ratas tilta kāras deivas not some amorphous Proto Balto-Slavic Finnish Perkele amp Votiak Perkịno reflect a Fatyanovo Baltic ldquoalpinerdquo velar that is altogether absent in Slavic Perun Details details details
Baltic amp Uralic in Vedic
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The old names of the various groups were derived from nearby hydronyms such as the historic Lamai by the Lama river or the Eastern Galindai ( ГОЛЯДЬ
) Some of these Eastern Balts by the Ural mountains evidently merged culturally with or extended to the nearby cosmopolitan poly-ethnic Abashevo culture which became a major component of the Sintashta Arkaim culture ( Kuzmina 2000 Pryakhin et al 2001 ) later becoming one of many conservative Alakul dialects to Pre-BMAC Proto-Indo-Aryan ( Proto-Vedic ) Some Abashevo pottery looks quite similar to and even blends specific darža designs from Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) which indicates East Baltic Corded Ware culture (Kuzmina OV 2000) integration in the Abashevo ethnogenesis as well as in later Sintashta-Arkaim One of the uniquely Fatyanovo-Balanovo trademark ceramic designs ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 ) was a pecular darža checkered double row diamond rhombus (
languotas raštas rūtains ) pattern which found its way into both Andronovo amp Timber Grave ( Srubna Pozdnyakovo ) ceramics and culture ( copyjp ) It is also indisputably evident in Andronovo Fedorovo artifacts ( re Kuzmina 2007 p 653
fig 41 Urefty pottery 3 amp 44 p 628 fig 19 5 Smolino pottery Also fig 101 14 Mundigak
Period VI Kandahar valley ) Lith piešalas Sanskrit peśalas Buckle up
If unique designs were assimilated unique words were probably assimilated as well Ratas isnt some amorphous proto-balto-slavic word Ratas is GAS East Baltic just like its unique trademark darža checkered ceramics ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) of Fatyanovo barley amp hemp farmers Baltic in Vedic Checked mate Que rico A Uralic component of poly-ethnic Balanovo culture ( Goldin 1999 130 ) may also account for old Uralic words in Andronovo culture and adding chamotte-grog in ceramics Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link the panta between the two disparate cultures of Poltavka and Volosovo-Garino Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered pottery connects Poltavka amp Volosovo-Garino revealing the conduit for cultural exchange The Southern
most peripheral Baltic dialects were from the Sosnica cultural complex ( gt
Milograd amp Jukhnovo cultures ) which much later on assimilated with migrating Eastern Slavic speakers ( R1a1a- Z92 ) Yet it should be remembered that neither Satemization or Ruki match genetic charts very well
Map of the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Cultures
with Dative Plural M amp R1a- M417 Z283
The early ancestors of the West Balts ( R1a1a- Z280 ) were the West Baltic Barrow culture and the Mazovia-Podlasie groups of the Trzciniec culture along the Bug river basin which bordered the autonomous Komarov ( Proto-Slavic ) culture of the Podolian Uplands further to the South The Baltic Trzciniec (Streaked pottery) culture was related to the autonomous Komarov culture but different as ceramics metalwork hydronyms and burial rites indicate This difference can be seen in the word for mans best friend dog where West Baltic had suns vs Old Church Slavic pьsъ or rock - Baltic akmō ašmō vs OC Slavic kamy West Baltic pausē pine vs Slavic bor or sosna (lt sopsna ) and also with many fundamental lexical and mythological disparities In contrast note East Baltic šuo with Kalasha šua dog or Lith puš-es pines and Waigali puċ pine (see Haplogroup U4 below) The West-Satem branch relatedness is illustrated by the word for name - West Baltic emens Albanian emen and Slavic imę vs more Central-Satem East Baltic Lithuanian vardas
The West Baltic Barrow culture and Trzciniec evolved into the later Pomeranian culture ( R1a1a- Z280 L365 ) horizon The West Baltic dialect area flourished with their lively amber trade with the Unitice culture and beyond Even as late as the Early Iron Age (600 BCE) the southern limit of the large Sudovian culture territory bordered the SlavicScythian Chernoles culture Scytho-Sarmatian (Ossetic) and Slavic isoglosses can be illustrated in Ossetic terminology of agriculture ( yoke harvest reaping-hook ) - in somatic terminology ( ear ) and in kinship ( sister brother mother father mother and father-in-law ) The Slavic and Mid-Iranian RUKI had much in common as well as Slavic loss of word-final -s which may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by Timber Grave Iranian contact (re U3)
The Neuri of Herodotus gtgtgt|||ltltlt
According to Herodotus (approx 450 BCE) the Neuri ( Νέσροι ) were a tribe living
North of the Tyres (Dneister river) and the furthest nation beyond the Scythian farmers along the course of the river Hypanis (Bug river) The Bug river meets the Naura ( Baltic name for the Narew ) river The Naura river leads one to Galinda and Suduva Since trade increased recognition the Neuri of Herodotus were possibly related to the Galindians and Sudovians Herodotus also mentions the wild white horses nearby that grazed by a great lake which scholars today suggest are the Podlesie marshes by the Bialowieza Forest Yotvingian Tarpans from the Bialowieza Forest seasonally faded to near white in Winter In 500 BCE Eastern Europe climate was much cooler and wetter There is still a town in Poland named Nur ( Νσρ) 52deg 40 0 N 22deg 18 0 E along the upper Bug River near the Bialowieza Forest The Nurzec river runs nearby and the local district currently bears the rivers name Balts traditionally take ethnonyms from local hydronyms The Baltic verbal roots nur- to immerse or niur- to get murky may be sources of the local hydronym Archaeologists have excavated a fortified settlement and an open settlement near Moloczki Poland by the Nurzec river There are probably many more yet unexcavated in Ziemia Nurska as the area is known as Udmurt nur swamp might contradict this theory
The Balts of Ptolemy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Greek geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd Century AD mentioned only two
Baltic tribal nations the Γαλίνδαι and Σοσδινοί Romans coins ( Tiberius
Caligula ) unearthed in Suduva predate Ptolemys account Σουδινοί was
possibly a typo for Σουδιυοί (re Ιαησγγιωνες) It is of interest to note that an early differentiation of dialects also took place in the Central Eastern dialects evolving early Lithuanian Žemaitian Latvian at a period when the neuter gender was still common in East Baltic ( Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish kela reel spool
Old Prussian kelan wheel )
The Western Balts gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Western Baltic dialect that later gave rise to the Sudovian Galindian Pomesanian and various Prussian languages is one of the dialects of the Early-Western Baltic Area ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) The Coastal West Balts emerged as yet another dialect (Curonian language) of the Peripheral Early-West Baltic Area near the bordering dialects of the Central Early-East Baltic language area The Western Balts were a poly-ethnic hybrid mix of Corded Ware Satem peoples on outliers of Funnel Beaker Globular Amphora with Nemunas - Narva substratum ( GAS ) population Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements there
( Brazaitis 2005 fig 5 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import
Thus the Western Balts should include the Sudovians ( Яцьвягі ) Galindians Pomesanians and various Prussians and also the Curonians the former comprising the Southern group and the latter the Coastal Northern group This explains the close similarity between Sudovian ( Yotvingian ) Galindian Pomesanian and Prussian A successful modern revival of the Prussian language is now known as New Prussian A link to their Prussian language website is provided below
The Old Prussian Sembian dialect though exhibits a prolonged influence ( Pratorius corrupt Prussian ) from the influx of nearby Curonians when compared to the more distant Pomesanian or Sudovian The Sembian dialect of the Old Prussian Catechisms has muti tawas (mother father) whereas the Pomesanian of the Elbing Vocabulary has mothe towis The chronicled Sudovian Occopirmus similarly differs from the Catechism Sembian ucka- Farther inland away from coast and Curonians we do find Prussian Tlokunpelk - Bears Marsh Galindian did not historically border the Curonians and was close to Sudovian in many respects
Certain innovations (ie thousand participle ) that occurred in the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 L235 L784 N1c1 ) dialects are not reflected in the
Peripheral ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) Western Baltic dialects ( with attrition to 4 core
declensional cases re neighboring Gothic) Each area also had different mixtures of substratum populations involved in their ethno-genetic formations ( re LT F-U
Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) and later neighboring influences The Peripheral West Baltic dialects exhibit an archaic appearing declension which gives one a unique window into both Baltics and the Northern Indo-European GAS influenced dialects and the influence of diverse substratum on varied evolutions The currently spoken East Baltic dialects are more evolved expressive and elegant Bi-lingual West East Baltic speakers adopted East Baltic rather quickly
The traditional academic construct of a seven case declensional system for early Proto Indo-European is as synthetic as it is theoretically convenient ( Jeannette DeBusk Cox )
Only nominative genitive dative and accusative forms have constant
intercrossing functions in various Indo-European languages while forms used for the instrumental or locative cases (traditionally declared to be Common Indo-
European) have related functions eg the IE -ois may occur in the instrumental case in one language and in the locative case in other ones or -ō (apophonically) -ē occurs as -āt in the Indo-Iranian ablative and as -it in the Hittite instrumental Such intercrossing elements were used for semi-paradigmatic adverbial forms differently paradigmatized in the various Indo-European languages (V Toporov V J Mažiulis)
Eastern amp Western Baltic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Some very archaic lexical differences exist between the Western Baltic ( R1a1a-
Z280 L366 etc ) dialects and the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92
L235 N1c1 ) dialects The word for fire is just such an example The Western Balts used the word panu whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ugnis Another example is the word for wheel The Western Balts used the word kelan whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ratas These words have cognates in other ancient Indo-European languages ( For the
Centum GAS ratʔas relationship between Old Irish roth Lithuanian ratas and
Sanskrit ratha - see below ) That such diversity of basic terminology existed within Proto-Baltic illustrates the antiquity of the West East Baltic vocabulary inherited from the late Sredny Stog horizon (3500-3350 BCE) into the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Middle Dnieper culture ( R1a1a- Z280 ) horizon that influenced the evolution of divergent dialects by cultural contacts Outliers of Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva populations added poly-ethnic substratum cultural influence ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 Česnys et al 1990
Mochalov OD 2001-2002 ) to Fatyanovo contributing a residual non-Satem vocabulary of their central European GAS Centum words like pẽku - livestock ( vsSatem Lith pešti pešus pẽšis OCS pьsъ ) and perhaps gradually compromising East Baltic Ruki Non-IE East Baltic substratum ( Pit Comb Ware N1c1 Uralic amp Nemunas-Narva w U5b2 ) bilinguals were perhaps a phonetic impetus behind Dative Plural -m- from -b- for example Baltic žambas Estonian hammas as well as the custom of adding chamotte-grog to ceramics ( re LT F-U Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) The Dative Plural -m- from -b- probably reflects early Baltic area GAC trade network contact dialects The loss of the neuter gender in East Baltic was due to primarily inherited dynamics of rearrangement Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains yet Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of the language - even after the era when dialects became languages The formative influence of poly-ethnic substratum populations on the various early Baltic-type dialects thus becomes easily apparent even for a layman to grasp
In regard to variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele in regions of East vs West Balts provides solid scientific proof of an ancient genetic distinction ( E Baltic -
W Baltic lt R1a- Z280 ) between speakers of the two Baltic groups Theories of a Proto-Balto-Slavic split around 1000 BCE (eg Kortlandt 1982 181) naively contradict the immense volume of linguistic archaeological and emerging genetic DNA (lt link ) Corded Ware evidence Latvia has eleven C-14 dates of Corded Ware Culture ( Loze 1992 A Kriiska 2001 ) with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (w 954 probability) A fish diet ( eg šapalas ) may lessen those calculations a little bit but not greatly
Another key feature of West Baltic languages is the asigmatic nominative singular neuter gender ending in -n This is noted in such words as kelan ( wheel ) azeran ( lake ) and dadan ( milk ) There are also many neuter gender words that end in -u such as panu ( fire ) pẽku ( livestock ) as well as alu ( mead re Latvian aluot ) of which the later two may well be from Centum Globular Amphora substratum and amber trade contacts Note Old Prussian panno ( re panu-staklan ) and Gothic fōn Armenian hur hnoc Old Prussian druwis Iranian dhruvi- indicate the core Satem foundation of West Baltic Aswinan amp dadan certainly do The neuter gender asigmatic -n exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp [ re neuter vaška beeswax gt Finnish vaha ] The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords or modern East Baltic ( Prussian median vs Samogitian medė forest ) once again dating a the West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 )
pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-Svitych 1963 42-44 see below ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as Lydian The developements of the Slavic neuter are being still debated This isogloss could provide insight about the Novosvobodna Maykop type steppe burial orientation tradition of Fatyanovo males to SW females to NE as well as Novosvobodna Maykop type metallurgic influences on Fatyanovo [ re
Samogitian medė forest Finnish metsauml - forest Estonian mets Votic meccauml Karelian mečču id Lule Saacutemi miehttjēn far away Saacutemi meahcci forest fringe Hungarian ( ) messze far distant East Baltic tilta bridge - Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish silta bridge Estonian sild Volgaic Erzya śid-al sed id lt Skt sētu- band bridge Latvian sēta fence ]
A very unique feature preserved in the West Baltic languages is the Genitive singular declensional ending in -as for words that end in -as or -an in the Nominative case Hittite also shared this feature -aš lt -os as well as perhaps neighboring Gothic ( nomgensg harjis ) nearby in the West although mere appearances may be misleading Neighboring Wielbark culture ( Gothic
I1-M253 - Y-DNA ) interaction with West Baltic tribes especially the Galindians appears to have been co-operative and mutually beneficial The border between the two may account for certain Gothic type loanwords into the Baltic languages This Gen -as declensional ending is as disconcerting for
expedited Balto-Slavic theories as the East Baltic neuter although it does strengthen and lend support to the effect of GAS Such a generalized declensional feature is noted in a word like Nominative singular pēdan ( ploughshare ) Genitive singular pēdas or in the West Baltic Genitive singular Deivas ( Gods ) and in places names ( re Wilkaskaymen ) Many unique features of West Baltic are relics from the Proto-Indo-European Sredny Stog horizon (4500-3350 BCE) as is the deduced archaic East Baltic ( amp R1a1a- Z92
Slavic ) singular neuter with -d resembling a Lydian type developement - unlike West Baltic
West Baltic has the same four nominal accent classes as does Lithuanian but it has retained the original accentual state of Dnieper Baltics ( an acute rising
accent and a circumflex falling accent) The first class is the acute barytone paradigm The second is the circumflex barytone paradigm Thirdly the acute mobile paradigm Lastly the circumflex mobile paradigm
The Archaeological Record gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Reading from the archaeological record one can associate dates of 3200 - 2300 BCE with various material artifacts (toy wheeled wagon) and increased plant ( hemp and wheat ) pollens that appear to indicate the arrival of Baltic speaking peoples in the Baltic region who appear gradually and slowly settled in well among native populations ( recently arrived Uralic Comb amp Pitted Ware Cultures
( N1c1 ) mixed with an older Nemunas amp Narva Substratum w U5b2 amp Centum Globular
Amphora outliers ) Recent archaeological finds of Triticum and Cannabis pollen circa 5600 BCE from the Akali Neolithic Narva-Kunda settlement in East Estonia ( A Poska L Saarse et al 2006 ) places Cannabis cultivation in the Baltic region much further back into antiquity than even the Corded or Pitted Ware eras Also the East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants also Z92 ) had more close contact with Uralic (eg Kiukainen culture ) and nearby Pit-grave Yamna Āryan speaking cultures than the West Balts ( Sanskrit hastas amp Lith
žastas ) After 2750 BCE the agricultural record intensifies ( Rimantienė et al
1999 ) as well as beginning East Baltic copper ( varis ) amp bronze metallurgy near the Ural Mountains The East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo era metallurgy proceeded the Seima-Turbino culture horizon ( vaška = Old East Baltic
neuter )
A forest-zone polyethnic ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Abashevo culture by the Urals emerged with MVK Catacomb influenced early Eastern Balts Volga Finns and Pit-grave Pre-Indo-Aryans from the steppe-zone using the same process Migrations often follow climate changes ( re the
Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase ) around the 3rd millennium BCE the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BCE amp the 12th century BCE Each migration would encounter different native ethnic groups and influence the dominant language during assimilation of those ethnic natives Indo-European peoples amp languages have ALWAYS been multi-ethnic The new molecular DNA archaeology proves it beyond question We are all related - literally
The high incidence of Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 suggest long term relations and admixture with the Uralic speaking population of the Baltic Volga and Ural region which may have had a conservative influence on the East Baltic Satem dialects and speakers Note Kurdish varg vs Komi Zyryan voumlrkas wolf N1c appears to emanate East amp West from the Ural region probably with its origin in Khakassia The divergence of language is usually happening while there is also a convergence of languages
Fatyanovo-Balanovo gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The early Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture ( 3300 - 1800 BCE Loze 1992 Tab1 ) was an Northeastern extension of the East Baltic Corded Ware culture (w mtDNA
N1a1a1 R1a1a1 ldquoM‟srdquo also Z92 LWb allele ) following various rivers in the North like the Oka to the upper Volga and Kama confluence in what is now Russia Fatyanovo developed from an early Northern variant of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon It is here that pottery displays a unique Fatyanovo Baltic style of mixed Corded Ware and Globular Amphora ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 )
features amp exhibits a trademark checked motif design ornamentation not found with the steppe cultures ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) thus allowing their contacts with those cultures to be tracked - even into Sintashta amp beyond The parallel lines motif may represent a darža or a tilled garden plot ( re Finnish tarha lt Fatyanovo ) perhaps from Dnieper Satems or GAS ( copyjp ) Compare the darža motif to the Bronocice farmers pot ( re CWC Eulau-Shughnan
DNA ) Fatyanovo hemp provided a water resistant fishing line for hooks and nets ( amp herbal medication ) and barley provided bread ( Latv miezē ) Fatyanovo migrations also correspond to regions with hydronyms of an East Baltic language dialect mapped by linguists as far as the Oka river and the upper Volga as well as regions with elevated frequencies of the rare LWb allele Spreading eastward down the Volga and beyond they discovered amp exploited the copper ores of the the western Ural foothills and started long term settlements in the lower Kama river region The East Balt Paimenes herdsmen brought their ešva - tarpan horse šėmas gōvs - gray cow avis - sheep parša - pig (neut) ratas - wheel ašis - axle tilta - bridge žalga - long fishing pole for šapalas red finned dace in the jaura - marsh a pada - clay pōdas - pot of kāras medu - honeycomb honey apiculture amp daržai - tilled crop plots - including javas - cereal grain maižis - barley šaras - seed sālis - salt along with varia - copper metallurgy and a tūšanti - thousand ( see below ) of their dainās - Holy Songs of their šventa - spiritual beliefs about dermė - harmony and the celestial -deivas
Trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo
checked ceramic darža motif copyjp
Fatyanovo cemeteries would sometimes have graves of not only people but also bear and other animals which are buried with ritual close by in individual graves Solar designs ( Solar cult clan re Saulės Rẽtis ) commonly adorn East Baltic Fatyanovo ceramics as do trademark checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Livestock includes cattle ( Y-DNA H10 ) horses sheep pigs and dogs ( North Saami šūvon trained dog ) and apiculture Balanovo livestock initially had more swine and sheep than other livestock Excavations indicate hunting and fishing ( žalga šapalas ) was often practiced ( Lougas 1999 ) as well as swidden agriculture ( Krasnov 1971 ) They gathered hazel nuts Excavations indicate Fatyanovo cultivated barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972
Jaanits 1992 49 ) Bone wrist guards imply they were accomplished archers Two-wheeled wagons (Goldina 1999) are also typical finds ( re ratas ) as are toy wheels There are a profusion of sites in the northern Baltic countries including
the Kazan Russia (Volga-Kama) region The more metallurgically exploited Ural region of the Fatyanovo culture was designated as the Balanovo culture (2900-
2100 BCE) from a cemetery found near the town Balanovo cemeteries had both kurgan ( Lith kapas ) and flat type burials ( like Abashevo - Kuzmina 2007
p221 ) The funeral chambers were wooden constructions in rectangular pits with the deceased wrapped in birch bark or hides
SW amp NE gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Balanovo copper metallurgy has its roots in central European cultural traditions which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper Cultural area Balanovo jewelry duplicates specific designs of a Central European provenance perhaps derived from the Centum Globular Amphora substratum assimilated into the Middle Dnieper - Fatyanovo cultures East Baltic lexicon also has unique isoglosses with Central European Celto-Italic dialects w ERC GAC bilinguals which also shared the BBC amp TRB substrate found in the Centum Globular Amphora horizon ( semti ratas peku ) Emulating the earlier poly-ethnic Globular Amphora ERC culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers adorned their ceramics with specific solar or unique designs ( re
Globular Amphora amp Narva substratum w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) valued pork ( parša ) high among livestock and practiced copper metallurgy But quite unlike the Globular Amphora culture stone cist burials with heads oriented to the East Satem Fatyanovo-Balanovo orientated male burials to the Southwest ( ДАКрайнов 1964 1972 re 188-192 ) - per steppe Maykop custom - as did the nearby related Satem Pit Grave culture and the much later early phase Sarmatian burials of Pokrovka Even a distant Afanasievo migration burial east of the Ural river with its Repin traits orientated the male to the southwest By 2600 BCE the Fatyanovo Balanovo culture and its copper metallurgy was firmly established in the Volga-Kama Ural region East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo Ural metallurgy was the nexus for a revolution that would sweep across the steppes and beyond
Cis-Ural Metallurgy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The villages were composed of above ground wooden houses built from logs with saddled roofs and had fenced enclosures ( Udmurt kar - town site Komi kar -
site of ancient town Mordvinian Erzya kardas - enclosure courtyard w -as ending lt
East-Baltic gardas - enclosure vs Ossetian kaeligrt - id ) East Baltic Balanovo and Finno-Uralic Volosovo peoples apparently mixed well ( LWb allele amp N1c1 ) without too much conflict as they did with steppe peoples with whom they they had contact via trade with the Caucacus metalworkers The East Balt association with amber is quite old ( ДАКрайнов 1972 1973 Loze 1979 1993 ) Chuvash jandar and Hungarian ( w LWb ) gyentar - amber gyenta - resin reflect the legacy of an archaic adjectival -tar neuter suffixed Balanovo
( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin Skt jatu - resin jātarūpa - golden ( lt jęta-rūpa Lith gentaro-rupis re Skt jā-ta- Lith gen-tis ) Avestan toponym jatara- resinous Corded Ware Balanovo amp Abashevo metallurgy would provide significant impetus to Seyma-Turbino metallurgy ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked celt-axes lt gt ) Komi ram- calm peace and
erd- field reflect peaceful interaction with the Volga-Balts ( Lith erdvas ardvas
Saacutemi aacutervas ) Note Komi rit - evening and Lettic riets- sunset The pirtis - log shed (sauna) of the pioneering Volga-Balts was evidently noticed and emulated by the locals ( Mari poumlrt Saacutemi barta) Finnish Orja - slave Estonian [gen] Orja Udmurt Var Komi Ver Mokša Urauml Erzya Ure - slave indicates some later conflicts with the Āryans - as do some archaeological sites ( note - all the various late Finnic Āryan terms lack archaic nominative s - like later Timber-
Grave Iranian ) In contrast Saacutemi Oarje just designates a direction ( Abaev 1981 85
) Variations (re mtDNA Z1a V ) among Saacutemi mtDNA now show an earlier link to the Volga-Ural region ( M Ingman et al 2007 ) Neither the LT Aukštaičiai nor the Saacutemi have any common European mtDNA H1 ( ) The Saacutemi may well have an old folk saying similar to Oh well there goes the neighborhood but it has eluded my research into it
Residual Stratum gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Scholars are still perplexed by the imbalance or lopsided ratio of loanwords between East Baltic and the Uralic languages This is because the bulk of Baltic loanwords into Uralic arent loanwords per se but rather residuals of a scattered ( LWb allele R1a Z92) stratum language reflecting the widespread and prolonged assimilation of bilingual archaic East Baltic speaking Fatyanovo-Balanovo Battle Axe settlers and their poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a N1c1 ) descendants ( Finnish heimo sisar Saacutemi gaacuteibmi ) with the numerically dominant Uralic tribes for millennia The merging of Comb and Corded Ware ceramics ( w chamotte or grog ) and other associated artifacts reflect this hybrid cultural horizon ( Lith šeškas Mari šāškə Veps hāhk re Sanskrit śaśakas ) The Kiukainen culture is one example Multi-room houses also appear Some isolated pockets of poly-ethnic Baltic speakers such as the ГОЛЯДЬ survived intact even up to historic times North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92 N1c1) with tl dl consonant cluster changes gt kl gl - like East Baltic implies multiple pockets of poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a1a Z92 N1c1 ) East Baltic speakers there Yet the rate of assimilation eventually outpaced the passage of substratum language inheritance Hence the additional impact of not uncommon Baltic-Uralic bilingualism ( eg Kiukainen culture ) on the structure of Finnic languages along with a myriad of archaic common everyday ( EB neuters - heinauml hay tarha
garden plot silta bridge ) terminology Uralic impacted Baltic as well The absence of weaponry or conflict terms is notable - and in hindsight altogether wise Fatyanovo-Balanovo East Baltic ( w GAS ) had became an established regional poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) substratum language ( paimen herder )
throughout its range ( re LWb allele ) Although numerically overwhelmed its innovative broad-based ( apiculture agriculture building amp metallurgy ) cultural impact proved enduring - as expressed in the Kiukainen culture Scholars are not fond of such dramatic re-assessments even when molecular DNA amp traditional archaeology clearly illuminates the mounting dateable evidence The challenging complexity of Finno-Ugrian origins and evolution has only grown with recent studies yet traditional archaeology acknowledges that Fatyanovo-Uralic contact ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 N1c1 ) zones precede Āryan-Uralic contact ( Krajnov 1972 251-252 Gurina 1963 133 139 Khalikov 1969 205 Tretrsquojakov
1966 135 ) Fatyanovo used chamotte admixture in ceramics like their neighbors ( Laitinen et al 2002 ) Some Aryan loanwords in Uralic may reflect a poly-ethnic Alakul forest re-intrusion and were diffused by a subsequent F-U speakers migration as implied by DNA genetics And the earliest Corded Ware words found in Uralic are an identifiable archaic East Baltic ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem
1000 ) as exemplified by a shared vocabulary ( Mari karas šāškə Lith šeškas
Sanskrit śaśakas ) amp the singular neuter and not some amorphous pre-Baltic that vanished without a trace
Kela vs Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Overlapping the Southern edge of the Fatyanovo - Balanovo region by where the rivers flow South another group of the East Baltic-type Satem Corded Ware pottery tradition ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) later
developed that is called the Abashevo culture ( 2400 - 1800 BCE ) after a nearby village East of Kazan Russia The Abashevo culture exhibited strong influences from both Pit-grave and MVK Catacomb cultures on its Baltic-type Corded Ware traditions Abashevo metallurgy was proportionally less weapon-oriented than that of their Pit-grave Āryan neighbors exhibiting more utilitarian or artistic ornamental products That being said Abashevo weapon metallurgy was innovative and the designs were adopted by Andronovo cultures Unlike the Pit-grave Āryans of the bordering steppe the forest dwelling Abashevo like the Balanovo mixed some with the local Volosovo ( N1c1 ) hunters amp foragers influencing their culture in many ways The Abashevo relations with Seima - Turbino were also apparently fruitful for each other (East Baltic Fatyanovo kela
Finnish kela - reel spindle Fatyanovo amp Lith ratas Finnish amp Estonian ratas - wheel North
Saami raacutehtis - id Fatyanovo amp Lith kepti Saami giksa- kopša- to cook) The archaic East Baltic kela vs ratas usage invites scholarly investigation of the neuter in East Baltic as well as assessing Globular Amphora poly-ethnic Substratum influence from ERC Finnish taivas Estonian taevas amp Saacutemi daivas - heaven reflect an archaic East Baltic influence still heard in Saule noiet dievā or Saule iet dievu of the old Latvian Dainās ( re H Biezais 1961
Gimbutas 1958 46 ) Lithuanian still has dievop dieviep declensions Perhaps
Saacutemi taiw Hungarian taacutej and Khanty tai - locus are also related if heaven is a place - somewhere
Like Balanovo sites many Abashevo settlements were also by the copper laden southwestern foothills of the Urals and as the Volga-Kama area Balanovo East-Balts did left ample kurgan burials and flat graves as part of their Abashevo burial rite Late Abashevo artifacts were found in Sintashta ( Pre-Vedic ) culture graves Sintashta also had not only one but two flat grave cemeteries along with the expected more prestigious kurgans Sintashta ceramics display the influence of early Abashevo amp Fatyanovo-Balanovo pottery styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) just as many
Sintashta Europoid remains exhibit the dolichocephaly of Abashevans ( Schwidetzky 1978 Menck 1980 Gimbutas 1997 322 ) amp Fatyanovans ( Denisova 1980
Rimantiene amp Cesnys 1996 50 Loze 1996 68 ) Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo )
ceramics with chamotte exhibit a projecting rim as does later Abashevo ( re
mtDNA N1a1a1 294 ) The artifacts suggest a unique cultural exchange between poly-ethnic ( w Uralic amp GAS admixture) Abashevo and Fatyanovo-Balanovo people into the Sintashta culture of Pre-Vedic peoples ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The nearby Volga Finnic Erzya-Moksha Mordvin language group has preserved loanwords from early Āryan Volga-East-Baltic and possibly a Pre-Tocharian Repin type language which would seem to confirm the probability of such exchanges Residual Ural-Volga Repins may well have become contributing substratum in the ethno-genesis of the Corded Ware Abashevo considering their geographical locations The Volga-Sok river Ural region by Samara has yielded Repin-influenced pottery reflecting the Repin influenced pottery of the earliest Afanasievo kurgans Early Uralic exchanges with IE Centum speakers probably correlate with this regional Volga-Repin horizon by the Urals Re haplogroup U5 Tokharian A waumls Tokharian B yasa - gold ( PT wesā ) Uralic Mari waž Kamassian waza Votyak az-veś Hungarian vas Mansi atvės Forest Nenets wyesya whereas Saacutemi vieške Moksha uśkauml Estonian vask reflect Tokharian A wsā-yok lt wesā-yāku - gold colored Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration with decorated rims on a round-based pot The NE orientation of male burials characteristic of Don Repins is also noted later with some ( not all ) Timber-Grave burials vs the early Afanasievo migration burials with Repin traits which orientated males to the southwest like Poltavka Fatyanovo ( Lith talka
telkti East Tocharian A talke Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) and the early phases of Sarmatian burials
Indo-Āryan Soma ( contents lt source ) preserved the native Uralic ( N1c1 ) word for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) was pressed with stones in water to produce a batch of the Soma beverage ( re Khanty Sŏma hewn
mortar-bowl Estonian Soim hewn manger ) or passed around and shared The misnomer well have been a cross-cultural semantic mistranslation from Balanovo-Volosovo contacts Finger pointing can be misconstrued as Elbing Vocabulary 141 comically demonstrates Some other tribes may have noticed East Baltic Balanovo neuters were one consonant shy of a combo plate and later added one Amanita muscaria reflects the Sun-Moon symbolism well
especially as they rise amp set smoky chestnut red ( žalas ) An pioneer ethno-mycologist R Gordon Wasson identified Vedic Soma as Amanita muscaria in his 1967 book although its legendary use was clearly Pre-Vedic Note that Balanovo and Volosovo-Garino ( Finno-Uralic ) culture pottery are sometimes discovered in sites side by side ( Goldin 1999130 ) inferring very close contacts (re mtdna haplogroup U4 [ Pliss et al 2005 16134ndash16356ndash16362 Bermisheva et al 2002 16189ndash16311ndash16356
Derbeneva et al2002b ] R1a amp N1c1 ) Ethnic customs were shared The Volosovo ( N1c1) use of talc or chamotte to temper pottery is significant since the custom of talc admixture is shared in Abashevo ceramics and later found in Sintashta culture ceramics Two pots unearthed far away near Sarazm betray their poly-ethnic Abashevo Ural area ( N1c1) origination by their unusual talc admixture
One side effect of the Ural region metallurgic bonanza was the need to defend key mining claims and production An escalation in production of weapons is noted The Pepkino burial kurgan suggests Abashevo northern territorial encroachment into Balanovo mining districts was strictly non-negotiable Later Sintashta - Arkaim type fortifications anticipated security concerns regarding metallurgic production centers
Sounds of Thunder gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Songs of the Erzya Mordvinic thunder spirit Purrsquogine Pərgənauml parallel both traditions of Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons and Rig Vedic Parjanyah closely ( Rig Veda Book 5 Hymn 83 ) The ancient Permic Komi myth of Pera the Giant amp the Oak grove like Parjanya and Erzya Pərgənauml may also reflect cultural integration or assimilation ( LWb R1a1a- Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) of residual Volga-Kama Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo East Balts by the Urals ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt checkered ornament of Volga-Urals ) The East
Balt type R1a1a- Z92 variant found among the Volga Erzya suggests such (
R1a1a- Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) Unlike Pera the giant amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Another Volga-Kama area Permic variation was noted by Y Wickman ( Teitoja Votjaakkien Mytologiiasta 1893
p 33)as the Votiak wrathful Perkịno who was offered bread gruel and ( ) butter The Chuvash still say ascha schapat about lightning Missionaries demonized the hewn idols as the devil of hell replacing them with a foreign stern storm-god tradition - and new improved idols There is even a Perkino Russia - somewhat near Tula
Legends of the North gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Recent discoveries have eclipsed traditional mindsets Aerial surveys revealed Sintashta amp Arkaim Archaeological analysis from excavations have revealed four thousand year old cultural intermingling ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) In 2002 Fragments of Lappish Mythology by Lars Levi Laestadius was finally published
in English It had been long forgotten since the 1840s The Saacutemi version of the Storm-giant bears a close conformity to Pera the giant and Parjanya ( RV 563 ) The evil troll hiding in the hollow ( Lith dumbas Slavic dub - oak ) gets zapped in the Saacutemi version reflecting Rig Veda 563 After ridding the world of evil the only reward Pera the giant wants is a net How odd A net Whatz wit that A net A more multi-cultural analysis would provide insight Perhaps one can discern a unity of traditions considering that a Baltic net Sietynas is also Pleiades ( Saacutemi siejdi gt ON seieth ) Pashto Perūne is the knotty six-star Pleiades Northern legends of the six bogatyr sons the Sun maiden Pera marries the Suns daughter Saulė and the bear Saulės ratelis the sun maidens ring sauryās rathas The golden horned elk Zarni Anj Shundy Mumy solar mother the crescent moon ( Saacutemi maacutennu maacuteno ) Saacutemi has pirjanne - borjja-dat storms There are many Saacutemi - Permic conformities ( Charnolusski 1965 101-130 ) The Perm culture of the Vychegda river region practiced both inhumation amp cremation In their region 34 of inhumations were oriented to the SW Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( Vychegda region ) burial orientations were also to the SW The northern peoples SW buried with head towards sunset orientation ( Taylor 1989 280 Mansin 1984 64 Karlalainen 1996 46 ) is explained as the South representing the Sky gt Heaven ( Lith dievas Estonian taevas Saacutemi taiw Hungarian
taacutej and Khanty tai ldquo ) Early phase Sarmatian burials are similar There are many northern shared traditions ( sarvas - hirvas - sirvas ) and legends with some well over four thousand years old ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) They are not well received today nor have been in the past ( Willumsen LH 1997 ) Nobody magically disappears not even in Las Vegas
Perga - Pargai gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The interpretation of the phonetics of Parjanyah should consider three factors Sanskrit J followed by a front vowel as in Parjanya matches a Baltic G ( Lith augu Skt ojah lt H2eug- ) Secondly classical Sanskrit parkaṭī - fig tree has a holly oak ( Quercus ilex ) dialect homonym in a western Punjabi dialect with parg-ai instead of park-aṭī ( note related Skt k-g-j- bhakti bhaga-
bhajati ) In other words the Punjab region Vedic Parjanyah may be phonetically interpreted as Pərgənyah from the Iranian-like R-only Rig Vedic dialect lt possibly reflecting a phonetic alternate Pərkənyas from another ( Alakul ) immigration of R amp L Madhyadeśa dialects of mixed lineage populace - say perhaps marginalized poly-ethnic metalworkers
artisans a post-Sintashta śāpharikas fisherman ( re śapharas gt महाशफर )
farmers and herders perhaps even Yadavas ( re the tadbhava layer ) The 800 years from Sintashta to the Vedas significantly impacted Indo-Iranian itself much less a few odd loanwords A phonetic Iranian-like Punjab Vedic Pərgənyah amp Pərgənauml of the Volga-Ural Erzya look suspiciously similar Whatz up with that Was there a Volga-Ural cultural contact in common with a similarly positioned ldquoalpinerdquo velar The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 ) indicates that very common contact were the Volga-Ural
Fatyanovo- Balanovo Balts and their descendants ndash the same mushroom munching forest folk with their rolling ratas gentara- golden amber and stinky šapalas breath Thirdly Parjanya ( Divas putrāya ) like Vāyu and his obscure dhēnā lt dainā have already been marginalized in the Punjab Rig-Veda of elite Āryan priests - with only a few old token hymns Times change people change languages change Even Gods change All we are is dust in the wind
More Bull gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In East Baltic Mythology Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons is closely associated with the Bull In Nuristani Mythology Paumlrun is a war god ( kariaunas ) In Pashto Perūne is the knotty Pleiades star cluster ( re Old Prus Perōni - group Lith Peruotas
- beetle brood Peras - egg brood larvae ) The reason Perkūnas-Perkaunis is associated with the Bull is due to the ancient correlation of the Taurus constellations importance to the agricultural Dnieper Satem Tripolye R1a1a- Z280 substratum of East Balts The Taurus constellation ( Latv Vērsis ) signaled the start of the growing year and the arrival of Perkaunis loud Thunder storms Pashto Pleiades is in ( you guessed it ) - the Taurus constellation ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) The stars brought the rain of the Bull representing the magic of fertility to the Z280 Satem farmers When the Satem East Balts assimilated the poly-ethnic Globular Amphora-post-Narva substatum with their pre-Fairguni a Centum velar was added to Peraunas by his wife Perkūnija hence the E+W poly-ethnic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons Uralic loanwords attest to this antiquity of the East Baltic ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive variant Perkūnas was very important to farmers unlocking the start of a new growing year by his loud return In Lithuania the first ritual plowing of the Spring was done by two sacred black ( kirsna- ) bulls His two stones ( not red ) release fire The goatish echoes of flying snipes before a storm warn of his arrival Stricken lightning locations are šventas The darža checkered ceramics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) in Sintashta and Alakul pottery track contacts with Fatyanovo-Balanovo Z92 farmers Parjanya later appears in the Rig Veda as an peripheral obscure deity even though he is a son of Heaven ( Divas putrāya ) He is associated with Soma Vāyu ( Lith
dialect Vėjus ) and has Bull symbolism He gladdens the Earth He has a trace of a misplaced velar unlike Pashto Perūne star cluster ( Pleiades - in Vērsis ) Paumlrun or Slavic velarless Perun Parjanya has lost his militaristic affinities amp exploits Early Mitanni mining contacts may culturally connect Ashur Marduk to the Asuras Maruts There were no copyrights back then The evil serpent and various keraunophobic belief systems have remained quite popular to this day It is the hero Indra who now frees the cattle from the Vala cave slays the Vritra ahi- serpent and throws the wheel of the kerauninkas Kāvya Uśanas ( Latv milna lt mildna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild-
Tocharian kaumlrwentildee )
Perunaš Peraunas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Angis anžuolas reflect connections to the Hittite ( Maykop or Lydian ) diffused Myth of Illuy-ankas (eel-snake Latin anguilla ) and a storm deity named Tarḫunna Perunaš a stone-boulder-cliff deity joins in ( Myth of Ullikummi Ivanov
1958 108-9 ) The peaks of Greek Κέρκυρα island Baden alpine Hercynia and GAC pre-Fairguni or later Norse Fjoumlrgyn mountain all have a peaked alpine velar whereas Middle Dnieper Tripolye Satem reflects a Hittite common gender Perunaš as the Middle Dnieper cultures velar-less Peraunas we all know and love ( Czech Peraun Slavic Perunŭ Polabian Peraumlune- ) Sanskrit velar-less
Paru Parv-ata mountain ( Hittite Peru Perunant- Avestan Paruuatā ) was also used for a cloud especially a massive knotty cumulonimbus cloud cluster the kind which usually precedes violent thunderstorms ( Rig Veda 106411 ) An affiliation of Peraunas with cumulonimbus thundercloud clusters geologic uplifts lightning-bolts and magic ceraunium stones ( Tocharian kaumlrwentildee pārem ) is still noted Neighboring Catacomb Culture provides a later Greek Keraunos - thunderbolt ( Grk Poimenes Lith Piemenes Kerauninkas ) Circular triple crossed ceraunic hexagrams were popular Baltic woodcarving motifs Lithuanian kerauti translates as to make magic sorcery Globular Amphora amp Northern Dnieper Satems assimilate uniquely blending Satem Peraunas amp Centum Perkūnija in a wedding of sky amp earth ( re post-GAC ON Fjoumlrgynn amp Fjoumlrgyn ) Perkaunas-Perkūnija unite the poly-ethnic Baltic Centum amp Satem farmers which also head East with his still new ERC velar wedding attire as Uralic words record Neither the Polabian Peraumlune nor Pashto Perūne ldquoclusterrdquo cognates have the ERC velar whereas the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno neighbors of Fatyanovo-Balanovo do Perkaunas adopts the mycological magic orphans of the forest folk along the way to the Urals with Fatyanovo-Balanovo metallurgic pioneers His reception was cordial but the forest is his home with his oak and his ever popular sacred orphans The Baltic etymology of the revered oak is perhaps a ldquosecretrdquo taboo double entendre ( ang-is anž-
uolas ) but knotty fits just fine Perkūnas clash with a hiding Velinas ( Latv jods -
black ) the serpent-demon in the oak ( Middle Welsh derwen ) over theft ( cattle-
fertility ) is an old theme Thus the traditional black hued choice of sacrifices especially during times of drought Fire in the oak Quercitron The Storms of Spring battle Winters dark deceit for the release and restoration of Life Perkūnas was to wed the laume water spirit Indraja but it was not to be Parjanya isnt as popular in the Avesta Nuristani Paumlrun is a war god no bull Parjanya has already been de-oaked by the time of the Vedas and his ancient heroic legends have been assigned to Indra Parjanyas name is still spoken by farmers The Komi have Pera the giant amp his Oak grove As for his northern šventas orphans ( V N Toporov 1979 RV 9823 ) word gets around For the paru
peru jointed knotty IE etymology see Karl Hoffman 1974 In addition I note Sanskrit Paru - knotty having joints ( esp of reed or cane ) and Lith Peras - jointed plant shoot ( eg of reed ) cluster as well as a cluster of white knotty or jointed larvae or brood cluster bear close etymological affinities ( for -as vs-us note Lith Vėjas vs dialect Vėjus ) This cluster could be of stones clouds rock eggs sprouts larvae chicks church goers reeds or
stars From the eggs amp seeds of PIE per- to bear begets the cluster That
cluster becomes a cloud ( Perunaš Peraun ) or if stone later becomes a mountain
( Perunant- Paruuatā ) The visual connection of a puffy cloud cluster with a cluster of cute fluffy chicks or squirming larvae ( Lith Peras ) may be easily comprehended by a native Oaxacan but most scholars to date just dont get it They may well never Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are all related cluster cognates GAS influenced Perkons amp Parjanya are also related and especially to each other with the GAS velar infixation - due specifically to Volga-Ural inter-ethnic contact ( copyVirdainas )
Oaks are strikingly knotty as are firs fingers posts backbones cliffs and clouds Oaks are also like mountains ( re Fairguni ) strikingly tall or as they say in Hittite Parku- or Tocharian Paumlrk- and long when felled ( Tocharian Paumlrkaumlr- again ) - as when one makes a 26 ft dugout canoe - or perga - pergas ( Finnish haapio lt Fatyanovo aspen canoe ) Greek Πέργ- implies a European substratum p inclination for expected b Khotanese bulysa also prefers the horizontal orientation A Proto-Kartvelian dialect root for acorn dialect for oak reflects ḳrḳo- which bares a striking similarity to Italic Kerkus an oak ( with
many branches ) Venetian Querquerni Thucydides mountain Kirkine Celtic alpine Hercynia gt Gothic mountain Fairguni gt ON Fjoumlrgyn Greek island Κέρκσρα Lith Kerkūrė - hill mountain summit Lith Kerkulė many branched stump ( trunk ) Lith Kerkutys branching trunk Welsh Perth bush ( with many branches ) Old Norse Fjoumlrr tree Lith Keras bush ( with many
branches ) Lith kerkoti ndash to ldquostickrdquo out - like the ldquoalpinerdquo velar in Perkons or Parjanya darža laquo checked raquo Alakul or Kandahar Mundigak-VI Afghan pottery or z92 by Samara Initial or medial Q gt T gt P is early Lengyel BBC influencing GAC TRB traders amp Baden outliers Follow the Money Lengyel - Bell Beaker culture influence is easily percieved in various numerals such as Breton pemp Swedish fem Old High German fimf Oscan pompe - 5 or Welsh pedwar Old English fēower vs Lith keturi Sanskrit chatur - 4 Perhaps also GAC 11 amp 12 w -p lt -q like 4 Jātarūpa amber Gentaro rupis (
FYI - Some Western Chicago dialects pronounce knotty amp naughty the same way ) The 2800 BCE Corded Ware GAC connection of ON alpine Fjoumlrgyn amp E Baltic elevated Perkūnija is fairly obvious given current archaeological amp DNA evidence Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are cluster cognates Perkons amp Parjanya are also related - due to contact Roth ratas rathas Embrace the Chaos
Velars amp Vowels
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Given what has been revealed from the archaeology of the Sintashta era and later ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornament of the Volga-Urals ) the northwestern Punjab Rig Vedic dialect of Parjanyah may reflect an earlier Volga-Urals region polyethnic Perkaunyas or Pərgənyas which would resemble the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno or Baltic Perkaunias very very closely Why are the nearest cognates of Parjanya with an rdquoalpinerdquo velar ( plosive ) only in Balto-Finnic Volgaic Permic Baltic and otherwise noticeably absent in surrounding Satem Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani European Celtic Hercynia Gothic Fairguni attest to Western perhaps GAC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive affinities ( re roth ratas rathas below ) As linguists struggle with the etymology of the Punjab Rig Vedic Parjanya or even Baltic Perkūnas for that matter did they even consider the heresy of a poly-ethnic origin ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2 ) or a GAC origin of the integrated ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive ( re Eulau GAC
DNA amp Shughnans ) Slavic Satem Ruki amp velarless Perun would support it Perkaunias gt Perkonias gt Pərganyas Short e o get leveled to a as Indo-Iranian evolves At least a half a millennium passes between Sintashta and the Vedas Velar plosive [-G-] before a front vowel becomes [-J-] In other words we are discussing a shared cultural tradition ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) spanning well over four thousand years ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 The laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Beyond the similar name itself the very verses of each cultures related hymns ( dainās ) exactly parallel each other in a truly uncanny way The inclusive Perkaunijas appealed to poly-ethnic farmers herders and smiths not to a xenophobic ruling elite The increased frequency of dental cavities in Arkaim remains may reflect polyethnic Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo populace Given the Fatyanovo link with Sintashta ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) amp Kandahar ceramics ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 laquo checked raquo 14 ) and Corded Ware Abashevo origins of chariot cheek-pieces in the Urals such speculation is well within reasonable parameters even for diehard skeptics ( DNA data pending ) The Sintashta metal workers were busy real busy - cooking ( varia ) copper which is noisy hot foundry type work A rare day off meant quietly fishing by the cool water with some herbal headache medicine And it is still the common farmers who welcome Parjanya Pərgənauml or Perkons Perhaps the priests forgot ( RV 10853 ) Parjanyas is still the father of Soma ( RV 9823 ) Bon Appetit
The astonishing similarity of the archaic Central East Baltic (Latvian dial example Perkaunis Perkūne and Lietas) Dainās tradition mirrors the Eastern Fatyanovo Balanovo Baltic culture mythology as seen with the Votiak Perkịno and Volgaic (Erzya Pur‟gine Lit-ava) songs The initial L vs R of Lit-ava would presume early-Baltic contact since Vedic vṛkah ( vs archaic Baltic
vilkas) is associated with the loanword vərgas in Uralic Moksha or Komi Zyryan voumlrkas - wolf terms which were probably acquired from an Alakul intrusion into the forest-steppe Yet Ossetic does have Lymaelign friend reflecting Mordvin Loman man whereas Sanskrit has Ramana - man
married (re Latvian Loma- role Lithuanian Luomas- marital status class of men) Erzya has Paz reflecting Saka Bagas - a legacy of their contact ( Slavic
Bogъ) Discovering East Balt R1a1a- Z92 among the Volga-Ural Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) may pale to other previously unidentified R1a lineages from ancient cultural contact The Pur‟gine Paz - Lit-ava hymns are thus part of a poly-ethnic shared tradition
Syllabic Resonants R gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The East Baltic šapalas and Indic śapharas (chub-carp ) śāpharikas ( fisherman ) isogloss is indeed very interesting - given the absence of other fish cognate isoglosses ( Ossetian kaeligf Old Japanese kwop(j)i gt koi ) Sanskrit scholars have determined at least two early Vedic dialects ( the IE L gt R only
vs the R and L - Madhyadeśa region ) and possibly a third ( the L only ) existed The Rig Veda we know today is in the R only dialect ( Indo-Iranian coalescence of
L gt R ) Note Sanskrit śroṇis vs Lith šlaunis Thus only occasional token words remain from 2 of the 3 Vedic era dialects Baltic had retained IE L The Greek Indo-Iranian dialect area exhibited issues with syllabic resonants ( l r m n ) - as when m and n became a or Greek alla amp arra or Indo-Iranians syllabic liquids where l usually became r There remained an Indic instability with r (ṛH) where Iranian had ar vs Indic ir ur - with E-W dialect variants Examples of this are Skt śiras vs Av sarah- Grk karā- or Skt giri- vs Av gairi- ( Lith girė vs Slavic gora ) The conservative Satem speaking communities of IE dialects which begat the Baltics usually evolved reflexes of semi-vowels l r m n into il ir im in yet also rendered them as ul ur um un after original labiovelar plosives and later rearranged after more changes The two different reflexes cluster in contrast - inflectional morphemes have the i- reflex whereas the u- reflex is not uncommon in the expressive lexicon
There was certainly early Āryan as well as Catacomb culture ( merger of Genitive
amp Ablative) influence - interaction with the respective emerging Baltic dialects (as
Middle Dnieper artifacts actually reflect amp also javas- grain isogloss or Skt paścāt Lith
paskuj later ) and with Proto-Slavic while each neighbored near the larger proto Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian isogloss area of dialects (eg Graeco-Armeno-Indo-
Iranian past tense prefix augment isogloss) Reflecting this archaic regional relationship is the specific spiritual tradition of Dawn ( Uṣas Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven isolated together in the Indic Greek and Baltic cultures The semantic perceive vs awake contrast of Greek peuthomai Avestan baodaiti and Indic bodha-h vs Balto-Slavic Lith budėti invites some curiosity Is there some specific Balto-Indic link for the divergent wake-awaken semantics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) The Armeno-Aryan remodeling of the Ablative suffix helps to date influences on Middle Dnieper dialects Another relic of this same late Sredny Stog era influencedialogue interaction maybe the proposed loss of a laryngeal (H )
after the introduction of a long vowel (Korlandt 1975 - re Latv guovs Skt gauh ) and of course RUKI The Middle Dnieper Baltics amp Slavics were thus distinct early autonomous NW Satem IE dialects (Upper Middle Dnieper-Don region ) and even more so upon becoming Europeanized R1a1a- poly-ethnics Hydronyms by Tula Russia ( re Eulau CWC DNA ) appear quite Baltic Early Satem contacts ( mtDNA T ) and exchange may have also occurred with Don-Volga Repins before an exodus flight of a group far to the East which evolved into the Afanasievo culture ( Russ toloka Lith talka telkti Tocharian talke VRC
) Repin A1 type pottery arrived at Mikkhailovka on the Dnieper around 3500 BCE from a people that had a connection to the Volga-Don Region Repins There were Repin settlements in Middle Don where it dispersed to Volga and Dnieper areas ( Sinuk 1981 ) Tocharian may be thus related to both the early Middle-Lower Dnieper Repins ( re Middle Dnieper Repins gt ERC gt pre-Germanics ) and the northern Ural-Volga Repins that migrated the Trans-Ural region East ( Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) The incorporation of some Middle Dnieper Repins into the multi-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture is supported by isoglosses between Slavic Baltic Germanic and Tocharian
The cultural convergence of these various Āryan Baltic and Uralic peoples by the Urals in the second millennium BCE is reflected in name of the annual Finnish Kekri celebration which exemplfies the state of developement of the Indo-Iranian at that time - as compared with later Rig Vedic Sanskrit sg pl čakras čakrā- PIE kʷekʷlos ( Finnish yh-deksaumln 9 or 1 from 10 lt IIr - vs
Finnish tuhante 1000 lt E Baltic Fatyanovo ) It appears from above loanwords that at mid-third millennium BCE the Fatyanovo East Baltic Satem [ š ] preceded a slower developing Indo-Āryan [ ś ] Note Nuristani parallel sonsonant It ( Finnish tuhante ) also shows uncompromised original East Baltic pre-GAS Ruki Did each Satem tribe perhaps influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) the other ( Mari indeś 9 Ossetic daeligs 10) East Baltic Fatyanovo žemė lowland was adopted as a toponym šaumlme and is now known as the haumlme region of Finland ( w Fatyanovo artifacts ) Before the Finnic change of š to h the toponym provided an ethnonym - Saacutemi aka the Lapplanders (Koivulehto 1993)
Uralic Honey
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
It is common to read that the Finno-Ugric loanwords for honey - Hungarian mez Mordvinic med Estonian Finnish mesi were not borrowed from Battle Axe Baltic medu - honey or a Ural-Volga Pre-Tocharian Repin dialect ( Latv sāls Toch A sāle Zyryan sol - salt ) but rather from a later Āryan madhu - sweet drink Even though the same Finno-Ugrics have loanwords - Mordvinic Mokša kaumlras Mari karas Udmurt karas for honeycomb wax - reflecting East Baltic kāras honeycomb ( Lith korys Latv kāres ) and in spite of the archaeological chronology of centuries of Battle Axe Balt Finno-Ugric
( eg pre-Kiukainen culture w LWb ) contact or earlier Pre-Tocharian Repin Finno-Ugric interaction ( eg Saacutemi vieške Tokharian A wsā-yok ) long before Pit Grave Āryan culture arrival No mekši -fly cognate is found in Ob-Ugric It is noteworthy that current Bashkir preserves kaumlrauml- along with Altaic Kazan Tatar kaumlraumls in that Ural region and even distant Chuvash has karas - honeycomb Note Mordvinic Erzya kšta beeswax Lith šekštė thick coarse Single markers of mtDNA N1a also group Bashkirs with Lithuania and the Komi Permyaks East Balt type Y-DNA R1a1a1 Z92 among the Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) adds additional linguistic perspective to the kāras range East Baltic bitis bee has an interesting cognate with Egyptian bi-t Baltic amber has been found in the pyramids Ural karas honeycomb is clearly a legacy of Fatyanovo-Balanovo regional assimilation ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) Surprisingly neither Slavic ( w solitary exception of Polish skarzyk lt GAS ) nor
Indo-Iranian possess a cognate ( करण - honeycomb ) although Greek does
( κηρός ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo was not some amorphous Balto-Slavic - it was evidently an identifiable archaic East Baltic - that preceded Kiukainen type hybrid cultures
Archaeological Chronology of Cultures ( Cal
14C vs the time-travel of Linguists )
5600 BCE Akali Narva-Kunda settlement in Estonia w Cannabis amp Triticum pollen
3700 BCE - Volga Repins by the Urals Volosovo expanded from Urals 3200 BCE - Fatyanovo Battle Axe arrival - Volosovo culture interaction
2800 BCE - Fatyanovo-Balanovo ceramic laquo checked raquo darža double row diamond ornament re Bronocice pot motifs
2700 BCE Kiukainen hybrid type cultures Balanovo Metallurgy in Ural forests 2300 BCE Abashevo - Pepkino Kurgan ( MVK Poltavka Fatyanovo Hybrids )
2100 BCE Abashevo amp Seyma-Turbino Metallurgic developement amp interaction 2100 BCE - Sintasta - Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament
2026 BCE Sintasta - Arkaim ( Poltavka w some MVK amp Abashevo becomes Andronovo ) - U of AZ
14C
1780-1660 BCE Alakul cemeteries pine timbers of Lisakovsk Kostany oblast by Tobol river - U of AZ 14
C 1700 BCE Timber Grave and Alakul culture intrusions into Ural forest zone cultures
1600 BCE - Timber Grave - Alakul - Fedorovo laquo checked raquo double row diamond Volga-Ural ornaments 1000 BCE - Mundigak Period VI ceramics of Afghanistan with darža laquo checked raquo double row diamond ornaments
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
From Kaunas to Kazan
to Kandahar - We Are Family
The time-travel of linguists is supported by serious academic references of
proto Indo-Aryans loaning proto Finnish vasa - calf - prior to the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC arrival thereby neutralizing any possibility of a ratas rathas debate whatsoever and uncountable cans of worms of a probable Centum connection ( GAS ) The debate was only postponed Pots dont talk they speak - volumes Note that Ossetian waeligs Yaghnob wasa - calf - would suggest a 1st millennium BCE Gorodets era contact loanword The artifacts do Another archaic Baltic loanword into Finno-Ugric exemplifying the range of influence the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC had is the East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole or long pole stick ( Arm jałk rod branch ) which has traces in Saami čuolggu pole for pushing a fishing net under the ice Finnish salko long pole Mordvin śalgo stick Komi źal lath-stick Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane
Bison in the Forest gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Gradual climatic warming of the vast pine-birch forests of Russia also afforded a home to the woodland bison (Bison bonasus bonasus) known in Lithuanian as stumbras or in Old Latvian as sumbrs - which bears a odd amp curious resemblance to the Sanskrit śambaras ( stag lt F-U śambaras lt ) A similar semantic drift is seen with the Russian izubr - stag ( Slavic jьzōbrь [ jьlt vь ]
OPr wissambrs ) Evolution of the tusked Satem žambras žumbras gt zumbras gt sumbrs noun for the dangerous forest dwelling wisent bison is far from being etymologically settled although sumbrs is unique to East Baltic Note žambas žambras derivation as well as later GAC wisent lt OPr wissambrs gt Slavic jьzōbrь ( jьlt vь ) The wisent is the largest herbivore in Europe Excavated sites in the Baltic countries indicate wisents constituted 20 of the hunted wild ungulates In Lithuania there are still meadow ( Lith
lanka Khanty lŏk ) names such as Zumbriškės by Aukštadvaris and Žumbrickiai by Ramygala in the central Panevėžys district whereas Stumbriškis place-names appear less archaic Wisents often frequent lush meadows for grazing Archaic Satem cognates for the Carpathian bison in central Europe extend beyond Slavic examples Niketas Choniates recorded
the δοσμπρος (lt zumbros ) of 12th century Cumanians hundreds of years after
the advent of Old Church Slavonic liturgical texts The apparently Thracian ( w
final -os ) δόμβρος (lt zumbros ) cognate dates to the same century as the
beginning of formalized Old Church Slavonic literature Other cognates also display this close relationship such as Thracian midne - homestead
reflecting Latvian mītne - dwelling very nicely
Given the existing evidence of Žumbr- type place-names in Lithuania like Žumbrickiai East Baltic (re upė vs apė ) obviously had a dialect variant Žumbras Finno-Ugric pronounciation of the ž- or z- consonant perhaps yielded a multi-cultural Balt-Finnic term sumbras (re Old Latv Sumbrs ) in the distant past (eg Dyakovo culture ) for the forest wisent An East Baltic remodeled variant stumbras ( re stirna ) arose In many outlying regions after the animal disappeared so did its old name Scandinavian and Slavic traders later brought in new substitute wisent names Over thousands of years of multi-cultural interaction the common term sumbrs overtook the older zumbrs variant in the Latvian region - probably due to the Estonian-Finnic phonetic influence Modern Lithuanian still has the tusked žambras žambris although the semantics are now limited to a wooden plow ( Lith žambuotas Skt
jambhate) Regional polyethnic changes of ž- to s- as in žalga gt salko do not necessitate a taboo in place of multi-millennial Finnic influenced cross-culture contact For example the related Baltic taurė - herders blow horn is not at all uncommon in Uralic languages The neighboring Finnic influence of ž- or z- to s- with zumbrs gt sumbrs needs no extravagant linguistic explanation
The East Baltic Neuter gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The singular neuter gender exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages with West Baltic documented using singular neuter gender asigmatic -n as in kelan - wheel Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords from Uralic such as kela - reel or in modern East Baltic ( Žemaitian medė forest or coastal dialect lizda vs Prussian median ) once again dating the commonality of a West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 ) pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-
Svitych 1963 42-44 ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as the singular neuter in Lydian with the generalized singular neuter ending in -d The Slavic neuter origin may reflect an old R1a1a- Z92 Eastern orientation The anaphoric pronoun -ad lt ( ntr sg ) -od reflects the Hititte -at used for
collectives or neuter plurals suggesting an early ( Mysian ) Lydian Hittite split East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords in Uralic imply the loss of the final consonant occurred prior to a Northern expansion The evolution of the neuter gender in East Baltic can be deduced from the surviving languages and dialects Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains The Lithuanian neuter is still used in impersonal constructions Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of that language - even after the era when dialects became different languages As the R1a1a- Z92 or the LWb allele genetically indicate Fatyanovo Baltic was as identifiable East Baltic - as Latvian Lithuanian and Žemaitian are to this today Apples dont fall far from the apple tree
Loanwords in Uralic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Academia also attributes Finnish porsas pig as a loanword from an Iranian (
pārsas ) source Note that archaic East Baltic parša pig ( neut ) was the signature livestock of East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo culture archaeological excavations ( like Centum poly-ethnic GAS ) - and is also noted ( Varov amp Kosintsev
1996 54 ) as a significant feature of Corded Ware Abashevo livestock (Koryakova-Epimakhov 200765) in the very same Volga-Kama region as the later Khudyakovo group of the Pyanobor ( Udmurt parś boar ) culture region Some post-Balanovo Finnic Ananyino culture excavation sites (eg Svinogorskoye) also favor the pig above other livestock The Mordvin cognate may reflect Sauromatian (Prokhorovo) influence Note Khotanese pāsa- lt pālsa- lt pārsa- lt parsa- lt parša- One of the most conspicuous traits of the Indo-Iranian Andronovo culture is the complete absence of pigs as opposed to the related western poly-ethnic Timber grave culture - which evolved with discernible Corded Ware Abashevo culture assimilation Andronovo Indo-Iranians werent keen about mushrooms either ( Yasna XLVIII10 ) Given the distribution ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 Kandahar laquo checked raquo 14 ) of uniquely
Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornament of Urals ) one may speculate if their parša term followed ( Grishakov V
Stavitsky V 2003 ) their motifs (re the Sanskrit cognate of neuter E Baltic parša gt
Estonian parh lt parha lt parša )
vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras
The Finnish loanword vasara hammer appears to be from a late Āryan vazarah ( vajrah lt vaźras ) without the final s most likely from the 16th-13th
century BCE Timber-Grave northern forest intrusion ( re Erzya azuru man of rank
Udmurt uzər lt Timber-Grave Iranian asurah ) as opposed to an Alakul forest-steppe re-intrusion ( re Moksha vərgas w -s nom sg ending ) Other Uralic terms include Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere and all lack a final s ( re Redei
1986 25-26 28-30 ) The East Baltic cognates range from Lithuanian vėzdras vėzdas mace club Latvian vẽza stick club vẽzecirct to swing in the air
wave wag lt ueg Note the vežys of crayfish waving their pinchers Latvian
veseris maul-hammer appears to be a loanword from Livonian since the phonetics are closer to the Finnic versions than Lith vėzdras mace club The -d da- contamination of vėz-das vėzdras may be from the closely related stone-less synonym laz-da - club and may well have altered ź-da gt zda as in Lith lazda lt laźda (Albanian lajthi ledhi - id ) Bored stone maces with a peculiar solar rosette design - ubiquitous in the Abashevo culture have been unearthed in the Mariampolė district of Lithuania East Balt four five or seven-bulbed stone bored maces are almost identical to Andronovo maces Perkūnas thunderbolt ( Latv milna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild- ) was also a round stone The evolution from vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras vėzdas appears rather old but provides fresh new perspective to the etymology of Sanskrit vajra and Avestan vazra The practical forest dwelling East Balt woodsmen apparently favored the utilitarian kirvis- axe-hammer ( Indic kṛvi- ) or Maykop like vedega - adze more and evidently shared them with the Uralic locals Hazel nuts were a Fatyanovo staple
The early polyethnic East Balt Uralic Pre-Indo-Iranian group would play a role in the settlement ( U of AZ - radio carbon date average - 2026 BCE) of Sintashta Arkaim and later also influence the regional speakers in Iran India who become bilingual Like the Magyars in Central Europe or the Goths-Galindi-Alani in Spain Āryan languages are now marginally reflected in the gene pool of India ( re Uralic variant of mtDNA N1a )
The Ethnogenesis of Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Abashevo pottery resembles and blends Fatyanovo and Balanovo East Baltic
Corded Ware styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) Like poly-ethnic Balanovo East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) the forest-zone Abashevo culture left both kurgans and flat graves although some burials may also reflect nearby Poltavka culture customs of the steppe-zone This indicates a transitional group of Corded Ware populace of mixed affinities with an emerging Āryan elite Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich - were probably influenced from a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave Iranian asurah - perhaps pre-Ananyino era and do not indicate any hypothetical Āryan type Abashevo language for that Corded Ware group Latvian folk solar design signs exactly match the enigmatic Abashevo ubiquitous rosettes Poltavka amp Abashevo complexes of the Novokumak horizon coexisted by the Volga The Abashevo southeastern expansion towards territory that was prior a Catacomb border region suggests cultural assimilation of that populace as well which was later followed by a Timber Grave assimilation once again
This widespread polyethnic (kulturnaya obshchnostrsquo ) Abashevo mixed populace invites varied interpretations by differing viewpoints of different stages and regions - resembling the Heisenberg uncertainty principle Abashevo defies oversimplification for convenience sake An expert on the Abashevo culture A Pryakhin ( Pryakhin amp Khalikov 1987 ) deduced that it evolved from contacts between Fatyanovo Balanovo (Balts) and MVK Catacomb (Mnogovalikovo) Poltavka (Pit-grave Āryan) peoples in the Ural forest-steppe Most Corded Ware Abashevans were like Fatyanovo Balanovo narrow faced and dolichocephalous - contrasting somewhat from the MVK Catacomb Pit-grave Poltavka cranial amp physical type ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) But the Abashevo were on the whole poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) and multicultural Regional variant sub-groups include a Ural Volga Don-Volga and Kama-Vetluga expressions Sometimes the Balanbash label is used for the eastern variant
Were the varied poly-ethnic cosmopolitan Abashevo people MVK Catacomb Poltavka Āryan CWC East Balts residual upper Don-Volga Repins or partly Finno-Ugric Yes
Abashevo was multi-cultural and poly-ethnic E Pluribus Unum
One is inclined then to consider the singular masc baritone ratas gt rathas term as a probable Corded Ware Abashevo poly-ethnic lexical legacy
Sintashta intensifies the regional forest-zone copper metallurgy of the Corded Ware Abashevo and the earlier pioneering Balanovo East Balt metalworkers Balanovo copper ( varis ) metallurgy in the Urals had become an attractive alternative to the then destabilized Carpathian sources drawing the attention of southerly (Saami Oarje) Volga Pit-grave Āryans who had endured cyclic periods of drought The Urals quickly became a major metallurgic center Sintashta stock-breeding reflects the earlier Abashevo Corded Ware culture (note East Baltic šėmas gōvs gray cow or papijusi - cow with milk and related Sanskrit
pipyūṣī id) as does some of its metallurgic products and flat graves A recent
genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) add additional perspective The Sintashta slightly concave knife-sickles are connected to the Abashevo polyfunctional ones (Skt kṛpā- Latvian cirpe Lith
kirpe- ) Many Sintashta remains were dolichocephalous europoids ( re Kirsna
man ) like the forest-steppe Corded Ware Abashevans and earlier Fatyanovans ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) while others resemble Pit-grave Poltavka types In fact kurgans only accounted for about one third of the burials at Sintashta (Epimakhov 2002) E Kuzmina (The Origin of the Indo-
Iranians Volume 3 p 222 ) suggests Sintashta was not purely Āryan in composition and quite possibly quasi-bilingual Over a period time the cultures consolidated by the need for mutual co-operation
The later stage of the polyethnic populace of Abashevo amp Sintashta cultures may give an insight to the language of Proto-Indo-Iranian ( Pre-VedicAvestan
Sintashta ) Remains of the Pokrovskij type continue dolochocephaly and narrow faces with additional admixture of Uralic types detected in that group The Arkaim Sintashta area sites correspond to the Avestan Vara of the arriianəm vaējō Reflecting its polyethnic populace is Finno-Ugric Hungarian var fortress Saami var village and East Baltic Lithuanian varas tall timber palisade stockade ( Skt vartra ) Arkaim and Sintashta are also shaped like Central European Rondels The circular or oval settlement designs are very reminiscent of earlier Tripolye Dnieper sites or later East Baltic fortresses (eg
Tushemlya ) The dolichocephalous narrow faced Volga-Balts originated from the Northern Fatyanovo variants of the earlier Middle Dnieper culture which had assimilated some Tripolye C2 substrata Here is perhaps an example of a East Baltic term varas ( timber stockade ) borrowed in Finno-Ugric Vedic and Avestan In stark contrast the later Āryan Petrovka phase preferred a rectangular settlement shape over the circular or oval forts of the Urals yet still exhibit influence from western Abashevo Abashevan socketed spear designs eventually end up in western China via Andronovo influence The the range of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motif even extended to the Cherkaskul culture and regions of Siberia ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Latvian apsa aspen closely resembles Altai dialect apsa-k or Tatar Tobolsk dialect awsak and Chuvash eumlveumls Who knew
The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) of Baltic Uralic people in the ethnogenesis of the Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim cultures has provided scholars with linguistic opportunities in studies of the early Indo-Iranian dialects and in Finno-Ugric Baltic etymologies The Avestan and Vedic combinations of neuter plural nouns or multiple single and plural nouns with the verb in singular ( in Greek as well ) reflects archaic Baltic
constructions ( Lith beržorai esti ) Just as Lithuanian dialect panta or pantas - a crossbeam provides insight to the origins of Greek pontos - sea (linking ports) - Latin pontis bridge Armenian hown - a riverbed ( ford ) - a fresh new ( re Lithuanian-Latvian dialect panta - a link etc ) semantical understanding of Sanskrit panthās Avestan pantā - path ( link ) finally emerges from the mists of antiquity Khanty-Ostyak - pant path vs Mokša pandaz halter lt hobblelt link are related examples of Satem cultural interaction with Finno-Ugrics over time It is very important to keep in context the limited duration of this cultural horizon Here is a window a key that may unlock many doors It is a very unique horizon (chapter) of Eurasian and Russian prehistory when early Indo-Iranian traditions blend with Finnic and East Baltic cultures ( re DRD2 data) The Satem connection between Tolstoy and Gandhi was not only linguistic
A Fishy Whale gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There has been noted ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) a widespread hybrid checkered ceramic tradition of Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Abashevo and Pozdnyakovo cultures reflecting intimate polyethnic relations (re mtDNA haplogroups U4 Narva U5b2 and T1 ) The Sintashta Culture was not monolithic but rather a regional composite of various components as reflected by the variability of the ceramics If Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo influenced and integrated with the Sintashta area people ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) did it also influence their Āryan language (re Eastern Sanskrit R amp L dialects) Indic-Baltic specific isoglosses ( eg śāpa- šapas miśra- mišras ) may need updated reappraisals in light of the unfolding archaeological evidence of Corded Ware Abashevo influence and ethnic presence ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt
checked ornaments ) Riverine Latvian sence- mussel matches Sanskrit śaṅkha- shell rather well as does barytone Baltic antis Skt ātih - both waterfowl Sanskrit nārās and Lith nara both flow The Sanskrit suffix - inga- (Skt sphulinga- spark) looks peculiarly Baltic (ie Lith blezdinga swallow) as does the - ikas suffixed Skt śāpharikas fisherman Lith šventikas priest
The šapalas and śapharas ( Faux Dace महाशफर पतिशफरी शफररप Skt
śāpharikas fisherman ) isogloss is quite unique and curiously percise Similarities between Leuciscus cephalus idus amp lehmanni ( Zeravshan Dace ) may have encouraged the terms usage Puntius sophore aka śapharas the faux Dace has the identical profile coloration and specific reddish hue on its lower fins as its above Leuciscus šapalas neighbors Coincidence left the room with Elvis Someone remembered exactly what that fish looked like Indic śapharas ( the Faux Dace ) may well be an identifiable relic-loanword from East Baltic Corded Ware Abashevo-Balanovo-Fatyanovo šapalas contact since it is altogether absent ( like Parjanya ) in Avestan or Ossetic ( kaeligf big type
of fish) or other Petrovka derived Āryan languages There is no ichthyic cognate of East Baltic šapalas in the Catacomb culture derived languages
or even Slavic ( ) Germanic or Uralic for that matter So it is equally odd to note the complete absence of cognates for the archaic East Baltic žuvis - fish in all the Indo-Iranian branches although the Pontic steppe related Greek and Armenian somehow both preserved related ichthyic cognates ( Arm jukn ) Ossetic has retained an IE laeligsaeligg brown trout as well as a loanword kaeligsag from Hungarian keszeg and Mansi kāsəŋ a bream-dace type fish reflecting Timber Grave Iranian amp Finno-Ugric cultural interactions The Avestan mythic kara- may recall the voracious Volga wels ( Old Prussian kalis lt kalas - wels catfish ) which to this day exhibits legendary proportions approaching 10 ft The archaic žuvis šapalas howled today by an excited Lithuanian fisherman ( Skt śāpharikas ) still echoes the simple joy of his forefathers from long long ago
The Perkūnijas Parjanyah Pərgənauml Perkịno shared tradition is a delicate issue since each is venerated to this day in their respective cultures One may note that all three are very close in certain details The East Baltic laitus rain (Lith lietas lietus ) tradition with lightning East Baltic Laita may have been an archaic term for Summer rainy season (re Slavic Lēto year) which followed the return of Pleiades before the northern migrations of Battle Axe Balts The Erzya Lit-ava in their Prayer Hymns remained intact Modern Pashto has Perūne - Pleiades (re Greek Keraunos thunderbolt Slavic Perun all lacking a velar
plosive lt GAC ) Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- For the mushroom Perkūnas relationship see V N Toporov 1979 Parjanya is the father of Uralic Soma Perkūnas was to be the groom of the aquatic Laumė Indraja - Lith hydronyms Indus Indra Indura ( Mitanni Indara Skt Indu ) The Laumė Indraja is a mushroom guide or teacher And to uphold respect about these cultures and to be as accurate as possible I will only use the term shared
Perkūnas amp Indraja gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In the old Baltic dainos folksongs Perkūnas was to wed the Laumė Indraja One role of Indraja is as a mushroom guide spirit Vedic Parjanya is the father of Soma The Abashevo used talc in their ceramics as was common with their Uralic neighbors The pottery of the two cultures are found in the same room Note ( N1c1 ) Mari paŋgə mushroom Udmurt paŋτəl- paŋτət- to howl and carry on after partaking of Fly Agaric The Lithuanian version Ar prisiėdęs musmirių refers to the partaking of Fly Agaric mushroom and exhibiting a skewed or altered state of reality It is a quite common courteous way of calling someone stone crazy If they ate a little too much dried - žalas ( RV
7981 ) Fly Agaric mushroom and there upon glare ominously wild-eyed
howl ecstatically see the Unseen amp carry on - that person would be labeled aršus The Avestan term for an ecstatic seer is ǝrǝšiš which is a close cognate to Sanskrit ṛṣiḥ - a Seer Back in the Ural forests Uralic Khanty still has a word sŏma for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl or vessel as well as one for partaking of Amanita muscaria This would all be quite coincidental if they had never met - but they did Archaeology has already provided the where when and why Latvian has an equally courteous and common expression for telling someone to buzz off - get a clue - ej bekot or go pick mushrooms Latvian beka mushroom or dialect peka is loaned from Balto-Finnic Livonian paeligkā id lt pękā lt Uralic pəηkā Note that the mixed Balanovo-Volosovo sites were mediums of cross-cultural bilingual interaction for sharing ethnic customs preceding and contributing to Sintashta which influenced poly-ethnic Alakul ( Grigoryev 2000 ) groups ( ОД
Мочалов 2001-2 re ceramic lt gt checkered ornaments ) Sharing the hewn sŏma-bowl
with its entheogenic contents like a diplomatic cross-cultural peace pipe evidently sparked its legendary admiration The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding m-m-m Sŏma good Uh-oh East Baltic neuters did not require a final consonant They still dont It is also suggested that Uralic panga mushroom fly agaric entheogen žalas - when dried re bangus is possibly the source for the Sarmatian-Magyar loanword in Slavic Polish pienka Russian Пенька - hemp entheogen ( lt Finno-Ugric Pəηka via Sarmatians amp Magyars w U2e1 - re C
Keyser et al 2009 ) Note Irish arsan - a Seer or German rasen - be ecstatic Let it rain
The Unthinkable Now Highly Probable gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The everyday awkward pidgin bilingualism albeit semantically skewed at times between the East Balt Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo MVK Catacombs and Poltavka Āryans in that culture is highly probable ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) considering some of their similar ( at times identical ) vocabularies and quasi-related grammar The cultural continuity of metallurgy in the Ural region that started with Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) continued with Abashevo and was intensified at Sintashta and Arkaim The artifacts including specific trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered ornamentation motifs on pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) reflect their co-operation and integration with each other The chance of trace Baltic loanwords in old Indo-Iranian has shifted from unthinkable to highly probable lt gt Mainstream archaeological academia has reviewed the collective material evidence thoroughly and is quite confident in their evaluations of it Archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics are finally revealing this untold story The scientific evidence is becoming increasingly difficult to dismiss And ratas is not some amorphous proto Balto-Slavic
Suggested essential readings include The Origin of the Indo-Iranians Volume 3 by Elena E Kuzmina edited by J P Mallory p 222 Brill NV Leiden The Netherlands 2007 ISBN 978 90 04 16054 5 The Horse The Wheel and Language by David W Anthony Princeton University Press ISBN10
0691058873 and especially laquoШАХМАТНЫЙraquo ОРНАМЕНТ КЕРАМИКИ
КУЛЬТУР РАЗВИТОГО БРОНЗОВОГО ВЕКА ПОВОЛЖЬЯ И УРАЛА by ОД Мочалов Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ( The laquochessraquo ornament on
the pottery of the Middle Bronze Age in the Volga and Ural regions by OD Mochalov
Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ) - available as a PDF from Stratum Note title mistranslation of laquo chess raquo for laquo checked raquo The ceramics track the East Balt cultural assimilation ( amp Z280 ) into various Indo-Iranian sub-groups It‟s a fact
PIE dei - gt Dainā gt Dhēnā gt Daēna gt Dēn gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Vedic Sanskrit has the somewhat (15 times ) obscure word Dhēnā meaning hymn song which reflects East Baltic Daina meaning dance gt song From IE dei- (move spin whirl) we have Latvian deinis dancer daiņa restless person dainēt daināt to dance sing deja dance Lithuanian dainuoti to sing ( vs somuoti ) clearly illustrating the core Baltic etymology (It is
also attested in West Baltic toponyms) But Vedic Dhēnās hymn-prayer lacks any such dance etymology The Avestan Daēna ( Middle Persian Dēn ) is even more semantically vague - that which is revealed revelation This implies a loanword and like in Vedic - a word without a clear etymology The closet indigenous Indo-Iranian cognate is Avestan Dian meaning fast (re Grk δινεύω whirl or διά-νοια thought ) Scholars interpret the actual pronunciations of the old Vedic Sanskrit Dhēnā and Avestan Daēna as Dainā Hello By following this thread the shroud of the past unravels and finally falls apart
There is only one ( ) Rig Vedic hymn to Vāyu wind Skt nom Vāyus lt Vējus Lith dialect Vėjus which is otherwise called Vāta Iranian Ossetic wad and Ob-Ugric Mansi loanword wōt indicate the primacy of Vāta usage in the early Indo-Iranian dialects where as Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant ( Lith Vėjūkas ) appears to be a loanword (also note Skt
vāhin amp Latv āzinis) Note that Dhēnā is also used in the rare Vāyu hymn (I 2 3-
) Vāyu is closely associated with Parjanyah amp Soma ( Pashto ōmə ) Ancient Rig Vedic Uṣas and todays East Baltic Ūšas Ūštun - dawning to dawn
illustrate the challenges Vedic like Baltic or Greek often made an adjective into a noun by just moving the stress to another syllable although in this case Rig Vedic Uṣas has the adjectival accent In other words Uṣas = Ūšas but no one writes about it (re Skt uśras Lith ūšras OCS za-ustra ) Nada Zip
The Rig Veda uses the word Dhēnās for hymns but does not emphasize it although that connection is later implied as such by Avestan Daēna From the new archeaological and archeaogenetic evidence of the polyethnic ethnogenesis of the Abashevo and Sintashta populace it is not linguistically unreasonable to deduce that the Dainā dance gt song gt hymn tradition of the assimilated Abashevo Balts was adopted as the term Dhēnās hymns songs by their fellow Āryan metalworkers near the Urals during a period of bilingualism and was used as such later in the Rig Veda An Abashevo-MVK Monteoru trade link for cheek-piece diffusion may provide an alternate explanation for a Dacian gt Romanian doina - lyrical song although the ancient amber trade explanation remains equally viable
From IE dei- (move spin whirl) developed East Baltic Dainā - dance song hymn ( Grk δινεύω whirl ) which was borrowed as Vedic Dhēnā - hymn prayer Avestan Daēnā - revelation Middle Persian Dēn - religion The word dena - revelation religion is still used in Kashmiri Arabic Dīn ( دين faith
religion ) is beyond the scope of this topic
Little did the stubborn poly-ethnic Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 L235 amp
N1c1 ) or Abashevo East Baltic forest-folk singing their Sacred Hymns of Divine Revelation ( Dainās ) near the Country of Towns by Sintashta in the Urals of 2100 BCE know how far their songs would travel and for how long they would echo - up to this day by contributing a term for a new Monotheism (
Daēnā ) emulated later to its West The Volgaic Erzya Rav-ava - mother Volga Volgaic Mokša Rava - river and East Baltic Lithuanian Ravas - stream or Latvian Rāva - marsh water correlation is rather interesting (Lith
Rauti - to run quickly )
The Baltic amp Uralic in Vedic Sanskrit Avestan gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The mythical Avestan ten month winters and Vara Daēna legend Āryan Soma Haoma ( RV 128 Khanty Sŏma hewn wooden mortar-bowl Volgaic Erzya
Mokša Sjuma Səma hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger ) Sanskrit Śarabha ( Mansi Suorp Mokša Sjarda ) the Avestan water goddess Anāhitā in a Northern forests beaver furcoat (re Finno-Ugric mother-beaver cult) Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC talc or chamotte ceramic admixture amp specific trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ornamentation ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) and the many Finno-Ugric loanwords (Burrow 1955 pp 24-27 ) from
both early Indo-Iranian ( Finnish kekri ) and Volga-East-Baltic ( Finnish ratas ) uphold the latest archaeological findings Soma is the guardian spirit of the North And U4 is U4 ( Pliss et al 2005 Derbeneva et al2002 ) A multi-disciplinary approach combining archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics together are yielding scientific results
That there is possibly a Ural-East-Baltic Daina Ratas Perkonias or Šapalas in Sanskrit or Avestan should not come as a surprise considering Uralic ( re Sŏma ) is indisputably present (re N1c1 Khanty Sŏma hewn mortar-bowl )
Indo-Iranian Soma preserved the native N1c1 Uralic word ( Sŏma ) for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric ( Amanita muscaria ) was pressed with stones in water ( Skt
saumya- soft ) The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo-Garino cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding of what was pointed at ( re EV 141 ) Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 amp N1c1 poly-ethnics ) to this day still partake dried Amanita muscaria with milk amp honey as they have done for well over four thousand years It is Senasis Takas- The Ancient Way
Such drift of semantics can be heard even today in the English phrase Do you want to do a bowl
The Āryan Soma of the Urals eventually became a generic ( Pashto ōmə ) term to label an entheogen
Finding Baltisms ( ntr pl [ as w Hittite ] or multiple sg w sg verb the -yu- -ju- words like Vāyus - Vėjus ) or specific loanwords ( GAS Satem ) will be next to impossible especially without the displaced Vedic era R amp L middle dialects (eg ślokas - Madhyadeśa region ) of earlier migrations The integration of the polyethnic Corded Ware Abashevo into the Sintashta cultures may have not had a significant impact beyond contributing their earlier equine cheek-pieces Ural metallurgy amp talc chamotte pottery admixture or trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ceramics ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked
ceramics lt gt ) but it is probable they did leave other cultural traces (including DNA
words like ratas daina ) as well A recent genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) adds additional perspective Why
does East Balt ichthyic šapalas match Indic faux Dace śapharas ( महाशफर ) or śāpharikas ( fisherman ) so closely and as with other word matches
cognates are wholly absent in Avestan and even Slavic like the alpine velar in Parjanyas Also Skt śāka- Lith šėkas - green grass or Skt śakala- Lith šakalys - splinter - et cetera etc etc Perhaps even a Fatyanovo š itself given the Nuristani counterpart There are the parallel myth traditions of Dawn ( Uṣas - Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven dhēnā of Vāyus - Vėjus or the Ashvins - Ašvieniai Divine Twins Yet the breaking up of Middle Dnieper culture Balto-Slavic occurred especially with distant Fatyanovo-Balanovo well over a millennium prior to the ethnogenesis of Indo-Iranian The preponderance of such Baltic Indo-Iranian isoglosses suggests a period of contact and just as importantly the nature of those contacts Archaeology has indeed already provided the where when and why ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Pots amp DNA do speak
That a central European culture ( 3400 BCE - Baden Globular Amphora ) centered new wheel term ( Old Irish masc sg roth pl rothai Latin neuter sg rota pl rotae
Albanian diminutive w th from a t gt sg rreth pl rratheuml ) reflected in Corded Ware East Baltic baritone masc sg ratas pl ratai was loaned into Finnic languages is uncontested (re Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) but where does an Āryan baritone masc sg raacutethas - vehicle figure in the pre-Sintashta ( 2400
BCE ) Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian shared lexicon It doesnt
Bronocice Poland - Pot pre-3400 BCE - Farmers Wagons
Note laquo checked raquo darža motif similar to GAS-BALTIC Fatyanovo motif
And why would Indo-Europeans need to rename the wheel ( PIE kʷekʷlos ) Perhaps the assimilated European farmers did it East Baltic Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) copper metallurgy in the Urals has its roots in central European cultural traditions ( re Globular Amphora ) which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo Cultural area The old Carpathian metal trade of central Europe provided for contacts and cultural exchanges ( re amber trade ) between language groups like NE pre-Celts pre-Albanians and Middle Dnieper Balts ( Albanian lopeuml - cow Latvian Luops - id ) as well as Triploye C2 Lengyel amp TRB substratum interaction This interaction between the central European Dniester Tripolye C2 refugees - which may also have spoken their native Temematian language - and the northern Middle Dnieper Tripolye C2 bi-lingual populace may account as a medium of some unusual archaisms ( re tauras ) and with additional admixture of TRB Lengyel BBC ( Q gt P ) Globular Amphora spread Corded Ware isoglosses amp innovations ( plural dative m long root preterite ) in the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Fatyanovo regions as well as traditions of central European Carpathian arsenic copper metallurgy Arkaim and Sintashta
fortifications are even shaped like Central European Rondels Trade networks between Centum Euro-Repin GAC subgroups were conduits for isoglosses even beyond the other Balts in the West Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1 ) amber contacts amp Uralic substratum may well be the phonetic impetus of the dative plural -M- type linguistic transitions away from a -B- The influence of a Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva ( w U5b2 ) poly-ethnic substratum perhaps contributed to incongruities in Baltic Satemization amp partial RUKI ( eg Finnish
laiha GAS Lith liesa ipo lieša ) as well as contributing a residual substratum vocabulary of their central European Centum words like pẽku Make no mistake the impact of this Centum Satem tango went both ways ( GAS gt Germanic 1112 1000 etc) Balanovo jewelry from the Urals also emulates specific designs of a central European provenance perhaps derived from Globular Amphora-Narva poly-ethnics as a substratum ( GAS ) of Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo ( Česnys et al 1990 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) The Baltic amber sun disc talisman or solar halo ( rẽtis ) wheel Saulės Ratas is found distributed in central European cultures particularly the Centum Globular Amphora culture - which contributed substratum to Fatyanovo-Balanovo which in turn contributed to the Corded Ware Abashevo culture and eventually poly-ethnic Sintashta Arkaim ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) If the Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas Saule is also a common traditional Kazakh amp Central Asian ( Afghan
Kyrgyz etc ) female name The meaning of the name is translated as sunlight or Sun just like the feminine East Baltic Saulė which is also used for a female name Another coincidence Again
Saulės Ratas
Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Ural copper metallurgy preceded Corded Ware Abashevo and later Sintashta Arkaim metalworking predating them by about half a millennium The terminology of the typical dual wheeled cart ( Lith dviratis vežimas ratai Finnish
rattaat ) of the early GAS East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Goldina 1999) farmers amp metallurgist-woodsmen and multi-cultural Abashevo successors may have been a source for a unique northern archaic import ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas wheel ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) providing an Āryan masculine singular ratʔas gt raacutethas upgraded intact as a nominative singular word for the new chariot of the Abashevo - Sintashta era metallurgic bonanza Semantic incongruity is a hallmark of loanwords in traditional linguistics The Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas One might expect an Āryan neuter form as the Sanskrit scholar T Burrow did or perhaps an Āryan plural form East Baltic has in fact many old variants
including Latvian ruota toy ruotacirct to hop turn roll and Lith rẽtis halo Coincidence A speeding Āryan raacutethas bounced a lot - it hopped The wheel spread faster than the flu in central Europe and prestigious words of new innovations were traded as well as new trends from contact ( re Baden Globular Amphora Fatyanovo Abashevo ) In fact the PIE roteH2 rotH2os rotoH2s discussions are currently at a stalemate an academic impasse Why would some Indo-Europeans want to rename the wheel anyway ( PIE kʷekʷlos
) Maybe they didnt
An East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo GAS loanword proposal for post-Sintashtan rathas is not only linguistically practical and etymologically grounded it is archaeologically probable ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) We do know the earlier Corded Ware Abashevo cheek-pieces were copied - but what else Given the boatload of Corded Ware influenced artifacts at Sintashta and Arkaim maybe one or two Corded Ware words leaked out Just maybe To quote M Witzel (2003) quoting JP Mallory (2002) there are still degrees of geo-linguistic plausibility
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
Some ornament traits let us to link Sintashta with northwest forest Fatyanovo culture
( Oleg Mochalov - Samara State Pedagogical University Institute for History and Archaeology of Volga region Samara Russia)
- The origin of Sintashta culture ceramic Ceramic through the Millennia methods approaches results - 2008 -
East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) entered the North after 3200 BCE ( C-14 cal dates from Latvia- see Loze 1992 ) and shared their ratas wheel with the local Uralics ( Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) on the way to the copper deposits by the Urals About 1000 years later Sintashtan Āryans - after spending a couple of centuries with the Corded Ware East Baltic speaking woodsmen ride off into the dawn of history on their new Āryan twin-wheeled rathas (re Kassite king Abi-rattaš Mitanni king Tušratta gt
circa 1350 BCE) drawn by two horses using the Corded Ware Abashevo amp MVK Catacomb inspired cheek-pieces Academics still dismiss the coincidence () of a baritone masculine singular Āryan rathas rattaš spontaneously produced in the linguistic company of Ural East Balt metallurgists who had an isolated northern archaic ratʔas dialect form ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) of baritone masculine singular ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas for near a thousand
years since 3200 BCE Pots do speak - as does DNA The silence of Cherchen Man speaks volumes
The Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo with their characteristic central European Globular Amphora cultural-substratum influence ( re GAS lt GAC-Narva w U5b2 poly-ethnics pottery copper pigs flint axes
amber ) and Uralic admixture ( re N1c1 Volosovo talc or chamotte ceramics ) are thus the most logical candidates for the dissemination of the ratas term of 2400 BCE as heard to this day with East Baltic Lithuanian ratas amp the related Latvian cognate Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo ) ceramics use chamotte admixture and exhibit a projecting rim as does later Corded Ware Abashevo ( re mtDNA N1a1a1 294 lt GAS ) Volosovo amp Balanovo pottery is found in the same room Words were spoken Abashevo amp Sintashta adopt specifically Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered diamond rhombus type ceramic designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Arkaim amp Sintashta artifacts - clearly exhibiting Corded Ware Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural influences including talc - chamotte pottery admixture amp darža checkered ceramics ( thus verifiable contacts ) - provide the archaeological support for just such a linguistic loanword exchange as well as the foreign mycologic sŏma tradition of these quasi-trilingual misfits Kandahar valleys Mundigak Period VI ceramics in Afghanistan ( Kuzmina 2007 p 716 fig 101 14
re Lith piešalas Sanskrit peśalas ) also exhibit the unique Fatyanovo darža checkered double row striped diamond motif The Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest dwelling quasi-trilinguals stubbornly clung to their Euro-farmer identity and never did quite fit ( ārya- ) in Fly Agaric is the fruit of the forests not the wide open steppes As noted by Kramer the cat is out of the bag Vedic ashvyam goh - horses amp cows of the Dasyus still echoes todays East Baltic ashva amp guovs The Babino Multi-Roller Ware MVK Catacomb culture neighbors of the Corded Ware Abashevo would later be reflected in shaft graves with cheek-pieces in distant places as Mycenae near Athens by around 17th century BCE Mycenaean warriors also wore Baltic amber Mycenaean mtDNA had a match in SE Poland A MVK-Monteoru link or CWC GAS - again
The combination of kurgan and flat graves reflecting the integration of indigenous Europeans with IE steppe ethnicities (re Dniester Usatovo-Tripolye) is found in the Middle Dnieper culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo and Corded Ware Abashevo Abashevo integration at Sintashta is indicated by various material artifacts Sintashta kurgans account for about a third of the burials - the rest are interestingly enough flat graves
The Ural Elephant in the Room gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Then there is the intriguing Perkaunijas Perkino Pərgənauml Parjanya legacy - the Ural elephant in the room so to speak Unlike Pera amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Why are Parjanya cognates
with an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive absent in the multitude of other surrounding Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani Satem languages and dialects - or even related Satem Slavic (re Pashto Perūne Slavic Perun Nuristani Paumlrun vs Gas Lith
Perkūnas ) Slavic Ruki amp velarless Perun vs Gothic alpine Fairguni suggest a Centum GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive was assimilated into Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns type cognates Archaeological support for such a bold linguistic assertion is beyond debate The zones of such Centum Satem contacts have been thoroughly dated with C-14 Although Perkino amp Pərgənauml may only reflect the 1st millennium BCE Dyakovo era the Dainos of the forest dwelling East Balts easily pre-date the Sintashta-Arkaim era by a millennium Variability of Sintashta ceramics with Fatyanovo influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2
rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) certainly reflect cultural contact and interaction Parjanyas reflects an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive - East Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns reflects a GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive Rathas vs GAS ratas The lexical legacies of poly-ethnic Sintashta contact have survived intact four thousand years ( re U of Az C-14 ) Prakrits of India also preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) not found in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words Was the Sanskrit (ṛH) dialect ir ur variation ( Skt śiras vs Av sarah-) an innovation or perhaps a polyethnic relic of the earlier migrations South It is a rich field awaiting someone to harvest it Such material was reviewed by W Tomaschek in 1883 (Ausland p 862) and discussed later by H Arntz S G Oliphant and S K Chatterji
It was women who made the checkered pottery sang their songs and mothers who taught the language to their child Men sometimes forget this The mtDNA evidence should not be overlooked ( Narva-U5b2 ) As L Koryakova and A Epimakhov note in their The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron ages Balanovo culture villages consisted of above-ground wooden log houses and in their cemeteries (flat amp kurgan) men were buried on their right side women on their left side - as also in Baltic Corded Ware tradition After the Sintashta polyethnic horizon by the Urals and subsequent first migration South we find a continuity of this same Baltic Corded Ware ( Abashevo Alakul
w checkered pottery ) type of burial custom in Tulkhar by the Andronovo Bishkent culture (1700-1500 BCE) and the later Vakhsh and Swāt ( Vedic Suvastu
) cultures and also at Timargarha This unusual Andronovo gender dimorphism MR FL burial trait was even noted by J P Mallory amp Douglas Q Adams in their Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture Bishkent skulls were dolichocranial (Khodzhayov 2008) like Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Denisova 1975) One general trait to distinguish Andronovo from Timber Grave burials is how the first has the head oriented to the West or SW whereas some Timber Grave cultures favored orienting the deceased towards the North ( re Mahaparinibbana
Sutta ) or East East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo burials oriented male heads to the SW females to NE - per steppe Maikop tradition Later East Baltic Jukhnovo settlements even oriented their streets to NE SW
Pottery shards found at a tin miners camp on the lower Zeravshan at Karnab have an Abashevo style of decoration from an early phase of contact Two pots unearthed far away by Sarazm betray their polyethnic Abashevo Sintashta Ural area origination by their talc admixture ( N1c1 cultural custom -
re fly agaric amp sŏma ) Near the tin mining camps the Tazabagyab variant of Andronovo buried their dead in flat cemeteries not kurgans The Saka of the Pamirs were also dolichocranial and narrow faced ( re 2005 Vaclav Blažek Lamb 2011 T Witczak bužys ) A unique cognate for barley-seed invites further speculation ( Lith miežis Latvmiezē Khotanese miṣṣa- ttumaumlṣa- re H W Bailey
BSOAS 21 pp 42) as do Fatyanovo maižis barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972 ) darža checkered Siberian amp Cherkaskul axe-celts ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo
checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Eurasian cattle DNA ( J Kantanen et all 2009 )
The early metallurgy of the Urals had fostered a far reaching network of contact ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) we are only now beginning to grasp and map out Some Corded Ware traditions of the integrated polyethnic Abashevo ( w Uralic
admixture) appear to have continued beyond Sintashta with the first of many migrations of that Āryan population South as well as those left behind contributing in the ethnogenesis of the polyethnic Timber Grave Culture of the Don-Volga region Pokrovskiy and Potapovka cultures ( runic Alanian Vayuk amp
Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Lith Vėjūkas see also ОД Мочалов 2001-2 )
Talc admixture in the early pottery of Sarmatians suggests a close interaction with Uralic N1c1 people ( Mari in-deš 9 Ossetic daeligs 10 Mari kene hemp Ossetic
gaelign(aelig) id) Overall Potapovka burial remains show a continuity of earlier Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) amp Poltavka cranial types reflected in Timber Grave amp west Andronovo burials contrasting with the different Corded Ware Abashevo skull remains ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) and related Pokrovskiy cranial types Cimmerian amp Scythian daggers have proto-types found in the Volga-Kama region The Timber Grave culture and Andronovo in turn both contributed to the formation of the Sauromatians and the Saka The western Timber-Grave culture that assimilated the Corded Ware Abashevo become quite settled in small scattered log home settlements without fortifications and even raised pigs like them (vs eastern Andronovo nomads) The agrarian Corded Ware Abashevo ( poly-ethnic R1a amp N1c1 ) character would persist as integrated parts (agricultural Solar cult clan) of some certain select groups and clans ( Alakul
Srubna ) eventually melting away over generations assimilating in here amp there leaving only relics in the earth inherited cranial amp DNA evidence only now being uncovered and scattered traces in later regionalized Āryan vocabularies (Skt
Parjanyah śapharas - faux dace Ossetian baeliglon dove ) amp culture Not to be overlooked by any means is a genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) A relationship between taurine breeds of the Baltic ( Fatyanovo ) region and Sakha ( Andronovo ) cattle suggests cultural connections or later contact ( re ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) A later influx from the steppes of the East back to the Ukraine is suggested by traces of zebu mtDNA in cattle there
The archaeological evidence suggests integration amp assimilation Haplogroup N1a (mtDNA) in the Volga-Kama Komi Permyaks indicates some farmers stayed Recent studies regarding the DRD2 gene are producing data which show a relationship between Eurasian people near the Volga-Kama Urals area and Brahmins in India Go figure Uralic descendants of the Corded Ware Fatyanovo Balanovo settlers preserved some of their language ( re karas ) and most likely have Finno-Baltic Balanovo-Abashevo DNA as well ( mtDNA
U5b2 HV3 nodal HVS1 N1c1 amp R1a L235 ) Some Corded Ware R1a1 remains ( massacred by locals near Eulau around 2600 BCE ) with X2 mtDNA closely matched living individuals of Estonia ( GAS of Fatyanovo ) with Syria (Mitanni) and Iran (post-Andronovo ) while the male DNA ( lt CWC-Globular Amphora R1a- M458 ) closely matched with individuals in Gdansk and Tambov Russia (SE of Tula amp near
Perkino ) - regions associated with Globular Amphora Corded Ware cultures ( Berezanskaja 1971 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) One of the K1b lineages showed matches to two Shughnans from Tajikistan ( Wolfgang Haak et al 2008 ) Vaclav Blažek ( 2005 ) specifically ties a Fatyanovo word (SKES VI 1819-1820 ) for lamb found in Vepsian vodnaz to the proto-form for the Shughni cognate among others ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) T Witzcak ( 2011 ) relates Lith bužys to Ossetic buʒ Shughni vazič amp Avestan buzya- ( re
CWC Eulau-Shughnan DNA darža motifs ) As Grissom said - follow the evidence The Corded Ware settlement near Tenteksor in Kazakhstan (see below ) may provides an interesting possible DNA perspective The mounting DNA evidence implies a Corded Ware component of Andronovo amp the archaeology of Sintashta-Arkaim proves a Corded Ware Abashevo-Fatyanovo component of Andronovo ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The probability of a Ural-Baltic Daina Ratas or Šapalas in post Andronovo Vedic Sanskrit or Avestan could therefore be logically expected given the above DNA amp archaeological evidence If linguists can ignore unique checkered pots they can ignore DNA But an out of place velar lt plosive just might elicit their curiosity Understanding the language of whales should be a new priority and test their mettle It appears that the men living around Sintashta amp Arkaim had time to talk together - about their vehicles horse-power fishing the rain shrooms and songs Some things never change Its a guy thing
The poly-ethnic ( R1a1a1 amp N1c1 ) Eastern Balts of today have preserved a Continuum of Cultural Tradition for Indo-European use of the dried žalas Fly Agaric in collective celebratory use ( such as peasant weddings amp various festivities
) from the very mists of antiquity - before Abraham the Shasu YHW or even the post-Sintashta Soma reveling Rig Veda itself The above daina dhēnā daēnā song-hymn-revelation topic has often been muddled with the inclusion of unrelated Vedic dhēnā - milk cow which is cognate with Baltic daine - cow (that calves in the 2nd year re FU tajine) and daini - pregnant with offspring (Adj of cow or mare) Even discussions about the Dainava dancing waters singing rapids region of Lithuania are not immune from such distractions New
archeaological and genetic DNA evidence continues to unveil the unexpected as will comparative study of the ancient Latvian Lithuanian and varied Finno-Uralic languages like Estonian
The Assimilated East Baltic amp Āryan in Finno-Ugric Ethnogenisis gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Fatyanovo and Balanovo settlement sites dwindle after the severe Winters around 2100 BCE when the East Baltic speaking population ( LWb allele R1a1a-
amp N1c1 ) for the most part assimilated in with their related Abashevo or nearby Āryan or Finnic ( N1c1) neighbors ( eg Sintashta-Arkaim Chirkovo-Seyma Pozdnyakovo Timber grave culture amp the much later diverse poly-ethnic [one
group choosing interment the other cremation] Northern Burtas pig farmers lt Nart Borataelig ) Fatyanovo amp Abashevo characteristics especially specific darža checkered designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals
) are noticed on ceramics from Chirkovo-Seyma ( gt later Ananyino ) culture sites near the Volga river Pozdnyakovo settlements ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) as well as on Sintashta amp Alakul culture checkered pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 ) Hexagonal Cis-Ural structures of the Fatyanovo ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ) may correlate with Baltic cosmological hexagram ( triple crossed keraunos ) kerai
magic reflecting an old ceraunic hexagram star design ( ऋि = 6 ) motif found in
many East Baltic distaff ( verpstė ) folk carvings ( re Gromoviti znaci Taranis wheels ) The Ugric Sky Elk had six legs The six ray solar-star hexagram design is later found in Mycenae designs ( re contacts ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The Ural Forests are unimaginably immense and the Winters around 2100 BCE were unusually long and severe ( Vidēvdāt 23 ) The demand for skilled metalworkers was growing fast with the Ural metallurgic bonanza History is messy The archaeological evidence indicates multi-lingual Fatyanovo-Balanovo people assimilated in with both Timber Grave Pozdnyakovo Iranian speakers and Volga-Kama Uralic speakers Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link or panta bridging Timber Grave with Uralic And that multi-lingualism was valued ndash and used We do not know when Fatyanovo-Balanovo converted to a Srubna Iranian but we know that they did and where ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Oink
Regional bilingualism probably persisted for centuries reflected today in archaic residual loanwords ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem 1000 Ossetian baeliglon dove
) Many Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture Balts assimilated ( Erzya Purrsquogine amp Permic
Pera myth traditions ) and adopted Uralic ( N1c1) languages ( Ananyino horizon ) and cultures as many had done earlier with the Abashevo culture ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) and repeating again with the early Pozdnyakovo amp Sarmatian ethnogenesis (w Gorodets admixture) The first millennium BCE Dyakovo culture was again poly-ethnic partly East Baltic during its middle phase - with polished ceramics ( re CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation LWb allele gt ) mainly Finno-Ugrian perhaps part Sarmatian is known from its hillforts with palisades (E Baltic varas gardas gt Volgaic kardaz Permyak kar city town ) Population size was about a hundred at each site The building styles of log cabins in the hillforts change from North to South - above ground to semi-subterranean - reflecting Balt amp Āryan building traditions The fibulae buckle (Mordvin sjulgam) artifacts appear Baltic as do many sickles and bronze headdresses ( Krasnov 1968 4-5 8 ) The Volsk-Lbishche culture known from sites like Shiromasovo in Mordovia exhibited Fatyanovo Corded Ware characteristics and was unexpectedly found far away from a excavated settlement in Tenteksor Kazakhstan - a northeastern area of the Trans-Caspian region
Reports of Bigfoot gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The genetic linguistic and archaeological record documents a prolonged assimilation by descendants of Volga-Kama Balanovo East Balts various polyethnic Abashevo Āryans and later mixed Timber Grave Sarmatians into the ethnogenisis of regional Finno-Permic peoples ( Goldina 1999 ) of the Chirkovo-Seyma Ananyino Pyanobor Pozdniakovo and related Djakovo Gorodets cultures (eg Finnish vuosituhat ) Volgaic ( śid-al sed bridge Finnish silta
id ) Words of an East Baltic provenance ( Latvian sēta tilts ) attest to ethnic movements ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) as well as the specific East Baltic balandis Ossetian baeliglon dove isogloss Latvian lanka low plain Ossetian laumlnk ( Khanty lŏk ) Lith Vėjūkas runic Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Ossetic raeligmūʒyn closely matches the semantics of East Baltic cognates rather than the related Indo-Iranian cognates Sarmatian archaeological periods reflect cultural changes ( ie burial
orientation ) in their population which probably indicates a diverse variety of regional dialects of which only the one found in Ossetic survives A recent study about N1c1 Uralics as origin of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation in Caucasian populations ( re Ossetians ) adds an additional perspective ( F Libert et
al 1998 ) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old The broadest area of high frequency is located in northeastern Europe particularly the Baltic region ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) New dating of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation coincides closely with the Dyakovo horizon and the distribution of elevated frequencies match the archaeological ethnicities ( initial Volgaic amp later East Baltic ) which converged in the Dyakovo poly-ethnic horizon especially during its middle phase of polished ceramics and expanded agriculture From Dyakovo settlements cultural contact with
Gorodets sites and nearby Sarmatians might be expected to further spread the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation
The ethnogenesis and development of the Ural forest-steppe Sarmatians did not occur in a vacuum Evidence of Sarmatian - East Balt ( Plain Pottery gt
Bondarikha culture ) as well as Sarmatian - Finno-Ugric interaction has linguistic support ( also CCR5 Delta 32 amp LWb allele frequencies) Note Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich lt influenced from perhaps a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave asurah - of a pre-Ananyino era forest intrusion by Timber Grave tribes or later Trade contacts were valued - Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel or Hungarian ezer 1000 amp Ossetian aeligrzaelig- huge The Mnogovalikovo and Abashevo also played a significant part in the ethnogenesis of the Timber-grave culture ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) especially with the Pokrovskiy culture as well as with Uralic cultures Single markers 187 270 272 of mtDNA N1a1a1a group Bashkirs with Lithuanians and the Komi Permyaks Elevated R1a1 ( haplogroup R-SRY108312
aka SRY15322 ) is found not only with the Erzya ( re R1a Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13
DYS 520 =22 ampc) but also with the Bashkirs (38-48) of the Urals who still harvest their ancient kaumlrauml- honeycomb A match of Estonian and Indian single marker 294 of mtDNA N1a1a1 has been reported GAS Again Or was the 294 from the beautiful but endangered Seto people amp culture Perhaps some Narva mtDNA U5b2 will surface far from home Embrace the Chaos
The regions surviving autonomous Baltic speakers assimilated again in the 5th century AD as new Slavic type cultural groups filtered in from the South although in some areas Baltic speakers remained intact as evident from the historic record The new Slavic speakers (Komi rotś ) followed the same path into Russia as the old Fatjanovo-Balanovo era East Baltic speakers did three thousand years before the Slavic immigration The common R1a ancestry of many East Balts ( R1a1a1 Z280 L235 Z92 ) and East Slavs (R1a1a- Z92) invites new scholarly re-examination of East Balt and East Slavic isoglosses The Old Russian Ipatiy Compilation of Chronicles mentions that in 1147 the Prince of Rostov-Suzdal defeated the Golyad ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) who lived by the River Porotva The Golyad lt Golędь ethnonym was derived from a Baltic hydronym galin- meaning deep water The defeated population ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) would be from then on taxed - accordingly For more info see Marija Gimbutas here Today the family of related decendants of all these mixed forebearers can be seen in Latvians Lithuanians Estonians as well as in Russians the Erzya Moksha
Mordvins Mari Permics Bashkirs Ural Tatars and Indians ॐ
Balto-Slavic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The late Sredny Stog Middle Dnieper Culture grew from conservative peripheral IE dialects related to Yamna Satem with admixture of different assimilated indigenous peoples from Dnieper Donets and the Tripolye culture of Central Europe as well as subgroups of Centum Globular Amphora contributors ( w TRB BBC) and a host of others (re remnant Middle Dnieper Repins ) The ethnogenesis of these distinct dialects with assimilated indigenous peoples formed various diverse regional Balto-Slavic speakers which were localized as the poly-ethnic Europeanized peripheral Satem dialects of Baltic and Slavic closely related to early Pit-grave Āryan yet distinctly different even then with diverse degrees of admixture within regional subgroups The Balto-Slavic type poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture was a fusion of ethnic groups - a melting pot - so to speak with a retro core Satem dialect (archaic Balto-Slavic lacks perfect reduplication - agreeing with Albanian Hamp 1963)
The unique peripheral components of the Middle Dnieper culture say the early East Baltic Fatyanovo migrated away before a thorough homogenization of Middle Dnieper Satem lingua franca dialects could consolidate among regional subgroups ( eg E Baltic kur kame W Baltic kuei Slavic kъde - Finnish tuhante Mokša
tožaumln lt E Baltic 1000 lt pre-GAS RUKI - Baltic long root preterite re Burrow 1955 p 19 ) Hence the Balto-Slavic debates Dative plural m or the tūšante tūšanti type Satem participle term ( Latvian tūska ) for a thousand were probably disseminated by trade contacts between distant Globular Amphora subgroups various Middle Dnieper subgroups and other groups ( re Goth ain-lif - p lt k lt
GAC - P-Celtic-BBC Lith vienuo-lika eleven OSw thornuacutesand thousand ) from the earlier Centum Globular Amphora migrations ( Globular Amphora-Narva polyethnics
w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) near the expanding networks of Fatyanovo ( R1a1a1 Z280 LWb ) pioneering the North The Y-STR variation among Slavs has given the evidence for the Slavic homeland near the middle Dnieper basin which provides a geographic context for the Slavic linguistic correlation to the early Satem West amp East Baltic Upper Middle Dnieper homeland and the nearby Catacomb amp Pit-grave Āryans to the East During the period (3400
BCE) of the oxen pulled wheeled wagon revolution the Yamnaya culture slowly expanded toward the edge of the Corded Ware horizon of late Sredny Stog culture Millennia later in the same eastern area of the contact zone near the middle Dnieper a poly-ethnic Slav Timber Grave Iranian ethno-genesis would develop the Chernoles culture
A separation of Belarus subpopulations along a North South line can be demonstrated particularly in distribution of Y chromosomal lineages R1b I1a and I1b N3 and G-chromosomes The uniqueness of the northern Belarusian population is most likely due to the high incidence of poly-ethnic pre- ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 [old name N3] (
homogeneous Baltic pre-ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo substrate with allele DYS1915 ) which is twice the frequency as in central and southern Belarus The central and southern Belarusian substratum Baltic Milograd physical traits differ somewhat from Ukrainian substratum SlavScytho-Sarmatian traits (re U3) The assimilation of Belarus may have been mainly linguistic and less physically ethnical ( R1a1a- Z92 )
The Autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov Culture gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture complex of the Podolian Upland bordered the Trzciniec and Sosnitsa (early peripheral Baltic) complexes to its far North but appears culturally related to the Montreoru (early Dacian) and later Sabatinovka Thracian complex to its near South in regard to burial rites and pottery (also see Linguistics and Ethnogenesis of the Slavs 1985 by Oleg N
Trubačev) Native Pre-IE Tripolye culture farming populace (Temematian) were assimilated also as they were with Middle Dnieper Baltic The unique close relation of early Slavic origins to Globular Amphora and later Ural-Steppe amp Asian Iranian ( Slavic azъ Tumshuq Sakan azu ) and nearby Dacian and Thracian are often lost to the worn out Balto-Slavic chorus of cliches After the arrival of the Huns (w G V mtDNA N1a U4) in Europe and a devastating plague in the 6th-7th century AD post multi-ethnic Cherniakhov culture Slavic soon became the lingua franca of commerce trade throughout most of Central Europe and beyond A polyethnic ethnogenesis interpretation (Proto-Slav Komarov gt Belogrudovka gt
Chernoles culture) helps to explain why Slavic has partial elements of a Satem Corded Ware dialect of an early autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture language resembling Baltic (Middle Dnieper culture) languages bordering to the North The archaeology also agrees with regional hydronyms of a decidely Slavic provenance (vs Trzciniec amp Sosnitsa Baltic) as proposed by the renowned Russian philologist Oleg N Trubačev Trubačev (1986) had also detected nearby Illyrian and Thracian hydronyms on the Dniester Bug and Middle Dnieper A poly-ethnic ethnogenesis interpretation also explains some of the Slav Timber Grave Iranian religious vocabulary ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- ) as
well as other linguistic impacts on Slavic ( see EricHamp 2011 ) from the Timber Grave amp Steppe Iranian culture ( Slavic azъ Saka azu ) and also detection of common Slav Timber Grave Iranian mtDNA types ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 )
The southern neighbors of the Proto-Slavic Belogrudovka (from earlier Komarov ) culture ( mtDNA U4a2 ) were the Sabatinovka Thracian complex - a mix of Catacomb Timber Grave amp Monteoru ( Sharafutdinova 1986 115 ) Dacian of which some yielded to the Belozerka gt Chernogorovka Cimmerian early Timber Grave Iranian speakers which in turn yielded to steppe Timber Grave Scythians The rest of the Dacians survived and are heard in todays Albanian The Timber Grave culture retreated South from the Ural forest steppe around the 12th century BCE due to climatic cooling Mezhovka culture filled the void they left Also the later Sarmatian amp Alan presence near the Dnieper by Kiev was enormous (re mtDNA U3 R1a- Z93 Slavic azъ Saka azu Ossetian aeligz amp loss of word-final nom -s ) Ukrainian cattle zebu mtDNA reflects this influx from the steppes of the East
In the Ukrainian gene pool six Y-DNA haplogroups are revealed E F (213
including G and I) J N1c1 (96) P and R1a1 Northeast European Sarmatians ( C Keyser et al 2009 ) are not merely romantics as Saka kurgan (mtDNa N1a1a1) genetics bear out ( C Keyser et al 2009 Voevoda et al 2000 Clisson et al 2002
Ricaut Francois-X et al 2004) - although historical Sarmatians ( Śarmis ) included Asian R1a- Z93 amp Uralic admixture (N3 U4) Note Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel The tripartite division of the Slavic languages may reflect latent regional substratum influence on dialects evolved from the Proto-Slav Komarov culture which was designated by hydronyms of a Slavic provenance by O N Trubačev East Slavic like its neighboring East Baltic Sosnitsa ( gt Bondarikha gt
Jukhnovo ) complex to the North had the near influence of the Catacomb culture and may reflect some later MVK Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) cultural dialogue ( Russian jalovec juniper Armenian elevin id ) from MVK Monteoru culture trade exchanges Monteoru Dacian and Proto Slavic were close to each other which may explain some Slavic Albanian isoglosses West Slavic R1a
M458 may well be inherited from ( post Lengyel -TRB ) Corded Ware Centum Globular Amphora culture area substratum ( re ERC GAS gt Czech pyacuteř fire
embers re ERC Oscan pūr ) with a Satem Pomeranian R1a1a1 L365 conversion (
in NW Pomeranian in SW Dacian ) preceding a later W Slavic expansion ( Slavic
Bogъ Saka Baga- Slavic azъ Saka azu - see EricHamp 2011 ) Language is not genetic it is acquired Note N1c1 ( N-M178 ) Baltic speakers in Lithuania amp Latvia or R1a1a1 ( LWb ) Uralic speakers in Estonia or Yoeme speakers of Yoi Noki in Arizona
Kelan Kolo Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Does this support the construct of a so-called Balto-Slavic region or Middle Dnieper cultural horzon of anciently related initial dialects of subgroups like a
Satem Armeno-Aryan Catacomb culture Graeco-Armenian poly-ethnic Centum Celto-Italic or much earlier Indo-Uralic Probably The distance between Slavic amp Baltic each to early Satem Indo-Iranian (Pit-grave Āryan Satem) is not as great as such labels would imply One can also easily group together Satem Baltic-Slavic-Indo-Iranian with RUKI amp declension ( locPl ending -su ) considerations They were all in obviously close contact by horseback or river travel But if there never was a specifically monolithic Proto-Baltic per se how can you ever have a monolithic Proto Balto-Slavic amid the chaotic multiculturalism of the Middle Dnieper horizon The R1a1a- evidence begs to differ Early Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo sites in Estonia date to 3000 BCE The different Balts are even physically distinct around that time due to substratum
The Baltic and Slavic subgroups were already well differentiated and autonomous (eg separate mythologies amp Baltic long root preterite archaic divergent
vocabularies ) yet close to one another with the adoption of the wheel kelan kolo ratas (3200 BCE) West Balts used asigmatic nom sg ntr ending -n whereas the East Baltic neuter compliment was derived from asigmatic -d like Lydian Zaza ləzga Ossetian лaeligдзaeligг - branch Russian dialect ляэга vs Lith laz-da (Albanian ledhi - id ) Note Baltic o Slavic a - and but - reflecting an ablative form of a pronoun (Avestan āt - then and) Archaeologists have not found the archetypal Balto-Slavic settlements per se probably because each branch group were formed and influenced in different NE W S regions ( re ratas kelan kolo ) of the Middle Dnieper culture by a diverse admixture of various peoples and influences albeit somewhat near each other neighboring a Proto-Dacian distinctly different Satem variant Of course they are related Balto-Slavic is a generic generalization of a brief Europeanized Satem linguistic horizon like Armeno-Aryan (remodeled ablative suffix etc) - but initially more polyethnic The idealized Proto-Balto-Slavic Satem dialect probably pertains to an earlier pre-Middle Dnieper Culture peripheral area somewhere bordering Catacomb amp Pit-Grave groups and in contact with northern Repin dialects for awhile But Baltic like Slavic are in fact products of multiculturalism throughout their linguistic evolutions
Proto-Slavic and the more northern early Baltics were partially composed of assimilated Dnieper-Donets and acculturated later Tripolye peoples emulating the Yamna-like IE Satem speakers of peripheral related Sredny Stog dialects among a multi-ethnic converging cultural vortex of others ( Dnieper Repins TRB
Globular Amphora amp CWC poly-ethnics ) and with more admixture later where they would settle The eventual influence of Timber Grave Belozerka Cimmerian and later steppe Scythian amp Sarmatian on Slavic ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 ) was significant ( loss of word-final -s ) With the mobility of wheels changes were occurring rapidly - isolation was fading fast The Slavic participle with -L appears to have more in common to distant Lydian than nearby Baltic
Like Wild West movies debates on Balto-Slavic have had a duration longer
than the original horizon probably lasted The close affinity of Satem Slavic amp Baltic to Yamna related Indo-Iranian can be no surprise nor their distinctive European poly-ethnic accents The fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) It seems the growing early pre-IIr Yamna and Eastern Baltic dialect areas moved Northward as did the early West Balts as the Thracians Dacian Pre-Albanians and Slavs who migrated southwestward assimilating various Central European non-IE native and early Centum-TRB mixed IE people ( GAS R1a M458 ) into their cultures ( Dacian place
name Clevora Lith Klevas maple Lith place-names Liepora Beržorai w distributive -
or- suffix ) Thereafter the original Slavic future tense (which was perhaps similar to
Baltic amp Indo-Iranian) was lost while assimilating Dniester Tripolye C2 populace and other groups - as did the neighboring pre-proto Germanic Globular Amphora who had replaced the future tense as well It now appears that Winters Law also applies to Albanian which draws Thracian into question Inconsistancies in Albanian Satemization may reflect a pre-Bilopotok culture substratum to Monteoru Dacian Satem language which was influenced by Hercynian Celts and later Dalmation substratum
The early Proto-Slavic dialect reflects an inter-ethnic dialogue ( RUKI of Slavic
Mid-Iranian ) of early Timber Grave Iranian (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp
later steppe Scythian) assimilation which occurred upon an earlier polyethnic Balto-Slavic dialects accent region ( due to assimilated non-IE substratum admixture) Slavic loss of word-final -s may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by early Timber Grave Iranian contact (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp steppe Scythian) Culturally the influence of the Timber Grave immigration ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- Vedic
Bhagas ) was not as imposing on the rustic nearby Dnieper-Desna Baltic steppe-forest dwellers An earlier hypothetical Balto-Slavic dialects Dnieper Basin Accent (DBA) of the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Culture ( R1a- Z280 ) area would be at least later-Sredny-Stog era followed by a gradual Pre-Proto-Slavic westward steppe ( plateau vs the forest ) trajectory evolving into the Proto-Slavic Komarov gt Belogrudovka culture
Maps indicating the location of the (Temematian) non-IE Tripolye (Cucuteni-
Trypillian) Culture of Dniester farmers compared with maps of the Proto-Slavic language region (based on hydronyms) parallel each other closely although there is at least two thousand years between each horizon Herodotus later describes Scythian farmers where once were only European Tripolye culture farmers On either side of the early Slavics were lively trade partners of early Germanics to the Northeast and early Baltics to the Northwest - both of which were also polyethnic to various degrees with native European peoples If the Corded Ware Europeanized isogloss of Dative Plural - M occurred as an areal innovation perhaps due to Uralic substratum phonetic influence it probably started with contact and assimilation with Globular Amphora peoples now of mixed affinities ( Narva Lengyel TRB amp Centum Globular Amphora R1a- M458 )
and spread at a very early formative stage of E+W Baltic development and pre-proto-Germanic pre-Slavic The Sanskrit alphabet long ago anticipated the natural progression of B to M which enabled a fast transition Assimilation often accompanies innovation It is interesting that both regionally related poly-ethnic ( Dniester Tripolye C2 TRB GAS ) neighboring Centum pre-Germanics and Satem pre-Slavics replaced the original future tense construct of -s- (re relics -
Slavic byšęšteje Czech probyšucny ) as opposed to the Italo-Celtics as well as the distant eastern Baltics who shared borders and the original future tense with -s with the early Satem Āryan Yamna cultures A example of Baltic s future may be seen in Lith duos lt dōH3s lt doH3s ( Lith dial dōs ) The mtDNA reflects such a scenario but whether it happened like this is anybodys guess
The influence of Dnieper Donets or the Tripolye substratum in the DBA or RUKI has not been given the attention it deserves The assimilation of regional Baltic speakers also influenced various Slavic languages such as the Milograd (E
Slavic jasen vs jesen - ash tree) Kolochin and Yotvingian cultures in Belarusian the large-scale East ( amp West ) Baltic substratum in the Old Novgorodian territory North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92+ amp N1c1 ) tl dl consonant clusters gt kl gl - like East Baltic the Pomeranian presence in West Slavic Dnieper-Dvina East Balt foundation of the Tušemlja culture (which later included immigrant
Sudovians and Slavs in the Long Barrow culture) and the widely scattered East Baltic speaking tribes in Western amp Northern Russia ( re LWb allele at 22 for Vologda
Russians ) Also noted is the area where Belarusian Russian amp Polish prepose their genitives In contrast specific lineage characterized by 16304C-16311C mutations which indicate the Slavonic migrations from Central to E Europe was not found among Lithuanians Although historically instructive it cannot eclipse the common origin in the Middle Dnieper culture that both Slavs and Balts share together especially the East Balts and East Slavs ( both with R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 ) and always will
Caveat Emptor gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Theories about dating the earliest Proto-Slavic in relation to the distinct early Baltic branches need to examine the carbon dated chronology of East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural remains ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) Baltic hydronyms in Russia such as the Oka river the loss of the original Slavic Future tense and Baltic loanwords (from assimilated East Balts) in Finno-Volgaic which help date the evidence Examples of archaic Baltic loanwords into Finno-Ugric are East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole gt North Saami čuolggu pole Finnish salko long pole Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane or Lithuanian šaras fodder gt Moksha Mordvinian śora grain lt Saka ṣara seed Another Finno-Ugric loanword from East Baltic ( re Samogitian medė forest ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest-border is gt Finnish metsauml- forest Estonian mets
Karelian mečču id Saami meahcci forest fringe Hungarian (w LWb allele
) messze far distant vs OCS mežda - alley lane Words to the wise about any theoretical Balto-Slavic dates - Caveat emptor and compare it to all the facts we already know from empirical science There are Latvias eleven C-14 cal dates ( Loze 1992 Tab1 ) of CWC with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (
Purhonen 1986 11 ) A diet of fish ( šapalas ) may lessen the dates a little but no time-travel technology has yet been found with those CWC artifacts Cest la vie Wisconsin celebrates a Leif Erikson Day but Spain may not
Fatyanovo East Baltic developed from an earlier Northeastern forest variant subgroup ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 ) of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon with assimilated Euro-Repin Centum GAS while Southwestern Proto-Slavic steppe variants were emerging at the same time elsewhere Each were regionally distinct (forest steppe) subgroups yet related hybrid retro-core Satem cultures of diverse cultural components Neither group ever identified themselves with a xenophobic Āryan terminology ( re Mansi tas stranger ) The more conservative Northern Satem groups preferred to use the IE inclusive term Tauta (people) or liaudis (re Russ ljudi Khowar roi) Balto-Slavic is a useful generalization of a complex Middle Dnieper linguistic horizon and generic at best
Think Green gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There never was a monolithic Proto-Baltic per se Note the Eastern Baltic LWb gene analysis below or the multiple R1a1a- variations of Middle Dnieper Z280 cultures There are archaic pre-GAC Satem and post-GAS Euro-Repin Centum integrated aspects of the Baltic languages If GAC Euro-Repin-Centum defines what is Baltic does Steppe TG Iranian define what is Slavic The various West East Baltic Thracian amp Slavic languages (along with the Indo-Iranian branch) represent an archaic continuum of remnant subgroups of former core Satem IE dialects the last Proto Indo-European branches to finally split The Proto-Baltics would be none other than some Proto Satem Indo-European dialects together with the closely neighboring Satem pre-Thracian amp pre-Dacian Proto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-Iranian It may be more helpful to visualize East Baltic Slavic amp Indo-Iranian as part of the still growing main Satem trunk rather than as language branches Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
The LWb blood marker CCR5 Delta 32 mutation BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In respect to hematological variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele was highest in the Central East Balts around 75 among Lithuanian Samogitians
and very low among the other western Europeans ( 0-01 ) Click here for the PDF
version of the LWb Study The LWb blood allele can be seen as a genetic Tribal Marker of Prehistoric East Baltic Migrations and Admixture and perhaps not a West-Baltic marker since inhabitants of the Sūduva region average only a mere 27 vs 29 for Finns 22 for distant northern Vologda Russians or 4 for Estonians ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) - even after over 600 years of continuous Lithuanian colonization and admixture in the Sūduva region For those who still think all Sudovians vanished please reread the prior sentence - slowly Lithuanian R1a rates ( R1a1a1 including Z92 or L235 w LWb ) vary widely with West Aukštaičiai 406 vs South Aukštaičiai R1a at 618 in a sans MtDNA H1 region ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004 ) The absence of the 16304C-
16311C mutations prevents unneeded misinterpretations Genetic structure analyses also suggest Poles from Suwalszczyzna (northeastern Poland ) differ from all remaining Polish and Russian samples ( Grzybowski et al 2007 ) The Aryan R1a- Z93+ found in Lithuania is associated with that regions Tatars China Japan and Somalia evidently evaded incursions of LWb laced barbarians far better than either Gotland or Hungary although Gotlands LWb probably involved extensive secondary contacts with Estonians and Finns Maritime interaction with Vikings of Sweden amp Gotland is reflected by increased frequencies of the PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland region of Latvia ( Beckman L et al 1999 ) whereas Estonian interaction with Gotland is reflected by the TFDCHI allele ( Beckman L et al 1998 ) and LWb allele frequencies in Gotland ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) Hungarys LWb may perhaps reflect the Dyakovo-Gorodets horizon with East Balt participation Eurasian or archaeological DNA test results for the rare LWb allele mutation are sill pending Any occurrence of the LWb allele or Z280 ( Northern variants ) in Kazakhstan amp Eurasia will be noteworthy as will unexpected N1c1 types The Y-DNA of Lithuania is roughly about 5050 for N1c1 amp R1a and varies somewhat by regions MtDNA H1 frequencies are very very low among Lithuanians and virtually non-existent with the Saacutemi In Lithuania MtDNA H1 is mainly confined to only Northern Žemaitians The Aukštaičiai like the Saacutemi have none ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004
) Tests confirm the Narva substratum assimilated by East Balts had mtDNA U5b1 U5b2 amp U4 ( Bramanti et al 2009 ) This cultural inheritance from Kunda amp an early N1c Uralic substratum links Lithuanians amp Saacutemi as well as centuries of cross cultural fly agaric mushroom trade ( per M Gimbutas ) or the shared ethnocidal amp genocidal persecutions from a European Christendom ( Willumsen
LH 1997 ) busy shilling tickets to their heaven Tickets to Heaven hocus pocus amp the gravy train ( re nāstika Brihaspati ) The Prince of Peace deserves better
Less the above referenced genetical info be misinterpreted as some form of encrypted RWA cracker-code-speak I will stress that the fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) You are unique - just like everyone else People are people - some individuals shine some hide in their cruel fear Most of our DNA is African As my friend Robbin
said Its all good
The elevated CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation frequencies distributed in East Balts amp Volgaics and CCR5-Delta 32 DNA chronology ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) coincide closely with the ethnicities of the poly-ethnic Dyakovo cultures middle phase and may further illuminate earlier Ossetian contacts or some unique isoglosses Whether there is any correlation between the LWb allele and the CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation besides Baltic region epicenters is just speculation at present Perhaps the science of a common R1a Z92 inheritance of Russians and Baltic people will usher in a new era of unity and respect
The Western Balts were a hybrid mix of Funnel Beaker ( TRB including some
outlier Badens ) Centum Globular Amphora ( GAS gt eg pẽku ) and Corded Ware Satem Middle Dnieper people with Uralic Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1) people on Neolithic Nemunas and Narva substratum populations Archaeologist today can distinguish Europeanized West Balt culture skulls from those of nearby neighboring Satem East Baltic Fatyanovo types The distinction ( R1a1a- L366 vs LWb allele w R1a1a1 or Z92 L235 amp N1c1 ) was evidently very old and more than just grammatical Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements ( Brazaitis
2005 fig 5 Girininkas 2009 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import like pešti pešus pẽšis Kailas ( re Sudovian Kayles Gothic Hails
Vandalic Eils Old Norse Hail - perhaps all heard together for centuries at Wiskiauten Bar-B-Qs )
Ρως Ρωζζία amp Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
| C + Ͻ |
YATVEZ - Ятвезь
The myth of Terra Nullius ( deserted wasteland ) was merely historic ethnocidal propaganda justifying centuries of Papal Conquests Atrocities amp Theft - in both the Old and the New World It was a lie and DNA now proves it was only ethnic cleansing fiction A census by the Orthodox clergy of the Belarus
Grodno area in 1860 had as many as 30929 inhabitants identifying themselves as Yatviags (Yotvingians) The Byzantine Treaty with Kiev prince
Igor in 944 notes among the Rus ( Grk Ρως ) envoys a Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
one Jaacutetvįgrsquo for Gunnar ᚴᚢᚾᛅᚱ The Varangian (lt Old Norse Vaeligringi ) affinities
of an original poly-ethnic Jaacutetvings minority may explain the reapplication of East Baltic Gudai to later stereotype that Grodno regions other mixed poly-ethnic inhabitants ( Γυδωνες - Γουται ) Settlements of the 9th century with distinctly Viking cultural characteristics have been found around the Grodno area It appears that within a century or two of Viking trade and settlement those Norse ( Norethmenn ) either dispersed along the nearby Nemunas river and or assimilated in with ranking locals ( a common Viking custom ) Their Yotvingian Y-DNA survives with closest Y-DNA matches from Norway Ireland amp Scotland ( clan Gotheray ) Sweden followed by Cumbria amp one in Finland - a Y-DNA trail of related Lochlannar Norse clansmen Family
Historic records indicate they opposed surrendering the old beliefs of their forefathers for an imposed foreign import A new ( re AС Кибинь below ) rational etymology of the Baltic Jotving- Jātving- now rescued from from an inert provincialism of kaleidoscopic self-replicating hypotheticals and ethnocentric tunnel vision can finally be derived from an original Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr lucky spear Varangian leaders Heiti name ( gen sg = Jātvīgs Ρως - Lieth
retinue-crew gt Jātvįgs Rōs or Jātvįgs Lieth gt Jātvings - as luck would have it
L448 ) The nasal infixation of the West Norse original ( -iacutegs -īgs gt -įgs gt -ings ) as well as artifacts reflects close early contacts with local Dainavians-Sūdovians for whom the ubiquitous trademark nasal -ing- suffix ( -īg- in Latvian ) was indeed highly productive ( re Aps-ingis Zietela ldquoRus-ingisrdquo etc ) and is thus non-problematic - and in fact rather insightful for its nasal affectation of the local Balts Top this off with the peculiar parallel nominative-genitive singular ( re Wilkaskaymen ) of West Baltic dialects and it it easy to see how an original genitive Jaacutetviacutegs Lieth ( Varangians ) from Old Norse becomes assimilated as a poly-ethnic West Baltic nominative Jātvings Jotvings Voilagrave A Dainavianized nomgen sg nasal Jātvįgs from an Old West Norse genitive singular Jaacutetviacutegs - Jaacutetviacutegr‟s Lieth effortlessly yeilds
Jotvings ( note Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr (w-t-) vs related Eadwig [ Ӕтьвѧгъ ᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴ ] Eadwy or Jadwiga w-d- )
These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvaacutegs Rocircs ( Liethsmenn ) along
the Nemunas river would acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically within 3 generations or less ) amp assimilation - many by inter-marriage like with other Vikings elsewhere Rocircs ( lt Roethsmenn ) may well reflect an earlier pre-sail era maritime terminology Centuries of multi-cultural
commingling between West Balts amp Scandinavians are also reflected at other trade settlements like Saeborg-Grobina Truso or Kaup Wiskiauten PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland ( Kurland ) region of Latvia ( Beckman L et
al 1999 ) mirror poly-cultural blending of Grobina artifacts as does LWb in Gotland In more precise terms the Varangians were primarily Norse mercenaries whereas the Rocircs or Rus were the wider poly-ethnic base of the imported Viking culture which also included merchants boatmen and traders - from Birka to Kiev
As convenient as that all sounds it should be noted that the ubiquitous modern Lithuanian Jotvingis term itself a recent theoretical neologism from the middle 1920s Opps This Jotvingis neologism coined in the 20s was derived solely from various historical Slavic labels of the Varangian era To the Balts repelling the aggressive invading Kiev Rus and later Crusaders these poly-ethnic assimilated mixed Norse-Balt descendants were already just one
of us These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvįgs Varangians would
acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically
within 3 generations or less ) amp with assimilation A Zietela dialect word pamarkas-accursed is probably an assimilated Viking relic term of the Old Norse morkinn-decayed-rotten like the Scots English murkle reproach The Turovians group name likewise reflects a Norse Varangian Rus leaders name
( THORNoacuterir - ᚦᚬᚱᛁᚱ ) aligned with a Ragnvaldr - ᚱᛅᚴᚾᚢᛅᛚᛏᚱ in Polotsk along with
Garethariki Holmgarethr - ᚼᚢᛚᛘᚴᛅᚱᚦᚱ Austrvegr although the Рогволод - Моря Ragnvaldr - Moslashre similarities invite a critique Relations between Polotsk and Kiev became rather strained in 945 One of Vladimirs many campaigns to collect more tribute-taxes ( poliude ) and gain strategic Nemunas river trade access to the Baltic Sea is the first written ( albeit somewhat quasi-historical ) account of plural Yotvingians dated to 983 Fifty five years later in 1038 Yaroslav battles the Yotvingians and later the Lithuanians who were together allied with rebellious pagan Masovians ( amp prior Galindians ) - although another source reports a quite different scenario of a 1038 Yotvingian conflict - by Volkavysk Viking turf wars were not altogether unknown No traces of any hypothetical Baltic hydronym Jacirct-vacirc have ever been found to this day in the Terra Jatwezenorum region None Zip
A Belarusian Vawkavysk dialect Ятвезь [ Yatvez or Jatvez ] Anchor term obtusely connects the Norse Thors hammer of Vikings amp other Scandinavian relics to the original Yotvingians of that Black Russian region - who initially
spoke the Old Norse of Varangians Nobody vanished Get real ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᚱ When in doubt tell the truth - Mark Twain
For more about a Norse Rus Yatviag Yotvingian etymology see Кибинь
AС Ятвяги в X-XI вв laquoбалтское племяraquo или laquoбереговое братствоraquo Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2008 2(4) С117-132
The Loki pendant of Gnezdovo note the striking resemblance to the Snaptun Stone Loki - jp
Another East Baltic tribal migration marker may be a significantly increased frequency of the BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype ( Van Landeghem et al 1998 )
The spread of Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup R1a1a- as well as the B blood type is associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages too Many Latvian tartan weaving patterns are nearly identical to ancient Tocharian tartans found recently with Tocharian mummies (w U4 two-rooted lower canines
VRC ) recovered in Western China (see Secrets of the Silk Road) Tocharians were evidently also dedicated hemp farmers like the Balts and historical kapnobatai Thracians East Baltic Lithuanian place-names Beržorai ( birches
) or Liepora ( lindens ) reflect the Tocharian B distributive suffix -ār as does the Satem Dacian place-name Clevora (re Lith Klevas maple) West Baltic had Saitoran - the knotty Pleiades ( EV 6 ) Slavic also has such a parallel arboreal related suffix It would be worthy to note that some Dnieper culture horizons exhibit a degree of intrusive Repin style pottery from Middle Dnieper Repins Middle Dnieper Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration A high frequency of the CCR5-Delta 32 allele in Lithuanian populations at levels of about 16 has been documented This allele mutation confers resistance to HIV (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old ( J Novembre et al 2005 )
Lithuanian Ashkenazi Jews have also interested geneticists since they display a number of unique genetic characteristics including Y-DNA haplogroup Q
SONGS OF THE FOREST gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Traditional ancient Baltic songs ( Lith Dainos Latv Dainās re Vedic Dhėnās ) are a vast resource of the Baltic languages The Dainos are the Rig Veda of the East Baltic people These Hymns were first brought into the Baltic forests before 3000 BCE and preserved within innumerable homesteads person to person winter after long winter from 2600 BCE to this day Their antiquity is only eclipsed by their numbers and variations They are usually Hymns of stanzas many of which are divine revelations from the ancient Native Religion and Mythology but in contrast to most other similar forms they often lack earthly heroes Many Latvian dainās are not long typically in quatrains and often trochaic (metrically of one long syllable followed by one short one) and more rarely dactylic These ancient Hymns are superb relics of the pre-Christian East Baltic Native Religion and the life of the people especially its three important events - birth weddings and deathburial but also lifes infinite experiences
Dod Dieviņi ko dodamis Dod man labas div‟ lietiņas
Ceļā labū kumeliņu Mūžāi labu līgaviņu
There are literally millions of verses of these truly ancient Dainos Dainās now in written form The forest is also home to Seto Leelo the Seto polyphonic singing tradition Saacutemi joiks ( or ldquoyoiksrdquo ) and others All are irreplaceable treasures So intertwined with the archaic languages and their enormous vocabularies it is virtually impossible to try to separate the two These Hymns are still sung to this day - person to person
The magic of language is a gift from mother to child
living as a memorial to all Women who gave it to us
____________________________________________________
BE HERE NOW
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
More than half of the planets 7000 or so languages are facing extinction within this century
We are losing around two languages a month - or about one every two weeks
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The Sudovian greeting Kailas re-affirms that we are all One - with each other and with the Earth we share
Dermė
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The nearly extinct Lithuanian gray - Latvian blue cow breeds also need immediate international support amp attention - ASAP
- poshkahotmailcom
Click on Photo for Baltic Log Home Architecture
The ancient Twin Horse Sky motif found on top of
Lithuanian homes reflects the related Vedic Sanskrit Ašvins Similiar ( Ašvieniai ) symbolism was found in the
Khvalynsk and Samara PIE cultures (4100 - 5500 BCE) The Twin Horse Sky motif is also evident in Mari ethnic symbols
| Proto Indo European | | Mažiulis | | Nostratic Language |
| Prussian Language Website | | Janis Endzelins Baltic Languages |
| Old Prussian Texts |
| Mordvinian Dictionary |
The above text is an excerpt from Virdainas copy Jos Pashka 2012
~ in memory of Jeannette DeBusk Cox Charles Richard Dean amp Netta Poska ~
Erzya-Moksha Mordvin loanwords include - vərgas ( Indo-Iran vrkah ) pejel - knife ( Lith peilis peile ) kardaz ( Lith gardas gt Common Permian kar fortified place )
and uske viska - metal ( Tokharian A was B yasa Armenian uoski Sanskrit ucchati ) Finnic Mari has waž for metal ore Forest Nenets has a wyesya cognate
Also Finnish kekri annual Native festival lt kekra-j lt kekra- gt Sanskrit chakra Finnic kehrauml disk vs Sanskrit chāttra Finnic vihi ( Lith vėžė )
Baltic Deivas - The Divine Spirit of Heaven influenced Finnish taivas Estonian taevas heaven perhaps Saami taiw and also
Hungarian taacutej Khanty tai - locus Often ignored semantics of East Baltic celestial Deivas are illustrated in phrases from Latvian dainās ( eg Saule noiet dievā - Nav
saulīte dievā gaiša ) Finnish toivo like orpo ( Skt arbha-h ) or vasara ( Skt vajra-h ) lack final s unlike Finnish taivas - blue blue sky re Saule
noiet dievā
Saulės Rẽtis
( Suns Halo )
As for the monolithic Balto-Slavic of academics - Slavic has kolo wheel kola cart West Baltic has kelan wheel kelā cart East Baltic ratas wheel ratai cart
East Baltic Lithuanian also has rẽtys - halo circle around sun moon re E Baltic risti - rita raitėti - rieta retėti riets rotāt rotēt etc - ablaut - related to Lithuanian ratas wheel Latvian rats
Magic spiritual talismans known as Amber Sun-Discs found in Globular Amphora sites and elsewhere may be a key to the cross cultural ratas term of central Europe
(Linear B ideogram 243) Latin teres-retis - rounded well-turned and East Baltic Lithuanian retys provide a fresh etymology for PIE
roteH2 rotH2os ( spokes included ) If phonemic pitch following loss of laryngeals developed in connection with the monophthongization of diphthongs exhibited by a vocalic
feature from a segmental phoneme - Finnish taivas or heinauml illustrate the chronology of the loans from the host East Baltic language
Estonia and India alone share the 294 single marker of mtDNA N1a1a1 ( 147A-172-223-248-294-320-355 ) lt GAS
Mitochondrial haplogroup N1a phylogeography with implications to the origin of European Farmers 2010 BMC Evolutionary Biology Publication 10304
Re Karelian kes(t)rauml Estonian kedr spindle and Vedic cāttra id
The pre-migration Tocharian like Volga-Repins may have had an unattested word for Maple borrowed as wakšter into Finnic Cognates may be Latin acer - maple Old Norse askr - ash Old Lithuanian akštras - sharp The maples range extends to the Kama
river basin Perhaps Tocharian Repins originally used maple saplings for livestock prods Or perhaps it was a Baltic akšteras
The songs of the Erzya Mordvin thunder god Pur‟gine parallel both Lith Perkūnas and Vedic Parjanya ( परजनय ) closely
The Avestan name Vada-gan for a demon ( the Striker ) - reflecting a similar word in East Baltic vedega ax may have a Ural region kulturnaya obshchnost‟ connection ( Saami vietka bdquoadze‟rlm )
Finnish vasara hammer is a loanword from an later form ( lacking final s ) of Avestan vazra amp Vedic vajra [ vaźras - mace club ]
which are related to Lith vėzdras mace club Latv vẽza vẽzecirct to swing in the air wave wag or perhaps Lith vagis wedge ( Finnish vaaja )
Latvian veseris maul-hammer probably a loanword from Livonian Note Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere lack archaic Indo-Iranian final s (re Komi voumlrkas wolf )
PIE ueg - to swing gt vẽźras gt vėzdras vėzdas w altered ź-da gt zda as in synonym Lith lazda lt laźda
The current Finnish word for Millennium vuosituhat is a combination of four thousand year old loanwords
from both Pre-Indo-Aryan and Volga-Baltic neighbors by the Ural Mountains (re Latv tū-ska swelling Lith tū-las many Tocharian B kaumlnte 100 Sanskrit dve śate 200 )
Related Repin Tocharian B tumane 10000 lt Iranian tumān id lack a s cognate
( East Baltic Lithuanian tum-stas bulk heap mass - tumėti to curdle)
Mordvin Erzya tožon tužən Moksha tožaumln Estonian root stem tuhante 1000 may reflect an early Fatyanovo East Baltic participle tūśante tūšanti
preceding a poly-ethnic GAS Centum tūskanti and GAS-ed East Baltic tūstantis 1000 ( gt Old Latvian tuustosch- )
re Finnish laiha GAS Lith liesa Fatyanovo laiša ( also Latvian tūkst sing pret tūska ) Perhaps tūksa- gt tūšant- gt + GAS gt tūstantis 1000 huge - note Old Latvian tuustosch-
The Uralic words may well reflect an early East Baltic pre-GAS ( pre-compromised RUKI ) Upper Dnieper Satem word that evolved with poly-ethnicism
( East Baltic Dnieper Satem evolved on a non-IE Narva substratum w N1c1 early Uralics and ERC Globular Amphora = poly-ethnic )
Follow the Money Back in 3000 BCE it was follow the copper amp amber
It has been suggested Germanic thousand reflects tū-skont- which may reflect
a Gas poly-ethnic ( š gt sk ) trade variant tūskanti by Centum Globular Amphora The Globular Amphora amber trade network may have used a Centum modified
( š gt sk gt tūskant- gt tū-skont- ) variant while the Uralic variants reflect an EBaltic tūšant- ( gt later GAS-ed tūstant- ) variant from Fatyanovo-
Balanovo ( East Baltic Dnieper Satem ) A 2800 BCE flint-amber trade GAC tūs-kont- was perhaps interpreted by trade contacts as
a tūs-šimt- compound word gt W Baltic tūsimt-
The chronology of CWC regional variant cultures is critical for untangling the etymology of 1000
Slavic RUKI indicates far less early integration of GAS although cultural trade contacts
are plainly evident Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive
in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- A 2800 BCE Slavic -s- from -sk- appears plausible considering dative pl -m- became -b-
and the perceived participle reflecting eo type variations of 1000 Pots dont talk they speak - volumes
Old East Baltic Medu and Vaška were related neuters Note Finno-Ugric Hungarian meh-viasz In the same occupation are the related words - Mordvin keras Mari karas Udmurt karas from Fatyanovo era East Baltic
( Latv kāres Lith korys ) Re Lith Mekš-uogis buckthorn-berry Meksėti meksi stutter be mad - Skt makšikā fly bee makš- be angry
( Volgaic Mekš bee the angry one ) No Mekši cognate is found in Ob-Ugric
There is also a DNA relationship between Baltic males and Uralics ( Mari )
eg Meadow Mari tuumlžem - thousand Mari ləśtaś - Lith lakštas From the archaeological record one can also trace legacies of Upper Middle Dnieper gt Fatyanovo gt Balanovo gt Kazan gt Chirkovo-Seyma gt
Ananino gt Mari amp Mordvin cultures
The Romanian Dacian Doina - song is probably a residual loanword from the Lithuanian The Daina Dhėnā Vedic word has been analyzed many years earlier but not as an assimilated loanword from Corded Ware East Baltic
which J Pāshka contends and which Ural region loanwords and polyethnic Abashevo-Sintashta archeaological data would support Vedic Dhėnā and Soma ( borrowed from Uralic ) reflect the polyethnic early Āryan culture by the Ural Mountains ( Rhipean Lipynė )
Ephedra is not found in the Ural regions conifer forests Amanita muscaria is and abundantly so ( re Khanty Soma hewn mortar ) - On Vedic Dhėnā Prayer Song - Maurice Bloomfield Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol 46 (1926) pp 303-308
D Razauskas wrote an excellent article about
CORRESPONDENCES TO THE INDO-IRANIAN MYTHICAL WIND IN LITHUANIAN FOLKLORE
Do try to Google it
Rig Vedic Sanskrit Vāyu - wind Lithuanian dialect Vėjus - wind
The round kurgan mound tradition of the Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan in Nothern Bihar India also resembles Śaka Steppe kurgans of Eurasia amp Russia w U4
Timber Grave culture favored orienting the head of the deceased towards the North - re Mahaparinibbana Sutta The Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan identified themselves with the Solar clan
The Digha Nikaya of the Tipitaka Pali Buddhist canon describes Siddhartha Gautama as having very blue eyes ( Pali abhi nila netto )
The Chinese described Bodhidharma as 藍眼睛的野人
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India although U4 is more prevalent on the Afghanistan - Pakistan border Tajikistan and the Eurasia of the Steppe Śaka
Gintaras reflects the Sembian dialect pronunciation with their typical narrowing of en to in
adopted as such in some neighboring East Baltic dialects ie swints vs šventas Modern Lithuanian gintaras amber vs dialect variant gentaras id
Hungarian gyentar gt gyantar amber gyenta resin Chuvash jandar glassy Mari jamdar transparent suggest the amber trade with
East Balts Old adjectival -tar neuter suffix in East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin
( re ON kvaetha Skt jatu resin aśvatara- mule ) The original PIE adjectival -tar neuter suffix was also later used in a comparative sense ( ie wet-ter )
although originally it was mainly adjectival The 13th century work Jami ul hikayat by Ufi describes the Baltic sea origin of yellow amber traded to the
Chinese by Khotan procured from Turks re Chinese yan tse - ( alhagi camelorum ) plant which produces a amber-like honey sap Baltic in Chinese - who knew
Amber ornaments have been found with the Middle Dnieper and Globular Amphorae ( w TRB ) culture artifacts attesting to the ancient relationship Balts have had with Amber
Of Soma the original entheogen ingredient of dried Amanita muscaria ( Fly Agaric ) became extremely scarce with later Āryan migrations and was eventually substituted with a mixture of Ephedra Cannabis and opiates
It was a very poor imitation of the genuine Uralic Soma rite The Indo-European use of Amanita muscaria survived intact in Lithuania - hidden away in forests beyond
the reach of ethnocidal Christians Lithuanians continue the ancient custom of using milk and honey ingredients mixed with the dried Amanita muscaria
to make a beverage for Sharing According to Marija Gimbutas Lithuanians used to supply quantities of Amanita muscaria to the
Saacutemi Noiade in the North for use by the Saacutemi Shamans (Finnish tietaumljauml) ( Volgaic Erzya Mokša Sjuma Səma - hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger
Khanty Soma hewn wooden vessel ) Not directly related to above are Lithuanian semti to draw water Uralic sim- drink Tocharian smantildentildee broth
Hungarian hiacuted bridge is of Alanic origin - re Ossetian xid xed id Khotanese hī id
One out of 3 Kalash have mitochondrial DNA belonging to haplogroup U4 In fact the most prevalent mitochondrial haplogroup of the Kalasha people is U4 aka the Ulrike clade
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India Haplogroup U4 is common among northwestern Siberian populations and is also found among the Mari Mordvin
and Mansi of the Volga-Ural region of Russia as well as the Estonians Finns Balts and Tocharian mummies A Kalasha English Dictionary link is provided below
The Prakrits preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) absent in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words
The mushroom associated Kaukeliai gnomes remained with the forest dwellers
The hemp tradition of Eurasian Steppe Saka is reflect in Old English haelignep Old Irish cnaip Slovak konope West Baltic knapios Armenian kanap Albanian Geg kaneumlp Latvian kaņepe Lithuanian kanapė Turkmen kenaumlp
The Novosvobodna and earlier Maikop (aka Maykop ) cultures probably conveyed the Sumerian kanubi term - as well as the genetic clade of R1b ( aka R1b1b2 ) into IE early Bronze Age cultures with trade and contact ( re Germanic amp Tocharian R1b )
Note - Sumerian gu gt Skt gaus Latvian guovs Armenian kov Gk bous L bov- OIr bo - cow as well as the East Baltic Lydian singular neuter ending in -d
Within the Moscow City limits are found a Fatyanovo cemetary and a later Dyakovo settlement - both near the Kremlin re Finnish kesauml - summer harvest and E Baltic kasyti kast kesyti ( Albanian kosit - harvest the crops)
Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov born in Staraya Kupavna near Moscow would single handedly save humanity and the World in 1962
East Baltic lašiša salmon is also known as vošis a fast type of fish or trout or more commonly vašylas For 3rd person dual jiedu instead of expected yra or esti my Suvalkian Grandmother Johanna used esą Strange but true
Legal Disclaimer - The above text in no way suggests anyone should use illegal drugs or experiment with Amanita mushrooms
Genetic portrait of modern Belarusians mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome perspective Alena Kushniarevich 1Larysa Sivitskaya 1Nina Danilenko 2Richard Villems 1Oleg Davydenko
1Institute of Genetics and Cytology Academicheskaya Str 27 Belarus 2Estonian Biocenter Riia Str 23 Estonia
The LWb blood group as a marker of prehistoric Baltic migrations and admixture Sistonen P Virtaranta-Knowles K Denisova R Kucinskas V Ambrasiene D Beckman L
Hum Hered 1999 Jun49 (3)154-8
LW locus has been assigned to chromosome 19p133 The LW gene corresponds to 3 exons of 265 kb on chromosome 19 The LWa amp LWb alleles are different at a single base pair - codon 70 - corresponding to one amino acid residue which is arginine for LWb
The LWb mutation was a singular event - in all of human history
ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚷᚨᚷᚿᚱᛃᚿᛖᚿᛞᚢᚱ ᛗᛁᚿᚨᚱ ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚡᛁᛋᛏᚨ ᚨᚿᛞᚨᚿᚢᛗ
ᚦᚢ ᚦᚨᚱᚠᛏ ᚦᚨᚧ ᚠᛃᚱᛁᚱ ᚢᛈᛈᛒᛚᚨᛋᚿᚨ ᛖᛚᛋᚲᚢᚷᚨ ᚦᛁᚿᚿ
Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
| MariUver - a Site about Maris Mari El Finno-Ugric |
| and other Indigenous People of Russia |
The ancient Sacred Grove of Native Mari Religion
The Mari Kuumlsoto parallels Finnic and Estonian Hiis Similiar Holy Groves are known as Lud among the Udmurt The East
Baltic terms are Lith Alkas amp Latv Elka
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) and Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG) in an exhaustive 2006 report Russian Federation The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El found widespread evidence of political and cultural persecution of Mari people The Mari Native religious practices ( and the Cheremis Marla
faith ) have come under ever increasing pressure and severe persecution from intolerant Russian Government Officials and so-called Christians according to Human Rights groups
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| Kalasha - English Dictionary Online |
| English - Kalasha Dictionary |
Thank you for visiting Genetically WE ARE ALL ONE
and thats a fact
Culture is something we Share - not own
As Comrade Lennon said - Imagine
Shi nūsun būsna ast praeivingiska kaigi asenes vupjai
Budeis
passeacute The settlement of East Balts in Russia three thousand years before the arrival of East Slavs was not politically expedient information nor particularly welcome It still isnt welcomed to this day like the Turim Basin ( VRC )
Tocharians in China Note loanwords into Finno-Ugric below (Gordeev 1967
180-203 Redei 1986 25-26) - of a specifically archaic East Baltic lexical Fatyanovo provenance ie žalga dagla darža vežys (v)āžys gentar kela ratas tilta kāras deivas not some amorphous Proto Balto-Slavic Finnish Perkele amp Votiak Perkịno reflect a Fatyanovo Baltic ldquoalpinerdquo velar that is altogether absent in Slavic Perun Details details details
Baltic amp Uralic in Vedic
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The old names of the various groups were derived from nearby hydronyms such as the historic Lamai by the Lama river or the Eastern Galindai ( ГОЛЯДЬ
) Some of these Eastern Balts by the Ural mountains evidently merged culturally with or extended to the nearby cosmopolitan poly-ethnic Abashevo culture which became a major component of the Sintashta Arkaim culture ( Kuzmina 2000 Pryakhin et al 2001 ) later becoming one of many conservative Alakul dialects to Pre-BMAC Proto-Indo-Aryan ( Proto-Vedic ) Some Abashevo pottery looks quite similar to and even blends specific darža designs from Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) which indicates East Baltic Corded Ware culture (Kuzmina OV 2000) integration in the Abashevo ethnogenesis as well as in later Sintashta-Arkaim One of the uniquely Fatyanovo-Balanovo trademark ceramic designs ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 ) was a pecular darža checkered double row diamond rhombus (
languotas raštas rūtains ) pattern which found its way into both Andronovo amp Timber Grave ( Srubna Pozdnyakovo ) ceramics and culture ( copyjp ) It is also indisputably evident in Andronovo Fedorovo artifacts ( re Kuzmina 2007 p 653
fig 41 Urefty pottery 3 amp 44 p 628 fig 19 5 Smolino pottery Also fig 101 14 Mundigak
Period VI Kandahar valley ) Lith piešalas Sanskrit peśalas Buckle up
If unique designs were assimilated unique words were probably assimilated as well Ratas isnt some amorphous proto-balto-slavic word Ratas is GAS East Baltic just like its unique trademark darža checkered ceramics ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) of Fatyanovo barley amp hemp farmers Baltic in Vedic Checked mate Que rico A Uralic component of poly-ethnic Balanovo culture ( Goldin 1999 130 ) may also account for old Uralic words in Andronovo culture and adding chamotte-grog in ceramics Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link the panta between the two disparate cultures of Poltavka and Volosovo-Garino Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered pottery connects Poltavka amp Volosovo-Garino revealing the conduit for cultural exchange The Southern
most peripheral Baltic dialects were from the Sosnica cultural complex ( gt
Milograd amp Jukhnovo cultures ) which much later on assimilated with migrating Eastern Slavic speakers ( R1a1a- Z92 ) Yet it should be remembered that neither Satemization or Ruki match genetic charts very well
Map of the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Cultures
with Dative Plural M amp R1a- M417 Z283
The early ancestors of the West Balts ( R1a1a- Z280 ) were the West Baltic Barrow culture and the Mazovia-Podlasie groups of the Trzciniec culture along the Bug river basin which bordered the autonomous Komarov ( Proto-Slavic ) culture of the Podolian Uplands further to the South The Baltic Trzciniec (Streaked pottery) culture was related to the autonomous Komarov culture but different as ceramics metalwork hydronyms and burial rites indicate This difference can be seen in the word for mans best friend dog where West Baltic had suns vs Old Church Slavic pьsъ or rock - Baltic akmō ašmō vs OC Slavic kamy West Baltic pausē pine vs Slavic bor or sosna (lt sopsna ) and also with many fundamental lexical and mythological disparities In contrast note East Baltic šuo with Kalasha šua dog or Lith puš-es pines and Waigali puċ pine (see Haplogroup U4 below) The West-Satem branch relatedness is illustrated by the word for name - West Baltic emens Albanian emen and Slavic imę vs more Central-Satem East Baltic Lithuanian vardas
The West Baltic Barrow culture and Trzciniec evolved into the later Pomeranian culture ( R1a1a- Z280 L365 ) horizon The West Baltic dialect area flourished with their lively amber trade with the Unitice culture and beyond Even as late as the Early Iron Age (600 BCE) the southern limit of the large Sudovian culture territory bordered the SlavicScythian Chernoles culture Scytho-Sarmatian (Ossetic) and Slavic isoglosses can be illustrated in Ossetic terminology of agriculture ( yoke harvest reaping-hook ) - in somatic terminology ( ear ) and in kinship ( sister brother mother father mother and father-in-law ) The Slavic and Mid-Iranian RUKI had much in common as well as Slavic loss of word-final -s which may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by Timber Grave Iranian contact (re U3)
The Neuri of Herodotus gtgtgt|||ltltlt
According to Herodotus (approx 450 BCE) the Neuri ( Νέσροι ) were a tribe living
North of the Tyres (Dneister river) and the furthest nation beyond the Scythian farmers along the course of the river Hypanis (Bug river) The Bug river meets the Naura ( Baltic name for the Narew ) river The Naura river leads one to Galinda and Suduva Since trade increased recognition the Neuri of Herodotus were possibly related to the Galindians and Sudovians Herodotus also mentions the wild white horses nearby that grazed by a great lake which scholars today suggest are the Podlesie marshes by the Bialowieza Forest Yotvingian Tarpans from the Bialowieza Forest seasonally faded to near white in Winter In 500 BCE Eastern Europe climate was much cooler and wetter There is still a town in Poland named Nur ( Νσρ) 52deg 40 0 N 22deg 18 0 E along the upper Bug River near the Bialowieza Forest The Nurzec river runs nearby and the local district currently bears the rivers name Balts traditionally take ethnonyms from local hydronyms The Baltic verbal roots nur- to immerse or niur- to get murky may be sources of the local hydronym Archaeologists have excavated a fortified settlement and an open settlement near Moloczki Poland by the Nurzec river There are probably many more yet unexcavated in Ziemia Nurska as the area is known as Udmurt nur swamp might contradict this theory
The Balts of Ptolemy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Greek geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd Century AD mentioned only two
Baltic tribal nations the Γαλίνδαι and Σοσδινοί Romans coins ( Tiberius
Caligula ) unearthed in Suduva predate Ptolemys account Σουδινοί was
possibly a typo for Σουδιυοί (re Ιαησγγιωνες) It is of interest to note that an early differentiation of dialects also took place in the Central Eastern dialects evolving early Lithuanian Žemaitian Latvian at a period when the neuter gender was still common in East Baltic ( Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish kela reel spool
Old Prussian kelan wheel )
The Western Balts gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Western Baltic dialect that later gave rise to the Sudovian Galindian Pomesanian and various Prussian languages is one of the dialects of the Early-Western Baltic Area ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) The Coastal West Balts emerged as yet another dialect (Curonian language) of the Peripheral Early-West Baltic Area near the bordering dialects of the Central Early-East Baltic language area The Western Balts were a poly-ethnic hybrid mix of Corded Ware Satem peoples on outliers of Funnel Beaker Globular Amphora with Nemunas - Narva substratum ( GAS ) population Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements there
( Brazaitis 2005 fig 5 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import
Thus the Western Balts should include the Sudovians ( Яцьвягі ) Galindians Pomesanians and various Prussians and also the Curonians the former comprising the Southern group and the latter the Coastal Northern group This explains the close similarity between Sudovian ( Yotvingian ) Galindian Pomesanian and Prussian A successful modern revival of the Prussian language is now known as New Prussian A link to their Prussian language website is provided below
The Old Prussian Sembian dialect though exhibits a prolonged influence ( Pratorius corrupt Prussian ) from the influx of nearby Curonians when compared to the more distant Pomesanian or Sudovian The Sembian dialect of the Old Prussian Catechisms has muti tawas (mother father) whereas the Pomesanian of the Elbing Vocabulary has mothe towis The chronicled Sudovian Occopirmus similarly differs from the Catechism Sembian ucka- Farther inland away from coast and Curonians we do find Prussian Tlokunpelk - Bears Marsh Galindian did not historically border the Curonians and was close to Sudovian in many respects
Certain innovations (ie thousand participle ) that occurred in the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 L235 L784 N1c1 ) dialects are not reflected in the
Peripheral ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) Western Baltic dialects ( with attrition to 4 core
declensional cases re neighboring Gothic) Each area also had different mixtures of substratum populations involved in their ethno-genetic formations ( re LT F-U
Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) and later neighboring influences The Peripheral West Baltic dialects exhibit an archaic appearing declension which gives one a unique window into both Baltics and the Northern Indo-European GAS influenced dialects and the influence of diverse substratum on varied evolutions The currently spoken East Baltic dialects are more evolved expressive and elegant Bi-lingual West East Baltic speakers adopted East Baltic rather quickly
The traditional academic construct of a seven case declensional system for early Proto Indo-European is as synthetic as it is theoretically convenient ( Jeannette DeBusk Cox )
Only nominative genitive dative and accusative forms have constant
intercrossing functions in various Indo-European languages while forms used for the instrumental or locative cases (traditionally declared to be Common Indo-
European) have related functions eg the IE -ois may occur in the instrumental case in one language and in the locative case in other ones or -ō (apophonically) -ē occurs as -āt in the Indo-Iranian ablative and as -it in the Hittite instrumental Such intercrossing elements were used for semi-paradigmatic adverbial forms differently paradigmatized in the various Indo-European languages (V Toporov V J Mažiulis)
Eastern amp Western Baltic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Some very archaic lexical differences exist between the Western Baltic ( R1a1a-
Z280 L366 etc ) dialects and the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92
L235 N1c1 ) dialects The word for fire is just such an example The Western Balts used the word panu whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ugnis Another example is the word for wheel The Western Balts used the word kelan whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ratas These words have cognates in other ancient Indo-European languages ( For the
Centum GAS ratʔas relationship between Old Irish roth Lithuanian ratas and
Sanskrit ratha - see below ) That such diversity of basic terminology existed within Proto-Baltic illustrates the antiquity of the West East Baltic vocabulary inherited from the late Sredny Stog horizon (3500-3350 BCE) into the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Middle Dnieper culture ( R1a1a- Z280 ) horizon that influenced the evolution of divergent dialects by cultural contacts Outliers of Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva populations added poly-ethnic substratum cultural influence ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 Česnys et al 1990
Mochalov OD 2001-2002 ) to Fatyanovo contributing a residual non-Satem vocabulary of their central European GAS Centum words like pẽku - livestock ( vsSatem Lith pešti pešus pẽšis OCS pьsъ ) and perhaps gradually compromising East Baltic Ruki Non-IE East Baltic substratum ( Pit Comb Ware N1c1 Uralic amp Nemunas-Narva w U5b2 ) bilinguals were perhaps a phonetic impetus behind Dative Plural -m- from -b- for example Baltic žambas Estonian hammas as well as the custom of adding chamotte-grog to ceramics ( re LT F-U Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) The Dative Plural -m- from -b- probably reflects early Baltic area GAC trade network contact dialects The loss of the neuter gender in East Baltic was due to primarily inherited dynamics of rearrangement Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains yet Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of the language - even after the era when dialects became languages The formative influence of poly-ethnic substratum populations on the various early Baltic-type dialects thus becomes easily apparent even for a layman to grasp
In regard to variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele in regions of East vs West Balts provides solid scientific proof of an ancient genetic distinction ( E Baltic -
W Baltic lt R1a- Z280 ) between speakers of the two Baltic groups Theories of a Proto-Balto-Slavic split around 1000 BCE (eg Kortlandt 1982 181) naively contradict the immense volume of linguistic archaeological and emerging genetic DNA (lt link ) Corded Ware evidence Latvia has eleven C-14 dates of Corded Ware Culture ( Loze 1992 A Kriiska 2001 ) with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (w 954 probability) A fish diet ( eg šapalas ) may lessen those calculations a little bit but not greatly
Another key feature of West Baltic languages is the asigmatic nominative singular neuter gender ending in -n This is noted in such words as kelan ( wheel ) azeran ( lake ) and dadan ( milk ) There are also many neuter gender words that end in -u such as panu ( fire ) pẽku ( livestock ) as well as alu ( mead re Latvian aluot ) of which the later two may well be from Centum Globular Amphora substratum and amber trade contacts Note Old Prussian panno ( re panu-staklan ) and Gothic fōn Armenian hur hnoc Old Prussian druwis Iranian dhruvi- indicate the core Satem foundation of West Baltic Aswinan amp dadan certainly do The neuter gender asigmatic -n exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp [ re neuter vaška beeswax gt Finnish vaha ] The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords or modern East Baltic ( Prussian median vs Samogitian medė forest ) once again dating a the West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 )
pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-Svitych 1963 42-44 see below ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as Lydian The developements of the Slavic neuter are being still debated This isogloss could provide insight about the Novosvobodna Maykop type steppe burial orientation tradition of Fatyanovo males to SW females to NE as well as Novosvobodna Maykop type metallurgic influences on Fatyanovo [ re
Samogitian medė forest Finnish metsauml - forest Estonian mets Votic meccauml Karelian mečču id Lule Saacutemi miehttjēn far away Saacutemi meahcci forest fringe Hungarian ( ) messze far distant East Baltic tilta bridge - Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish silta bridge Estonian sild Volgaic Erzya śid-al sed id lt Skt sētu- band bridge Latvian sēta fence ]
A very unique feature preserved in the West Baltic languages is the Genitive singular declensional ending in -as for words that end in -as or -an in the Nominative case Hittite also shared this feature -aš lt -os as well as perhaps neighboring Gothic ( nomgensg harjis ) nearby in the West although mere appearances may be misleading Neighboring Wielbark culture ( Gothic
I1-M253 - Y-DNA ) interaction with West Baltic tribes especially the Galindians appears to have been co-operative and mutually beneficial The border between the two may account for certain Gothic type loanwords into the Baltic languages This Gen -as declensional ending is as disconcerting for
expedited Balto-Slavic theories as the East Baltic neuter although it does strengthen and lend support to the effect of GAS Such a generalized declensional feature is noted in a word like Nominative singular pēdan ( ploughshare ) Genitive singular pēdas or in the West Baltic Genitive singular Deivas ( Gods ) and in places names ( re Wilkaskaymen ) Many unique features of West Baltic are relics from the Proto-Indo-European Sredny Stog horizon (4500-3350 BCE) as is the deduced archaic East Baltic ( amp R1a1a- Z92
Slavic ) singular neuter with -d resembling a Lydian type developement - unlike West Baltic
West Baltic has the same four nominal accent classes as does Lithuanian but it has retained the original accentual state of Dnieper Baltics ( an acute rising
accent and a circumflex falling accent) The first class is the acute barytone paradigm The second is the circumflex barytone paradigm Thirdly the acute mobile paradigm Lastly the circumflex mobile paradigm
The Archaeological Record gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Reading from the archaeological record one can associate dates of 3200 - 2300 BCE with various material artifacts (toy wheeled wagon) and increased plant ( hemp and wheat ) pollens that appear to indicate the arrival of Baltic speaking peoples in the Baltic region who appear gradually and slowly settled in well among native populations ( recently arrived Uralic Comb amp Pitted Ware Cultures
( N1c1 ) mixed with an older Nemunas amp Narva Substratum w U5b2 amp Centum Globular
Amphora outliers ) Recent archaeological finds of Triticum and Cannabis pollen circa 5600 BCE from the Akali Neolithic Narva-Kunda settlement in East Estonia ( A Poska L Saarse et al 2006 ) places Cannabis cultivation in the Baltic region much further back into antiquity than even the Corded or Pitted Ware eras Also the East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants also Z92 ) had more close contact with Uralic (eg Kiukainen culture ) and nearby Pit-grave Yamna Āryan speaking cultures than the West Balts ( Sanskrit hastas amp Lith
žastas ) After 2750 BCE the agricultural record intensifies ( Rimantienė et al
1999 ) as well as beginning East Baltic copper ( varis ) amp bronze metallurgy near the Ural Mountains The East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo era metallurgy proceeded the Seima-Turbino culture horizon ( vaška = Old East Baltic
neuter )
A forest-zone polyethnic ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Abashevo culture by the Urals emerged with MVK Catacomb influenced early Eastern Balts Volga Finns and Pit-grave Pre-Indo-Aryans from the steppe-zone using the same process Migrations often follow climate changes ( re the
Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase ) around the 3rd millennium BCE the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BCE amp the 12th century BCE Each migration would encounter different native ethnic groups and influence the dominant language during assimilation of those ethnic natives Indo-European peoples amp languages have ALWAYS been multi-ethnic The new molecular DNA archaeology proves it beyond question We are all related - literally
The high incidence of Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 suggest long term relations and admixture with the Uralic speaking population of the Baltic Volga and Ural region which may have had a conservative influence on the East Baltic Satem dialects and speakers Note Kurdish varg vs Komi Zyryan voumlrkas wolf N1c appears to emanate East amp West from the Ural region probably with its origin in Khakassia The divergence of language is usually happening while there is also a convergence of languages
Fatyanovo-Balanovo gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The early Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture ( 3300 - 1800 BCE Loze 1992 Tab1 ) was an Northeastern extension of the East Baltic Corded Ware culture (w mtDNA
N1a1a1 R1a1a1 ldquoM‟srdquo also Z92 LWb allele ) following various rivers in the North like the Oka to the upper Volga and Kama confluence in what is now Russia Fatyanovo developed from an early Northern variant of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon It is here that pottery displays a unique Fatyanovo Baltic style of mixed Corded Ware and Globular Amphora ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 )
features amp exhibits a trademark checked motif design ornamentation not found with the steppe cultures ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) thus allowing their contacts with those cultures to be tracked - even into Sintashta amp beyond The parallel lines motif may represent a darža or a tilled garden plot ( re Finnish tarha lt Fatyanovo ) perhaps from Dnieper Satems or GAS ( copyjp ) Compare the darža motif to the Bronocice farmers pot ( re CWC Eulau-Shughnan
DNA ) Fatyanovo hemp provided a water resistant fishing line for hooks and nets ( amp herbal medication ) and barley provided bread ( Latv miezē ) Fatyanovo migrations also correspond to regions with hydronyms of an East Baltic language dialect mapped by linguists as far as the Oka river and the upper Volga as well as regions with elevated frequencies of the rare LWb allele Spreading eastward down the Volga and beyond they discovered amp exploited the copper ores of the the western Ural foothills and started long term settlements in the lower Kama river region The East Balt Paimenes herdsmen brought their ešva - tarpan horse šėmas gōvs - gray cow avis - sheep parša - pig (neut) ratas - wheel ašis - axle tilta - bridge žalga - long fishing pole for šapalas red finned dace in the jaura - marsh a pada - clay pōdas - pot of kāras medu - honeycomb honey apiculture amp daržai - tilled crop plots - including javas - cereal grain maižis - barley šaras - seed sālis - salt along with varia - copper metallurgy and a tūšanti - thousand ( see below ) of their dainās - Holy Songs of their šventa - spiritual beliefs about dermė - harmony and the celestial -deivas
Trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo
checked ceramic darža motif copyjp
Fatyanovo cemeteries would sometimes have graves of not only people but also bear and other animals which are buried with ritual close by in individual graves Solar designs ( Solar cult clan re Saulės Rẽtis ) commonly adorn East Baltic Fatyanovo ceramics as do trademark checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Livestock includes cattle ( Y-DNA H10 ) horses sheep pigs and dogs ( North Saami šūvon trained dog ) and apiculture Balanovo livestock initially had more swine and sheep than other livestock Excavations indicate hunting and fishing ( žalga šapalas ) was often practiced ( Lougas 1999 ) as well as swidden agriculture ( Krasnov 1971 ) They gathered hazel nuts Excavations indicate Fatyanovo cultivated barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972
Jaanits 1992 49 ) Bone wrist guards imply they were accomplished archers Two-wheeled wagons (Goldina 1999) are also typical finds ( re ratas ) as are toy wheels There are a profusion of sites in the northern Baltic countries including
the Kazan Russia (Volga-Kama) region The more metallurgically exploited Ural region of the Fatyanovo culture was designated as the Balanovo culture (2900-
2100 BCE) from a cemetery found near the town Balanovo cemeteries had both kurgan ( Lith kapas ) and flat type burials ( like Abashevo - Kuzmina 2007
p221 ) The funeral chambers were wooden constructions in rectangular pits with the deceased wrapped in birch bark or hides
SW amp NE gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Balanovo copper metallurgy has its roots in central European cultural traditions which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper Cultural area Balanovo jewelry duplicates specific designs of a Central European provenance perhaps derived from the Centum Globular Amphora substratum assimilated into the Middle Dnieper - Fatyanovo cultures East Baltic lexicon also has unique isoglosses with Central European Celto-Italic dialects w ERC GAC bilinguals which also shared the BBC amp TRB substrate found in the Centum Globular Amphora horizon ( semti ratas peku ) Emulating the earlier poly-ethnic Globular Amphora ERC culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers adorned their ceramics with specific solar or unique designs ( re
Globular Amphora amp Narva substratum w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) valued pork ( parša ) high among livestock and practiced copper metallurgy But quite unlike the Globular Amphora culture stone cist burials with heads oriented to the East Satem Fatyanovo-Balanovo orientated male burials to the Southwest ( ДАКрайнов 1964 1972 re 188-192 ) - per steppe Maykop custom - as did the nearby related Satem Pit Grave culture and the much later early phase Sarmatian burials of Pokrovka Even a distant Afanasievo migration burial east of the Ural river with its Repin traits orientated the male to the southwest By 2600 BCE the Fatyanovo Balanovo culture and its copper metallurgy was firmly established in the Volga-Kama Ural region East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo Ural metallurgy was the nexus for a revolution that would sweep across the steppes and beyond
Cis-Ural Metallurgy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The villages were composed of above ground wooden houses built from logs with saddled roofs and had fenced enclosures ( Udmurt kar - town site Komi kar -
site of ancient town Mordvinian Erzya kardas - enclosure courtyard w -as ending lt
East-Baltic gardas - enclosure vs Ossetian kaeligrt - id ) East Baltic Balanovo and Finno-Uralic Volosovo peoples apparently mixed well ( LWb allele amp N1c1 ) without too much conflict as they did with steppe peoples with whom they they had contact via trade with the Caucacus metalworkers The East Balt association with amber is quite old ( ДАКрайнов 1972 1973 Loze 1979 1993 ) Chuvash jandar and Hungarian ( w LWb ) gyentar - amber gyenta - resin reflect the legacy of an archaic adjectival -tar neuter suffixed Balanovo
( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin Skt jatu - resin jātarūpa - golden ( lt jęta-rūpa Lith gentaro-rupis re Skt jā-ta- Lith gen-tis ) Avestan toponym jatara- resinous Corded Ware Balanovo amp Abashevo metallurgy would provide significant impetus to Seyma-Turbino metallurgy ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked celt-axes lt gt ) Komi ram- calm peace and
erd- field reflect peaceful interaction with the Volga-Balts ( Lith erdvas ardvas
Saacutemi aacutervas ) Note Komi rit - evening and Lettic riets- sunset The pirtis - log shed (sauna) of the pioneering Volga-Balts was evidently noticed and emulated by the locals ( Mari poumlrt Saacutemi barta) Finnish Orja - slave Estonian [gen] Orja Udmurt Var Komi Ver Mokša Urauml Erzya Ure - slave indicates some later conflicts with the Āryans - as do some archaeological sites ( note - all the various late Finnic Āryan terms lack archaic nominative s - like later Timber-
Grave Iranian ) In contrast Saacutemi Oarje just designates a direction ( Abaev 1981 85
) Variations (re mtDNA Z1a V ) among Saacutemi mtDNA now show an earlier link to the Volga-Ural region ( M Ingman et al 2007 ) Neither the LT Aukštaičiai nor the Saacutemi have any common European mtDNA H1 ( ) The Saacutemi may well have an old folk saying similar to Oh well there goes the neighborhood but it has eluded my research into it
Residual Stratum gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Scholars are still perplexed by the imbalance or lopsided ratio of loanwords between East Baltic and the Uralic languages This is because the bulk of Baltic loanwords into Uralic arent loanwords per se but rather residuals of a scattered ( LWb allele R1a Z92) stratum language reflecting the widespread and prolonged assimilation of bilingual archaic East Baltic speaking Fatyanovo-Balanovo Battle Axe settlers and their poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a N1c1 ) descendants ( Finnish heimo sisar Saacutemi gaacuteibmi ) with the numerically dominant Uralic tribes for millennia The merging of Comb and Corded Ware ceramics ( w chamotte or grog ) and other associated artifacts reflect this hybrid cultural horizon ( Lith šeškas Mari šāškə Veps hāhk re Sanskrit śaśakas ) The Kiukainen culture is one example Multi-room houses also appear Some isolated pockets of poly-ethnic Baltic speakers such as the ГОЛЯДЬ survived intact even up to historic times North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92 N1c1) with tl dl consonant cluster changes gt kl gl - like East Baltic implies multiple pockets of poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a1a Z92 N1c1 ) East Baltic speakers there Yet the rate of assimilation eventually outpaced the passage of substratum language inheritance Hence the additional impact of not uncommon Baltic-Uralic bilingualism ( eg Kiukainen culture ) on the structure of Finnic languages along with a myriad of archaic common everyday ( EB neuters - heinauml hay tarha
garden plot silta bridge ) terminology Uralic impacted Baltic as well The absence of weaponry or conflict terms is notable - and in hindsight altogether wise Fatyanovo-Balanovo East Baltic ( w GAS ) had became an established regional poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) substratum language ( paimen herder )
throughout its range ( re LWb allele ) Although numerically overwhelmed its innovative broad-based ( apiculture agriculture building amp metallurgy ) cultural impact proved enduring - as expressed in the Kiukainen culture Scholars are not fond of such dramatic re-assessments even when molecular DNA amp traditional archaeology clearly illuminates the mounting dateable evidence The challenging complexity of Finno-Ugrian origins and evolution has only grown with recent studies yet traditional archaeology acknowledges that Fatyanovo-Uralic contact ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 N1c1 ) zones precede Āryan-Uralic contact ( Krajnov 1972 251-252 Gurina 1963 133 139 Khalikov 1969 205 Tretrsquojakov
1966 135 ) Fatyanovo used chamotte admixture in ceramics like their neighbors ( Laitinen et al 2002 ) Some Aryan loanwords in Uralic may reflect a poly-ethnic Alakul forest re-intrusion and were diffused by a subsequent F-U speakers migration as implied by DNA genetics And the earliest Corded Ware words found in Uralic are an identifiable archaic East Baltic ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem
1000 ) as exemplified by a shared vocabulary ( Mari karas šāškə Lith šeškas
Sanskrit śaśakas ) amp the singular neuter and not some amorphous pre-Baltic that vanished without a trace
Kela vs Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Overlapping the Southern edge of the Fatyanovo - Balanovo region by where the rivers flow South another group of the East Baltic-type Satem Corded Ware pottery tradition ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) later
developed that is called the Abashevo culture ( 2400 - 1800 BCE ) after a nearby village East of Kazan Russia The Abashevo culture exhibited strong influences from both Pit-grave and MVK Catacomb cultures on its Baltic-type Corded Ware traditions Abashevo metallurgy was proportionally less weapon-oriented than that of their Pit-grave Āryan neighbors exhibiting more utilitarian or artistic ornamental products That being said Abashevo weapon metallurgy was innovative and the designs were adopted by Andronovo cultures Unlike the Pit-grave Āryans of the bordering steppe the forest dwelling Abashevo like the Balanovo mixed some with the local Volosovo ( N1c1 ) hunters amp foragers influencing their culture in many ways The Abashevo relations with Seima - Turbino were also apparently fruitful for each other (East Baltic Fatyanovo kela
Finnish kela - reel spindle Fatyanovo amp Lith ratas Finnish amp Estonian ratas - wheel North
Saami raacutehtis - id Fatyanovo amp Lith kepti Saami giksa- kopša- to cook) The archaic East Baltic kela vs ratas usage invites scholarly investigation of the neuter in East Baltic as well as assessing Globular Amphora poly-ethnic Substratum influence from ERC Finnish taivas Estonian taevas amp Saacutemi daivas - heaven reflect an archaic East Baltic influence still heard in Saule noiet dievā or Saule iet dievu of the old Latvian Dainās ( re H Biezais 1961
Gimbutas 1958 46 ) Lithuanian still has dievop dieviep declensions Perhaps
Saacutemi taiw Hungarian taacutej and Khanty tai - locus are also related if heaven is a place - somewhere
Like Balanovo sites many Abashevo settlements were also by the copper laden southwestern foothills of the Urals and as the Volga-Kama area Balanovo East-Balts did left ample kurgan burials and flat graves as part of their Abashevo burial rite Late Abashevo artifacts were found in Sintashta ( Pre-Vedic ) culture graves Sintashta also had not only one but two flat grave cemeteries along with the expected more prestigious kurgans Sintashta ceramics display the influence of early Abashevo amp Fatyanovo-Balanovo pottery styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) just as many
Sintashta Europoid remains exhibit the dolichocephaly of Abashevans ( Schwidetzky 1978 Menck 1980 Gimbutas 1997 322 ) amp Fatyanovans ( Denisova 1980
Rimantiene amp Cesnys 1996 50 Loze 1996 68 ) Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo )
ceramics with chamotte exhibit a projecting rim as does later Abashevo ( re
mtDNA N1a1a1 294 ) The artifacts suggest a unique cultural exchange between poly-ethnic ( w Uralic amp GAS admixture) Abashevo and Fatyanovo-Balanovo people into the Sintashta culture of Pre-Vedic peoples ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The nearby Volga Finnic Erzya-Moksha Mordvin language group has preserved loanwords from early Āryan Volga-East-Baltic and possibly a Pre-Tocharian Repin type language which would seem to confirm the probability of such exchanges Residual Ural-Volga Repins may well have become contributing substratum in the ethno-genesis of the Corded Ware Abashevo considering their geographical locations The Volga-Sok river Ural region by Samara has yielded Repin-influenced pottery reflecting the Repin influenced pottery of the earliest Afanasievo kurgans Early Uralic exchanges with IE Centum speakers probably correlate with this regional Volga-Repin horizon by the Urals Re haplogroup U5 Tokharian A waumls Tokharian B yasa - gold ( PT wesā ) Uralic Mari waž Kamassian waza Votyak az-veś Hungarian vas Mansi atvės Forest Nenets wyesya whereas Saacutemi vieške Moksha uśkauml Estonian vask reflect Tokharian A wsā-yok lt wesā-yāku - gold colored Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration with decorated rims on a round-based pot The NE orientation of male burials characteristic of Don Repins is also noted later with some ( not all ) Timber-Grave burials vs the early Afanasievo migration burials with Repin traits which orientated males to the southwest like Poltavka Fatyanovo ( Lith talka
telkti East Tocharian A talke Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) and the early phases of Sarmatian burials
Indo-Āryan Soma ( contents lt source ) preserved the native Uralic ( N1c1 ) word for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) was pressed with stones in water to produce a batch of the Soma beverage ( re Khanty Sŏma hewn
mortar-bowl Estonian Soim hewn manger ) or passed around and shared The misnomer well have been a cross-cultural semantic mistranslation from Balanovo-Volosovo contacts Finger pointing can be misconstrued as Elbing Vocabulary 141 comically demonstrates Some other tribes may have noticed East Baltic Balanovo neuters were one consonant shy of a combo plate and later added one Amanita muscaria reflects the Sun-Moon symbolism well
especially as they rise amp set smoky chestnut red ( žalas ) An pioneer ethno-mycologist R Gordon Wasson identified Vedic Soma as Amanita muscaria in his 1967 book although its legendary use was clearly Pre-Vedic Note that Balanovo and Volosovo-Garino ( Finno-Uralic ) culture pottery are sometimes discovered in sites side by side ( Goldin 1999130 ) inferring very close contacts (re mtdna haplogroup U4 [ Pliss et al 2005 16134ndash16356ndash16362 Bermisheva et al 2002 16189ndash16311ndash16356
Derbeneva et al2002b ] R1a amp N1c1 ) Ethnic customs were shared The Volosovo ( N1c1) use of talc or chamotte to temper pottery is significant since the custom of talc admixture is shared in Abashevo ceramics and later found in Sintashta culture ceramics Two pots unearthed far away near Sarazm betray their poly-ethnic Abashevo Ural area ( N1c1) origination by their unusual talc admixture
One side effect of the Ural region metallurgic bonanza was the need to defend key mining claims and production An escalation in production of weapons is noted The Pepkino burial kurgan suggests Abashevo northern territorial encroachment into Balanovo mining districts was strictly non-negotiable Later Sintashta - Arkaim type fortifications anticipated security concerns regarding metallurgic production centers
Sounds of Thunder gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Songs of the Erzya Mordvinic thunder spirit Purrsquogine Pərgənauml parallel both traditions of Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons and Rig Vedic Parjanyah closely ( Rig Veda Book 5 Hymn 83 ) The ancient Permic Komi myth of Pera the Giant amp the Oak grove like Parjanya and Erzya Pərgənauml may also reflect cultural integration or assimilation ( LWb R1a1a- Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) of residual Volga-Kama Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo East Balts by the Urals ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt checkered ornament of Volga-Urals ) The East
Balt type R1a1a- Z92 variant found among the Volga Erzya suggests such (
R1a1a- Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) Unlike Pera the giant amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Another Volga-Kama area Permic variation was noted by Y Wickman ( Teitoja Votjaakkien Mytologiiasta 1893
p 33)as the Votiak wrathful Perkịno who was offered bread gruel and ( ) butter The Chuvash still say ascha schapat about lightning Missionaries demonized the hewn idols as the devil of hell replacing them with a foreign stern storm-god tradition - and new improved idols There is even a Perkino Russia - somewhat near Tula
Legends of the North gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Recent discoveries have eclipsed traditional mindsets Aerial surveys revealed Sintashta amp Arkaim Archaeological analysis from excavations have revealed four thousand year old cultural intermingling ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) In 2002 Fragments of Lappish Mythology by Lars Levi Laestadius was finally published
in English It had been long forgotten since the 1840s The Saacutemi version of the Storm-giant bears a close conformity to Pera the giant and Parjanya ( RV 563 ) The evil troll hiding in the hollow ( Lith dumbas Slavic dub - oak ) gets zapped in the Saacutemi version reflecting Rig Veda 563 After ridding the world of evil the only reward Pera the giant wants is a net How odd A net Whatz wit that A net A more multi-cultural analysis would provide insight Perhaps one can discern a unity of traditions considering that a Baltic net Sietynas is also Pleiades ( Saacutemi siejdi gt ON seieth ) Pashto Perūne is the knotty six-star Pleiades Northern legends of the six bogatyr sons the Sun maiden Pera marries the Suns daughter Saulė and the bear Saulės ratelis the sun maidens ring sauryās rathas The golden horned elk Zarni Anj Shundy Mumy solar mother the crescent moon ( Saacutemi maacutennu maacuteno ) Saacutemi has pirjanne - borjja-dat storms There are many Saacutemi - Permic conformities ( Charnolusski 1965 101-130 ) The Perm culture of the Vychegda river region practiced both inhumation amp cremation In their region 34 of inhumations were oriented to the SW Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( Vychegda region ) burial orientations were also to the SW The northern peoples SW buried with head towards sunset orientation ( Taylor 1989 280 Mansin 1984 64 Karlalainen 1996 46 ) is explained as the South representing the Sky gt Heaven ( Lith dievas Estonian taevas Saacutemi taiw Hungarian
taacutej and Khanty tai ldquo ) Early phase Sarmatian burials are similar There are many northern shared traditions ( sarvas - hirvas - sirvas ) and legends with some well over four thousand years old ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) They are not well received today nor have been in the past ( Willumsen LH 1997 ) Nobody magically disappears not even in Las Vegas
Perga - Pargai gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The interpretation of the phonetics of Parjanyah should consider three factors Sanskrit J followed by a front vowel as in Parjanya matches a Baltic G ( Lith augu Skt ojah lt H2eug- ) Secondly classical Sanskrit parkaṭī - fig tree has a holly oak ( Quercus ilex ) dialect homonym in a western Punjabi dialect with parg-ai instead of park-aṭī ( note related Skt k-g-j- bhakti bhaga-
bhajati ) In other words the Punjab region Vedic Parjanyah may be phonetically interpreted as Pərgənyah from the Iranian-like R-only Rig Vedic dialect lt possibly reflecting a phonetic alternate Pərkənyas from another ( Alakul ) immigration of R amp L Madhyadeśa dialects of mixed lineage populace - say perhaps marginalized poly-ethnic metalworkers
artisans a post-Sintashta śāpharikas fisherman ( re śapharas gt महाशफर )
farmers and herders perhaps even Yadavas ( re the tadbhava layer ) The 800 years from Sintashta to the Vedas significantly impacted Indo-Iranian itself much less a few odd loanwords A phonetic Iranian-like Punjab Vedic Pərgənyah amp Pərgənauml of the Volga-Ural Erzya look suspiciously similar Whatz up with that Was there a Volga-Ural cultural contact in common with a similarly positioned ldquoalpinerdquo velar The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 ) indicates that very common contact were the Volga-Ural
Fatyanovo- Balanovo Balts and their descendants ndash the same mushroom munching forest folk with their rolling ratas gentara- golden amber and stinky šapalas breath Thirdly Parjanya ( Divas putrāya ) like Vāyu and his obscure dhēnā lt dainā have already been marginalized in the Punjab Rig-Veda of elite Āryan priests - with only a few old token hymns Times change people change languages change Even Gods change All we are is dust in the wind
More Bull gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In East Baltic Mythology Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons is closely associated with the Bull In Nuristani Mythology Paumlrun is a war god ( kariaunas ) In Pashto Perūne is the knotty Pleiades star cluster ( re Old Prus Perōni - group Lith Peruotas
- beetle brood Peras - egg brood larvae ) The reason Perkūnas-Perkaunis is associated with the Bull is due to the ancient correlation of the Taurus constellations importance to the agricultural Dnieper Satem Tripolye R1a1a- Z280 substratum of East Balts The Taurus constellation ( Latv Vērsis ) signaled the start of the growing year and the arrival of Perkaunis loud Thunder storms Pashto Pleiades is in ( you guessed it ) - the Taurus constellation ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) The stars brought the rain of the Bull representing the magic of fertility to the Z280 Satem farmers When the Satem East Balts assimilated the poly-ethnic Globular Amphora-post-Narva substatum with their pre-Fairguni a Centum velar was added to Peraunas by his wife Perkūnija hence the E+W poly-ethnic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons Uralic loanwords attest to this antiquity of the East Baltic ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive variant Perkūnas was very important to farmers unlocking the start of a new growing year by his loud return In Lithuania the first ritual plowing of the Spring was done by two sacred black ( kirsna- ) bulls His two stones ( not red ) release fire The goatish echoes of flying snipes before a storm warn of his arrival Stricken lightning locations are šventas The darža checkered ceramics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) in Sintashta and Alakul pottery track contacts with Fatyanovo-Balanovo Z92 farmers Parjanya later appears in the Rig Veda as an peripheral obscure deity even though he is a son of Heaven ( Divas putrāya ) He is associated with Soma Vāyu ( Lith
dialect Vėjus ) and has Bull symbolism He gladdens the Earth He has a trace of a misplaced velar unlike Pashto Perūne star cluster ( Pleiades - in Vērsis ) Paumlrun or Slavic velarless Perun Parjanya has lost his militaristic affinities amp exploits Early Mitanni mining contacts may culturally connect Ashur Marduk to the Asuras Maruts There were no copyrights back then The evil serpent and various keraunophobic belief systems have remained quite popular to this day It is the hero Indra who now frees the cattle from the Vala cave slays the Vritra ahi- serpent and throws the wheel of the kerauninkas Kāvya Uśanas ( Latv milna lt mildna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild-
Tocharian kaumlrwentildee )
Perunaš Peraunas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Angis anžuolas reflect connections to the Hittite ( Maykop or Lydian ) diffused Myth of Illuy-ankas (eel-snake Latin anguilla ) and a storm deity named Tarḫunna Perunaš a stone-boulder-cliff deity joins in ( Myth of Ullikummi Ivanov
1958 108-9 ) The peaks of Greek Κέρκυρα island Baden alpine Hercynia and GAC pre-Fairguni or later Norse Fjoumlrgyn mountain all have a peaked alpine velar whereas Middle Dnieper Tripolye Satem reflects a Hittite common gender Perunaš as the Middle Dnieper cultures velar-less Peraunas we all know and love ( Czech Peraun Slavic Perunŭ Polabian Peraumlune- ) Sanskrit velar-less
Paru Parv-ata mountain ( Hittite Peru Perunant- Avestan Paruuatā ) was also used for a cloud especially a massive knotty cumulonimbus cloud cluster the kind which usually precedes violent thunderstorms ( Rig Veda 106411 ) An affiliation of Peraunas with cumulonimbus thundercloud clusters geologic uplifts lightning-bolts and magic ceraunium stones ( Tocharian kaumlrwentildee pārem ) is still noted Neighboring Catacomb Culture provides a later Greek Keraunos - thunderbolt ( Grk Poimenes Lith Piemenes Kerauninkas ) Circular triple crossed ceraunic hexagrams were popular Baltic woodcarving motifs Lithuanian kerauti translates as to make magic sorcery Globular Amphora amp Northern Dnieper Satems assimilate uniquely blending Satem Peraunas amp Centum Perkūnija in a wedding of sky amp earth ( re post-GAC ON Fjoumlrgynn amp Fjoumlrgyn ) Perkaunas-Perkūnija unite the poly-ethnic Baltic Centum amp Satem farmers which also head East with his still new ERC velar wedding attire as Uralic words record Neither the Polabian Peraumlune nor Pashto Perūne ldquoclusterrdquo cognates have the ERC velar whereas the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno neighbors of Fatyanovo-Balanovo do Perkaunas adopts the mycological magic orphans of the forest folk along the way to the Urals with Fatyanovo-Balanovo metallurgic pioneers His reception was cordial but the forest is his home with his oak and his ever popular sacred orphans The Baltic etymology of the revered oak is perhaps a ldquosecretrdquo taboo double entendre ( ang-is anž-
uolas ) but knotty fits just fine Perkūnas clash with a hiding Velinas ( Latv jods -
black ) the serpent-demon in the oak ( Middle Welsh derwen ) over theft ( cattle-
fertility ) is an old theme Thus the traditional black hued choice of sacrifices especially during times of drought Fire in the oak Quercitron The Storms of Spring battle Winters dark deceit for the release and restoration of Life Perkūnas was to wed the laume water spirit Indraja but it was not to be Parjanya isnt as popular in the Avesta Nuristani Paumlrun is a war god no bull Parjanya has already been de-oaked by the time of the Vedas and his ancient heroic legends have been assigned to Indra Parjanyas name is still spoken by farmers The Komi have Pera the giant amp his Oak grove As for his northern šventas orphans ( V N Toporov 1979 RV 9823 ) word gets around For the paru
peru jointed knotty IE etymology see Karl Hoffman 1974 In addition I note Sanskrit Paru - knotty having joints ( esp of reed or cane ) and Lith Peras - jointed plant shoot ( eg of reed ) cluster as well as a cluster of white knotty or jointed larvae or brood cluster bear close etymological affinities ( for -as vs-us note Lith Vėjas vs dialect Vėjus ) This cluster could be of stones clouds rock eggs sprouts larvae chicks church goers reeds or
stars From the eggs amp seeds of PIE per- to bear begets the cluster That
cluster becomes a cloud ( Perunaš Peraun ) or if stone later becomes a mountain
( Perunant- Paruuatā ) The visual connection of a puffy cloud cluster with a cluster of cute fluffy chicks or squirming larvae ( Lith Peras ) may be easily comprehended by a native Oaxacan but most scholars to date just dont get it They may well never Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are all related cluster cognates GAS influenced Perkons amp Parjanya are also related and especially to each other with the GAS velar infixation - due specifically to Volga-Ural inter-ethnic contact ( copyVirdainas )
Oaks are strikingly knotty as are firs fingers posts backbones cliffs and clouds Oaks are also like mountains ( re Fairguni ) strikingly tall or as they say in Hittite Parku- or Tocharian Paumlrk- and long when felled ( Tocharian Paumlrkaumlr- again ) - as when one makes a 26 ft dugout canoe - or perga - pergas ( Finnish haapio lt Fatyanovo aspen canoe ) Greek Πέργ- implies a European substratum p inclination for expected b Khotanese bulysa also prefers the horizontal orientation A Proto-Kartvelian dialect root for acorn dialect for oak reflects ḳrḳo- which bares a striking similarity to Italic Kerkus an oak ( with
many branches ) Venetian Querquerni Thucydides mountain Kirkine Celtic alpine Hercynia gt Gothic mountain Fairguni gt ON Fjoumlrgyn Greek island Κέρκσρα Lith Kerkūrė - hill mountain summit Lith Kerkulė many branched stump ( trunk ) Lith Kerkutys branching trunk Welsh Perth bush ( with many branches ) Old Norse Fjoumlrr tree Lith Keras bush ( with many
branches ) Lith kerkoti ndash to ldquostickrdquo out - like the ldquoalpinerdquo velar in Perkons or Parjanya darža laquo checked raquo Alakul or Kandahar Mundigak-VI Afghan pottery or z92 by Samara Initial or medial Q gt T gt P is early Lengyel BBC influencing GAC TRB traders amp Baden outliers Follow the Money Lengyel - Bell Beaker culture influence is easily percieved in various numerals such as Breton pemp Swedish fem Old High German fimf Oscan pompe - 5 or Welsh pedwar Old English fēower vs Lith keturi Sanskrit chatur - 4 Perhaps also GAC 11 amp 12 w -p lt -q like 4 Jātarūpa amber Gentaro rupis (
FYI - Some Western Chicago dialects pronounce knotty amp naughty the same way ) The 2800 BCE Corded Ware GAC connection of ON alpine Fjoumlrgyn amp E Baltic elevated Perkūnija is fairly obvious given current archaeological amp DNA evidence Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are cluster cognates Perkons amp Parjanya are also related - due to contact Roth ratas rathas Embrace the Chaos
Velars amp Vowels
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Given what has been revealed from the archaeology of the Sintashta era and later ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornament of the Volga-Urals ) the northwestern Punjab Rig Vedic dialect of Parjanyah may reflect an earlier Volga-Urals region polyethnic Perkaunyas or Pərgənyas which would resemble the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno or Baltic Perkaunias very very closely Why are the nearest cognates of Parjanya with an rdquoalpinerdquo velar ( plosive ) only in Balto-Finnic Volgaic Permic Baltic and otherwise noticeably absent in surrounding Satem Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani European Celtic Hercynia Gothic Fairguni attest to Western perhaps GAC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive affinities ( re roth ratas rathas below ) As linguists struggle with the etymology of the Punjab Rig Vedic Parjanya or even Baltic Perkūnas for that matter did they even consider the heresy of a poly-ethnic origin ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2 ) or a GAC origin of the integrated ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive ( re Eulau GAC
DNA amp Shughnans ) Slavic Satem Ruki amp velarless Perun would support it Perkaunias gt Perkonias gt Pərganyas Short e o get leveled to a as Indo-Iranian evolves At least a half a millennium passes between Sintashta and the Vedas Velar plosive [-G-] before a front vowel becomes [-J-] In other words we are discussing a shared cultural tradition ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) spanning well over four thousand years ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 The laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Beyond the similar name itself the very verses of each cultures related hymns ( dainās ) exactly parallel each other in a truly uncanny way The inclusive Perkaunijas appealed to poly-ethnic farmers herders and smiths not to a xenophobic ruling elite The increased frequency of dental cavities in Arkaim remains may reflect polyethnic Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo populace Given the Fatyanovo link with Sintashta ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) amp Kandahar ceramics ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 laquo checked raquo 14 ) and Corded Ware Abashevo origins of chariot cheek-pieces in the Urals such speculation is well within reasonable parameters even for diehard skeptics ( DNA data pending ) The Sintashta metal workers were busy real busy - cooking ( varia ) copper which is noisy hot foundry type work A rare day off meant quietly fishing by the cool water with some herbal headache medicine And it is still the common farmers who welcome Parjanya Pərgənauml or Perkons Perhaps the priests forgot ( RV 10853 ) Parjanyas is still the father of Soma ( RV 9823 ) Bon Appetit
The astonishing similarity of the archaic Central East Baltic (Latvian dial example Perkaunis Perkūne and Lietas) Dainās tradition mirrors the Eastern Fatyanovo Balanovo Baltic culture mythology as seen with the Votiak Perkịno and Volgaic (Erzya Pur‟gine Lit-ava) songs The initial L vs R of Lit-ava would presume early-Baltic contact since Vedic vṛkah ( vs archaic Baltic
vilkas) is associated with the loanword vərgas in Uralic Moksha or Komi Zyryan voumlrkas - wolf terms which were probably acquired from an Alakul intrusion into the forest-steppe Yet Ossetic does have Lymaelign friend reflecting Mordvin Loman man whereas Sanskrit has Ramana - man
married (re Latvian Loma- role Lithuanian Luomas- marital status class of men) Erzya has Paz reflecting Saka Bagas - a legacy of their contact ( Slavic
Bogъ) Discovering East Balt R1a1a- Z92 among the Volga-Ural Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) may pale to other previously unidentified R1a lineages from ancient cultural contact The Pur‟gine Paz - Lit-ava hymns are thus part of a poly-ethnic shared tradition
Syllabic Resonants R gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The East Baltic šapalas and Indic śapharas (chub-carp ) śāpharikas ( fisherman ) isogloss is indeed very interesting - given the absence of other fish cognate isoglosses ( Ossetian kaeligf Old Japanese kwop(j)i gt koi ) Sanskrit scholars have determined at least two early Vedic dialects ( the IE L gt R only
vs the R and L - Madhyadeśa region ) and possibly a third ( the L only ) existed The Rig Veda we know today is in the R only dialect ( Indo-Iranian coalescence of
L gt R ) Note Sanskrit śroṇis vs Lith šlaunis Thus only occasional token words remain from 2 of the 3 Vedic era dialects Baltic had retained IE L The Greek Indo-Iranian dialect area exhibited issues with syllabic resonants ( l r m n ) - as when m and n became a or Greek alla amp arra or Indo-Iranians syllabic liquids where l usually became r There remained an Indic instability with r (ṛH) where Iranian had ar vs Indic ir ur - with E-W dialect variants Examples of this are Skt śiras vs Av sarah- Grk karā- or Skt giri- vs Av gairi- ( Lith girė vs Slavic gora ) The conservative Satem speaking communities of IE dialects which begat the Baltics usually evolved reflexes of semi-vowels l r m n into il ir im in yet also rendered them as ul ur um un after original labiovelar plosives and later rearranged after more changes The two different reflexes cluster in contrast - inflectional morphemes have the i- reflex whereas the u- reflex is not uncommon in the expressive lexicon
There was certainly early Āryan as well as Catacomb culture ( merger of Genitive
amp Ablative) influence - interaction with the respective emerging Baltic dialects (as
Middle Dnieper artifacts actually reflect amp also javas- grain isogloss or Skt paścāt Lith
paskuj later ) and with Proto-Slavic while each neighbored near the larger proto Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian isogloss area of dialects (eg Graeco-Armeno-Indo-
Iranian past tense prefix augment isogloss) Reflecting this archaic regional relationship is the specific spiritual tradition of Dawn ( Uṣas Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven isolated together in the Indic Greek and Baltic cultures The semantic perceive vs awake contrast of Greek peuthomai Avestan baodaiti and Indic bodha-h vs Balto-Slavic Lith budėti invites some curiosity Is there some specific Balto-Indic link for the divergent wake-awaken semantics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) The Armeno-Aryan remodeling of the Ablative suffix helps to date influences on Middle Dnieper dialects Another relic of this same late Sredny Stog era influencedialogue interaction maybe the proposed loss of a laryngeal (H )
after the introduction of a long vowel (Korlandt 1975 - re Latv guovs Skt gauh ) and of course RUKI The Middle Dnieper Baltics amp Slavics were thus distinct early autonomous NW Satem IE dialects (Upper Middle Dnieper-Don region ) and even more so upon becoming Europeanized R1a1a- poly-ethnics Hydronyms by Tula Russia ( re Eulau CWC DNA ) appear quite Baltic Early Satem contacts ( mtDNA T ) and exchange may have also occurred with Don-Volga Repins before an exodus flight of a group far to the East which evolved into the Afanasievo culture ( Russ toloka Lith talka telkti Tocharian talke VRC
) Repin A1 type pottery arrived at Mikkhailovka on the Dnieper around 3500 BCE from a people that had a connection to the Volga-Don Region Repins There were Repin settlements in Middle Don where it dispersed to Volga and Dnieper areas ( Sinuk 1981 ) Tocharian may be thus related to both the early Middle-Lower Dnieper Repins ( re Middle Dnieper Repins gt ERC gt pre-Germanics ) and the northern Ural-Volga Repins that migrated the Trans-Ural region East ( Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) The incorporation of some Middle Dnieper Repins into the multi-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture is supported by isoglosses between Slavic Baltic Germanic and Tocharian
The cultural convergence of these various Āryan Baltic and Uralic peoples by the Urals in the second millennium BCE is reflected in name of the annual Finnish Kekri celebration which exemplfies the state of developement of the Indo-Iranian at that time - as compared with later Rig Vedic Sanskrit sg pl čakras čakrā- PIE kʷekʷlos ( Finnish yh-deksaumln 9 or 1 from 10 lt IIr - vs
Finnish tuhante 1000 lt E Baltic Fatyanovo ) It appears from above loanwords that at mid-third millennium BCE the Fatyanovo East Baltic Satem [ š ] preceded a slower developing Indo-Āryan [ ś ] Note Nuristani parallel sonsonant It ( Finnish tuhante ) also shows uncompromised original East Baltic pre-GAS Ruki Did each Satem tribe perhaps influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) the other ( Mari indeś 9 Ossetic daeligs 10) East Baltic Fatyanovo žemė lowland was adopted as a toponym šaumlme and is now known as the haumlme region of Finland ( w Fatyanovo artifacts ) Before the Finnic change of š to h the toponym provided an ethnonym - Saacutemi aka the Lapplanders (Koivulehto 1993)
Uralic Honey
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
It is common to read that the Finno-Ugric loanwords for honey - Hungarian mez Mordvinic med Estonian Finnish mesi were not borrowed from Battle Axe Baltic medu - honey or a Ural-Volga Pre-Tocharian Repin dialect ( Latv sāls Toch A sāle Zyryan sol - salt ) but rather from a later Āryan madhu - sweet drink Even though the same Finno-Ugrics have loanwords - Mordvinic Mokša kaumlras Mari karas Udmurt karas for honeycomb wax - reflecting East Baltic kāras honeycomb ( Lith korys Latv kāres ) and in spite of the archaeological chronology of centuries of Battle Axe Balt Finno-Ugric
( eg pre-Kiukainen culture w LWb ) contact or earlier Pre-Tocharian Repin Finno-Ugric interaction ( eg Saacutemi vieške Tokharian A wsā-yok ) long before Pit Grave Āryan culture arrival No mekši -fly cognate is found in Ob-Ugric It is noteworthy that current Bashkir preserves kaumlrauml- along with Altaic Kazan Tatar kaumlraumls in that Ural region and even distant Chuvash has karas - honeycomb Note Mordvinic Erzya kšta beeswax Lith šekštė thick coarse Single markers of mtDNA N1a also group Bashkirs with Lithuania and the Komi Permyaks East Balt type Y-DNA R1a1a1 Z92 among the Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) adds additional linguistic perspective to the kāras range East Baltic bitis bee has an interesting cognate with Egyptian bi-t Baltic amber has been found in the pyramids Ural karas honeycomb is clearly a legacy of Fatyanovo-Balanovo regional assimilation ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) Surprisingly neither Slavic ( w solitary exception of Polish skarzyk lt GAS ) nor
Indo-Iranian possess a cognate ( करण - honeycomb ) although Greek does
( κηρός ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo was not some amorphous Balto-Slavic - it was evidently an identifiable archaic East Baltic - that preceded Kiukainen type hybrid cultures
Archaeological Chronology of Cultures ( Cal
14C vs the time-travel of Linguists )
5600 BCE Akali Narva-Kunda settlement in Estonia w Cannabis amp Triticum pollen
3700 BCE - Volga Repins by the Urals Volosovo expanded from Urals 3200 BCE - Fatyanovo Battle Axe arrival - Volosovo culture interaction
2800 BCE - Fatyanovo-Balanovo ceramic laquo checked raquo darža double row diamond ornament re Bronocice pot motifs
2700 BCE Kiukainen hybrid type cultures Balanovo Metallurgy in Ural forests 2300 BCE Abashevo - Pepkino Kurgan ( MVK Poltavka Fatyanovo Hybrids )
2100 BCE Abashevo amp Seyma-Turbino Metallurgic developement amp interaction 2100 BCE - Sintasta - Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament
2026 BCE Sintasta - Arkaim ( Poltavka w some MVK amp Abashevo becomes Andronovo ) - U of AZ
14C
1780-1660 BCE Alakul cemeteries pine timbers of Lisakovsk Kostany oblast by Tobol river - U of AZ 14
C 1700 BCE Timber Grave and Alakul culture intrusions into Ural forest zone cultures
1600 BCE - Timber Grave - Alakul - Fedorovo laquo checked raquo double row diamond Volga-Ural ornaments 1000 BCE - Mundigak Period VI ceramics of Afghanistan with darža laquo checked raquo double row diamond ornaments
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
From Kaunas to Kazan
to Kandahar - We Are Family
The time-travel of linguists is supported by serious academic references of
proto Indo-Aryans loaning proto Finnish vasa - calf - prior to the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC arrival thereby neutralizing any possibility of a ratas rathas debate whatsoever and uncountable cans of worms of a probable Centum connection ( GAS ) The debate was only postponed Pots dont talk they speak - volumes Note that Ossetian waeligs Yaghnob wasa - calf - would suggest a 1st millennium BCE Gorodets era contact loanword The artifacts do Another archaic Baltic loanword into Finno-Ugric exemplifying the range of influence the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC had is the East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole or long pole stick ( Arm jałk rod branch ) which has traces in Saami čuolggu pole for pushing a fishing net under the ice Finnish salko long pole Mordvin śalgo stick Komi źal lath-stick Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane
Bison in the Forest gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Gradual climatic warming of the vast pine-birch forests of Russia also afforded a home to the woodland bison (Bison bonasus bonasus) known in Lithuanian as stumbras or in Old Latvian as sumbrs - which bears a odd amp curious resemblance to the Sanskrit śambaras ( stag lt F-U śambaras lt ) A similar semantic drift is seen with the Russian izubr - stag ( Slavic jьzōbrь [ jьlt vь ]
OPr wissambrs ) Evolution of the tusked Satem žambras žumbras gt zumbras gt sumbrs noun for the dangerous forest dwelling wisent bison is far from being etymologically settled although sumbrs is unique to East Baltic Note žambas žambras derivation as well as later GAC wisent lt OPr wissambrs gt Slavic jьzōbrь ( jьlt vь ) The wisent is the largest herbivore in Europe Excavated sites in the Baltic countries indicate wisents constituted 20 of the hunted wild ungulates In Lithuania there are still meadow ( Lith
lanka Khanty lŏk ) names such as Zumbriškės by Aukštadvaris and Žumbrickiai by Ramygala in the central Panevėžys district whereas Stumbriškis place-names appear less archaic Wisents often frequent lush meadows for grazing Archaic Satem cognates for the Carpathian bison in central Europe extend beyond Slavic examples Niketas Choniates recorded
the δοσμπρος (lt zumbros ) of 12th century Cumanians hundreds of years after
the advent of Old Church Slavonic liturgical texts The apparently Thracian ( w
final -os ) δόμβρος (lt zumbros ) cognate dates to the same century as the
beginning of formalized Old Church Slavonic literature Other cognates also display this close relationship such as Thracian midne - homestead
reflecting Latvian mītne - dwelling very nicely
Given the existing evidence of Žumbr- type place-names in Lithuania like Žumbrickiai East Baltic (re upė vs apė ) obviously had a dialect variant Žumbras Finno-Ugric pronounciation of the ž- or z- consonant perhaps yielded a multi-cultural Balt-Finnic term sumbras (re Old Latv Sumbrs ) in the distant past (eg Dyakovo culture ) for the forest wisent An East Baltic remodeled variant stumbras ( re stirna ) arose In many outlying regions after the animal disappeared so did its old name Scandinavian and Slavic traders later brought in new substitute wisent names Over thousands of years of multi-cultural interaction the common term sumbrs overtook the older zumbrs variant in the Latvian region - probably due to the Estonian-Finnic phonetic influence Modern Lithuanian still has the tusked žambras žambris although the semantics are now limited to a wooden plow ( Lith žambuotas Skt
jambhate) Regional polyethnic changes of ž- to s- as in žalga gt salko do not necessitate a taboo in place of multi-millennial Finnic influenced cross-culture contact For example the related Baltic taurė - herders blow horn is not at all uncommon in Uralic languages The neighboring Finnic influence of ž- or z- to s- with zumbrs gt sumbrs needs no extravagant linguistic explanation
The East Baltic Neuter gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The singular neuter gender exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages with West Baltic documented using singular neuter gender asigmatic -n as in kelan - wheel Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords from Uralic such as kela - reel or in modern East Baltic ( Žemaitian medė forest or coastal dialect lizda vs Prussian median ) once again dating the commonality of a West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 ) pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-
Svitych 1963 42-44 ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as the singular neuter in Lydian with the generalized singular neuter ending in -d The Slavic neuter origin may reflect an old R1a1a- Z92 Eastern orientation The anaphoric pronoun -ad lt ( ntr sg ) -od reflects the Hititte -at used for
collectives or neuter plurals suggesting an early ( Mysian ) Lydian Hittite split East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords in Uralic imply the loss of the final consonant occurred prior to a Northern expansion The evolution of the neuter gender in East Baltic can be deduced from the surviving languages and dialects Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains The Lithuanian neuter is still used in impersonal constructions Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of that language - even after the era when dialects became different languages As the R1a1a- Z92 or the LWb allele genetically indicate Fatyanovo Baltic was as identifiable East Baltic - as Latvian Lithuanian and Žemaitian are to this today Apples dont fall far from the apple tree
Loanwords in Uralic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Academia also attributes Finnish porsas pig as a loanword from an Iranian (
pārsas ) source Note that archaic East Baltic parša pig ( neut ) was the signature livestock of East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo culture archaeological excavations ( like Centum poly-ethnic GAS ) - and is also noted ( Varov amp Kosintsev
1996 54 ) as a significant feature of Corded Ware Abashevo livestock (Koryakova-Epimakhov 200765) in the very same Volga-Kama region as the later Khudyakovo group of the Pyanobor ( Udmurt parś boar ) culture region Some post-Balanovo Finnic Ananyino culture excavation sites (eg Svinogorskoye) also favor the pig above other livestock The Mordvin cognate may reflect Sauromatian (Prokhorovo) influence Note Khotanese pāsa- lt pālsa- lt pārsa- lt parsa- lt parša- One of the most conspicuous traits of the Indo-Iranian Andronovo culture is the complete absence of pigs as opposed to the related western poly-ethnic Timber grave culture - which evolved with discernible Corded Ware Abashevo culture assimilation Andronovo Indo-Iranians werent keen about mushrooms either ( Yasna XLVIII10 ) Given the distribution ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 Kandahar laquo checked raquo 14 ) of uniquely
Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornament of Urals ) one may speculate if their parša term followed ( Grishakov V
Stavitsky V 2003 ) their motifs (re the Sanskrit cognate of neuter E Baltic parša gt
Estonian parh lt parha lt parša )
vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras
The Finnish loanword vasara hammer appears to be from a late Āryan vazarah ( vajrah lt vaźras ) without the final s most likely from the 16th-13th
century BCE Timber-Grave northern forest intrusion ( re Erzya azuru man of rank
Udmurt uzər lt Timber-Grave Iranian asurah ) as opposed to an Alakul forest-steppe re-intrusion ( re Moksha vərgas w -s nom sg ending ) Other Uralic terms include Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere and all lack a final s ( re Redei
1986 25-26 28-30 ) The East Baltic cognates range from Lithuanian vėzdras vėzdas mace club Latvian vẽza stick club vẽzecirct to swing in the air
wave wag lt ueg Note the vežys of crayfish waving their pinchers Latvian
veseris maul-hammer appears to be a loanword from Livonian since the phonetics are closer to the Finnic versions than Lith vėzdras mace club The -d da- contamination of vėz-das vėzdras may be from the closely related stone-less synonym laz-da - club and may well have altered ź-da gt zda as in Lith lazda lt laźda (Albanian lajthi ledhi - id ) Bored stone maces with a peculiar solar rosette design - ubiquitous in the Abashevo culture have been unearthed in the Mariampolė district of Lithuania East Balt four five or seven-bulbed stone bored maces are almost identical to Andronovo maces Perkūnas thunderbolt ( Latv milna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild- ) was also a round stone The evolution from vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras vėzdas appears rather old but provides fresh new perspective to the etymology of Sanskrit vajra and Avestan vazra The practical forest dwelling East Balt woodsmen apparently favored the utilitarian kirvis- axe-hammer ( Indic kṛvi- ) or Maykop like vedega - adze more and evidently shared them with the Uralic locals Hazel nuts were a Fatyanovo staple
The early polyethnic East Balt Uralic Pre-Indo-Iranian group would play a role in the settlement ( U of AZ - radio carbon date average - 2026 BCE) of Sintashta Arkaim and later also influence the regional speakers in Iran India who become bilingual Like the Magyars in Central Europe or the Goths-Galindi-Alani in Spain Āryan languages are now marginally reflected in the gene pool of India ( re Uralic variant of mtDNA N1a )
The Ethnogenesis of Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Abashevo pottery resembles and blends Fatyanovo and Balanovo East Baltic
Corded Ware styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) Like poly-ethnic Balanovo East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) the forest-zone Abashevo culture left both kurgans and flat graves although some burials may also reflect nearby Poltavka culture customs of the steppe-zone This indicates a transitional group of Corded Ware populace of mixed affinities with an emerging Āryan elite Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich - were probably influenced from a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave Iranian asurah - perhaps pre-Ananyino era and do not indicate any hypothetical Āryan type Abashevo language for that Corded Ware group Latvian folk solar design signs exactly match the enigmatic Abashevo ubiquitous rosettes Poltavka amp Abashevo complexes of the Novokumak horizon coexisted by the Volga The Abashevo southeastern expansion towards territory that was prior a Catacomb border region suggests cultural assimilation of that populace as well which was later followed by a Timber Grave assimilation once again
This widespread polyethnic (kulturnaya obshchnostrsquo ) Abashevo mixed populace invites varied interpretations by differing viewpoints of different stages and regions - resembling the Heisenberg uncertainty principle Abashevo defies oversimplification for convenience sake An expert on the Abashevo culture A Pryakhin ( Pryakhin amp Khalikov 1987 ) deduced that it evolved from contacts between Fatyanovo Balanovo (Balts) and MVK Catacomb (Mnogovalikovo) Poltavka (Pit-grave Āryan) peoples in the Ural forest-steppe Most Corded Ware Abashevans were like Fatyanovo Balanovo narrow faced and dolichocephalous - contrasting somewhat from the MVK Catacomb Pit-grave Poltavka cranial amp physical type ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) But the Abashevo were on the whole poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) and multicultural Regional variant sub-groups include a Ural Volga Don-Volga and Kama-Vetluga expressions Sometimes the Balanbash label is used for the eastern variant
Were the varied poly-ethnic cosmopolitan Abashevo people MVK Catacomb Poltavka Āryan CWC East Balts residual upper Don-Volga Repins or partly Finno-Ugric Yes
Abashevo was multi-cultural and poly-ethnic E Pluribus Unum
One is inclined then to consider the singular masc baritone ratas gt rathas term as a probable Corded Ware Abashevo poly-ethnic lexical legacy
Sintashta intensifies the regional forest-zone copper metallurgy of the Corded Ware Abashevo and the earlier pioneering Balanovo East Balt metalworkers Balanovo copper ( varis ) metallurgy in the Urals had become an attractive alternative to the then destabilized Carpathian sources drawing the attention of southerly (Saami Oarje) Volga Pit-grave Āryans who had endured cyclic periods of drought The Urals quickly became a major metallurgic center Sintashta stock-breeding reflects the earlier Abashevo Corded Ware culture (note East Baltic šėmas gōvs gray cow or papijusi - cow with milk and related Sanskrit
pipyūṣī id) as does some of its metallurgic products and flat graves A recent
genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) add additional perspective The Sintashta slightly concave knife-sickles are connected to the Abashevo polyfunctional ones (Skt kṛpā- Latvian cirpe Lith
kirpe- ) Many Sintashta remains were dolichocephalous europoids ( re Kirsna
man ) like the forest-steppe Corded Ware Abashevans and earlier Fatyanovans ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) while others resemble Pit-grave Poltavka types In fact kurgans only accounted for about one third of the burials at Sintashta (Epimakhov 2002) E Kuzmina (The Origin of the Indo-
Iranians Volume 3 p 222 ) suggests Sintashta was not purely Āryan in composition and quite possibly quasi-bilingual Over a period time the cultures consolidated by the need for mutual co-operation
The later stage of the polyethnic populace of Abashevo amp Sintashta cultures may give an insight to the language of Proto-Indo-Iranian ( Pre-VedicAvestan
Sintashta ) Remains of the Pokrovskij type continue dolochocephaly and narrow faces with additional admixture of Uralic types detected in that group The Arkaim Sintashta area sites correspond to the Avestan Vara of the arriianəm vaējō Reflecting its polyethnic populace is Finno-Ugric Hungarian var fortress Saami var village and East Baltic Lithuanian varas tall timber palisade stockade ( Skt vartra ) Arkaim and Sintashta are also shaped like Central European Rondels The circular or oval settlement designs are very reminiscent of earlier Tripolye Dnieper sites or later East Baltic fortresses (eg
Tushemlya ) The dolichocephalous narrow faced Volga-Balts originated from the Northern Fatyanovo variants of the earlier Middle Dnieper culture which had assimilated some Tripolye C2 substrata Here is perhaps an example of a East Baltic term varas ( timber stockade ) borrowed in Finno-Ugric Vedic and Avestan In stark contrast the later Āryan Petrovka phase preferred a rectangular settlement shape over the circular or oval forts of the Urals yet still exhibit influence from western Abashevo Abashevan socketed spear designs eventually end up in western China via Andronovo influence The the range of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motif even extended to the Cherkaskul culture and regions of Siberia ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Latvian apsa aspen closely resembles Altai dialect apsa-k or Tatar Tobolsk dialect awsak and Chuvash eumlveumls Who knew
The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) of Baltic Uralic people in the ethnogenesis of the Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim cultures has provided scholars with linguistic opportunities in studies of the early Indo-Iranian dialects and in Finno-Ugric Baltic etymologies The Avestan and Vedic combinations of neuter plural nouns or multiple single and plural nouns with the verb in singular ( in Greek as well ) reflects archaic Baltic
constructions ( Lith beržorai esti ) Just as Lithuanian dialect panta or pantas - a crossbeam provides insight to the origins of Greek pontos - sea (linking ports) - Latin pontis bridge Armenian hown - a riverbed ( ford ) - a fresh new ( re Lithuanian-Latvian dialect panta - a link etc ) semantical understanding of Sanskrit panthās Avestan pantā - path ( link ) finally emerges from the mists of antiquity Khanty-Ostyak - pant path vs Mokša pandaz halter lt hobblelt link are related examples of Satem cultural interaction with Finno-Ugrics over time It is very important to keep in context the limited duration of this cultural horizon Here is a window a key that may unlock many doors It is a very unique horizon (chapter) of Eurasian and Russian prehistory when early Indo-Iranian traditions blend with Finnic and East Baltic cultures ( re DRD2 data) The Satem connection between Tolstoy and Gandhi was not only linguistic
A Fishy Whale gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There has been noted ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) a widespread hybrid checkered ceramic tradition of Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Abashevo and Pozdnyakovo cultures reflecting intimate polyethnic relations (re mtDNA haplogroups U4 Narva U5b2 and T1 ) The Sintashta Culture was not monolithic but rather a regional composite of various components as reflected by the variability of the ceramics If Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo influenced and integrated with the Sintashta area people ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) did it also influence their Āryan language (re Eastern Sanskrit R amp L dialects) Indic-Baltic specific isoglosses ( eg śāpa- šapas miśra- mišras ) may need updated reappraisals in light of the unfolding archaeological evidence of Corded Ware Abashevo influence and ethnic presence ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt
checked ornaments ) Riverine Latvian sence- mussel matches Sanskrit śaṅkha- shell rather well as does barytone Baltic antis Skt ātih - both waterfowl Sanskrit nārās and Lith nara both flow The Sanskrit suffix - inga- (Skt sphulinga- spark) looks peculiarly Baltic (ie Lith blezdinga swallow) as does the - ikas suffixed Skt śāpharikas fisherman Lith šventikas priest
The šapalas and śapharas ( Faux Dace महाशफर पतिशफरी शफररप Skt
śāpharikas fisherman ) isogloss is quite unique and curiously percise Similarities between Leuciscus cephalus idus amp lehmanni ( Zeravshan Dace ) may have encouraged the terms usage Puntius sophore aka śapharas the faux Dace has the identical profile coloration and specific reddish hue on its lower fins as its above Leuciscus šapalas neighbors Coincidence left the room with Elvis Someone remembered exactly what that fish looked like Indic śapharas ( the Faux Dace ) may well be an identifiable relic-loanword from East Baltic Corded Ware Abashevo-Balanovo-Fatyanovo šapalas contact since it is altogether absent ( like Parjanya ) in Avestan or Ossetic ( kaeligf big type
of fish) or other Petrovka derived Āryan languages There is no ichthyic cognate of East Baltic šapalas in the Catacomb culture derived languages
or even Slavic ( ) Germanic or Uralic for that matter So it is equally odd to note the complete absence of cognates for the archaic East Baltic žuvis - fish in all the Indo-Iranian branches although the Pontic steppe related Greek and Armenian somehow both preserved related ichthyic cognates ( Arm jukn ) Ossetic has retained an IE laeligsaeligg brown trout as well as a loanword kaeligsag from Hungarian keszeg and Mansi kāsəŋ a bream-dace type fish reflecting Timber Grave Iranian amp Finno-Ugric cultural interactions The Avestan mythic kara- may recall the voracious Volga wels ( Old Prussian kalis lt kalas - wels catfish ) which to this day exhibits legendary proportions approaching 10 ft The archaic žuvis šapalas howled today by an excited Lithuanian fisherman ( Skt śāpharikas ) still echoes the simple joy of his forefathers from long long ago
The Perkūnijas Parjanyah Pərgənauml Perkịno shared tradition is a delicate issue since each is venerated to this day in their respective cultures One may note that all three are very close in certain details The East Baltic laitus rain (Lith lietas lietus ) tradition with lightning East Baltic Laita may have been an archaic term for Summer rainy season (re Slavic Lēto year) which followed the return of Pleiades before the northern migrations of Battle Axe Balts The Erzya Lit-ava in their Prayer Hymns remained intact Modern Pashto has Perūne - Pleiades (re Greek Keraunos thunderbolt Slavic Perun all lacking a velar
plosive lt GAC ) Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- For the mushroom Perkūnas relationship see V N Toporov 1979 Parjanya is the father of Uralic Soma Perkūnas was to be the groom of the aquatic Laumė Indraja - Lith hydronyms Indus Indra Indura ( Mitanni Indara Skt Indu ) The Laumė Indraja is a mushroom guide or teacher And to uphold respect about these cultures and to be as accurate as possible I will only use the term shared
Perkūnas amp Indraja gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In the old Baltic dainos folksongs Perkūnas was to wed the Laumė Indraja One role of Indraja is as a mushroom guide spirit Vedic Parjanya is the father of Soma The Abashevo used talc in their ceramics as was common with their Uralic neighbors The pottery of the two cultures are found in the same room Note ( N1c1 ) Mari paŋgə mushroom Udmurt paŋτəl- paŋτət- to howl and carry on after partaking of Fly Agaric The Lithuanian version Ar prisiėdęs musmirių refers to the partaking of Fly Agaric mushroom and exhibiting a skewed or altered state of reality It is a quite common courteous way of calling someone stone crazy If they ate a little too much dried - žalas ( RV
7981 ) Fly Agaric mushroom and there upon glare ominously wild-eyed
howl ecstatically see the Unseen amp carry on - that person would be labeled aršus The Avestan term for an ecstatic seer is ǝrǝšiš which is a close cognate to Sanskrit ṛṣiḥ - a Seer Back in the Ural forests Uralic Khanty still has a word sŏma for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl or vessel as well as one for partaking of Amanita muscaria This would all be quite coincidental if they had never met - but they did Archaeology has already provided the where when and why Latvian has an equally courteous and common expression for telling someone to buzz off - get a clue - ej bekot or go pick mushrooms Latvian beka mushroom or dialect peka is loaned from Balto-Finnic Livonian paeligkā id lt pękā lt Uralic pəηkā Note that the mixed Balanovo-Volosovo sites were mediums of cross-cultural bilingual interaction for sharing ethnic customs preceding and contributing to Sintashta which influenced poly-ethnic Alakul ( Grigoryev 2000 ) groups ( ОД
Мочалов 2001-2 re ceramic lt gt checkered ornaments ) Sharing the hewn sŏma-bowl
with its entheogenic contents like a diplomatic cross-cultural peace pipe evidently sparked its legendary admiration The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding m-m-m Sŏma good Uh-oh East Baltic neuters did not require a final consonant They still dont It is also suggested that Uralic panga mushroom fly agaric entheogen žalas - when dried re bangus is possibly the source for the Sarmatian-Magyar loanword in Slavic Polish pienka Russian Пенька - hemp entheogen ( lt Finno-Ugric Pəηka via Sarmatians amp Magyars w U2e1 - re C
Keyser et al 2009 ) Note Irish arsan - a Seer or German rasen - be ecstatic Let it rain
The Unthinkable Now Highly Probable gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The everyday awkward pidgin bilingualism albeit semantically skewed at times between the East Balt Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo MVK Catacombs and Poltavka Āryans in that culture is highly probable ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) considering some of their similar ( at times identical ) vocabularies and quasi-related grammar The cultural continuity of metallurgy in the Ural region that started with Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) continued with Abashevo and was intensified at Sintashta and Arkaim The artifacts including specific trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered ornamentation motifs on pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) reflect their co-operation and integration with each other The chance of trace Baltic loanwords in old Indo-Iranian has shifted from unthinkable to highly probable lt gt Mainstream archaeological academia has reviewed the collective material evidence thoroughly and is quite confident in their evaluations of it Archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics are finally revealing this untold story The scientific evidence is becoming increasingly difficult to dismiss And ratas is not some amorphous proto Balto-Slavic
Suggested essential readings include The Origin of the Indo-Iranians Volume 3 by Elena E Kuzmina edited by J P Mallory p 222 Brill NV Leiden The Netherlands 2007 ISBN 978 90 04 16054 5 The Horse The Wheel and Language by David W Anthony Princeton University Press ISBN10
0691058873 and especially laquoШАХМАТНЫЙraquo ОРНАМЕНТ КЕРАМИКИ
КУЛЬТУР РАЗВИТОГО БРОНЗОВОГО ВЕКА ПОВОЛЖЬЯ И УРАЛА by ОД Мочалов Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ( The laquochessraquo ornament on
the pottery of the Middle Bronze Age in the Volga and Ural regions by OD Mochalov
Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ) - available as a PDF from Stratum Note title mistranslation of laquo chess raquo for laquo checked raquo The ceramics track the East Balt cultural assimilation ( amp Z280 ) into various Indo-Iranian sub-groups It‟s a fact
PIE dei - gt Dainā gt Dhēnā gt Daēna gt Dēn gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Vedic Sanskrit has the somewhat (15 times ) obscure word Dhēnā meaning hymn song which reflects East Baltic Daina meaning dance gt song From IE dei- (move spin whirl) we have Latvian deinis dancer daiņa restless person dainēt daināt to dance sing deja dance Lithuanian dainuoti to sing ( vs somuoti ) clearly illustrating the core Baltic etymology (It is
also attested in West Baltic toponyms) But Vedic Dhēnās hymn-prayer lacks any such dance etymology The Avestan Daēna ( Middle Persian Dēn ) is even more semantically vague - that which is revealed revelation This implies a loanword and like in Vedic - a word without a clear etymology The closet indigenous Indo-Iranian cognate is Avestan Dian meaning fast (re Grk δινεύω whirl or διά-νοια thought ) Scholars interpret the actual pronunciations of the old Vedic Sanskrit Dhēnā and Avestan Daēna as Dainā Hello By following this thread the shroud of the past unravels and finally falls apart
There is only one ( ) Rig Vedic hymn to Vāyu wind Skt nom Vāyus lt Vējus Lith dialect Vėjus which is otherwise called Vāta Iranian Ossetic wad and Ob-Ugric Mansi loanword wōt indicate the primacy of Vāta usage in the early Indo-Iranian dialects where as Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant ( Lith Vėjūkas ) appears to be a loanword (also note Skt
vāhin amp Latv āzinis) Note that Dhēnā is also used in the rare Vāyu hymn (I 2 3-
) Vāyu is closely associated with Parjanyah amp Soma ( Pashto ōmə ) Ancient Rig Vedic Uṣas and todays East Baltic Ūšas Ūštun - dawning to dawn
illustrate the challenges Vedic like Baltic or Greek often made an adjective into a noun by just moving the stress to another syllable although in this case Rig Vedic Uṣas has the adjectival accent In other words Uṣas = Ūšas but no one writes about it (re Skt uśras Lith ūšras OCS za-ustra ) Nada Zip
The Rig Veda uses the word Dhēnās for hymns but does not emphasize it although that connection is later implied as such by Avestan Daēna From the new archeaological and archeaogenetic evidence of the polyethnic ethnogenesis of the Abashevo and Sintashta populace it is not linguistically unreasonable to deduce that the Dainā dance gt song gt hymn tradition of the assimilated Abashevo Balts was adopted as the term Dhēnās hymns songs by their fellow Āryan metalworkers near the Urals during a period of bilingualism and was used as such later in the Rig Veda An Abashevo-MVK Monteoru trade link for cheek-piece diffusion may provide an alternate explanation for a Dacian gt Romanian doina - lyrical song although the ancient amber trade explanation remains equally viable
From IE dei- (move spin whirl) developed East Baltic Dainā - dance song hymn ( Grk δινεύω whirl ) which was borrowed as Vedic Dhēnā - hymn prayer Avestan Daēnā - revelation Middle Persian Dēn - religion The word dena - revelation religion is still used in Kashmiri Arabic Dīn ( دين faith
religion ) is beyond the scope of this topic
Little did the stubborn poly-ethnic Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 L235 amp
N1c1 ) or Abashevo East Baltic forest-folk singing their Sacred Hymns of Divine Revelation ( Dainās ) near the Country of Towns by Sintashta in the Urals of 2100 BCE know how far their songs would travel and for how long they would echo - up to this day by contributing a term for a new Monotheism (
Daēnā ) emulated later to its West The Volgaic Erzya Rav-ava - mother Volga Volgaic Mokša Rava - river and East Baltic Lithuanian Ravas - stream or Latvian Rāva - marsh water correlation is rather interesting (Lith
Rauti - to run quickly )
The Baltic amp Uralic in Vedic Sanskrit Avestan gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The mythical Avestan ten month winters and Vara Daēna legend Āryan Soma Haoma ( RV 128 Khanty Sŏma hewn wooden mortar-bowl Volgaic Erzya
Mokša Sjuma Səma hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger ) Sanskrit Śarabha ( Mansi Suorp Mokša Sjarda ) the Avestan water goddess Anāhitā in a Northern forests beaver furcoat (re Finno-Ugric mother-beaver cult) Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC talc or chamotte ceramic admixture amp specific trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ornamentation ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) and the many Finno-Ugric loanwords (Burrow 1955 pp 24-27 ) from
both early Indo-Iranian ( Finnish kekri ) and Volga-East-Baltic ( Finnish ratas ) uphold the latest archaeological findings Soma is the guardian spirit of the North And U4 is U4 ( Pliss et al 2005 Derbeneva et al2002 ) A multi-disciplinary approach combining archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics together are yielding scientific results
That there is possibly a Ural-East-Baltic Daina Ratas Perkonias or Šapalas in Sanskrit or Avestan should not come as a surprise considering Uralic ( re Sŏma ) is indisputably present (re N1c1 Khanty Sŏma hewn mortar-bowl )
Indo-Iranian Soma preserved the native N1c1 Uralic word ( Sŏma ) for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric ( Amanita muscaria ) was pressed with stones in water ( Skt
saumya- soft ) The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo-Garino cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding of what was pointed at ( re EV 141 ) Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 amp N1c1 poly-ethnics ) to this day still partake dried Amanita muscaria with milk amp honey as they have done for well over four thousand years It is Senasis Takas- The Ancient Way
Such drift of semantics can be heard even today in the English phrase Do you want to do a bowl
The Āryan Soma of the Urals eventually became a generic ( Pashto ōmə ) term to label an entheogen
Finding Baltisms ( ntr pl [ as w Hittite ] or multiple sg w sg verb the -yu- -ju- words like Vāyus - Vėjus ) or specific loanwords ( GAS Satem ) will be next to impossible especially without the displaced Vedic era R amp L middle dialects (eg ślokas - Madhyadeśa region ) of earlier migrations The integration of the polyethnic Corded Ware Abashevo into the Sintashta cultures may have not had a significant impact beyond contributing their earlier equine cheek-pieces Ural metallurgy amp talc chamotte pottery admixture or trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ceramics ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked
ceramics lt gt ) but it is probable they did leave other cultural traces (including DNA
words like ratas daina ) as well A recent genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) adds additional perspective Why
does East Balt ichthyic šapalas match Indic faux Dace śapharas ( महाशफर ) or śāpharikas ( fisherman ) so closely and as with other word matches
cognates are wholly absent in Avestan and even Slavic like the alpine velar in Parjanyas Also Skt śāka- Lith šėkas - green grass or Skt śakala- Lith šakalys - splinter - et cetera etc etc Perhaps even a Fatyanovo š itself given the Nuristani counterpart There are the parallel myth traditions of Dawn ( Uṣas - Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven dhēnā of Vāyus - Vėjus or the Ashvins - Ašvieniai Divine Twins Yet the breaking up of Middle Dnieper culture Balto-Slavic occurred especially with distant Fatyanovo-Balanovo well over a millennium prior to the ethnogenesis of Indo-Iranian The preponderance of such Baltic Indo-Iranian isoglosses suggests a period of contact and just as importantly the nature of those contacts Archaeology has indeed already provided the where when and why ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Pots amp DNA do speak
That a central European culture ( 3400 BCE - Baden Globular Amphora ) centered new wheel term ( Old Irish masc sg roth pl rothai Latin neuter sg rota pl rotae
Albanian diminutive w th from a t gt sg rreth pl rratheuml ) reflected in Corded Ware East Baltic baritone masc sg ratas pl ratai was loaned into Finnic languages is uncontested (re Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) but where does an Āryan baritone masc sg raacutethas - vehicle figure in the pre-Sintashta ( 2400
BCE ) Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian shared lexicon It doesnt
Bronocice Poland - Pot pre-3400 BCE - Farmers Wagons
Note laquo checked raquo darža motif similar to GAS-BALTIC Fatyanovo motif
And why would Indo-Europeans need to rename the wheel ( PIE kʷekʷlos ) Perhaps the assimilated European farmers did it East Baltic Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) copper metallurgy in the Urals has its roots in central European cultural traditions ( re Globular Amphora ) which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo Cultural area The old Carpathian metal trade of central Europe provided for contacts and cultural exchanges ( re amber trade ) between language groups like NE pre-Celts pre-Albanians and Middle Dnieper Balts ( Albanian lopeuml - cow Latvian Luops - id ) as well as Triploye C2 Lengyel amp TRB substratum interaction This interaction between the central European Dniester Tripolye C2 refugees - which may also have spoken their native Temematian language - and the northern Middle Dnieper Tripolye C2 bi-lingual populace may account as a medium of some unusual archaisms ( re tauras ) and with additional admixture of TRB Lengyel BBC ( Q gt P ) Globular Amphora spread Corded Ware isoglosses amp innovations ( plural dative m long root preterite ) in the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Fatyanovo regions as well as traditions of central European Carpathian arsenic copper metallurgy Arkaim and Sintashta
fortifications are even shaped like Central European Rondels Trade networks between Centum Euro-Repin GAC subgroups were conduits for isoglosses even beyond the other Balts in the West Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1 ) amber contacts amp Uralic substratum may well be the phonetic impetus of the dative plural -M- type linguistic transitions away from a -B- The influence of a Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva ( w U5b2 ) poly-ethnic substratum perhaps contributed to incongruities in Baltic Satemization amp partial RUKI ( eg Finnish
laiha GAS Lith liesa ipo lieša ) as well as contributing a residual substratum vocabulary of their central European Centum words like pẽku Make no mistake the impact of this Centum Satem tango went both ways ( GAS gt Germanic 1112 1000 etc) Balanovo jewelry from the Urals also emulates specific designs of a central European provenance perhaps derived from Globular Amphora-Narva poly-ethnics as a substratum ( GAS ) of Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo ( Česnys et al 1990 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) The Baltic amber sun disc talisman or solar halo ( rẽtis ) wheel Saulės Ratas is found distributed in central European cultures particularly the Centum Globular Amphora culture - which contributed substratum to Fatyanovo-Balanovo which in turn contributed to the Corded Ware Abashevo culture and eventually poly-ethnic Sintashta Arkaim ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) If the Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas Saule is also a common traditional Kazakh amp Central Asian ( Afghan
Kyrgyz etc ) female name The meaning of the name is translated as sunlight or Sun just like the feminine East Baltic Saulė which is also used for a female name Another coincidence Again
Saulės Ratas
Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Ural copper metallurgy preceded Corded Ware Abashevo and later Sintashta Arkaim metalworking predating them by about half a millennium The terminology of the typical dual wheeled cart ( Lith dviratis vežimas ratai Finnish
rattaat ) of the early GAS East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Goldina 1999) farmers amp metallurgist-woodsmen and multi-cultural Abashevo successors may have been a source for a unique northern archaic import ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas wheel ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) providing an Āryan masculine singular ratʔas gt raacutethas upgraded intact as a nominative singular word for the new chariot of the Abashevo - Sintashta era metallurgic bonanza Semantic incongruity is a hallmark of loanwords in traditional linguistics The Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas One might expect an Āryan neuter form as the Sanskrit scholar T Burrow did or perhaps an Āryan plural form East Baltic has in fact many old variants
including Latvian ruota toy ruotacirct to hop turn roll and Lith rẽtis halo Coincidence A speeding Āryan raacutethas bounced a lot - it hopped The wheel spread faster than the flu in central Europe and prestigious words of new innovations were traded as well as new trends from contact ( re Baden Globular Amphora Fatyanovo Abashevo ) In fact the PIE roteH2 rotH2os rotoH2s discussions are currently at a stalemate an academic impasse Why would some Indo-Europeans want to rename the wheel anyway ( PIE kʷekʷlos
) Maybe they didnt
An East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo GAS loanword proposal for post-Sintashtan rathas is not only linguistically practical and etymologically grounded it is archaeologically probable ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) We do know the earlier Corded Ware Abashevo cheek-pieces were copied - but what else Given the boatload of Corded Ware influenced artifacts at Sintashta and Arkaim maybe one or two Corded Ware words leaked out Just maybe To quote M Witzel (2003) quoting JP Mallory (2002) there are still degrees of geo-linguistic plausibility
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
Some ornament traits let us to link Sintashta with northwest forest Fatyanovo culture
( Oleg Mochalov - Samara State Pedagogical University Institute for History and Archaeology of Volga region Samara Russia)
- The origin of Sintashta culture ceramic Ceramic through the Millennia methods approaches results - 2008 -
East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) entered the North after 3200 BCE ( C-14 cal dates from Latvia- see Loze 1992 ) and shared their ratas wheel with the local Uralics ( Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) on the way to the copper deposits by the Urals About 1000 years later Sintashtan Āryans - after spending a couple of centuries with the Corded Ware East Baltic speaking woodsmen ride off into the dawn of history on their new Āryan twin-wheeled rathas (re Kassite king Abi-rattaš Mitanni king Tušratta gt
circa 1350 BCE) drawn by two horses using the Corded Ware Abashevo amp MVK Catacomb inspired cheek-pieces Academics still dismiss the coincidence () of a baritone masculine singular Āryan rathas rattaš spontaneously produced in the linguistic company of Ural East Balt metallurgists who had an isolated northern archaic ratʔas dialect form ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) of baritone masculine singular ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas for near a thousand
years since 3200 BCE Pots do speak - as does DNA The silence of Cherchen Man speaks volumes
The Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo with their characteristic central European Globular Amphora cultural-substratum influence ( re GAS lt GAC-Narva w U5b2 poly-ethnics pottery copper pigs flint axes
amber ) and Uralic admixture ( re N1c1 Volosovo talc or chamotte ceramics ) are thus the most logical candidates for the dissemination of the ratas term of 2400 BCE as heard to this day with East Baltic Lithuanian ratas amp the related Latvian cognate Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo ) ceramics use chamotte admixture and exhibit a projecting rim as does later Corded Ware Abashevo ( re mtDNA N1a1a1 294 lt GAS ) Volosovo amp Balanovo pottery is found in the same room Words were spoken Abashevo amp Sintashta adopt specifically Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered diamond rhombus type ceramic designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Arkaim amp Sintashta artifacts - clearly exhibiting Corded Ware Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural influences including talc - chamotte pottery admixture amp darža checkered ceramics ( thus verifiable contacts ) - provide the archaeological support for just such a linguistic loanword exchange as well as the foreign mycologic sŏma tradition of these quasi-trilingual misfits Kandahar valleys Mundigak Period VI ceramics in Afghanistan ( Kuzmina 2007 p 716 fig 101 14
re Lith piešalas Sanskrit peśalas ) also exhibit the unique Fatyanovo darža checkered double row striped diamond motif The Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest dwelling quasi-trilinguals stubbornly clung to their Euro-farmer identity and never did quite fit ( ārya- ) in Fly Agaric is the fruit of the forests not the wide open steppes As noted by Kramer the cat is out of the bag Vedic ashvyam goh - horses amp cows of the Dasyus still echoes todays East Baltic ashva amp guovs The Babino Multi-Roller Ware MVK Catacomb culture neighbors of the Corded Ware Abashevo would later be reflected in shaft graves with cheek-pieces in distant places as Mycenae near Athens by around 17th century BCE Mycenaean warriors also wore Baltic amber Mycenaean mtDNA had a match in SE Poland A MVK-Monteoru link or CWC GAS - again
The combination of kurgan and flat graves reflecting the integration of indigenous Europeans with IE steppe ethnicities (re Dniester Usatovo-Tripolye) is found in the Middle Dnieper culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo and Corded Ware Abashevo Abashevo integration at Sintashta is indicated by various material artifacts Sintashta kurgans account for about a third of the burials - the rest are interestingly enough flat graves
The Ural Elephant in the Room gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Then there is the intriguing Perkaunijas Perkino Pərgənauml Parjanya legacy - the Ural elephant in the room so to speak Unlike Pera amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Why are Parjanya cognates
with an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive absent in the multitude of other surrounding Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani Satem languages and dialects - or even related Satem Slavic (re Pashto Perūne Slavic Perun Nuristani Paumlrun vs Gas Lith
Perkūnas ) Slavic Ruki amp velarless Perun vs Gothic alpine Fairguni suggest a Centum GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive was assimilated into Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns type cognates Archaeological support for such a bold linguistic assertion is beyond debate The zones of such Centum Satem contacts have been thoroughly dated with C-14 Although Perkino amp Pərgənauml may only reflect the 1st millennium BCE Dyakovo era the Dainos of the forest dwelling East Balts easily pre-date the Sintashta-Arkaim era by a millennium Variability of Sintashta ceramics with Fatyanovo influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2
rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) certainly reflect cultural contact and interaction Parjanyas reflects an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive - East Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns reflects a GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive Rathas vs GAS ratas The lexical legacies of poly-ethnic Sintashta contact have survived intact four thousand years ( re U of Az C-14 ) Prakrits of India also preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) not found in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words Was the Sanskrit (ṛH) dialect ir ur variation ( Skt śiras vs Av sarah-) an innovation or perhaps a polyethnic relic of the earlier migrations South It is a rich field awaiting someone to harvest it Such material was reviewed by W Tomaschek in 1883 (Ausland p 862) and discussed later by H Arntz S G Oliphant and S K Chatterji
It was women who made the checkered pottery sang their songs and mothers who taught the language to their child Men sometimes forget this The mtDNA evidence should not be overlooked ( Narva-U5b2 ) As L Koryakova and A Epimakhov note in their The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron ages Balanovo culture villages consisted of above-ground wooden log houses and in their cemeteries (flat amp kurgan) men were buried on their right side women on their left side - as also in Baltic Corded Ware tradition After the Sintashta polyethnic horizon by the Urals and subsequent first migration South we find a continuity of this same Baltic Corded Ware ( Abashevo Alakul
w checkered pottery ) type of burial custom in Tulkhar by the Andronovo Bishkent culture (1700-1500 BCE) and the later Vakhsh and Swāt ( Vedic Suvastu
) cultures and also at Timargarha This unusual Andronovo gender dimorphism MR FL burial trait was even noted by J P Mallory amp Douglas Q Adams in their Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture Bishkent skulls were dolichocranial (Khodzhayov 2008) like Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Denisova 1975) One general trait to distinguish Andronovo from Timber Grave burials is how the first has the head oriented to the West or SW whereas some Timber Grave cultures favored orienting the deceased towards the North ( re Mahaparinibbana
Sutta ) or East East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo burials oriented male heads to the SW females to NE - per steppe Maikop tradition Later East Baltic Jukhnovo settlements even oriented their streets to NE SW
Pottery shards found at a tin miners camp on the lower Zeravshan at Karnab have an Abashevo style of decoration from an early phase of contact Two pots unearthed far away by Sarazm betray their polyethnic Abashevo Sintashta Ural area origination by their talc admixture ( N1c1 cultural custom -
re fly agaric amp sŏma ) Near the tin mining camps the Tazabagyab variant of Andronovo buried their dead in flat cemeteries not kurgans The Saka of the Pamirs were also dolichocranial and narrow faced ( re 2005 Vaclav Blažek Lamb 2011 T Witczak bužys ) A unique cognate for barley-seed invites further speculation ( Lith miežis Latvmiezē Khotanese miṣṣa- ttumaumlṣa- re H W Bailey
BSOAS 21 pp 42) as do Fatyanovo maižis barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972 ) darža checkered Siberian amp Cherkaskul axe-celts ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo
checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Eurasian cattle DNA ( J Kantanen et all 2009 )
The early metallurgy of the Urals had fostered a far reaching network of contact ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) we are only now beginning to grasp and map out Some Corded Ware traditions of the integrated polyethnic Abashevo ( w Uralic
admixture) appear to have continued beyond Sintashta with the first of many migrations of that Āryan population South as well as those left behind contributing in the ethnogenesis of the polyethnic Timber Grave Culture of the Don-Volga region Pokrovskiy and Potapovka cultures ( runic Alanian Vayuk amp
Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Lith Vėjūkas see also ОД Мочалов 2001-2 )
Talc admixture in the early pottery of Sarmatians suggests a close interaction with Uralic N1c1 people ( Mari in-deš 9 Ossetic daeligs 10 Mari kene hemp Ossetic
gaelign(aelig) id) Overall Potapovka burial remains show a continuity of earlier Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) amp Poltavka cranial types reflected in Timber Grave amp west Andronovo burials contrasting with the different Corded Ware Abashevo skull remains ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) and related Pokrovskiy cranial types Cimmerian amp Scythian daggers have proto-types found in the Volga-Kama region The Timber Grave culture and Andronovo in turn both contributed to the formation of the Sauromatians and the Saka The western Timber-Grave culture that assimilated the Corded Ware Abashevo become quite settled in small scattered log home settlements without fortifications and even raised pigs like them (vs eastern Andronovo nomads) The agrarian Corded Ware Abashevo ( poly-ethnic R1a amp N1c1 ) character would persist as integrated parts (agricultural Solar cult clan) of some certain select groups and clans ( Alakul
Srubna ) eventually melting away over generations assimilating in here amp there leaving only relics in the earth inherited cranial amp DNA evidence only now being uncovered and scattered traces in later regionalized Āryan vocabularies (Skt
Parjanyah śapharas - faux dace Ossetian baeliglon dove ) amp culture Not to be overlooked by any means is a genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) A relationship between taurine breeds of the Baltic ( Fatyanovo ) region and Sakha ( Andronovo ) cattle suggests cultural connections or later contact ( re ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) A later influx from the steppes of the East back to the Ukraine is suggested by traces of zebu mtDNA in cattle there
The archaeological evidence suggests integration amp assimilation Haplogroup N1a (mtDNA) in the Volga-Kama Komi Permyaks indicates some farmers stayed Recent studies regarding the DRD2 gene are producing data which show a relationship between Eurasian people near the Volga-Kama Urals area and Brahmins in India Go figure Uralic descendants of the Corded Ware Fatyanovo Balanovo settlers preserved some of their language ( re karas ) and most likely have Finno-Baltic Balanovo-Abashevo DNA as well ( mtDNA
U5b2 HV3 nodal HVS1 N1c1 amp R1a L235 ) Some Corded Ware R1a1 remains ( massacred by locals near Eulau around 2600 BCE ) with X2 mtDNA closely matched living individuals of Estonia ( GAS of Fatyanovo ) with Syria (Mitanni) and Iran (post-Andronovo ) while the male DNA ( lt CWC-Globular Amphora R1a- M458 ) closely matched with individuals in Gdansk and Tambov Russia (SE of Tula amp near
Perkino ) - regions associated with Globular Amphora Corded Ware cultures ( Berezanskaja 1971 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) One of the K1b lineages showed matches to two Shughnans from Tajikistan ( Wolfgang Haak et al 2008 ) Vaclav Blažek ( 2005 ) specifically ties a Fatyanovo word (SKES VI 1819-1820 ) for lamb found in Vepsian vodnaz to the proto-form for the Shughni cognate among others ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) T Witzcak ( 2011 ) relates Lith bužys to Ossetic buʒ Shughni vazič amp Avestan buzya- ( re
CWC Eulau-Shughnan DNA darža motifs ) As Grissom said - follow the evidence The Corded Ware settlement near Tenteksor in Kazakhstan (see below ) may provides an interesting possible DNA perspective The mounting DNA evidence implies a Corded Ware component of Andronovo amp the archaeology of Sintashta-Arkaim proves a Corded Ware Abashevo-Fatyanovo component of Andronovo ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The probability of a Ural-Baltic Daina Ratas or Šapalas in post Andronovo Vedic Sanskrit or Avestan could therefore be logically expected given the above DNA amp archaeological evidence If linguists can ignore unique checkered pots they can ignore DNA But an out of place velar lt plosive just might elicit their curiosity Understanding the language of whales should be a new priority and test their mettle It appears that the men living around Sintashta amp Arkaim had time to talk together - about their vehicles horse-power fishing the rain shrooms and songs Some things never change Its a guy thing
The poly-ethnic ( R1a1a1 amp N1c1 ) Eastern Balts of today have preserved a Continuum of Cultural Tradition for Indo-European use of the dried žalas Fly Agaric in collective celebratory use ( such as peasant weddings amp various festivities
) from the very mists of antiquity - before Abraham the Shasu YHW or even the post-Sintashta Soma reveling Rig Veda itself The above daina dhēnā daēnā song-hymn-revelation topic has often been muddled with the inclusion of unrelated Vedic dhēnā - milk cow which is cognate with Baltic daine - cow (that calves in the 2nd year re FU tajine) and daini - pregnant with offspring (Adj of cow or mare) Even discussions about the Dainava dancing waters singing rapids region of Lithuania are not immune from such distractions New
archeaological and genetic DNA evidence continues to unveil the unexpected as will comparative study of the ancient Latvian Lithuanian and varied Finno-Uralic languages like Estonian
The Assimilated East Baltic amp Āryan in Finno-Ugric Ethnogenisis gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Fatyanovo and Balanovo settlement sites dwindle after the severe Winters around 2100 BCE when the East Baltic speaking population ( LWb allele R1a1a-
amp N1c1 ) for the most part assimilated in with their related Abashevo or nearby Āryan or Finnic ( N1c1) neighbors ( eg Sintashta-Arkaim Chirkovo-Seyma Pozdnyakovo Timber grave culture amp the much later diverse poly-ethnic [one
group choosing interment the other cremation] Northern Burtas pig farmers lt Nart Borataelig ) Fatyanovo amp Abashevo characteristics especially specific darža checkered designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals
) are noticed on ceramics from Chirkovo-Seyma ( gt later Ananyino ) culture sites near the Volga river Pozdnyakovo settlements ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) as well as on Sintashta amp Alakul culture checkered pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 ) Hexagonal Cis-Ural structures of the Fatyanovo ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ) may correlate with Baltic cosmological hexagram ( triple crossed keraunos ) kerai
magic reflecting an old ceraunic hexagram star design ( ऋि = 6 ) motif found in
many East Baltic distaff ( verpstė ) folk carvings ( re Gromoviti znaci Taranis wheels ) The Ugric Sky Elk had six legs The six ray solar-star hexagram design is later found in Mycenae designs ( re contacts ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The Ural Forests are unimaginably immense and the Winters around 2100 BCE were unusually long and severe ( Vidēvdāt 23 ) The demand for skilled metalworkers was growing fast with the Ural metallurgic bonanza History is messy The archaeological evidence indicates multi-lingual Fatyanovo-Balanovo people assimilated in with both Timber Grave Pozdnyakovo Iranian speakers and Volga-Kama Uralic speakers Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link or panta bridging Timber Grave with Uralic And that multi-lingualism was valued ndash and used We do not know when Fatyanovo-Balanovo converted to a Srubna Iranian but we know that they did and where ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Oink
Regional bilingualism probably persisted for centuries reflected today in archaic residual loanwords ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem 1000 Ossetian baeliglon dove
) Many Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture Balts assimilated ( Erzya Purrsquogine amp Permic
Pera myth traditions ) and adopted Uralic ( N1c1) languages ( Ananyino horizon ) and cultures as many had done earlier with the Abashevo culture ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) and repeating again with the early Pozdnyakovo amp Sarmatian ethnogenesis (w Gorodets admixture) The first millennium BCE Dyakovo culture was again poly-ethnic partly East Baltic during its middle phase - with polished ceramics ( re CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation LWb allele gt ) mainly Finno-Ugrian perhaps part Sarmatian is known from its hillforts with palisades (E Baltic varas gardas gt Volgaic kardaz Permyak kar city town ) Population size was about a hundred at each site The building styles of log cabins in the hillforts change from North to South - above ground to semi-subterranean - reflecting Balt amp Āryan building traditions The fibulae buckle (Mordvin sjulgam) artifacts appear Baltic as do many sickles and bronze headdresses ( Krasnov 1968 4-5 8 ) The Volsk-Lbishche culture known from sites like Shiromasovo in Mordovia exhibited Fatyanovo Corded Ware characteristics and was unexpectedly found far away from a excavated settlement in Tenteksor Kazakhstan - a northeastern area of the Trans-Caspian region
Reports of Bigfoot gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The genetic linguistic and archaeological record documents a prolonged assimilation by descendants of Volga-Kama Balanovo East Balts various polyethnic Abashevo Āryans and later mixed Timber Grave Sarmatians into the ethnogenisis of regional Finno-Permic peoples ( Goldina 1999 ) of the Chirkovo-Seyma Ananyino Pyanobor Pozdniakovo and related Djakovo Gorodets cultures (eg Finnish vuosituhat ) Volgaic ( śid-al sed bridge Finnish silta
id ) Words of an East Baltic provenance ( Latvian sēta tilts ) attest to ethnic movements ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) as well as the specific East Baltic balandis Ossetian baeliglon dove isogloss Latvian lanka low plain Ossetian laumlnk ( Khanty lŏk ) Lith Vėjūkas runic Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Ossetic raeligmūʒyn closely matches the semantics of East Baltic cognates rather than the related Indo-Iranian cognates Sarmatian archaeological periods reflect cultural changes ( ie burial
orientation ) in their population which probably indicates a diverse variety of regional dialects of which only the one found in Ossetic survives A recent study about N1c1 Uralics as origin of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation in Caucasian populations ( re Ossetians ) adds an additional perspective ( F Libert et
al 1998 ) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old The broadest area of high frequency is located in northeastern Europe particularly the Baltic region ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) New dating of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation coincides closely with the Dyakovo horizon and the distribution of elevated frequencies match the archaeological ethnicities ( initial Volgaic amp later East Baltic ) which converged in the Dyakovo poly-ethnic horizon especially during its middle phase of polished ceramics and expanded agriculture From Dyakovo settlements cultural contact with
Gorodets sites and nearby Sarmatians might be expected to further spread the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation
The ethnogenesis and development of the Ural forest-steppe Sarmatians did not occur in a vacuum Evidence of Sarmatian - East Balt ( Plain Pottery gt
Bondarikha culture ) as well as Sarmatian - Finno-Ugric interaction has linguistic support ( also CCR5 Delta 32 amp LWb allele frequencies) Note Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich lt influenced from perhaps a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave asurah - of a pre-Ananyino era forest intrusion by Timber Grave tribes or later Trade contacts were valued - Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel or Hungarian ezer 1000 amp Ossetian aeligrzaelig- huge The Mnogovalikovo and Abashevo also played a significant part in the ethnogenesis of the Timber-grave culture ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) especially with the Pokrovskiy culture as well as with Uralic cultures Single markers 187 270 272 of mtDNA N1a1a1a group Bashkirs with Lithuanians and the Komi Permyaks Elevated R1a1 ( haplogroup R-SRY108312
aka SRY15322 ) is found not only with the Erzya ( re R1a Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13
DYS 520 =22 ampc) but also with the Bashkirs (38-48) of the Urals who still harvest their ancient kaumlrauml- honeycomb A match of Estonian and Indian single marker 294 of mtDNA N1a1a1 has been reported GAS Again Or was the 294 from the beautiful but endangered Seto people amp culture Perhaps some Narva mtDNA U5b2 will surface far from home Embrace the Chaos
The regions surviving autonomous Baltic speakers assimilated again in the 5th century AD as new Slavic type cultural groups filtered in from the South although in some areas Baltic speakers remained intact as evident from the historic record The new Slavic speakers (Komi rotś ) followed the same path into Russia as the old Fatjanovo-Balanovo era East Baltic speakers did three thousand years before the Slavic immigration The common R1a ancestry of many East Balts ( R1a1a1 Z280 L235 Z92 ) and East Slavs (R1a1a- Z92) invites new scholarly re-examination of East Balt and East Slavic isoglosses The Old Russian Ipatiy Compilation of Chronicles mentions that in 1147 the Prince of Rostov-Suzdal defeated the Golyad ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) who lived by the River Porotva The Golyad lt Golędь ethnonym was derived from a Baltic hydronym galin- meaning deep water The defeated population ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) would be from then on taxed - accordingly For more info see Marija Gimbutas here Today the family of related decendants of all these mixed forebearers can be seen in Latvians Lithuanians Estonians as well as in Russians the Erzya Moksha
Mordvins Mari Permics Bashkirs Ural Tatars and Indians ॐ
Balto-Slavic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The late Sredny Stog Middle Dnieper Culture grew from conservative peripheral IE dialects related to Yamna Satem with admixture of different assimilated indigenous peoples from Dnieper Donets and the Tripolye culture of Central Europe as well as subgroups of Centum Globular Amphora contributors ( w TRB BBC) and a host of others (re remnant Middle Dnieper Repins ) The ethnogenesis of these distinct dialects with assimilated indigenous peoples formed various diverse regional Balto-Slavic speakers which were localized as the poly-ethnic Europeanized peripheral Satem dialects of Baltic and Slavic closely related to early Pit-grave Āryan yet distinctly different even then with diverse degrees of admixture within regional subgroups The Balto-Slavic type poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture was a fusion of ethnic groups - a melting pot - so to speak with a retro core Satem dialect (archaic Balto-Slavic lacks perfect reduplication - agreeing with Albanian Hamp 1963)
The unique peripheral components of the Middle Dnieper culture say the early East Baltic Fatyanovo migrated away before a thorough homogenization of Middle Dnieper Satem lingua franca dialects could consolidate among regional subgroups ( eg E Baltic kur kame W Baltic kuei Slavic kъde - Finnish tuhante Mokša
tožaumln lt E Baltic 1000 lt pre-GAS RUKI - Baltic long root preterite re Burrow 1955 p 19 ) Hence the Balto-Slavic debates Dative plural m or the tūšante tūšanti type Satem participle term ( Latvian tūska ) for a thousand were probably disseminated by trade contacts between distant Globular Amphora subgroups various Middle Dnieper subgroups and other groups ( re Goth ain-lif - p lt k lt
GAC - P-Celtic-BBC Lith vienuo-lika eleven OSw thornuacutesand thousand ) from the earlier Centum Globular Amphora migrations ( Globular Amphora-Narva polyethnics
w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) near the expanding networks of Fatyanovo ( R1a1a1 Z280 LWb ) pioneering the North The Y-STR variation among Slavs has given the evidence for the Slavic homeland near the middle Dnieper basin which provides a geographic context for the Slavic linguistic correlation to the early Satem West amp East Baltic Upper Middle Dnieper homeland and the nearby Catacomb amp Pit-grave Āryans to the East During the period (3400
BCE) of the oxen pulled wheeled wagon revolution the Yamnaya culture slowly expanded toward the edge of the Corded Ware horizon of late Sredny Stog culture Millennia later in the same eastern area of the contact zone near the middle Dnieper a poly-ethnic Slav Timber Grave Iranian ethno-genesis would develop the Chernoles culture
A separation of Belarus subpopulations along a North South line can be demonstrated particularly in distribution of Y chromosomal lineages R1b I1a and I1b N3 and G-chromosomes The uniqueness of the northern Belarusian population is most likely due to the high incidence of poly-ethnic pre- ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 [old name N3] (
homogeneous Baltic pre-ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo substrate with allele DYS1915 ) which is twice the frequency as in central and southern Belarus The central and southern Belarusian substratum Baltic Milograd physical traits differ somewhat from Ukrainian substratum SlavScytho-Sarmatian traits (re U3) The assimilation of Belarus may have been mainly linguistic and less physically ethnical ( R1a1a- Z92 )
The Autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov Culture gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture complex of the Podolian Upland bordered the Trzciniec and Sosnitsa (early peripheral Baltic) complexes to its far North but appears culturally related to the Montreoru (early Dacian) and later Sabatinovka Thracian complex to its near South in regard to burial rites and pottery (also see Linguistics and Ethnogenesis of the Slavs 1985 by Oleg N
Trubačev) Native Pre-IE Tripolye culture farming populace (Temematian) were assimilated also as they were with Middle Dnieper Baltic The unique close relation of early Slavic origins to Globular Amphora and later Ural-Steppe amp Asian Iranian ( Slavic azъ Tumshuq Sakan azu ) and nearby Dacian and Thracian are often lost to the worn out Balto-Slavic chorus of cliches After the arrival of the Huns (w G V mtDNA N1a U4) in Europe and a devastating plague in the 6th-7th century AD post multi-ethnic Cherniakhov culture Slavic soon became the lingua franca of commerce trade throughout most of Central Europe and beyond A polyethnic ethnogenesis interpretation (Proto-Slav Komarov gt Belogrudovka gt
Chernoles culture) helps to explain why Slavic has partial elements of a Satem Corded Ware dialect of an early autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture language resembling Baltic (Middle Dnieper culture) languages bordering to the North The archaeology also agrees with regional hydronyms of a decidely Slavic provenance (vs Trzciniec amp Sosnitsa Baltic) as proposed by the renowned Russian philologist Oleg N Trubačev Trubačev (1986) had also detected nearby Illyrian and Thracian hydronyms on the Dniester Bug and Middle Dnieper A poly-ethnic ethnogenesis interpretation also explains some of the Slav Timber Grave Iranian religious vocabulary ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- ) as
well as other linguistic impacts on Slavic ( see EricHamp 2011 ) from the Timber Grave amp Steppe Iranian culture ( Slavic azъ Saka azu ) and also detection of common Slav Timber Grave Iranian mtDNA types ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 )
The southern neighbors of the Proto-Slavic Belogrudovka (from earlier Komarov ) culture ( mtDNA U4a2 ) were the Sabatinovka Thracian complex - a mix of Catacomb Timber Grave amp Monteoru ( Sharafutdinova 1986 115 ) Dacian of which some yielded to the Belozerka gt Chernogorovka Cimmerian early Timber Grave Iranian speakers which in turn yielded to steppe Timber Grave Scythians The rest of the Dacians survived and are heard in todays Albanian The Timber Grave culture retreated South from the Ural forest steppe around the 12th century BCE due to climatic cooling Mezhovka culture filled the void they left Also the later Sarmatian amp Alan presence near the Dnieper by Kiev was enormous (re mtDNA U3 R1a- Z93 Slavic azъ Saka azu Ossetian aeligz amp loss of word-final nom -s ) Ukrainian cattle zebu mtDNA reflects this influx from the steppes of the East
In the Ukrainian gene pool six Y-DNA haplogroups are revealed E F (213
including G and I) J N1c1 (96) P and R1a1 Northeast European Sarmatians ( C Keyser et al 2009 ) are not merely romantics as Saka kurgan (mtDNa N1a1a1) genetics bear out ( C Keyser et al 2009 Voevoda et al 2000 Clisson et al 2002
Ricaut Francois-X et al 2004) - although historical Sarmatians ( Śarmis ) included Asian R1a- Z93 amp Uralic admixture (N3 U4) Note Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel The tripartite division of the Slavic languages may reflect latent regional substratum influence on dialects evolved from the Proto-Slav Komarov culture which was designated by hydronyms of a Slavic provenance by O N Trubačev East Slavic like its neighboring East Baltic Sosnitsa ( gt Bondarikha gt
Jukhnovo ) complex to the North had the near influence of the Catacomb culture and may reflect some later MVK Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) cultural dialogue ( Russian jalovec juniper Armenian elevin id ) from MVK Monteoru culture trade exchanges Monteoru Dacian and Proto Slavic were close to each other which may explain some Slavic Albanian isoglosses West Slavic R1a
M458 may well be inherited from ( post Lengyel -TRB ) Corded Ware Centum Globular Amphora culture area substratum ( re ERC GAS gt Czech pyacuteř fire
embers re ERC Oscan pūr ) with a Satem Pomeranian R1a1a1 L365 conversion (
in NW Pomeranian in SW Dacian ) preceding a later W Slavic expansion ( Slavic
Bogъ Saka Baga- Slavic azъ Saka azu - see EricHamp 2011 ) Language is not genetic it is acquired Note N1c1 ( N-M178 ) Baltic speakers in Lithuania amp Latvia or R1a1a1 ( LWb ) Uralic speakers in Estonia or Yoeme speakers of Yoi Noki in Arizona
Kelan Kolo Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Does this support the construct of a so-called Balto-Slavic region or Middle Dnieper cultural horzon of anciently related initial dialects of subgroups like a
Satem Armeno-Aryan Catacomb culture Graeco-Armenian poly-ethnic Centum Celto-Italic or much earlier Indo-Uralic Probably The distance between Slavic amp Baltic each to early Satem Indo-Iranian (Pit-grave Āryan Satem) is not as great as such labels would imply One can also easily group together Satem Baltic-Slavic-Indo-Iranian with RUKI amp declension ( locPl ending -su ) considerations They were all in obviously close contact by horseback or river travel But if there never was a specifically monolithic Proto-Baltic per se how can you ever have a monolithic Proto Balto-Slavic amid the chaotic multiculturalism of the Middle Dnieper horizon The R1a1a- evidence begs to differ Early Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo sites in Estonia date to 3000 BCE The different Balts are even physically distinct around that time due to substratum
The Baltic and Slavic subgroups were already well differentiated and autonomous (eg separate mythologies amp Baltic long root preterite archaic divergent
vocabularies ) yet close to one another with the adoption of the wheel kelan kolo ratas (3200 BCE) West Balts used asigmatic nom sg ntr ending -n whereas the East Baltic neuter compliment was derived from asigmatic -d like Lydian Zaza ləzga Ossetian лaeligдзaeligг - branch Russian dialect ляэга vs Lith laz-da (Albanian ledhi - id ) Note Baltic o Slavic a - and but - reflecting an ablative form of a pronoun (Avestan āt - then and) Archaeologists have not found the archetypal Balto-Slavic settlements per se probably because each branch group were formed and influenced in different NE W S regions ( re ratas kelan kolo ) of the Middle Dnieper culture by a diverse admixture of various peoples and influences albeit somewhat near each other neighboring a Proto-Dacian distinctly different Satem variant Of course they are related Balto-Slavic is a generic generalization of a brief Europeanized Satem linguistic horizon like Armeno-Aryan (remodeled ablative suffix etc) - but initially more polyethnic The idealized Proto-Balto-Slavic Satem dialect probably pertains to an earlier pre-Middle Dnieper Culture peripheral area somewhere bordering Catacomb amp Pit-Grave groups and in contact with northern Repin dialects for awhile But Baltic like Slavic are in fact products of multiculturalism throughout their linguistic evolutions
Proto-Slavic and the more northern early Baltics were partially composed of assimilated Dnieper-Donets and acculturated later Tripolye peoples emulating the Yamna-like IE Satem speakers of peripheral related Sredny Stog dialects among a multi-ethnic converging cultural vortex of others ( Dnieper Repins TRB
Globular Amphora amp CWC poly-ethnics ) and with more admixture later where they would settle The eventual influence of Timber Grave Belozerka Cimmerian and later steppe Scythian amp Sarmatian on Slavic ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 ) was significant ( loss of word-final -s ) With the mobility of wheels changes were occurring rapidly - isolation was fading fast The Slavic participle with -L appears to have more in common to distant Lydian than nearby Baltic
Like Wild West movies debates on Balto-Slavic have had a duration longer
than the original horizon probably lasted The close affinity of Satem Slavic amp Baltic to Yamna related Indo-Iranian can be no surprise nor their distinctive European poly-ethnic accents The fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) It seems the growing early pre-IIr Yamna and Eastern Baltic dialect areas moved Northward as did the early West Balts as the Thracians Dacian Pre-Albanians and Slavs who migrated southwestward assimilating various Central European non-IE native and early Centum-TRB mixed IE people ( GAS R1a M458 ) into their cultures ( Dacian place
name Clevora Lith Klevas maple Lith place-names Liepora Beržorai w distributive -
or- suffix ) Thereafter the original Slavic future tense (which was perhaps similar to
Baltic amp Indo-Iranian) was lost while assimilating Dniester Tripolye C2 populace and other groups - as did the neighboring pre-proto Germanic Globular Amphora who had replaced the future tense as well It now appears that Winters Law also applies to Albanian which draws Thracian into question Inconsistancies in Albanian Satemization may reflect a pre-Bilopotok culture substratum to Monteoru Dacian Satem language which was influenced by Hercynian Celts and later Dalmation substratum
The early Proto-Slavic dialect reflects an inter-ethnic dialogue ( RUKI of Slavic
Mid-Iranian ) of early Timber Grave Iranian (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp
later steppe Scythian) assimilation which occurred upon an earlier polyethnic Balto-Slavic dialects accent region ( due to assimilated non-IE substratum admixture) Slavic loss of word-final -s may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by early Timber Grave Iranian contact (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp steppe Scythian) Culturally the influence of the Timber Grave immigration ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- Vedic
Bhagas ) was not as imposing on the rustic nearby Dnieper-Desna Baltic steppe-forest dwellers An earlier hypothetical Balto-Slavic dialects Dnieper Basin Accent (DBA) of the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Culture ( R1a- Z280 ) area would be at least later-Sredny-Stog era followed by a gradual Pre-Proto-Slavic westward steppe ( plateau vs the forest ) trajectory evolving into the Proto-Slavic Komarov gt Belogrudovka culture
Maps indicating the location of the (Temematian) non-IE Tripolye (Cucuteni-
Trypillian) Culture of Dniester farmers compared with maps of the Proto-Slavic language region (based on hydronyms) parallel each other closely although there is at least two thousand years between each horizon Herodotus later describes Scythian farmers where once were only European Tripolye culture farmers On either side of the early Slavics were lively trade partners of early Germanics to the Northeast and early Baltics to the Northwest - both of which were also polyethnic to various degrees with native European peoples If the Corded Ware Europeanized isogloss of Dative Plural - M occurred as an areal innovation perhaps due to Uralic substratum phonetic influence it probably started with contact and assimilation with Globular Amphora peoples now of mixed affinities ( Narva Lengyel TRB amp Centum Globular Amphora R1a- M458 )
and spread at a very early formative stage of E+W Baltic development and pre-proto-Germanic pre-Slavic The Sanskrit alphabet long ago anticipated the natural progression of B to M which enabled a fast transition Assimilation often accompanies innovation It is interesting that both regionally related poly-ethnic ( Dniester Tripolye C2 TRB GAS ) neighboring Centum pre-Germanics and Satem pre-Slavics replaced the original future tense construct of -s- (re relics -
Slavic byšęšteje Czech probyšucny ) as opposed to the Italo-Celtics as well as the distant eastern Baltics who shared borders and the original future tense with -s with the early Satem Āryan Yamna cultures A example of Baltic s future may be seen in Lith duos lt dōH3s lt doH3s ( Lith dial dōs ) The mtDNA reflects such a scenario but whether it happened like this is anybodys guess
The influence of Dnieper Donets or the Tripolye substratum in the DBA or RUKI has not been given the attention it deserves The assimilation of regional Baltic speakers also influenced various Slavic languages such as the Milograd (E
Slavic jasen vs jesen - ash tree) Kolochin and Yotvingian cultures in Belarusian the large-scale East ( amp West ) Baltic substratum in the Old Novgorodian territory North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92+ amp N1c1 ) tl dl consonant clusters gt kl gl - like East Baltic the Pomeranian presence in West Slavic Dnieper-Dvina East Balt foundation of the Tušemlja culture (which later included immigrant
Sudovians and Slavs in the Long Barrow culture) and the widely scattered East Baltic speaking tribes in Western amp Northern Russia ( re LWb allele at 22 for Vologda
Russians ) Also noted is the area where Belarusian Russian amp Polish prepose their genitives In contrast specific lineage characterized by 16304C-16311C mutations which indicate the Slavonic migrations from Central to E Europe was not found among Lithuanians Although historically instructive it cannot eclipse the common origin in the Middle Dnieper culture that both Slavs and Balts share together especially the East Balts and East Slavs ( both with R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 ) and always will
Caveat Emptor gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Theories about dating the earliest Proto-Slavic in relation to the distinct early Baltic branches need to examine the carbon dated chronology of East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural remains ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) Baltic hydronyms in Russia such as the Oka river the loss of the original Slavic Future tense and Baltic loanwords (from assimilated East Balts) in Finno-Volgaic which help date the evidence Examples of archaic Baltic loanwords into Finno-Ugric are East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole gt North Saami čuolggu pole Finnish salko long pole Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane or Lithuanian šaras fodder gt Moksha Mordvinian śora grain lt Saka ṣara seed Another Finno-Ugric loanword from East Baltic ( re Samogitian medė forest ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest-border is gt Finnish metsauml- forest Estonian mets
Karelian mečču id Saami meahcci forest fringe Hungarian (w LWb allele
) messze far distant vs OCS mežda - alley lane Words to the wise about any theoretical Balto-Slavic dates - Caveat emptor and compare it to all the facts we already know from empirical science There are Latvias eleven C-14 cal dates ( Loze 1992 Tab1 ) of CWC with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (
Purhonen 1986 11 ) A diet of fish ( šapalas ) may lessen the dates a little but no time-travel technology has yet been found with those CWC artifacts Cest la vie Wisconsin celebrates a Leif Erikson Day but Spain may not
Fatyanovo East Baltic developed from an earlier Northeastern forest variant subgroup ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 ) of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon with assimilated Euro-Repin Centum GAS while Southwestern Proto-Slavic steppe variants were emerging at the same time elsewhere Each were regionally distinct (forest steppe) subgroups yet related hybrid retro-core Satem cultures of diverse cultural components Neither group ever identified themselves with a xenophobic Āryan terminology ( re Mansi tas stranger ) The more conservative Northern Satem groups preferred to use the IE inclusive term Tauta (people) or liaudis (re Russ ljudi Khowar roi) Balto-Slavic is a useful generalization of a complex Middle Dnieper linguistic horizon and generic at best
Think Green gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There never was a monolithic Proto-Baltic per se Note the Eastern Baltic LWb gene analysis below or the multiple R1a1a- variations of Middle Dnieper Z280 cultures There are archaic pre-GAC Satem and post-GAS Euro-Repin Centum integrated aspects of the Baltic languages If GAC Euro-Repin-Centum defines what is Baltic does Steppe TG Iranian define what is Slavic The various West East Baltic Thracian amp Slavic languages (along with the Indo-Iranian branch) represent an archaic continuum of remnant subgroups of former core Satem IE dialects the last Proto Indo-European branches to finally split The Proto-Baltics would be none other than some Proto Satem Indo-European dialects together with the closely neighboring Satem pre-Thracian amp pre-Dacian Proto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-Iranian It may be more helpful to visualize East Baltic Slavic amp Indo-Iranian as part of the still growing main Satem trunk rather than as language branches Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
The LWb blood marker CCR5 Delta 32 mutation BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In respect to hematological variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele was highest in the Central East Balts around 75 among Lithuanian Samogitians
and very low among the other western Europeans ( 0-01 ) Click here for the PDF
version of the LWb Study The LWb blood allele can be seen as a genetic Tribal Marker of Prehistoric East Baltic Migrations and Admixture and perhaps not a West-Baltic marker since inhabitants of the Sūduva region average only a mere 27 vs 29 for Finns 22 for distant northern Vologda Russians or 4 for Estonians ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) - even after over 600 years of continuous Lithuanian colonization and admixture in the Sūduva region For those who still think all Sudovians vanished please reread the prior sentence - slowly Lithuanian R1a rates ( R1a1a1 including Z92 or L235 w LWb ) vary widely with West Aukštaičiai 406 vs South Aukštaičiai R1a at 618 in a sans MtDNA H1 region ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004 ) The absence of the 16304C-
16311C mutations prevents unneeded misinterpretations Genetic structure analyses also suggest Poles from Suwalszczyzna (northeastern Poland ) differ from all remaining Polish and Russian samples ( Grzybowski et al 2007 ) The Aryan R1a- Z93+ found in Lithuania is associated with that regions Tatars China Japan and Somalia evidently evaded incursions of LWb laced barbarians far better than either Gotland or Hungary although Gotlands LWb probably involved extensive secondary contacts with Estonians and Finns Maritime interaction with Vikings of Sweden amp Gotland is reflected by increased frequencies of the PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland region of Latvia ( Beckman L et al 1999 ) whereas Estonian interaction with Gotland is reflected by the TFDCHI allele ( Beckman L et al 1998 ) and LWb allele frequencies in Gotland ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) Hungarys LWb may perhaps reflect the Dyakovo-Gorodets horizon with East Balt participation Eurasian or archaeological DNA test results for the rare LWb allele mutation are sill pending Any occurrence of the LWb allele or Z280 ( Northern variants ) in Kazakhstan amp Eurasia will be noteworthy as will unexpected N1c1 types The Y-DNA of Lithuania is roughly about 5050 for N1c1 amp R1a and varies somewhat by regions MtDNA H1 frequencies are very very low among Lithuanians and virtually non-existent with the Saacutemi In Lithuania MtDNA H1 is mainly confined to only Northern Žemaitians The Aukštaičiai like the Saacutemi have none ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004
) Tests confirm the Narva substratum assimilated by East Balts had mtDNA U5b1 U5b2 amp U4 ( Bramanti et al 2009 ) This cultural inheritance from Kunda amp an early N1c Uralic substratum links Lithuanians amp Saacutemi as well as centuries of cross cultural fly agaric mushroom trade ( per M Gimbutas ) or the shared ethnocidal amp genocidal persecutions from a European Christendom ( Willumsen
LH 1997 ) busy shilling tickets to their heaven Tickets to Heaven hocus pocus amp the gravy train ( re nāstika Brihaspati ) The Prince of Peace deserves better
Less the above referenced genetical info be misinterpreted as some form of encrypted RWA cracker-code-speak I will stress that the fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) You are unique - just like everyone else People are people - some individuals shine some hide in their cruel fear Most of our DNA is African As my friend Robbin
said Its all good
The elevated CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation frequencies distributed in East Balts amp Volgaics and CCR5-Delta 32 DNA chronology ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) coincide closely with the ethnicities of the poly-ethnic Dyakovo cultures middle phase and may further illuminate earlier Ossetian contacts or some unique isoglosses Whether there is any correlation between the LWb allele and the CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation besides Baltic region epicenters is just speculation at present Perhaps the science of a common R1a Z92 inheritance of Russians and Baltic people will usher in a new era of unity and respect
The Western Balts were a hybrid mix of Funnel Beaker ( TRB including some
outlier Badens ) Centum Globular Amphora ( GAS gt eg pẽku ) and Corded Ware Satem Middle Dnieper people with Uralic Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1) people on Neolithic Nemunas and Narva substratum populations Archaeologist today can distinguish Europeanized West Balt culture skulls from those of nearby neighboring Satem East Baltic Fatyanovo types The distinction ( R1a1a- L366 vs LWb allele w R1a1a1 or Z92 L235 amp N1c1 ) was evidently very old and more than just grammatical Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements ( Brazaitis
2005 fig 5 Girininkas 2009 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import like pešti pešus pẽšis Kailas ( re Sudovian Kayles Gothic Hails
Vandalic Eils Old Norse Hail - perhaps all heard together for centuries at Wiskiauten Bar-B-Qs )
Ρως Ρωζζία amp Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
| C + Ͻ |
YATVEZ - Ятвезь
The myth of Terra Nullius ( deserted wasteland ) was merely historic ethnocidal propaganda justifying centuries of Papal Conquests Atrocities amp Theft - in both the Old and the New World It was a lie and DNA now proves it was only ethnic cleansing fiction A census by the Orthodox clergy of the Belarus
Grodno area in 1860 had as many as 30929 inhabitants identifying themselves as Yatviags (Yotvingians) The Byzantine Treaty with Kiev prince
Igor in 944 notes among the Rus ( Grk Ρως ) envoys a Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
one Jaacutetvįgrsquo for Gunnar ᚴᚢᚾᛅᚱ The Varangian (lt Old Norse Vaeligringi ) affinities
of an original poly-ethnic Jaacutetvings minority may explain the reapplication of East Baltic Gudai to later stereotype that Grodno regions other mixed poly-ethnic inhabitants ( Γυδωνες - Γουται ) Settlements of the 9th century with distinctly Viking cultural characteristics have been found around the Grodno area It appears that within a century or two of Viking trade and settlement those Norse ( Norethmenn ) either dispersed along the nearby Nemunas river and or assimilated in with ranking locals ( a common Viking custom ) Their Yotvingian Y-DNA survives with closest Y-DNA matches from Norway Ireland amp Scotland ( clan Gotheray ) Sweden followed by Cumbria amp one in Finland - a Y-DNA trail of related Lochlannar Norse clansmen Family
Historic records indicate they opposed surrendering the old beliefs of their forefathers for an imposed foreign import A new ( re AС Кибинь below ) rational etymology of the Baltic Jotving- Jātving- now rescued from from an inert provincialism of kaleidoscopic self-replicating hypotheticals and ethnocentric tunnel vision can finally be derived from an original Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr lucky spear Varangian leaders Heiti name ( gen sg = Jātvīgs Ρως - Lieth
retinue-crew gt Jātvįgs Rōs or Jātvįgs Lieth gt Jātvings - as luck would have it
L448 ) The nasal infixation of the West Norse original ( -iacutegs -īgs gt -įgs gt -ings ) as well as artifacts reflects close early contacts with local Dainavians-Sūdovians for whom the ubiquitous trademark nasal -ing- suffix ( -īg- in Latvian ) was indeed highly productive ( re Aps-ingis Zietela ldquoRus-ingisrdquo etc ) and is thus non-problematic - and in fact rather insightful for its nasal affectation of the local Balts Top this off with the peculiar parallel nominative-genitive singular ( re Wilkaskaymen ) of West Baltic dialects and it it easy to see how an original genitive Jaacutetviacutegs Lieth ( Varangians ) from Old Norse becomes assimilated as a poly-ethnic West Baltic nominative Jātvings Jotvings Voilagrave A Dainavianized nomgen sg nasal Jātvįgs from an Old West Norse genitive singular Jaacutetviacutegs - Jaacutetviacutegr‟s Lieth effortlessly yeilds
Jotvings ( note Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr (w-t-) vs related Eadwig [ Ӕтьвѧгъ ᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴ ] Eadwy or Jadwiga w-d- )
These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvaacutegs Rocircs ( Liethsmenn ) along
the Nemunas river would acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically within 3 generations or less ) amp assimilation - many by inter-marriage like with other Vikings elsewhere Rocircs ( lt Roethsmenn ) may well reflect an earlier pre-sail era maritime terminology Centuries of multi-cultural
commingling between West Balts amp Scandinavians are also reflected at other trade settlements like Saeborg-Grobina Truso or Kaup Wiskiauten PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland ( Kurland ) region of Latvia ( Beckman L et
al 1999 ) mirror poly-cultural blending of Grobina artifacts as does LWb in Gotland In more precise terms the Varangians were primarily Norse mercenaries whereas the Rocircs or Rus were the wider poly-ethnic base of the imported Viking culture which also included merchants boatmen and traders - from Birka to Kiev
As convenient as that all sounds it should be noted that the ubiquitous modern Lithuanian Jotvingis term itself a recent theoretical neologism from the middle 1920s Opps This Jotvingis neologism coined in the 20s was derived solely from various historical Slavic labels of the Varangian era To the Balts repelling the aggressive invading Kiev Rus and later Crusaders these poly-ethnic assimilated mixed Norse-Balt descendants were already just one
of us These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvįgs Varangians would
acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically
within 3 generations or less ) amp with assimilation A Zietela dialect word pamarkas-accursed is probably an assimilated Viking relic term of the Old Norse morkinn-decayed-rotten like the Scots English murkle reproach The Turovians group name likewise reflects a Norse Varangian Rus leaders name
( THORNoacuterir - ᚦᚬᚱᛁᚱ ) aligned with a Ragnvaldr - ᚱᛅᚴᚾᚢᛅᛚᛏᚱ in Polotsk along with
Garethariki Holmgarethr - ᚼᚢᛚᛘᚴᛅᚱᚦᚱ Austrvegr although the Рогволод - Моря Ragnvaldr - Moslashre similarities invite a critique Relations between Polotsk and Kiev became rather strained in 945 One of Vladimirs many campaigns to collect more tribute-taxes ( poliude ) and gain strategic Nemunas river trade access to the Baltic Sea is the first written ( albeit somewhat quasi-historical ) account of plural Yotvingians dated to 983 Fifty five years later in 1038 Yaroslav battles the Yotvingians and later the Lithuanians who were together allied with rebellious pagan Masovians ( amp prior Galindians ) - although another source reports a quite different scenario of a 1038 Yotvingian conflict - by Volkavysk Viking turf wars were not altogether unknown No traces of any hypothetical Baltic hydronym Jacirct-vacirc have ever been found to this day in the Terra Jatwezenorum region None Zip
A Belarusian Vawkavysk dialect Ятвезь [ Yatvez or Jatvez ] Anchor term obtusely connects the Norse Thors hammer of Vikings amp other Scandinavian relics to the original Yotvingians of that Black Russian region - who initially
spoke the Old Norse of Varangians Nobody vanished Get real ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᚱ When in doubt tell the truth - Mark Twain
For more about a Norse Rus Yatviag Yotvingian etymology see Кибинь
AС Ятвяги в X-XI вв laquoбалтское племяraquo или laquoбереговое братствоraquo Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2008 2(4) С117-132
The Loki pendant of Gnezdovo note the striking resemblance to the Snaptun Stone Loki - jp
Another East Baltic tribal migration marker may be a significantly increased frequency of the BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype ( Van Landeghem et al 1998 )
The spread of Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup R1a1a- as well as the B blood type is associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages too Many Latvian tartan weaving patterns are nearly identical to ancient Tocharian tartans found recently with Tocharian mummies (w U4 two-rooted lower canines
VRC ) recovered in Western China (see Secrets of the Silk Road) Tocharians were evidently also dedicated hemp farmers like the Balts and historical kapnobatai Thracians East Baltic Lithuanian place-names Beržorai ( birches
) or Liepora ( lindens ) reflect the Tocharian B distributive suffix -ār as does the Satem Dacian place-name Clevora (re Lith Klevas maple) West Baltic had Saitoran - the knotty Pleiades ( EV 6 ) Slavic also has such a parallel arboreal related suffix It would be worthy to note that some Dnieper culture horizons exhibit a degree of intrusive Repin style pottery from Middle Dnieper Repins Middle Dnieper Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration A high frequency of the CCR5-Delta 32 allele in Lithuanian populations at levels of about 16 has been documented This allele mutation confers resistance to HIV (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old ( J Novembre et al 2005 )
Lithuanian Ashkenazi Jews have also interested geneticists since they display a number of unique genetic characteristics including Y-DNA haplogroup Q
SONGS OF THE FOREST gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Traditional ancient Baltic songs ( Lith Dainos Latv Dainās re Vedic Dhėnās ) are a vast resource of the Baltic languages The Dainos are the Rig Veda of the East Baltic people These Hymns were first brought into the Baltic forests before 3000 BCE and preserved within innumerable homesteads person to person winter after long winter from 2600 BCE to this day Their antiquity is only eclipsed by their numbers and variations They are usually Hymns of stanzas many of which are divine revelations from the ancient Native Religion and Mythology but in contrast to most other similar forms they often lack earthly heroes Many Latvian dainās are not long typically in quatrains and often trochaic (metrically of one long syllable followed by one short one) and more rarely dactylic These ancient Hymns are superb relics of the pre-Christian East Baltic Native Religion and the life of the people especially its three important events - birth weddings and deathburial but also lifes infinite experiences
Dod Dieviņi ko dodamis Dod man labas div‟ lietiņas
Ceļā labū kumeliņu Mūžāi labu līgaviņu
There are literally millions of verses of these truly ancient Dainos Dainās now in written form The forest is also home to Seto Leelo the Seto polyphonic singing tradition Saacutemi joiks ( or ldquoyoiksrdquo ) and others All are irreplaceable treasures So intertwined with the archaic languages and their enormous vocabularies it is virtually impossible to try to separate the two These Hymns are still sung to this day - person to person
The magic of language is a gift from mother to child
living as a memorial to all Women who gave it to us
____________________________________________________
BE HERE NOW
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
More than half of the planets 7000 or so languages are facing extinction within this century
We are losing around two languages a month - or about one every two weeks
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The Sudovian greeting Kailas re-affirms that we are all One - with each other and with the Earth we share
Dermė
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The nearly extinct Lithuanian gray - Latvian blue cow breeds also need immediate international support amp attention - ASAP
- poshkahotmailcom
Click on Photo for Baltic Log Home Architecture
The ancient Twin Horse Sky motif found on top of
Lithuanian homes reflects the related Vedic Sanskrit Ašvins Similiar ( Ašvieniai ) symbolism was found in the
Khvalynsk and Samara PIE cultures (4100 - 5500 BCE) The Twin Horse Sky motif is also evident in Mari ethnic symbols
| Proto Indo European | | Mažiulis | | Nostratic Language |
| Prussian Language Website | | Janis Endzelins Baltic Languages |
| Old Prussian Texts |
| Mordvinian Dictionary |
The above text is an excerpt from Virdainas copy Jos Pashka 2012
~ in memory of Jeannette DeBusk Cox Charles Richard Dean amp Netta Poska ~
Erzya-Moksha Mordvin loanwords include - vərgas ( Indo-Iran vrkah ) pejel - knife ( Lith peilis peile ) kardaz ( Lith gardas gt Common Permian kar fortified place )
and uske viska - metal ( Tokharian A was B yasa Armenian uoski Sanskrit ucchati ) Finnic Mari has waž for metal ore Forest Nenets has a wyesya cognate
Also Finnish kekri annual Native festival lt kekra-j lt kekra- gt Sanskrit chakra Finnic kehrauml disk vs Sanskrit chāttra Finnic vihi ( Lith vėžė )
Baltic Deivas - The Divine Spirit of Heaven influenced Finnish taivas Estonian taevas heaven perhaps Saami taiw and also
Hungarian taacutej Khanty tai - locus Often ignored semantics of East Baltic celestial Deivas are illustrated in phrases from Latvian dainās ( eg Saule noiet dievā - Nav
saulīte dievā gaiša ) Finnish toivo like orpo ( Skt arbha-h ) or vasara ( Skt vajra-h ) lack final s unlike Finnish taivas - blue blue sky re Saule
noiet dievā
Saulės Rẽtis
( Suns Halo )
As for the monolithic Balto-Slavic of academics - Slavic has kolo wheel kola cart West Baltic has kelan wheel kelā cart East Baltic ratas wheel ratai cart
East Baltic Lithuanian also has rẽtys - halo circle around sun moon re E Baltic risti - rita raitėti - rieta retėti riets rotāt rotēt etc - ablaut - related to Lithuanian ratas wheel Latvian rats
Magic spiritual talismans known as Amber Sun-Discs found in Globular Amphora sites and elsewhere may be a key to the cross cultural ratas term of central Europe
(Linear B ideogram 243) Latin teres-retis - rounded well-turned and East Baltic Lithuanian retys provide a fresh etymology for PIE
roteH2 rotH2os ( spokes included ) If phonemic pitch following loss of laryngeals developed in connection with the monophthongization of diphthongs exhibited by a vocalic
feature from a segmental phoneme - Finnish taivas or heinauml illustrate the chronology of the loans from the host East Baltic language
Estonia and India alone share the 294 single marker of mtDNA N1a1a1 ( 147A-172-223-248-294-320-355 ) lt GAS
Mitochondrial haplogroup N1a phylogeography with implications to the origin of European Farmers 2010 BMC Evolutionary Biology Publication 10304
Re Karelian kes(t)rauml Estonian kedr spindle and Vedic cāttra id
The pre-migration Tocharian like Volga-Repins may have had an unattested word for Maple borrowed as wakšter into Finnic Cognates may be Latin acer - maple Old Norse askr - ash Old Lithuanian akštras - sharp The maples range extends to the Kama
river basin Perhaps Tocharian Repins originally used maple saplings for livestock prods Or perhaps it was a Baltic akšteras
The songs of the Erzya Mordvin thunder god Pur‟gine parallel both Lith Perkūnas and Vedic Parjanya ( परजनय ) closely
The Avestan name Vada-gan for a demon ( the Striker ) - reflecting a similar word in East Baltic vedega ax may have a Ural region kulturnaya obshchnost‟ connection ( Saami vietka bdquoadze‟rlm )
Finnish vasara hammer is a loanword from an later form ( lacking final s ) of Avestan vazra amp Vedic vajra [ vaźras - mace club ]
which are related to Lith vėzdras mace club Latv vẽza vẽzecirct to swing in the air wave wag or perhaps Lith vagis wedge ( Finnish vaaja )
Latvian veseris maul-hammer probably a loanword from Livonian Note Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere lack archaic Indo-Iranian final s (re Komi voumlrkas wolf )
PIE ueg - to swing gt vẽźras gt vėzdras vėzdas w altered ź-da gt zda as in synonym Lith lazda lt laźda
The current Finnish word for Millennium vuosituhat is a combination of four thousand year old loanwords
from both Pre-Indo-Aryan and Volga-Baltic neighbors by the Ural Mountains (re Latv tū-ska swelling Lith tū-las many Tocharian B kaumlnte 100 Sanskrit dve śate 200 )
Related Repin Tocharian B tumane 10000 lt Iranian tumān id lack a s cognate
( East Baltic Lithuanian tum-stas bulk heap mass - tumėti to curdle)
Mordvin Erzya tožon tužən Moksha tožaumln Estonian root stem tuhante 1000 may reflect an early Fatyanovo East Baltic participle tūśante tūšanti
preceding a poly-ethnic GAS Centum tūskanti and GAS-ed East Baltic tūstantis 1000 ( gt Old Latvian tuustosch- )
re Finnish laiha GAS Lith liesa Fatyanovo laiša ( also Latvian tūkst sing pret tūska ) Perhaps tūksa- gt tūšant- gt + GAS gt tūstantis 1000 huge - note Old Latvian tuustosch-
The Uralic words may well reflect an early East Baltic pre-GAS ( pre-compromised RUKI ) Upper Dnieper Satem word that evolved with poly-ethnicism
( East Baltic Dnieper Satem evolved on a non-IE Narva substratum w N1c1 early Uralics and ERC Globular Amphora = poly-ethnic )
Follow the Money Back in 3000 BCE it was follow the copper amp amber
It has been suggested Germanic thousand reflects tū-skont- which may reflect
a Gas poly-ethnic ( š gt sk ) trade variant tūskanti by Centum Globular Amphora The Globular Amphora amber trade network may have used a Centum modified
( š gt sk gt tūskant- gt tū-skont- ) variant while the Uralic variants reflect an EBaltic tūšant- ( gt later GAS-ed tūstant- ) variant from Fatyanovo-
Balanovo ( East Baltic Dnieper Satem ) A 2800 BCE flint-amber trade GAC tūs-kont- was perhaps interpreted by trade contacts as
a tūs-šimt- compound word gt W Baltic tūsimt-
The chronology of CWC regional variant cultures is critical for untangling the etymology of 1000
Slavic RUKI indicates far less early integration of GAS although cultural trade contacts
are plainly evident Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive
in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- A 2800 BCE Slavic -s- from -sk- appears plausible considering dative pl -m- became -b-
and the perceived participle reflecting eo type variations of 1000 Pots dont talk they speak - volumes
Old East Baltic Medu and Vaška were related neuters Note Finno-Ugric Hungarian meh-viasz In the same occupation are the related words - Mordvin keras Mari karas Udmurt karas from Fatyanovo era East Baltic
( Latv kāres Lith korys ) Re Lith Mekš-uogis buckthorn-berry Meksėti meksi stutter be mad - Skt makšikā fly bee makš- be angry
( Volgaic Mekš bee the angry one ) No Mekši cognate is found in Ob-Ugric
There is also a DNA relationship between Baltic males and Uralics ( Mari )
eg Meadow Mari tuumlžem - thousand Mari ləśtaś - Lith lakštas From the archaeological record one can also trace legacies of Upper Middle Dnieper gt Fatyanovo gt Balanovo gt Kazan gt Chirkovo-Seyma gt
Ananino gt Mari amp Mordvin cultures
The Romanian Dacian Doina - song is probably a residual loanword from the Lithuanian The Daina Dhėnā Vedic word has been analyzed many years earlier but not as an assimilated loanword from Corded Ware East Baltic
which J Pāshka contends and which Ural region loanwords and polyethnic Abashevo-Sintashta archeaological data would support Vedic Dhėnā and Soma ( borrowed from Uralic ) reflect the polyethnic early Āryan culture by the Ural Mountains ( Rhipean Lipynė )
Ephedra is not found in the Ural regions conifer forests Amanita muscaria is and abundantly so ( re Khanty Soma hewn mortar ) - On Vedic Dhėnā Prayer Song - Maurice Bloomfield Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol 46 (1926) pp 303-308
D Razauskas wrote an excellent article about
CORRESPONDENCES TO THE INDO-IRANIAN MYTHICAL WIND IN LITHUANIAN FOLKLORE
Do try to Google it
Rig Vedic Sanskrit Vāyu - wind Lithuanian dialect Vėjus - wind
The round kurgan mound tradition of the Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan in Nothern Bihar India also resembles Śaka Steppe kurgans of Eurasia amp Russia w U4
Timber Grave culture favored orienting the head of the deceased towards the North - re Mahaparinibbana Sutta The Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan identified themselves with the Solar clan
The Digha Nikaya of the Tipitaka Pali Buddhist canon describes Siddhartha Gautama as having very blue eyes ( Pali abhi nila netto )
The Chinese described Bodhidharma as 藍眼睛的野人
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India although U4 is more prevalent on the Afghanistan - Pakistan border Tajikistan and the Eurasia of the Steppe Śaka
Gintaras reflects the Sembian dialect pronunciation with their typical narrowing of en to in
adopted as such in some neighboring East Baltic dialects ie swints vs šventas Modern Lithuanian gintaras amber vs dialect variant gentaras id
Hungarian gyentar gt gyantar amber gyenta resin Chuvash jandar glassy Mari jamdar transparent suggest the amber trade with
East Balts Old adjectival -tar neuter suffix in East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin
( re ON kvaetha Skt jatu resin aśvatara- mule ) The original PIE adjectival -tar neuter suffix was also later used in a comparative sense ( ie wet-ter )
although originally it was mainly adjectival The 13th century work Jami ul hikayat by Ufi describes the Baltic sea origin of yellow amber traded to the
Chinese by Khotan procured from Turks re Chinese yan tse - ( alhagi camelorum ) plant which produces a amber-like honey sap Baltic in Chinese - who knew
Amber ornaments have been found with the Middle Dnieper and Globular Amphorae ( w TRB ) culture artifacts attesting to the ancient relationship Balts have had with Amber
Of Soma the original entheogen ingredient of dried Amanita muscaria ( Fly Agaric ) became extremely scarce with later Āryan migrations and was eventually substituted with a mixture of Ephedra Cannabis and opiates
It was a very poor imitation of the genuine Uralic Soma rite The Indo-European use of Amanita muscaria survived intact in Lithuania - hidden away in forests beyond
the reach of ethnocidal Christians Lithuanians continue the ancient custom of using milk and honey ingredients mixed with the dried Amanita muscaria
to make a beverage for Sharing According to Marija Gimbutas Lithuanians used to supply quantities of Amanita muscaria to the
Saacutemi Noiade in the North for use by the Saacutemi Shamans (Finnish tietaumljauml) ( Volgaic Erzya Mokša Sjuma Səma - hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger
Khanty Soma hewn wooden vessel ) Not directly related to above are Lithuanian semti to draw water Uralic sim- drink Tocharian smantildentildee broth
Hungarian hiacuted bridge is of Alanic origin - re Ossetian xid xed id Khotanese hī id
One out of 3 Kalash have mitochondrial DNA belonging to haplogroup U4 In fact the most prevalent mitochondrial haplogroup of the Kalasha people is U4 aka the Ulrike clade
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India Haplogroup U4 is common among northwestern Siberian populations and is also found among the Mari Mordvin
and Mansi of the Volga-Ural region of Russia as well as the Estonians Finns Balts and Tocharian mummies A Kalasha English Dictionary link is provided below
The Prakrits preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) absent in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words
The mushroom associated Kaukeliai gnomes remained with the forest dwellers
The hemp tradition of Eurasian Steppe Saka is reflect in Old English haelignep Old Irish cnaip Slovak konope West Baltic knapios Armenian kanap Albanian Geg kaneumlp Latvian kaņepe Lithuanian kanapė Turkmen kenaumlp
The Novosvobodna and earlier Maikop (aka Maykop ) cultures probably conveyed the Sumerian kanubi term - as well as the genetic clade of R1b ( aka R1b1b2 ) into IE early Bronze Age cultures with trade and contact ( re Germanic amp Tocharian R1b )
Note - Sumerian gu gt Skt gaus Latvian guovs Armenian kov Gk bous L bov- OIr bo - cow as well as the East Baltic Lydian singular neuter ending in -d
Within the Moscow City limits are found a Fatyanovo cemetary and a later Dyakovo settlement - both near the Kremlin re Finnish kesauml - summer harvest and E Baltic kasyti kast kesyti ( Albanian kosit - harvest the crops)
Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov born in Staraya Kupavna near Moscow would single handedly save humanity and the World in 1962
East Baltic lašiša salmon is also known as vošis a fast type of fish or trout or more commonly vašylas For 3rd person dual jiedu instead of expected yra or esti my Suvalkian Grandmother Johanna used esą Strange but true
Legal Disclaimer - The above text in no way suggests anyone should use illegal drugs or experiment with Amanita mushrooms
Genetic portrait of modern Belarusians mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome perspective Alena Kushniarevich 1Larysa Sivitskaya 1Nina Danilenko 2Richard Villems 1Oleg Davydenko
1Institute of Genetics and Cytology Academicheskaya Str 27 Belarus 2Estonian Biocenter Riia Str 23 Estonia
The LWb blood group as a marker of prehistoric Baltic migrations and admixture Sistonen P Virtaranta-Knowles K Denisova R Kucinskas V Ambrasiene D Beckman L
Hum Hered 1999 Jun49 (3)154-8
LW locus has been assigned to chromosome 19p133 The LW gene corresponds to 3 exons of 265 kb on chromosome 19 The LWa amp LWb alleles are different at a single base pair - codon 70 - corresponding to one amino acid residue which is arginine for LWb
The LWb mutation was a singular event - in all of human history
ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚷᚨᚷᚿᚱᛃᚿᛖᚿᛞᚢᚱ ᛗᛁᚿᚨᚱ ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚡᛁᛋᛏᚨ ᚨᚿᛞᚨᚿᚢᛗ
ᚦᚢ ᚦᚨᚱᚠᛏ ᚦᚨᚧ ᚠᛃᚱᛁᚱ ᚢᛈᛈᛒᛚᚨᛋᚿᚨ ᛖᛚᛋᚲᚢᚷᚨ ᚦᛁᚿᚿ
Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
| MariUver - a Site about Maris Mari El Finno-Ugric |
| and other Indigenous People of Russia |
The ancient Sacred Grove of Native Mari Religion
The Mari Kuumlsoto parallels Finnic and Estonian Hiis Similiar Holy Groves are known as Lud among the Udmurt The East
Baltic terms are Lith Alkas amp Latv Elka
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) and Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG) in an exhaustive 2006 report Russian Federation The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El found widespread evidence of political and cultural persecution of Mari people The Mari Native religious practices ( and the Cheremis Marla
faith ) have come under ever increasing pressure and severe persecution from intolerant Russian Government Officials and so-called Christians according to Human Rights groups
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| Kalasha - English Dictionary Online |
| English - Kalasha Dictionary |
Thank you for visiting Genetically WE ARE ALL ONE
and thats a fact
Culture is something we Share - not own
As Comrade Lennon said - Imagine
Shi nūsun būsna ast praeivingiska kaigi asenes vupjai
Budeis
most peripheral Baltic dialects were from the Sosnica cultural complex ( gt
Milograd amp Jukhnovo cultures ) which much later on assimilated with migrating Eastern Slavic speakers ( R1a1a- Z92 ) Yet it should be remembered that neither Satemization or Ruki match genetic charts very well
Map of the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Cultures
with Dative Plural M amp R1a- M417 Z283
The early ancestors of the West Balts ( R1a1a- Z280 ) were the West Baltic Barrow culture and the Mazovia-Podlasie groups of the Trzciniec culture along the Bug river basin which bordered the autonomous Komarov ( Proto-Slavic ) culture of the Podolian Uplands further to the South The Baltic Trzciniec (Streaked pottery) culture was related to the autonomous Komarov culture but different as ceramics metalwork hydronyms and burial rites indicate This difference can be seen in the word for mans best friend dog where West Baltic had suns vs Old Church Slavic pьsъ or rock - Baltic akmō ašmō vs OC Slavic kamy West Baltic pausē pine vs Slavic bor or sosna (lt sopsna ) and also with many fundamental lexical and mythological disparities In contrast note East Baltic šuo with Kalasha šua dog or Lith puš-es pines and Waigali puċ pine (see Haplogroup U4 below) The West-Satem branch relatedness is illustrated by the word for name - West Baltic emens Albanian emen and Slavic imę vs more Central-Satem East Baltic Lithuanian vardas
The West Baltic Barrow culture and Trzciniec evolved into the later Pomeranian culture ( R1a1a- Z280 L365 ) horizon The West Baltic dialect area flourished with their lively amber trade with the Unitice culture and beyond Even as late as the Early Iron Age (600 BCE) the southern limit of the large Sudovian culture territory bordered the SlavicScythian Chernoles culture Scytho-Sarmatian (Ossetic) and Slavic isoglosses can be illustrated in Ossetic terminology of agriculture ( yoke harvest reaping-hook ) - in somatic terminology ( ear ) and in kinship ( sister brother mother father mother and father-in-law ) The Slavic and Mid-Iranian RUKI had much in common as well as Slavic loss of word-final -s which may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by Timber Grave Iranian contact (re U3)
The Neuri of Herodotus gtgtgt|||ltltlt
According to Herodotus (approx 450 BCE) the Neuri ( Νέσροι ) were a tribe living
North of the Tyres (Dneister river) and the furthest nation beyond the Scythian farmers along the course of the river Hypanis (Bug river) The Bug river meets the Naura ( Baltic name for the Narew ) river The Naura river leads one to Galinda and Suduva Since trade increased recognition the Neuri of Herodotus were possibly related to the Galindians and Sudovians Herodotus also mentions the wild white horses nearby that grazed by a great lake which scholars today suggest are the Podlesie marshes by the Bialowieza Forest Yotvingian Tarpans from the Bialowieza Forest seasonally faded to near white in Winter In 500 BCE Eastern Europe climate was much cooler and wetter There is still a town in Poland named Nur ( Νσρ) 52deg 40 0 N 22deg 18 0 E along the upper Bug River near the Bialowieza Forest The Nurzec river runs nearby and the local district currently bears the rivers name Balts traditionally take ethnonyms from local hydronyms The Baltic verbal roots nur- to immerse or niur- to get murky may be sources of the local hydronym Archaeologists have excavated a fortified settlement and an open settlement near Moloczki Poland by the Nurzec river There are probably many more yet unexcavated in Ziemia Nurska as the area is known as Udmurt nur swamp might contradict this theory
The Balts of Ptolemy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Greek geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd Century AD mentioned only two
Baltic tribal nations the Γαλίνδαι and Σοσδινοί Romans coins ( Tiberius
Caligula ) unearthed in Suduva predate Ptolemys account Σουδινοί was
possibly a typo for Σουδιυοί (re Ιαησγγιωνες) It is of interest to note that an early differentiation of dialects also took place in the Central Eastern dialects evolving early Lithuanian Žemaitian Latvian at a period when the neuter gender was still common in East Baltic ( Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish kela reel spool
Old Prussian kelan wheel )
The Western Balts gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Western Baltic dialect that later gave rise to the Sudovian Galindian Pomesanian and various Prussian languages is one of the dialects of the Early-Western Baltic Area ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) The Coastal West Balts emerged as yet another dialect (Curonian language) of the Peripheral Early-West Baltic Area near the bordering dialects of the Central Early-East Baltic language area The Western Balts were a poly-ethnic hybrid mix of Corded Ware Satem peoples on outliers of Funnel Beaker Globular Amphora with Nemunas - Narva substratum ( GAS ) population Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements there
( Brazaitis 2005 fig 5 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import
Thus the Western Balts should include the Sudovians ( Яцьвягі ) Galindians Pomesanians and various Prussians and also the Curonians the former comprising the Southern group and the latter the Coastal Northern group This explains the close similarity between Sudovian ( Yotvingian ) Galindian Pomesanian and Prussian A successful modern revival of the Prussian language is now known as New Prussian A link to their Prussian language website is provided below
The Old Prussian Sembian dialect though exhibits a prolonged influence ( Pratorius corrupt Prussian ) from the influx of nearby Curonians when compared to the more distant Pomesanian or Sudovian The Sembian dialect of the Old Prussian Catechisms has muti tawas (mother father) whereas the Pomesanian of the Elbing Vocabulary has mothe towis The chronicled Sudovian Occopirmus similarly differs from the Catechism Sembian ucka- Farther inland away from coast and Curonians we do find Prussian Tlokunpelk - Bears Marsh Galindian did not historically border the Curonians and was close to Sudovian in many respects
Certain innovations (ie thousand participle ) that occurred in the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 L235 L784 N1c1 ) dialects are not reflected in the
Peripheral ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) Western Baltic dialects ( with attrition to 4 core
declensional cases re neighboring Gothic) Each area also had different mixtures of substratum populations involved in their ethno-genetic formations ( re LT F-U
Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) and later neighboring influences The Peripheral West Baltic dialects exhibit an archaic appearing declension which gives one a unique window into both Baltics and the Northern Indo-European GAS influenced dialects and the influence of diverse substratum on varied evolutions The currently spoken East Baltic dialects are more evolved expressive and elegant Bi-lingual West East Baltic speakers adopted East Baltic rather quickly
The traditional academic construct of a seven case declensional system for early Proto Indo-European is as synthetic as it is theoretically convenient ( Jeannette DeBusk Cox )
Only nominative genitive dative and accusative forms have constant
intercrossing functions in various Indo-European languages while forms used for the instrumental or locative cases (traditionally declared to be Common Indo-
European) have related functions eg the IE -ois may occur in the instrumental case in one language and in the locative case in other ones or -ō (apophonically) -ē occurs as -āt in the Indo-Iranian ablative and as -it in the Hittite instrumental Such intercrossing elements were used for semi-paradigmatic adverbial forms differently paradigmatized in the various Indo-European languages (V Toporov V J Mažiulis)
Eastern amp Western Baltic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Some very archaic lexical differences exist between the Western Baltic ( R1a1a-
Z280 L366 etc ) dialects and the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92
L235 N1c1 ) dialects The word for fire is just such an example The Western Balts used the word panu whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ugnis Another example is the word for wheel The Western Balts used the word kelan whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ratas These words have cognates in other ancient Indo-European languages ( For the
Centum GAS ratʔas relationship between Old Irish roth Lithuanian ratas and
Sanskrit ratha - see below ) That such diversity of basic terminology existed within Proto-Baltic illustrates the antiquity of the West East Baltic vocabulary inherited from the late Sredny Stog horizon (3500-3350 BCE) into the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Middle Dnieper culture ( R1a1a- Z280 ) horizon that influenced the evolution of divergent dialects by cultural contacts Outliers of Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva populations added poly-ethnic substratum cultural influence ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 Česnys et al 1990
Mochalov OD 2001-2002 ) to Fatyanovo contributing a residual non-Satem vocabulary of their central European GAS Centum words like pẽku - livestock ( vsSatem Lith pešti pešus pẽšis OCS pьsъ ) and perhaps gradually compromising East Baltic Ruki Non-IE East Baltic substratum ( Pit Comb Ware N1c1 Uralic amp Nemunas-Narva w U5b2 ) bilinguals were perhaps a phonetic impetus behind Dative Plural -m- from -b- for example Baltic žambas Estonian hammas as well as the custom of adding chamotte-grog to ceramics ( re LT F-U Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) The Dative Plural -m- from -b- probably reflects early Baltic area GAC trade network contact dialects The loss of the neuter gender in East Baltic was due to primarily inherited dynamics of rearrangement Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains yet Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of the language - even after the era when dialects became languages The formative influence of poly-ethnic substratum populations on the various early Baltic-type dialects thus becomes easily apparent even for a layman to grasp
In regard to variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele in regions of East vs West Balts provides solid scientific proof of an ancient genetic distinction ( E Baltic -
W Baltic lt R1a- Z280 ) between speakers of the two Baltic groups Theories of a Proto-Balto-Slavic split around 1000 BCE (eg Kortlandt 1982 181) naively contradict the immense volume of linguistic archaeological and emerging genetic DNA (lt link ) Corded Ware evidence Latvia has eleven C-14 dates of Corded Ware Culture ( Loze 1992 A Kriiska 2001 ) with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (w 954 probability) A fish diet ( eg šapalas ) may lessen those calculations a little bit but not greatly
Another key feature of West Baltic languages is the asigmatic nominative singular neuter gender ending in -n This is noted in such words as kelan ( wheel ) azeran ( lake ) and dadan ( milk ) There are also many neuter gender words that end in -u such as panu ( fire ) pẽku ( livestock ) as well as alu ( mead re Latvian aluot ) of which the later two may well be from Centum Globular Amphora substratum and amber trade contacts Note Old Prussian panno ( re panu-staklan ) and Gothic fōn Armenian hur hnoc Old Prussian druwis Iranian dhruvi- indicate the core Satem foundation of West Baltic Aswinan amp dadan certainly do The neuter gender asigmatic -n exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp [ re neuter vaška beeswax gt Finnish vaha ] The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords or modern East Baltic ( Prussian median vs Samogitian medė forest ) once again dating a the West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 )
pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-Svitych 1963 42-44 see below ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as Lydian The developements of the Slavic neuter are being still debated This isogloss could provide insight about the Novosvobodna Maykop type steppe burial orientation tradition of Fatyanovo males to SW females to NE as well as Novosvobodna Maykop type metallurgic influences on Fatyanovo [ re
Samogitian medė forest Finnish metsauml - forest Estonian mets Votic meccauml Karelian mečču id Lule Saacutemi miehttjēn far away Saacutemi meahcci forest fringe Hungarian ( ) messze far distant East Baltic tilta bridge - Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish silta bridge Estonian sild Volgaic Erzya śid-al sed id lt Skt sētu- band bridge Latvian sēta fence ]
A very unique feature preserved in the West Baltic languages is the Genitive singular declensional ending in -as for words that end in -as or -an in the Nominative case Hittite also shared this feature -aš lt -os as well as perhaps neighboring Gothic ( nomgensg harjis ) nearby in the West although mere appearances may be misleading Neighboring Wielbark culture ( Gothic
I1-M253 - Y-DNA ) interaction with West Baltic tribes especially the Galindians appears to have been co-operative and mutually beneficial The border between the two may account for certain Gothic type loanwords into the Baltic languages This Gen -as declensional ending is as disconcerting for
expedited Balto-Slavic theories as the East Baltic neuter although it does strengthen and lend support to the effect of GAS Such a generalized declensional feature is noted in a word like Nominative singular pēdan ( ploughshare ) Genitive singular pēdas or in the West Baltic Genitive singular Deivas ( Gods ) and in places names ( re Wilkaskaymen ) Many unique features of West Baltic are relics from the Proto-Indo-European Sredny Stog horizon (4500-3350 BCE) as is the deduced archaic East Baltic ( amp R1a1a- Z92
Slavic ) singular neuter with -d resembling a Lydian type developement - unlike West Baltic
West Baltic has the same four nominal accent classes as does Lithuanian but it has retained the original accentual state of Dnieper Baltics ( an acute rising
accent and a circumflex falling accent) The first class is the acute barytone paradigm The second is the circumflex barytone paradigm Thirdly the acute mobile paradigm Lastly the circumflex mobile paradigm
The Archaeological Record gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Reading from the archaeological record one can associate dates of 3200 - 2300 BCE with various material artifacts (toy wheeled wagon) and increased plant ( hemp and wheat ) pollens that appear to indicate the arrival of Baltic speaking peoples in the Baltic region who appear gradually and slowly settled in well among native populations ( recently arrived Uralic Comb amp Pitted Ware Cultures
( N1c1 ) mixed with an older Nemunas amp Narva Substratum w U5b2 amp Centum Globular
Amphora outliers ) Recent archaeological finds of Triticum and Cannabis pollen circa 5600 BCE from the Akali Neolithic Narva-Kunda settlement in East Estonia ( A Poska L Saarse et al 2006 ) places Cannabis cultivation in the Baltic region much further back into antiquity than even the Corded or Pitted Ware eras Also the East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants also Z92 ) had more close contact with Uralic (eg Kiukainen culture ) and nearby Pit-grave Yamna Āryan speaking cultures than the West Balts ( Sanskrit hastas amp Lith
žastas ) After 2750 BCE the agricultural record intensifies ( Rimantienė et al
1999 ) as well as beginning East Baltic copper ( varis ) amp bronze metallurgy near the Ural Mountains The East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo era metallurgy proceeded the Seima-Turbino culture horizon ( vaška = Old East Baltic
neuter )
A forest-zone polyethnic ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Abashevo culture by the Urals emerged with MVK Catacomb influenced early Eastern Balts Volga Finns and Pit-grave Pre-Indo-Aryans from the steppe-zone using the same process Migrations often follow climate changes ( re the
Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase ) around the 3rd millennium BCE the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BCE amp the 12th century BCE Each migration would encounter different native ethnic groups and influence the dominant language during assimilation of those ethnic natives Indo-European peoples amp languages have ALWAYS been multi-ethnic The new molecular DNA archaeology proves it beyond question We are all related - literally
The high incidence of Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 suggest long term relations and admixture with the Uralic speaking population of the Baltic Volga and Ural region which may have had a conservative influence on the East Baltic Satem dialects and speakers Note Kurdish varg vs Komi Zyryan voumlrkas wolf N1c appears to emanate East amp West from the Ural region probably with its origin in Khakassia The divergence of language is usually happening while there is also a convergence of languages
Fatyanovo-Balanovo gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The early Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture ( 3300 - 1800 BCE Loze 1992 Tab1 ) was an Northeastern extension of the East Baltic Corded Ware culture (w mtDNA
N1a1a1 R1a1a1 ldquoM‟srdquo also Z92 LWb allele ) following various rivers in the North like the Oka to the upper Volga and Kama confluence in what is now Russia Fatyanovo developed from an early Northern variant of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon It is here that pottery displays a unique Fatyanovo Baltic style of mixed Corded Ware and Globular Amphora ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 )
features amp exhibits a trademark checked motif design ornamentation not found with the steppe cultures ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) thus allowing their contacts with those cultures to be tracked - even into Sintashta amp beyond The parallel lines motif may represent a darža or a tilled garden plot ( re Finnish tarha lt Fatyanovo ) perhaps from Dnieper Satems or GAS ( copyjp ) Compare the darža motif to the Bronocice farmers pot ( re CWC Eulau-Shughnan
DNA ) Fatyanovo hemp provided a water resistant fishing line for hooks and nets ( amp herbal medication ) and barley provided bread ( Latv miezē ) Fatyanovo migrations also correspond to regions with hydronyms of an East Baltic language dialect mapped by linguists as far as the Oka river and the upper Volga as well as regions with elevated frequencies of the rare LWb allele Spreading eastward down the Volga and beyond they discovered amp exploited the copper ores of the the western Ural foothills and started long term settlements in the lower Kama river region The East Balt Paimenes herdsmen brought their ešva - tarpan horse šėmas gōvs - gray cow avis - sheep parša - pig (neut) ratas - wheel ašis - axle tilta - bridge žalga - long fishing pole for šapalas red finned dace in the jaura - marsh a pada - clay pōdas - pot of kāras medu - honeycomb honey apiculture amp daržai - tilled crop plots - including javas - cereal grain maižis - barley šaras - seed sālis - salt along with varia - copper metallurgy and a tūšanti - thousand ( see below ) of their dainās - Holy Songs of their šventa - spiritual beliefs about dermė - harmony and the celestial -deivas
Trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo
checked ceramic darža motif copyjp
Fatyanovo cemeteries would sometimes have graves of not only people but also bear and other animals which are buried with ritual close by in individual graves Solar designs ( Solar cult clan re Saulės Rẽtis ) commonly adorn East Baltic Fatyanovo ceramics as do trademark checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Livestock includes cattle ( Y-DNA H10 ) horses sheep pigs and dogs ( North Saami šūvon trained dog ) and apiculture Balanovo livestock initially had more swine and sheep than other livestock Excavations indicate hunting and fishing ( žalga šapalas ) was often practiced ( Lougas 1999 ) as well as swidden agriculture ( Krasnov 1971 ) They gathered hazel nuts Excavations indicate Fatyanovo cultivated barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972
Jaanits 1992 49 ) Bone wrist guards imply they were accomplished archers Two-wheeled wagons (Goldina 1999) are also typical finds ( re ratas ) as are toy wheels There are a profusion of sites in the northern Baltic countries including
the Kazan Russia (Volga-Kama) region The more metallurgically exploited Ural region of the Fatyanovo culture was designated as the Balanovo culture (2900-
2100 BCE) from a cemetery found near the town Balanovo cemeteries had both kurgan ( Lith kapas ) and flat type burials ( like Abashevo - Kuzmina 2007
p221 ) The funeral chambers were wooden constructions in rectangular pits with the deceased wrapped in birch bark or hides
SW amp NE gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Balanovo copper metallurgy has its roots in central European cultural traditions which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper Cultural area Balanovo jewelry duplicates specific designs of a Central European provenance perhaps derived from the Centum Globular Amphora substratum assimilated into the Middle Dnieper - Fatyanovo cultures East Baltic lexicon also has unique isoglosses with Central European Celto-Italic dialects w ERC GAC bilinguals which also shared the BBC amp TRB substrate found in the Centum Globular Amphora horizon ( semti ratas peku ) Emulating the earlier poly-ethnic Globular Amphora ERC culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers adorned their ceramics with specific solar or unique designs ( re
Globular Amphora amp Narva substratum w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) valued pork ( parša ) high among livestock and practiced copper metallurgy But quite unlike the Globular Amphora culture stone cist burials with heads oriented to the East Satem Fatyanovo-Balanovo orientated male burials to the Southwest ( ДАКрайнов 1964 1972 re 188-192 ) - per steppe Maykop custom - as did the nearby related Satem Pit Grave culture and the much later early phase Sarmatian burials of Pokrovka Even a distant Afanasievo migration burial east of the Ural river with its Repin traits orientated the male to the southwest By 2600 BCE the Fatyanovo Balanovo culture and its copper metallurgy was firmly established in the Volga-Kama Ural region East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo Ural metallurgy was the nexus for a revolution that would sweep across the steppes and beyond
Cis-Ural Metallurgy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The villages were composed of above ground wooden houses built from logs with saddled roofs and had fenced enclosures ( Udmurt kar - town site Komi kar -
site of ancient town Mordvinian Erzya kardas - enclosure courtyard w -as ending lt
East-Baltic gardas - enclosure vs Ossetian kaeligrt - id ) East Baltic Balanovo and Finno-Uralic Volosovo peoples apparently mixed well ( LWb allele amp N1c1 ) without too much conflict as they did with steppe peoples with whom they they had contact via trade with the Caucacus metalworkers The East Balt association with amber is quite old ( ДАКрайнов 1972 1973 Loze 1979 1993 ) Chuvash jandar and Hungarian ( w LWb ) gyentar - amber gyenta - resin reflect the legacy of an archaic adjectival -tar neuter suffixed Balanovo
( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin Skt jatu - resin jātarūpa - golden ( lt jęta-rūpa Lith gentaro-rupis re Skt jā-ta- Lith gen-tis ) Avestan toponym jatara- resinous Corded Ware Balanovo amp Abashevo metallurgy would provide significant impetus to Seyma-Turbino metallurgy ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked celt-axes lt gt ) Komi ram- calm peace and
erd- field reflect peaceful interaction with the Volga-Balts ( Lith erdvas ardvas
Saacutemi aacutervas ) Note Komi rit - evening and Lettic riets- sunset The pirtis - log shed (sauna) of the pioneering Volga-Balts was evidently noticed and emulated by the locals ( Mari poumlrt Saacutemi barta) Finnish Orja - slave Estonian [gen] Orja Udmurt Var Komi Ver Mokša Urauml Erzya Ure - slave indicates some later conflicts with the Āryans - as do some archaeological sites ( note - all the various late Finnic Āryan terms lack archaic nominative s - like later Timber-
Grave Iranian ) In contrast Saacutemi Oarje just designates a direction ( Abaev 1981 85
) Variations (re mtDNA Z1a V ) among Saacutemi mtDNA now show an earlier link to the Volga-Ural region ( M Ingman et al 2007 ) Neither the LT Aukštaičiai nor the Saacutemi have any common European mtDNA H1 ( ) The Saacutemi may well have an old folk saying similar to Oh well there goes the neighborhood but it has eluded my research into it
Residual Stratum gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Scholars are still perplexed by the imbalance or lopsided ratio of loanwords between East Baltic and the Uralic languages This is because the bulk of Baltic loanwords into Uralic arent loanwords per se but rather residuals of a scattered ( LWb allele R1a Z92) stratum language reflecting the widespread and prolonged assimilation of bilingual archaic East Baltic speaking Fatyanovo-Balanovo Battle Axe settlers and their poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a N1c1 ) descendants ( Finnish heimo sisar Saacutemi gaacuteibmi ) with the numerically dominant Uralic tribes for millennia The merging of Comb and Corded Ware ceramics ( w chamotte or grog ) and other associated artifacts reflect this hybrid cultural horizon ( Lith šeškas Mari šāškə Veps hāhk re Sanskrit śaśakas ) The Kiukainen culture is one example Multi-room houses also appear Some isolated pockets of poly-ethnic Baltic speakers such as the ГОЛЯДЬ survived intact even up to historic times North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92 N1c1) with tl dl consonant cluster changes gt kl gl - like East Baltic implies multiple pockets of poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a1a Z92 N1c1 ) East Baltic speakers there Yet the rate of assimilation eventually outpaced the passage of substratum language inheritance Hence the additional impact of not uncommon Baltic-Uralic bilingualism ( eg Kiukainen culture ) on the structure of Finnic languages along with a myriad of archaic common everyday ( EB neuters - heinauml hay tarha
garden plot silta bridge ) terminology Uralic impacted Baltic as well The absence of weaponry or conflict terms is notable - and in hindsight altogether wise Fatyanovo-Balanovo East Baltic ( w GAS ) had became an established regional poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) substratum language ( paimen herder )
throughout its range ( re LWb allele ) Although numerically overwhelmed its innovative broad-based ( apiculture agriculture building amp metallurgy ) cultural impact proved enduring - as expressed in the Kiukainen culture Scholars are not fond of such dramatic re-assessments even when molecular DNA amp traditional archaeology clearly illuminates the mounting dateable evidence The challenging complexity of Finno-Ugrian origins and evolution has only grown with recent studies yet traditional archaeology acknowledges that Fatyanovo-Uralic contact ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 N1c1 ) zones precede Āryan-Uralic contact ( Krajnov 1972 251-252 Gurina 1963 133 139 Khalikov 1969 205 Tretrsquojakov
1966 135 ) Fatyanovo used chamotte admixture in ceramics like their neighbors ( Laitinen et al 2002 ) Some Aryan loanwords in Uralic may reflect a poly-ethnic Alakul forest re-intrusion and were diffused by a subsequent F-U speakers migration as implied by DNA genetics And the earliest Corded Ware words found in Uralic are an identifiable archaic East Baltic ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem
1000 ) as exemplified by a shared vocabulary ( Mari karas šāškə Lith šeškas
Sanskrit śaśakas ) amp the singular neuter and not some amorphous pre-Baltic that vanished without a trace
Kela vs Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Overlapping the Southern edge of the Fatyanovo - Balanovo region by where the rivers flow South another group of the East Baltic-type Satem Corded Ware pottery tradition ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) later
developed that is called the Abashevo culture ( 2400 - 1800 BCE ) after a nearby village East of Kazan Russia The Abashevo culture exhibited strong influences from both Pit-grave and MVK Catacomb cultures on its Baltic-type Corded Ware traditions Abashevo metallurgy was proportionally less weapon-oriented than that of their Pit-grave Āryan neighbors exhibiting more utilitarian or artistic ornamental products That being said Abashevo weapon metallurgy was innovative and the designs were adopted by Andronovo cultures Unlike the Pit-grave Āryans of the bordering steppe the forest dwelling Abashevo like the Balanovo mixed some with the local Volosovo ( N1c1 ) hunters amp foragers influencing their culture in many ways The Abashevo relations with Seima - Turbino were also apparently fruitful for each other (East Baltic Fatyanovo kela
Finnish kela - reel spindle Fatyanovo amp Lith ratas Finnish amp Estonian ratas - wheel North
Saami raacutehtis - id Fatyanovo amp Lith kepti Saami giksa- kopša- to cook) The archaic East Baltic kela vs ratas usage invites scholarly investigation of the neuter in East Baltic as well as assessing Globular Amphora poly-ethnic Substratum influence from ERC Finnish taivas Estonian taevas amp Saacutemi daivas - heaven reflect an archaic East Baltic influence still heard in Saule noiet dievā or Saule iet dievu of the old Latvian Dainās ( re H Biezais 1961
Gimbutas 1958 46 ) Lithuanian still has dievop dieviep declensions Perhaps
Saacutemi taiw Hungarian taacutej and Khanty tai - locus are also related if heaven is a place - somewhere
Like Balanovo sites many Abashevo settlements were also by the copper laden southwestern foothills of the Urals and as the Volga-Kama area Balanovo East-Balts did left ample kurgan burials and flat graves as part of their Abashevo burial rite Late Abashevo artifacts were found in Sintashta ( Pre-Vedic ) culture graves Sintashta also had not only one but two flat grave cemeteries along with the expected more prestigious kurgans Sintashta ceramics display the influence of early Abashevo amp Fatyanovo-Balanovo pottery styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) just as many
Sintashta Europoid remains exhibit the dolichocephaly of Abashevans ( Schwidetzky 1978 Menck 1980 Gimbutas 1997 322 ) amp Fatyanovans ( Denisova 1980
Rimantiene amp Cesnys 1996 50 Loze 1996 68 ) Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo )
ceramics with chamotte exhibit a projecting rim as does later Abashevo ( re
mtDNA N1a1a1 294 ) The artifacts suggest a unique cultural exchange between poly-ethnic ( w Uralic amp GAS admixture) Abashevo and Fatyanovo-Balanovo people into the Sintashta culture of Pre-Vedic peoples ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The nearby Volga Finnic Erzya-Moksha Mordvin language group has preserved loanwords from early Āryan Volga-East-Baltic and possibly a Pre-Tocharian Repin type language which would seem to confirm the probability of such exchanges Residual Ural-Volga Repins may well have become contributing substratum in the ethno-genesis of the Corded Ware Abashevo considering their geographical locations The Volga-Sok river Ural region by Samara has yielded Repin-influenced pottery reflecting the Repin influenced pottery of the earliest Afanasievo kurgans Early Uralic exchanges with IE Centum speakers probably correlate with this regional Volga-Repin horizon by the Urals Re haplogroup U5 Tokharian A waumls Tokharian B yasa - gold ( PT wesā ) Uralic Mari waž Kamassian waza Votyak az-veś Hungarian vas Mansi atvės Forest Nenets wyesya whereas Saacutemi vieške Moksha uśkauml Estonian vask reflect Tokharian A wsā-yok lt wesā-yāku - gold colored Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration with decorated rims on a round-based pot The NE orientation of male burials characteristic of Don Repins is also noted later with some ( not all ) Timber-Grave burials vs the early Afanasievo migration burials with Repin traits which orientated males to the southwest like Poltavka Fatyanovo ( Lith talka
telkti East Tocharian A talke Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) and the early phases of Sarmatian burials
Indo-Āryan Soma ( contents lt source ) preserved the native Uralic ( N1c1 ) word for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) was pressed with stones in water to produce a batch of the Soma beverage ( re Khanty Sŏma hewn
mortar-bowl Estonian Soim hewn manger ) or passed around and shared The misnomer well have been a cross-cultural semantic mistranslation from Balanovo-Volosovo contacts Finger pointing can be misconstrued as Elbing Vocabulary 141 comically demonstrates Some other tribes may have noticed East Baltic Balanovo neuters were one consonant shy of a combo plate and later added one Amanita muscaria reflects the Sun-Moon symbolism well
especially as they rise amp set smoky chestnut red ( žalas ) An pioneer ethno-mycologist R Gordon Wasson identified Vedic Soma as Amanita muscaria in his 1967 book although its legendary use was clearly Pre-Vedic Note that Balanovo and Volosovo-Garino ( Finno-Uralic ) culture pottery are sometimes discovered in sites side by side ( Goldin 1999130 ) inferring very close contacts (re mtdna haplogroup U4 [ Pliss et al 2005 16134ndash16356ndash16362 Bermisheva et al 2002 16189ndash16311ndash16356
Derbeneva et al2002b ] R1a amp N1c1 ) Ethnic customs were shared The Volosovo ( N1c1) use of talc or chamotte to temper pottery is significant since the custom of talc admixture is shared in Abashevo ceramics and later found in Sintashta culture ceramics Two pots unearthed far away near Sarazm betray their poly-ethnic Abashevo Ural area ( N1c1) origination by their unusual talc admixture
One side effect of the Ural region metallurgic bonanza was the need to defend key mining claims and production An escalation in production of weapons is noted The Pepkino burial kurgan suggests Abashevo northern territorial encroachment into Balanovo mining districts was strictly non-negotiable Later Sintashta - Arkaim type fortifications anticipated security concerns regarding metallurgic production centers
Sounds of Thunder gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Songs of the Erzya Mordvinic thunder spirit Purrsquogine Pərgənauml parallel both traditions of Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons and Rig Vedic Parjanyah closely ( Rig Veda Book 5 Hymn 83 ) The ancient Permic Komi myth of Pera the Giant amp the Oak grove like Parjanya and Erzya Pərgənauml may also reflect cultural integration or assimilation ( LWb R1a1a- Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) of residual Volga-Kama Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo East Balts by the Urals ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt checkered ornament of Volga-Urals ) The East
Balt type R1a1a- Z92 variant found among the Volga Erzya suggests such (
R1a1a- Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) Unlike Pera the giant amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Another Volga-Kama area Permic variation was noted by Y Wickman ( Teitoja Votjaakkien Mytologiiasta 1893
p 33)as the Votiak wrathful Perkịno who was offered bread gruel and ( ) butter The Chuvash still say ascha schapat about lightning Missionaries demonized the hewn idols as the devil of hell replacing them with a foreign stern storm-god tradition - and new improved idols There is even a Perkino Russia - somewhat near Tula
Legends of the North gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Recent discoveries have eclipsed traditional mindsets Aerial surveys revealed Sintashta amp Arkaim Archaeological analysis from excavations have revealed four thousand year old cultural intermingling ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) In 2002 Fragments of Lappish Mythology by Lars Levi Laestadius was finally published
in English It had been long forgotten since the 1840s The Saacutemi version of the Storm-giant bears a close conformity to Pera the giant and Parjanya ( RV 563 ) The evil troll hiding in the hollow ( Lith dumbas Slavic dub - oak ) gets zapped in the Saacutemi version reflecting Rig Veda 563 After ridding the world of evil the only reward Pera the giant wants is a net How odd A net Whatz wit that A net A more multi-cultural analysis would provide insight Perhaps one can discern a unity of traditions considering that a Baltic net Sietynas is also Pleiades ( Saacutemi siejdi gt ON seieth ) Pashto Perūne is the knotty six-star Pleiades Northern legends of the six bogatyr sons the Sun maiden Pera marries the Suns daughter Saulė and the bear Saulės ratelis the sun maidens ring sauryās rathas The golden horned elk Zarni Anj Shundy Mumy solar mother the crescent moon ( Saacutemi maacutennu maacuteno ) Saacutemi has pirjanne - borjja-dat storms There are many Saacutemi - Permic conformities ( Charnolusski 1965 101-130 ) The Perm culture of the Vychegda river region practiced both inhumation amp cremation In their region 34 of inhumations were oriented to the SW Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( Vychegda region ) burial orientations were also to the SW The northern peoples SW buried with head towards sunset orientation ( Taylor 1989 280 Mansin 1984 64 Karlalainen 1996 46 ) is explained as the South representing the Sky gt Heaven ( Lith dievas Estonian taevas Saacutemi taiw Hungarian
taacutej and Khanty tai ldquo ) Early phase Sarmatian burials are similar There are many northern shared traditions ( sarvas - hirvas - sirvas ) and legends with some well over four thousand years old ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) They are not well received today nor have been in the past ( Willumsen LH 1997 ) Nobody magically disappears not even in Las Vegas
Perga - Pargai gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The interpretation of the phonetics of Parjanyah should consider three factors Sanskrit J followed by a front vowel as in Parjanya matches a Baltic G ( Lith augu Skt ojah lt H2eug- ) Secondly classical Sanskrit parkaṭī - fig tree has a holly oak ( Quercus ilex ) dialect homonym in a western Punjabi dialect with parg-ai instead of park-aṭī ( note related Skt k-g-j- bhakti bhaga-
bhajati ) In other words the Punjab region Vedic Parjanyah may be phonetically interpreted as Pərgənyah from the Iranian-like R-only Rig Vedic dialect lt possibly reflecting a phonetic alternate Pərkənyas from another ( Alakul ) immigration of R amp L Madhyadeśa dialects of mixed lineage populace - say perhaps marginalized poly-ethnic metalworkers
artisans a post-Sintashta śāpharikas fisherman ( re śapharas gt महाशफर )
farmers and herders perhaps even Yadavas ( re the tadbhava layer ) The 800 years from Sintashta to the Vedas significantly impacted Indo-Iranian itself much less a few odd loanwords A phonetic Iranian-like Punjab Vedic Pərgənyah amp Pərgənauml of the Volga-Ural Erzya look suspiciously similar Whatz up with that Was there a Volga-Ural cultural contact in common with a similarly positioned ldquoalpinerdquo velar The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 ) indicates that very common contact were the Volga-Ural
Fatyanovo- Balanovo Balts and their descendants ndash the same mushroom munching forest folk with their rolling ratas gentara- golden amber and stinky šapalas breath Thirdly Parjanya ( Divas putrāya ) like Vāyu and his obscure dhēnā lt dainā have already been marginalized in the Punjab Rig-Veda of elite Āryan priests - with only a few old token hymns Times change people change languages change Even Gods change All we are is dust in the wind
More Bull gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In East Baltic Mythology Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons is closely associated with the Bull In Nuristani Mythology Paumlrun is a war god ( kariaunas ) In Pashto Perūne is the knotty Pleiades star cluster ( re Old Prus Perōni - group Lith Peruotas
- beetle brood Peras - egg brood larvae ) The reason Perkūnas-Perkaunis is associated with the Bull is due to the ancient correlation of the Taurus constellations importance to the agricultural Dnieper Satem Tripolye R1a1a- Z280 substratum of East Balts The Taurus constellation ( Latv Vērsis ) signaled the start of the growing year and the arrival of Perkaunis loud Thunder storms Pashto Pleiades is in ( you guessed it ) - the Taurus constellation ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) The stars brought the rain of the Bull representing the magic of fertility to the Z280 Satem farmers When the Satem East Balts assimilated the poly-ethnic Globular Amphora-post-Narva substatum with their pre-Fairguni a Centum velar was added to Peraunas by his wife Perkūnija hence the E+W poly-ethnic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons Uralic loanwords attest to this antiquity of the East Baltic ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive variant Perkūnas was very important to farmers unlocking the start of a new growing year by his loud return In Lithuania the first ritual plowing of the Spring was done by two sacred black ( kirsna- ) bulls His two stones ( not red ) release fire The goatish echoes of flying snipes before a storm warn of his arrival Stricken lightning locations are šventas The darža checkered ceramics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) in Sintashta and Alakul pottery track contacts with Fatyanovo-Balanovo Z92 farmers Parjanya later appears in the Rig Veda as an peripheral obscure deity even though he is a son of Heaven ( Divas putrāya ) He is associated with Soma Vāyu ( Lith
dialect Vėjus ) and has Bull symbolism He gladdens the Earth He has a trace of a misplaced velar unlike Pashto Perūne star cluster ( Pleiades - in Vērsis ) Paumlrun or Slavic velarless Perun Parjanya has lost his militaristic affinities amp exploits Early Mitanni mining contacts may culturally connect Ashur Marduk to the Asuras Maruts There were no copyrights back then The evil serpent and various keraunophobic belief systems have remained quite popular to this day It is the hero Indra who now frees the cattle from the Vala cave slays the Vritra ahi- serpent and throws the wheel of the kerauninkas Kāvya Uśanas ( Latv milna lt mildna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild-
Tocharian kaumlrwentildee )
Perunaš Peraunas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Angis anžuolas reflect connections to the Hittite ( Maykop or Lydian ) diffused Myth of Illuy-ankas (eel-snake Latin anguilla ) and a storm deity named Tarḫunna Perunaš a stone-boulder-cliff deity joins in ( Myth of Ullikummi Ivanov
1958 108-9 ) The peaks of Greek Κέρκυρα island Baden alpine Hercynia and GAC pre-Fairguni or later Norse Fjoumlrgyn mountain all have a peaked alpine velar whereas Middle Dnieper Tripolye Satem reflects a Hittite common gender Perunaš as the Middle Dnieper cultures velar-less Peraunas we all know and love ( Czech Peraun Slavic Perunŭ Polabian Peraumlune- ) Sanskrit velar-less
Paru Parv-ata mountain ( Hittite Peru Perunant- Avestan Paruuatā ) was also used for a cloud especially a massive knotty cumulonimbus cloud cluster the kind which usually precedes violent thunderstorms ( Rig Veda 106411 ) An affiliation of Peraunas with cumulonimbus thundercloud clusters geologic uplifts lightning-bolts and magic ceraunium stones ( Tocharian kaumlrwentildee pārem ) is still noted Neighboring Catacomb Culture provides a later Greek Keraunos - thunderbolt ( Grk Poimenes Lith Piemenes Kerauninkas ) Circular triple crossed ceraunic hexagrams were popular Baltic woodcarving motifs Lithuanian kerauti translates as to make magic sorcery Globular Amphora amp Northern Dnieper Satems assimilate uniquely blending Satem Peraunas amp Centum Perkūnija in a wedding of sky amp earth ( re post-GAC ON Fjoumlrgynn amp Fjoumlrgyn ) Perkaunas-Perkūnija unite the poly-ethnic Baltic Centum amp Satem farmers which also head East with his still new ERC velar wedding attire as Uralic words record Neither the Polabian Peraumlune nor Pashto Perūne ldquoclusterrdquo cognates have the ERC velar whereas the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno neighbors of Fatyanovo-Balanovo do Perkaunas adopts the mycological magic orphans of the forest folk along the way to the Urals with Fatyanovo-Balanovo metallurgic pioneers His reception was cordial but the forest is his home with his oak and his ever popular sacred orphans The Baltic etymology of the revered oak is perhaps a ldquosecretrdquo taboo double entendre ( ang-is anž-
uolas ) but knotty fits just fine Perkūnas clash with a hiding Velinas ( Latv jods -
black ) the serpent-demon in the oak ( Middle Welsh derwen ) over theft ( cattle-
fertility ) is an old theme Thus the traditional black hued choice of sacrifices especially during times of drought Fire in the oak Quercitron The Storms of Spring battle Winters dark deceit for the release and restoration of Life Perkūnas was to wed the laume water spirit Indraja but it was not to be Parjanya isnt as popular in the Avesta Nuristani Paumlrun is a war god no bull Parjanya has already been de-oaked by the time of the Vedas and his ancient heroic legends have been assigned to Indra Parjanyas name is still spoken by farmers The Komi have Pera the giant amp his Oak grove As for his northern šventas orphans ( V N Toporov 1979 RV 9823 ) word gets around For the paru
peru jointed knotty IE etymology see Karl Hoffman 1974 In addition I note Sanskrit Paru - knotty having joints ( esp of reed or cane ) and Lith Peras - jointed plant shoot ( eg of reed ) cluster as well as a cluster of white knotty or jointed larvae or brood cluster bear close etymological affinities ( for -as vs-us note Lith Vėjas vs dialect Vėjus ) This cluster could be of stones clouds rock eggs sprouts larvae chicks church goers reeds or
stars From the eggs amp seeds of PIE per- to bear begets the cluster That
cluster becomes a cloud ( Perunaš Peraun ) or if stone later becomes a mountain
( Perunant- Paruuatā ) The visual connection of a puffy cloud cluster with a cluster of cute fluffy chicks or squirming larvae ( Lith Peras ) may be easily comprehended by a native Oaxacan but most scholars to date just dont get it They may well never Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are all related cluster cognates GAS influenced Perkons amp Parjanya are also related and especially to each other with the GAS velar infixation - due specifically to Volga-Ural inter-ethnic contact ( copyVirdainas )
Oaks are strikingly knotty as are firs fingers posts backbones cliffs and clouds Oaks are also like mountains ( re Fairguni ) strikingly tall or as they say in Hittite Parku- or Tocharian Paumlrk- and long when felled ( Tocharian Paumlrkaumlr- again ) - as when one makes a 26 ft dugout canoe - or perga - pergas ( Finnish haapio lt Fatyanovo aspen canoe ) Greek Πέργ- implies a European substratum p inclination for expected b Khotanese bulysa also prefers the horizontal orientation A Proto-Kartvelian dialect root for acorn dialect for oak reflects ḳrḳo- which bares a striking similarity to Italic Kerkus an oak ( with
many branches ) Venetian Querquerni Thucydides mountain Kirkine Celtic alpine Hercynia gt Gothic mountain Fairguni gt ON Fjoumlrgyn Greek island Κέρκσρα Lith Kerkūrė - hill mountain summit Lith Kerkulė many branched stump ( trunk ) Lith Kerkutys branching trunk Welsh Perth bush ( with many branches ) Old Norse Fjoumlrr tree Lith Keras bush ( with many
branches ) Lith kerkoti ndash to ldquostickrdquo out - like the ldquoalpinerdquo velar in Perkons or Parjanya darža laquo checked raquo Alakul or Kandahar Mundigak-VI Afghan pottery or z92 by Samara Initial or medial Q gt T gt P is early Lengyel BBC influencing GAC TRB traders amp Baden outliers Follow the Money Lengyel - Bell Beaker culture influence is easily percieved in various numerals such as Breton pemp Swedish fem Old High German fimf Oscan pompe - 5 or Welsh pedwar Old English fēower vs Lith keturi Sanskrit chatur - 4 Perhaps also GAC 11 amp 12 w -p lt -q like 4 Jātarūpa amber Gentaro rupis (
FYI - Some Western Chicago dialects pronounce knotty amp naughty the same way ) The 2800 BCE Corded Ware GAC connection of ON alpine Fjoumlrgyn amp E Baltic elevated Perkūnija is fairly obvious given current archaeological amp DNA evidence Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are cluster cognates Perkons amp Parjanya are also related - due to contact Roth ratas rathas Embrace the Chaos
Velars amp Vowels
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Given what has been revealed from the archaeology of the Sintashta era and later ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornament of the Volga-Urals ) the northwestern Punjab Rig Vedic dialect of Parjanyah may reflect an earlier Volga-Urals region polyethnic Perkaunyas or Pərgənyas which would resemble the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno or Baltic Perkaunias very very closely Why are the nearest cognates of Parjanya with an rdquoalpinerdquo velar ( plosive ) only in Balto-Finnic Volgaic Permic Baltic and otherwise noticeably absent in surrounding Satem Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani European Celtic Hercynia Gothic Fairguni attest to Western perhaps GAC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive affinities ( re roth ratas rathas below ) As linguists struggle with the etymology of the Punjab Rig Vedic Parjanya or even Baltic Perkūnas for that matter did they even consider the heresy of a poly-ethnic origin ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2 ) or a GAC origin of the integrated ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive ( re Eulau GAC
DNA amp Shughnans ) Slavic Satem Ruki amp velarless Perun would support it Perkaunias gt Perkonias gt Pərganyas Short e o get leveled to a as Indo-Iranian evolves At least a half a millennium passes between Sintashta and the Vedas Velar plosive [-G-] before a front vowel becomes [-J-] In other words we are discussing a shared cultural tradition ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) spanning well over four thousand years ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 The laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Beyond the similar name itself the very verses of each cultures related hymns ( dainās ) exactly parallel each other in a truly uncanny way The inclusive Perkaunijas appealed to poly-ethnic farmers herders and smiths not to a xenophobic ruling elite The increased frequency of dental cavities in Arkaim remains may reflect polyethnic Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo populace Given the Fatyanovo link with Sintashta ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) amp Kandahar ceramics ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 laquo checked raquo 14 ) and Corded Ware Abashevo origins of chariot cheek-pieces in the Urals such speculation is well within reasonable parameters even for diehard skeptics ( DNA data pending ) The Sintashta metal workers were busy real busy - cooking ( varia ) copper which is noisy hot foundry type work A rare day off meant quietly fishing by the cool water with some herbal headache medicine And it is still the common farmers who welcome Parjanya Pərgənauml or Perkons Perhaps the priests forgot ( RV 10853 ) Parjanyas is still the father of Soma ( RV 9823 ) Bon Appetit
The astonishing similarity of the archaic Central East Baltic (Latvian dial example Perkaunis Perkūne and Lietas) Dainās tradition mirrors the Eastern Fatyanovo Balanovo Baltic culture mythology as seen with the Votiak Perkịno and Volgaic (Erzya Pur‟gine Lit-ava) songs The initial L vs R of Lit-ava would presume early-Baltic contact since Vedic vṛkah ( vs archaic Baltic
vilkas) is associated with the loanword vərgas in Uralic Moksha or Komi Zyryan voumlrkas - wolf terms which were probably acquired from an Alakul intrusion into the forest-steppe Yet Ossetic does have Lymaelign friend reflecting Mordvin Loman man whereas Sanskrit has Ramana - man
married (re Latvian Loma- role Lithuanian Luomas- marital status class of men) Erzya has Paz reflecting Saka Bagas - a legacy of their contact ( Slavic
Bogъ) Discovering East Balt R1a1a- Z92 among the Volga-Ural Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) may pale to other previously unidentified R1a lineages from ancient cultural contact The Pur‟gine Paz - Lit-ava hymns are thus part of a poly-ethnic shared tradition
Syllabic Resonants R gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The East Baltic šapalas and Indic śapharas (chub-carp ) śāpharikas ( fisherman ) isogloss is indeed very interesting - given the absence of other fish cognate isoglosses ( Ossetian kaeligf Old Japanese kwop(j)i gt koi ) Sanskrit scholars have determined at least two early Vedic dialects ( the IE L gt R only
vs the R and L - Madhyadeśa region ) and possibly a third ( the L only ) existed The Rig Veda we know today is in the R only dialect ( Indo-Iranian coalescence of
L gt R ) Note Sanskrit śroṇis vs Lith šlaunis Thus only occasional token words remain from 2 of the 3 Vedic era dialects Baltic had retained IE L The Greek Indo-Iranian dialect area exhibited issues with syllabic resonants ( l r m n ) - as when m and n became a or Greek alla amp arra or Indo-Iranians syllabic liquids where l usually became r There remained an Indic instability with r (ṛH) where Iranian had ar vs Indic ir ur - with E-W dialect variants Examples of this are Skt śiras vs Av sarah- Grk karā- or Skt giri- vs Av gairi- ( Lith girė vs Slavic gora ) The conservative Satem speaking communities of IE dialects which begat the Baltics usually evolved reflexes of semi-vowels l r m n into il ir im in yet also rendered them as ul ur um un after original labiovelar plosives and later rearranged after more changes The two different reflexes cluster in contrast - inflectional morphemes have the i- reflex whereas the u- reflex is not uncommon in the expressive lexicon
There was certainly early Āryan as well as Catacomb culture ( merger of Genitive
amp Ablative) influence - interaction with the respective emerging Baltic dialects (as
Middle Dnieper artifacts actually reflect amp also javas- grain isogloss or Skt paścāt Lith
paskuj later ) and with Proto-Slavic while each neighbored near the larger proto Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian isogloss area of dialects (eg Graeco-Armeno-Indo-
Iranian past tense prefix augment isogloss) Reflecting this archaic regional relationship is the specific spiritual tradition of Dawn ( Uṣas Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven isolated together in the Indic Greek and Baltic cultures The semantic perceive vs awake contrast of Greek peuthomai Avestan baodaiti and Indic bodha-h vs Balto-Slavic Lith budėti invites some curiosity Is there some specific Balto-Indic link for the divergent wake-awaken semantics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) The Armeno-Aryan remodeling of the Ablative suffix helps to date influences on Middle Dnieper dialects Another relic of this same late Sredny Stog era influencedialogue interaction maybe the proposed loss of a laryngeal (H )
after the introduction of a long vowel (Korlandt 1975 - re Latv guovs Skt gauh ) and of course RUKI The Middle Dnieper Baltics amp Slavics were thus distinct early autonomous NW Satem IE dialects (Upper Middle Dnieper-Don region ) and even more so upon becoming Europeanized R1a1a- poly-ethnics Hydronyms by Tula Russia ( re Eulau CWC DNA ) appear quite Baltic Early Satem contacts ( mtDNA T ) and exchange may have also occurred with Don-Volga Repins before an exodus flight of a group far to the East which evolved into the Afanasievo culture ( Russ toloka Lith talka telkti Tocharian talke VRC
) Repin A1 type pottery arrived at Mikkhailovka on the Dnieper around 3500 BCE from a people that had a connection to the Volga-Don Region Repins There were Repin settlements in Middle Don where it dispersed to Volga and Dnieper areas ( Sinuk 1981 ) Tocharian may be thus related to both the early Middle-Lower Dnieper Repins ( re Middle Dnieper Repins gt ERC gt pre-Germanics ) and the northern Ural-Volga Repins that migrated the Trans-Ural region East ( Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) The incorporation of some Middle Dnieper Repins into the multi-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture is supported by isoglosses between Slavic Baltic Germanic and Tocharian
The cultural convergence of these various Āryan Baltic and Uralic peoples by the Urals in the second millennium BCE is reflected in name of the annual Finnish Kekri celebration which exemplfies the state of developement of the Indo-Iranian at that time - as compared with later Rig Vedic Sanskrit sg pl čakras čakrā- PIE kʷekʷlos ( Finnish yh-deksaumln 9 or 1 from 10 lt IIr - vs
Finnish tuhante 1000 lt E Baltic Fatyanovo ) It appears from above loanwords that at mid-third millennium BCE the Fatyanovo East Baltic Satem [ š ] preceded a slower developing Indo-Āryan [ ś ] Note Nuristani parallel sonsonant It ( Finnish tuhante ) also shows uncompromised original East Baltic pre-GAS Ruki Did each Satem tribe perhaps influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) the other ( Mari indeś 9 Ossetic daeligs 10) East Baltic Fatyanovo žemė lowland was adopted as a toponym šaumlme and is now known as the haumlme region of Finland ( w Fatyanovo artifacts ) Before the Finnic change of š to h the toponym provided an ethnonym - Saacutemi aka the Lapplanders (Koivulehto 1993)
Uralic Honey
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
It is common to read that the Finno-Ugric loanwords for honey - Hungarian mez Mordvinic med Estonian Finnish mesi were not borrowed from Battle Axe Baltic medu - honey or a Ural-Volga Pre-Tocharian Repin dialect ( Latv sāls Toch A sāle Zyryan sol - salt ) but rather from a later Āryan madhu - sweet drink Even though the same Finno-Ugrics have loanwords - Mordvinic Mokša kaumlras Mari karas Udmurt karas for honeycomb wax - reflecting East Baltic kāras honeycomb ( Lith korys Latv kāres ) and in spite of the archaeological chronology of centuries of Battle Axe Balt Finno-Ugric
( eg pre-Kiukainen culture w LWb ) contact or earlier Pre-Tocharian Repin Finno-Ugric interaction ( eg Saacutemi vieške Tokharian A wsā-yok ) long before Pit Grave Āryan culture arrival No mekši -fly cognate is found in Ob-Ugric It is noteworthy that current Bashkir preserves kaumlrauml- along with Altaic Kazan Tatar kaumlraumls in that Ural region and even distant Chuvash has karas - honeycomb Note Mordvinic Erzya kšta beeswax Lith šekštė thick coarse Single markers of mtDNA N1a also group Bashkirs with Lithuania and the Komi Permyaks East Balt type Y-DNA R1a1a1 Z92 among the Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) adds additional linguistic perspective to the kāras range East Baltic bitis bee has an interesting cognate with Egyptian bi-t Baltic amber has been found in the pyramids Ural karas honeycomb is clearly a legacy of Fatyanovo-Balanovo regional assimilation ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) Surprisingly neither Slavic ( w solitary exception of Polish skarzyk lt GAS ) nor
Indo-Iranian possess a cognate ( करण - honeycomb ) although Greek does
( κηρός ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo was not some amorphous Balto-Slavic - it was evidently an identifiable archaic East Baltic - that preceded Kiukainen type hybrid cultures
Archaeological Chronology of Cultures ( Cal
14C vs the time-travel of Linguists )
5600 BCE Akali Narva-Kunda settlement in Estonia w Cannabis amp Triticum pollen
3700 BCE - Volga Repins by the Urals Volosovo expanded from Urals 3200 BCE - Fatyanovo Battle Axe arrival - Volosovo culture interaction
2800 BCE - Fatyanovo-Balanovo ceramic laquo checked raquo darža double row diamond ornament re Bronocice pot motifs
2700 BCE Kiukainen hybrid type cultures Balanovo Metallurgy in Ural forests 2300 BCE Abashevo - Pepkino Kurgan ( MVK Poltavka Fatyanovo Hybrids )
2100 BCE Abashevo amp Seyma-Turbino Metallurgic developement amp interaction 2100 BCE - Sintasta - Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament
2026 BCE Sintasta - Arkaim ( Poltavka w some MVK amp Abashevo becomes Andronovo ) - U of AZ
14C
1780-1660 BCE Alakul cemeteries pine timbers of Lisakovsk Kostany oblast by Tobol river - U of AZ 14
C 1700 BCE Timber Grave and Alakul culture intrusions into Ural forest zone cultures
1600 BCE - Timber Grave - Alakul - Fedorovo laquo checked raquo double row diamond Volga-Ural ornaments 1000 BCE - Mundigak Period VI ceramics of Afghanistan with darža laquo checked raquo double row diamond ornaments
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
From Kaunas to Kazan
to Kandahar - We Are Family
The time-travel of linguists is supported by serious academic references of
proto Indo-Aryans loaning proto Finnish vasa - calf - prior to the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC arrival thereby neutralizing any possibility of a ratas rathas debate whatsoever and uncountable cans of worms of a probable Centum connection ( GAS ) The debate was only postponed Pots dont talk they speak - volumes Note that Ossetian waeligs Yaghnob wasa - calf - would suggest a 1st millennium BCE Gorodets era contact loanword The artifacts do Another archaic Baltic loanword into Finno-Ugric exemplifying the range of influence the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC had is the East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole or long pole stick ( Arm jałk rod branch ) which has traces in Saami čuolggu pole for pushing a fishing net under the ice Finnish salko long pole Mordvin śalgo stick Komi źal lath-stick Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane
Bison in the Forest gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Gradual climatic warming of the vast pine-birch forests of Russia also afforded a home to the woodland bison (Bison bonasus bonasus) known in Lithuanian as stumbras or in Old Latvian as sumbrs - which bears a odd amp curious resemblance to the Sanskrit śambaras ( stag lt F-U śambaras lt ) A similar semantic drift is seen with the Russian izubr - stag ( Slavic jьzōbrь [ jьlt vь ]
OPr wissambrs ) Evolution of the tusked Satem žambras žumbras gt zumbras gt sumbrs noun for the dangerous forest dwelling wisent bison is far from being etymologically settled although sumbrs is unique to East Baltic Note žambas žambras derivation as well as later GAC wisent lt OPr wissambrs gt Slavic jьzōbrь ( jьlt vь ) The wisent is the largest herbivore in Europe Excavated sites in the Baltic countries indicate wisents constituted 20 of the hunted wild ungulates In Lithuania there are still meadow ( Lith
lanka Khanty lŏk ) names such as Zumbriškės by Aukštadvaris and Žumbrickiai by Ramygala in the central Panevėžys district whereas Stumbriškis place-names appear less archaic Wisents often frequent lush meadows for grazing Archaic Satem cognates for the Carpathian bison in central Europe extend beyond Slavic examples Niketas Choniates recorded
the δοσμπρος (lt zumbros ) of 12th century Cumanians hundreds of years after
the advent of Old Church Slavonic liturgical texts The apparently Thracian ( w
final -os ) δόμβρος (lt zumbros ) cognate dates to the same century as the
beginning of formalized Old Church Slavonic literature Other cognates also display this close relationship such as Thracian midne - homestead
reflecting Latvian mītne - dwelling very nicely
Given the existing evidence of Žumbr- type place-names in Lithuania like Žumbrickiai East Baltic (re upė vs apė ) obviously had a dialect variant Žumbras Finno-Ugric pronounciation of the ž- or z- consonant perhaps yielded a multi-cultural Balt-Finnic term sumbras (re Old Latv Sumbrs ) in the distant past (eg Dyakovo culture ) for the forest wisent An East Baltic remodeled variant stumbras ( re stirna ) arose In many outlying regions after the animal disappeared so did its old name Scandinavian and Slavic traders later brought in new substitute wisent names Over thousands of years of multi-cultural interaction the common term sumbrs overtook the older zumbrs variant in the Latvian region - probably due to the Estonian-Finnic phonetic influence Modern Lithuanian still has the tusked žambras žambris although the semantics are now limited to a wooden plow ( Lith žambuotas Skt
jambhate) Regional polyethnic changes of ž- to s- as in žalga gt salko do not necessitate a taboo in place of multi-millennial Finnic influenced cross-culture contact For example the related Baltic taurė - herders blow horn is not at all uncommon in Uralic languages The neighboring Finnic influence of ž- or z- to s- with zumbrs gt sumbrs needs no extravagant linguistic explanation
The East Baltic Neuter gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The singular neuter gender exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages with West Baltic documented using singular neuter gender asigmatic -n as in kelan - wheel Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords from Uralic such as kela - reel or in modern East Baltic ( Žemaitian medė forest or coastal dialect lizda vs Prussian median ) once again dating the commonality of a West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 ) pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-
Svitych 1963 42-44 ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as the singular neuter in Lydian with the generalized singular neuter ending in -d The Slavic neuter origin may reflect an old R1a1a- Z92 Eastern orientation The anaphoric pronoun -ad lt ( ntr sg ) -od reflects the Hititte -at used for
collectives or neuter plurals suggesting an early ( Mysian ) Lydian Hittite split East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords in Uralic imply the loss of the final consonant occurred prior to a Northern expansion The evolution of the neuter gender in East Baltic can be deduced from the surviving languages and dialects Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains The Lithuanian neuter is still used in impersonal constructions Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of that language - even after the era when dialects became different languages As the R1a1a- Z92 or the LWb allele genetically indicate Fatyanovo Baltic was as identifiable East Baltic - as Latvian Lithuanian and Žemaitian are to this today Apples dont fall far from the apple tree
Loanwords in Uralic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Academia also attributes Finnish porsas pig as a loanword from an Iranian (
pārsas ) source Note that archaic East Baltic parša pig ( neut ) was the signature livestock of East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo culture archaeological excavations ( like Centum poly-ethnic GAS ) - and is also noted ( Varov amp Kosintsev
1996 54 ) as a significant feature of Corded Ware Abashevo livestock (Koryakova-Epimakhov 200765) in the very same Volga-Kama region as the later Khudyakovo group of the Pyanobor ( Udmurt parś boar ) culture region Some post-Balanovo Finnic Ananyino culture excavation sites (eg Svinogorskoye) also favor the pig above other livestock The Mordvin cognate may reflect Sauromatian (Prokhorovo) influence Note Khotanese pāsa- lt pālsa- lt pārsa- lt parsa- lt parša- One of the most conspicuous traits of the Indo-Iranian Andronovo culture is the complete absence of pigs as opposed to the related western poly-ethnic Timber grave culture - which evolved with discernible Corded Ware Abashevo culture assimilation Andronovo Indo-Iranians werent keen about mushrooms either ( Yasna XLVIII10 ) Given the distribution ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 Kandahar laquo checked raquo 14 ) of uniquely
Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornament of Urals ) one may speculate if their parša term followed ( Grishakov V
Stavitsky V 2003 ) their motifs (re the Sanskrit cognate of neuter E Baltic parša gt
Estonian parh lt parha lt parša )
vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras
The Finnish loanword vasara hammer appears to be from a late Āryan vazarah ( vajrah lt vaźras ) without the final s most likely from the 16th-13th
century BCE Timber-Grave northern forest intrusion ( re Erzya azuru man of rank
Udmurt uzər lt Timber-Grave Iranian asurah ) as opposed to an Alakul forest-steppe re-intrusion ( re Moksha vərgas w -s nom sg ending ) Other Uralic terms include Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere and all lack a final s ( re Redei
1986 25-26 28-30 ) The East Baltic cognates range from Lithuanian vėzdras vėzdas mace club Latvian vẽza stick club vẽzecirct to swing in the air
wave wag lt ueg Note the vežys of crayfish waving their pinchers Latvian
veseris maul-hammer appears to be a loanword from Livonian since the phonetics are closer to the Finnic versions than Lith vėzdras mace club The -d da- contamination of vėz-das vėzdras may be from the closely related stone-less synonym laz-da - club and may well have altered ź-da gt zda as in Lith lazda lt laźda (Albanian lajthi ledhi - id ) Bored stone maces with a peculiar solar rosette design - ubiquitous in the Abashevo culture have been unearthed in the Mariampolė district of Lithuania East Balt four five or seven-bulbed stone bored maces are almost identical to Andronovo maces Perkūnas thunderbolt ( Latv milna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild- ) was also a round stone The evolution from vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras vėzdas appears rather old but provides fresh new perspective to the etymology of Sanskrit vajra and Avestan vazra The practical forest dwelling East Balt woodsmen apparently favored the utilitarian kirvis- axe-hammer ( Indic kṛvi- ) or Maykop like vedega - adze more and evidently shared them with the Uralic locals Hazel nuts were a Fatyanovo staple
The early polyethnic East Balt Uralic Pre-Indo-Iranian group would play a role in the settlement ( U of AZ - radio carbon date average - 2026 BCE) of Sintashta Arkaim and later also influence the regional speakers in Iran India who become bilingual Like the Magyars in Central Europe or the Goths-Galindi-Alani in Spain Āryan languages are now marginally reflected in the gene pool of India ( re Uralic variant of mtDNA N1a )
The Ethnogenesis of Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Abashevo pottery resembles and blends Fatyanovo and Balanovo East Baltic
Corded Ware styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) Like poly-ethnic Balanovo East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) the forest-zone Abashevo culture left both kurgans and flat graves although some burials may also reflect nearby Poltavka culture customs of the steppe-zone This indicates a transitional group of Corded Ware populace of mixed affinities with an emerging Āryan elite Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich - were probably influenced from a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave Iranian asurah - perhaps pre-Ananyino era and do not indicate any hypothetical Āryan type Abashevo language for that Corded Ware group Latvian folk solar design signs exactly match the enigmatic Abashevo ubiquitous rosettes Poltavka amp Abashevo complexes of the Novokumak horizon coexisted by the Volga The Abashevo southeastern expansion towards territory that was prior a Catacomb border region suggests cultural assimilation of that populace as well which was later followed by a Timber Grave assimilation once again
This widespread polyethnic (kulturnaya obshchnostrsquo ) Abashevo mixed populace invites varied interpretations by differing viewpoints of different stages and regions - resembling the Heisenberg uncertainty principle Abashevo defies oversimplification for convenience sake An expert on the Abashevo culture A Pryakhin ( Pryakhin amp Khalikov 1987 ) deduced that it evolved from contacts between Fatyanovo Balanovo (Balts) and MVK Catacomb (Mnogovalikovo) Poltavka (Pit-grave Āryan) peoples in the Ural forest-steppe Most Corded Ware Abashevans were like Fatyanovo Balanovo narrow faced and dolichocephalous - contrasting somewhat from the MVK Catacomb Pit-grave Poltavka cranial amp physical type ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) But the Abashevo were on the whole poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) and multicultural Regional variant sub-groups include a Ural Volga Don-Volga and Kama-Vetluga expressions Sometimes the Balanbash label is used for the eastern variant
Were the varied poly-ethnic cosmopolitan Abashevo people MVK Catacomb Poltavka Āryan CWC East Balts residual upper Don-Volga Repins or partly Finno-Ugric Yes
Abashevo was multi-cultural and poly-ethnic E Pluribus Unum
One is inclined then to consider the singular masc baritone ratas gt rathas term as a probable Corded Ware Abashevo poly-ethnic lexical legacy
Sintashta intensifies the regional forest-zone copper metallurgy of the Corded Ware Abashevo and the earlier pioneering Balanovo East Balt metalworkers Balanovo copper ( varis ) metallurgy in the Urals had become an attractive alternative to the then destabilized Carpathian sources drawing the attention of southerly (Saami Oarje) Volga Pit-grave Āryans who had endured cyclic periods of drought The Urals quickly became a major metallurgic center Sintashta stock-breeding reflects the earlier Abashevo Corded Ware culture (note East Baltic šėmas gōvs gray cow or papijusi - cow with milk and related Sanskrit
pipyūṣī id) as does some of its metallurgic products and flat graves A recent
genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) add additional perspective The Sintashta slightly concave knife-sickles are connected to the Abashevo polyfunctional ones (Skt kṛpā- Latvian cirpe Lith
kirpe- ) Many Sintashta remains were dolichocephalous europoids ( re Kirsna
man ) like the forest-steppe Corded Ware Abashevans and earlier Fatyanovans ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) while others resemble Pit-grave Poltavka types In fact kurgans only accounted for about one third of the burials at Sintashta (Epimakhov 2002) E Kuzmina (The Origin of the Indo-
Iranians Volume 3 p 222 ) suggests Sintashta was not purely Āryan in composition and quite possibly quasi-bilingual Over a period time the cultures consolidated by the need for mutual co-operation
The later stage of the polyethnic populace of Abashevo amp Sintashta cultures may give an insight to the language of Proto-Indo-Iranian ( Pre-VedicAvestan
Sintashta ) Remains of the Pokrovskij type continue dolochocephaly and narrow faces with additional admixture of Uralic types detected in that group The Arkaim Sintashta area sites correspond to the Avestan Vara of the arriianəm vaējō Reflecting its polyethnic populace is Finno-Ugric Hungarian var fortress Saami var village and East Baltic Lithuanian varas tall timber palisade stockade ( Skt vartra ) Arkaim and Sintashta are also shaped like Central European Rondels The circular or oval settlement designs are very reminiscent of earlier Tripolye Dnieper sites or later East Baltic fortresses (eg
Tushemlya ) The dolichocephalous narrow faced Volga-Balts originated from the Northern Fatyanovo variants of the earlier Middle Dnieper culture which had assimilated some Tripolye C2 substrata Here is perhaps an example of a East Baltic term varas ( timber stockade ) borrowed in Finno-Ugric Vedic and Avestan In stark contrast the later Āryan Petrovka phase preferred a rectangular settlement shape over the circular or oval forts of the Urals yet still exhibit influence from western Abashevo Abashevan socketed spear designs eventually end up in western China via Andronovo influence The the range of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motif even extended to the Cherkaskul culture and regions of Siberia ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Latvian apsa aspen closely resembles Altai dialect apsa-k or Tatar Tobolsk dialect awsak and Chuvash eumlveumls Who knew
The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) of Baltic Uralic people in the ethnogenesis of the Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim cultures has provided scholars with linguistic opportunities in studies of the early Indo-Iranian dialects and in Finno-Ugric Baltic etymologies The Avestan and Vedic combinations of neuter plural nouns or multiple single and plural nouns with the verb in singular ( in Greek as well ) reflects archaic Baltic
constructions ( Lith beržorai esti ) Just as Lithuanian dialect panta or pantas - a crossbeam provides insight to the origins of Greek pontos - sea (linking ports) - Latin pontis bridge Armenian hown - a riverbed ( ford ) - a fresh new ( re Lithuanian-Latvian dialect panta - a link etc ) semantical understanding of Sanskrit panthās Avestan pantā - path ( link ) finally emerges from the mists of antiquity Khanty-Ostyak - pant path vs Mokša pandaz halter lt hobblelt link are related examples of Satem cultural interaction with Finno-Ugrics over time It is very important to keep in context the limited duration of this cultural horizon Here is a window a key that may unlock many doors It is a very unique horizon (chapter) of Eurasian and Russian prehistory when early Indo-Iranian traditions blend with Finnic and East Baltic cultures ( re DRD2 data) The Satem connection between Tolstoy and Gandhi was not only linguistic
A Fishy Whale gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There has been noted ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) a widespread hybrid checkered ceramic tradition of Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Abashevo and Pozdnyakovo cultures reflecting intimate polyethnic relations (re mtDNA haplogroups U4 Narva U5b2 and T1 ) The Sintashta Culture was not monolithic but rather a regional composite of various components as reflected by the variability of the ceramics If Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo influenced and integrated with the Sintashta area people ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) did it also influence their Āryan language (re Eastern Sanskrit R amp L dialects) Indic-Baltic specific isoglosses ( eg śāpa- šapas miśra- mišras ) may need updated reappraisals in light of the unfolding archaeological evidence of Corded Ware Abashevo influence and ethnic presence ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt
checked ornaments ) Riverine Latvian sence- mussel matches Sanskrit śaṅkha- shell rather well as does barytone Baltic antis Skt ātih - both waterfowl Sanskrit nārās and Lith nara both flow The Sanskrit suffix - inga- (Skt sphulinga- spark) looks peculiarly Baltic (ie Lith blezdinga swallow) as does the - ikas suffixed Skt śāpharikas fisherman Lith šventikas priest
The šapalas and śapharas ( Faux Dace महाशफर पतिशफरी शफररप Skt
śāpharikas fisherman ) isogloss is quite unique and curiously percise Similarities between Leuciscus cephalus idus amp lehmanni ( Zeravshan Dace ) may have encouraged the terms usage Puntius sophore aka śapharas the faux Dace has the identical profile coloration and specific reddish hue on its lower fins as its above Leuciscus šapalas neighbors Coincidence left the room with Elvis Someone remembered exactly what that fish looked like Indic śapharas ( the Faux Dace ) may well be an identifiable relic-loanword from East Baltic Corded Ware Abashevo-Balanovo-Fatyanovo šapalas contact since it is altogether absent ( like Parjanya ) in Avestan or Ossetic ( kaeligf big type
of fish) or other Petrovka derived Āryan languages There is no ichthyic cognate of East Baltic šapalas in the Catacomb culture derived languages
or even Slavic ( ) Germanic or Uralic for that matter So it is equally odd to note the complete absence of cognates for the archaic East Baltic žuvis - fish in all the Indo-Iranian branches although the Pontic steppe related Greek and Armenian somehow both preserved related ichthyic cognates ( Arm jukn ) Ossetic has retained an IE laeligsaeligg brown trout as well as a loanword kaeligsag from Hungarian keszeg and Mansi kāsəŋ a bream-dace type fish reflecting Timber Grave Iranian amp Finno-Ugric cultural interactions The Avestan mythic kara- may recall the voracious Volga wels ( Old Prussian kalis lt kalas - wels catfish ) which to this day exhibits legendary proportions approaching 10 ft The archaic žuvis šapalas howled today by an excited Lithuanian fisherman ( Skt śāpharikas ) still echoes the simple joy of his forefathers from long long ago
The Perkūnijas Parjanyah Pərgənauml Perkịno shared tradition is a delicate issue since each is venerated to this day in their respective cultures One may note that all three are very close in certain details The East Baltic laitus rain (Lith lietas lietus ) tradition with lightning East Baltic Laita may have been an archaic term for Summer rainy season (re Slavic Lēto year) which followed the return of Pleiades before the northern migrations of Battle Axe Balts The Erzya Lit-ava in their Prayer Hymns remained intact Modern Pashto has Perūne - Pleiades (re Greek Keraunos thunderbolt Slavic Perun all lacking a velar
plosive lt GAC ) Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- For the mushroom Perkūnas relationship see V N Toporov 1979 Parjanya is the father of Uralic Soma Perkūnas was to be the groom of the aquatic Laumė Indraja - Lith hydronyms Indus Indra Indura ( Mitanni Indara Skt Indu ) The Laumė Indraja is a mushroom guide or teacher And to uphold respect about these cultures and to be as accurate as possible I will only use the term shared
Perkūnas amp Indraja gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In the old Baltic dainos folksongs Perkūnas was to wed the Laumė Indraja One role of Indraja is as a mushroom guide spirit Vedic Parjanya is the father of Soma The Abashevo used talc in their ceramics as was common with their Uralic neighbors The pottery of the two cultures are found in the same room Note ( N1c1 ) Mari paŋgə mushroom Udmurt paŋτəl- paŋτət- to howl and carry on after partaking of Fly Agaric The Lithuanian version Ar prisiėdęs musmirių refers to the partaking of Fly Agaric mushroom and exhibiting a skewed or altered state of reality It is a quite common courteous way of calling someone stone crazy If they ate a little too much dried - žalas ( RV
7981 ) Fly Agaric mushroom and there upon glare ominously wild-eyed
howl ecstatically see the Unseen amp carry on - that person would be labeled aršus The Avestan term for an ecstatic seer is ǝrǝšiš which is a close cognate to Sanskrit ṛṣiḥ - a Seer Back in the Ural forests Uralic Khanty still has a word sŏma for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl or vessel as well as one for partaking of Amanita muscaria This would all be quite coincidental if they had never met - but they did Archaeology has already provided the where when and why Latvian has an equally courteous and common expression for telling someone to buzz off - get a clue - ej bekot or go pick mushrooms Latvian beka mushroom or dialect peka is loaned from Balto-Finnic Livonian paeligkā id lt pękā lt Uralic pəηkā Note that the mixed Balanovo-Volosovo sites were mediums of cross-cultural bilingual interaction for sharing ethnic customs preceding and contributing to Sintashta which influenced poly-ethnic Alakul ( Grigoryev 2000 ) groups ( ОД
Мочалов 2001-2 re ceramic lt gt checkered ornaments ) Sharing the hewn sŏma-bowl
with its entheogenic contents like a diplomatic cross-cultural peace pipe evidently sparked its legendary admiration The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding m-m-m Sŏma good Uh-oh East Baltic neuters did not require a final consonant They still dont It is also suggested that Uralic panga mushroom fly agaric entheogen žalas - when dried re bangus is possibly the source for the Sarmatian-Magyar loanword in Slavic Polish pienka Russian Пенька - hemp entheogen ( lt Finno-Ugric Pəηka via Sarmatians amp Magyars w U2e1 - re C
Keyser et al 2009 ) Note Irish arsan - a Seer or German rasen - be ecstatic Let it rain
The Unthinkable Now Highly Probable gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The everyday awkward pidgin bilingualism albeit semantically skewed at times between the East Balt Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo MVK Catacombs and Poltavka Āryans in that culture is highly probable ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) considering some of their similar ( at times identical ) vocabularies and quasi-related grammar The cultural continuity of metallurgy in the Ural region that started with Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) continued with Abashevo and was intensified at Sintashta and Arkaim The artifacts including specific trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered ornamentation motifs on pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) reflect their co-operation and integration with each other The chance of trace Baltic loanwords in old Indo-Iranian has shifted from unthinkable to highly probable lt gt Mainstream archaeological academia has reviewed the collective material evidence thoroughly and is quite confident in their evaluations of it Archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics are finally revealing this untold story The scientific evidence is becoming increasingly difficult to dismiss And ratas is not some amorphous proto Balto-Slavic
Suggested essential readings include The Origin of the Indo-Iranians Volume 3 by Elena E Kuzmina edited by J P Mallory p 222 Brill NV Leiden The Netherlands 2007 ISBN 978 90 04 16054 5 The Horse The Wheel and Language by David W Anthony Princeton University Press ISBN10
0691058873 and especially laquoШАХМАТНЫЙraquo ОРНАМЕНТ КЕРАМИКИ
КУЛЬТУР РАЗВИТОГО БРОНЗОВОГО ВЕКА ПОВОЛЖЬЯ И УРАЛА by ОД Мочалов Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ( The laquochessraquo ornament on
the pottery of the Middle Bronze Age in the Volga and Ural regions by OD Mochalov
Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ) - available as a PDF from Stratum Note title mistranslation of laquo chess raquo for laquo checked raquo The ceramics track the East Balt cultural assimilation ( amp Z280 ) into various Indo-Iranian sub-groups It‟s a fact
PIE dei - gt Dainā gt Dhēnā gt Daēna gt Dēn gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Vedic Sanskrit has the somewhat (15 times ) obscure word Dhēnā meaning hymn song which reflects East Baltic Daina meaning dance gt song From IE dei- (move spin whirl) we have Latvian deinis dancer daiņa restless person dainēt daināt to dance sing deja dance Lithuanian dainuoti to sing ( vs somuoti ) clearly illustrating the core Baltic etymology (It is
also attested in West Baltic toponyms) But Vedic Dhēnās hymn-prayer lacks any such dance etymology The Avestan Daēna ( Middle Persian Dēn ) is even more semantically vague - that which is revealed revelation This implies a loanword and like in Vedic - a word without a clear etymology The closet indigenous Indo-Iranian cognate is Avestan Dian meaning fast (re Grk δινεύω whirl or διά-νοια thought ) Scholars interpret the actual pronunciations of the old Vedic Sanskrit Dhēnā and Avestan Daēna as Dainā Hello By following this thread the shroud of the past unravels and finally falls apart
There is only one ( ) Rig Vedic hymn to Vāyu wind Skt nom Vāyus lt Vējus Lith dialect Vėjus which is otherwise called Vāta Iranian Ossetic wad and Ob-Ugric Mansi loanword wōt indicate the primacy of Vāta usage in the early Indo-Iranian dialects where as Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant ( Lith Vėjūkas ) appears to be a loanword (also note Skt
vāhin amp Latv āzinis) Note that Dhēnā is also used in the rare Vāyu hymn (I 2 3-
) Vāyu is closely associated with Parjanyah amp Soma ( Pashto ōmə ) Ancient Rig Vedic Uṣas and todays East Baltic Ūšas Ūštun - dawning to dawn
illustrate the challenges Vedic like Baltic or Greek often made an adjective into a noun by just moving the stress to another syllable although in this case Rig Vedic Uṣas has the adjectival accent In other words Uṣas = Ūšas but no one writes about it (re Skt uśras Lith ūšras OCS za-ustra ) Nada Zip
The Rig Veda uses the word Dhēnās for hymns but does not emphasize it although that connection is later implied as such by Avestan Daēna From the new archeaological and archeaogenetic evidence of the polyethnic ethnogenesis of the Abashevo and Sintashta populace it is not linguistically unreasonable to deduce that the Dainā dance gt song gt hymn tradition of the assimilated Abashevo Balts was adopted as the term Dhēnās hymns songs by their fellow Āryan metalworkers near the Urals during a period of bilingualism and was used as such later in the Rig Veda An Abashevo-MVK Monteoru trade link for cheek-piece diffusion may provide an alternate explanation for a Dacian gt Romanian doina - lyrical song although the ancient amber trade explanation remains equally viable
From IE dei- (move spin whirl) developed East Baltic Dainā - dance song hymn ( Grk δινεύω whirl ) which was borrowed as Vedic Dhēnā - hymn prayer Avestan Daēnā - revelation Middle Persian Dēn - religion The word dena - revelation religion is still used in Kashmiri Arabic Dīn ( دين faith
religion ) is beyond the scope of this topic
Little did the stubborn poly-ethnic Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 L235 amp
N1c1 ) or Abashevo East Baltic forest-folk singing their Sacred Hymns of Divine Revelation ( Dainās ) near the Country of Towns by Sintashta in the Urals of 2100 BCE know how far their songs would travel and for how long they would echo - up to this day by contributing a term for a new Monotheism (
Daēnā ) emulated later to its West The Volgaic Erzya Rav-ava - mother Volga Volgaic Mokša Rava - river and East Baltic Lithuanian Ravas - stream or Latvian Rāva - marsh water correlation is rather interesting (Lith
Rauti - to run quickly )
The Baltic amp Uralic in Vedic Sanskrit Avestan gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The mythical Avestan ten month winters and Vara Daēna legend Āryan Soma Haoma ( RV 128 Khanty Sŏma hewn wooden mortar-bowl Volgaic Erzya
Mokša Sjuma Səma hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger ) Sanskrit Śarabha ( Mansi Suorp Mokša Sjarda ) the Avestan water goddess Anāhitā in a Northern forests beaver furcoat (re Finno-Ugric mother-beaver cult) Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC talc or chamotte ceramic admixture amp specific trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ornamentation ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) and the many Finno-Ugric loanwords (Burrow 1955 pp 24-27 ) from
both early Indo-Iranian ( Finnish kekri ) and Volga-East-Baltic ( Finnish ratas ) uphold the latest archaeological findings Soma is the guardian spirit of the North And U4 is U4 ( Pliss et al 2005 Derbeneva et al2002 ) A multi-disciplinary approach combining archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics together are yielding scientific results
That there is possibly a Ural-East-Baltic Daina Ratas Perkonias or Šapalas in Sanskrit or Avestan should not come as a surprise considering Uralic ( re Sŏma ) is indisputably present (re N1c1 Khanty Sŏma hewn mortar-bowl )
Indo-Iranian Soma preserved the native N1c1 Uralic word ( Sŏma ) for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric ( Amanita muscaria ) was pressed with stones in water ( Skt
saumya- soft ) The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo-Garino cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding of what was pointed at ( re EV 141 ) Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 amp N1c1 poly-ethnics ) to this day still partake dried Amanita muscaria with milk amp honey as they have done for well over four thousand years It is Senasis Takas- The Ancient Way
Such drift of semantics can be heard even today in the English phrase Do you want to do a bowl
The Āryan Soma of the Urals eventually became a generic ( Pashto ōmə ) term to label an entheogen
Finding Baltisms ( ntr pl [ as w Hittite ] or multiple sg w sg verb the -yu- -ju- words like Vāyus - Vėjus ) or specific loanwords ( GAS Satem ) will be next to impossible especially without the displaced Vedic era R amp L middle dialects (eg ślokas - Madhyadeśa region ) of earlier migrations The integration of the polyethnic Corded Ware Abashevo into the Sintashta cultures may have not had a significant impact beyond contributing their earlier equine cheek-pieces Ural metallurgy amp talc chamotte pottery admixture or trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ceramics ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked
ceramics lt gt ) but it is probable they did leave other cultural traces (including DNA
words like ratas daina ) as well A recent genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) adds additional perspective Why
does East Balt ichthyic šapalas match Indic faux Dace śapharas ( महाशफर ) or śāpharikas ( fisherman ) so closely and as with other word matches
cognates are wholly absent in Avestan and even Slavic like the alpine velar in Parjanyas Also Skt śāka- Lith šėkas - green grass or Skt śakala- Lith šakalys - splinter - et cetera etc etc Perhaps even a Fatyanovo š itself given the Nuristani counterpart There are the parallel myth traditions of Dawn ( Uṣas - Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven dhēnā of Vāyus - Vėjus or the Ashvins - Ašvieniai Divine Twins Yet the breaking up of Middle Dnieper culture Balto-Slavic occurred especially with distant Fatyanovo-Balanovo well over a millennium prior to the ethnogenesis of Indo-Iranian The preponderance of such Baltic Indo-Iranian isoglosses suggests a period of contact and just as importantly the nature of those contacts Archaeology has indeed already provided the where when and why ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Pots amp DNA do speak
That a central European culture ( 3400 BCE - Baden Globular Amphora ) centered new wheel term ( Old Irish masc sg roth pl rothai Latin neuter sg rota pl rotae
Albanian diminutive w th from a t gt sg rreth pl rratheuml ) reflected in Corded Ware East Baltic baritone masc sg ratas pl ratai was loaned into Finnic languages is uncontested (re Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) but where does an Āryan baritone masc sg raacutethas - vehicle figure in the pre-Sintashta ( 2400
BCE ) Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian shared lexicon It doesnt
Bronocice Poland - Pot pre-3400 BCE - Farmers Wagons
Note laquo checked raquo darža motif similar to GAS-BALTIC Fatyanovo motif
And why would Indo-Europeans need to rename the wheel ( PIE kʷekʷlos ) Perhaps the assimilated European farmers did it East Baltic Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) copper metallurgy in the Urals has its roots in central European cultural traditions ( re Globular Amphora ) which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo Cultural area The old Carpathian metal trade of central Europe provided for contacts and cultural exchanges ( re amber trade ) between language groups like NE pre-Celts pre-Albanians and Middle Dnieper Balts ( Albanian lopeuml - cow Latvian Luops - id ) as well as Triploye C2 Lengyel amp TRB substratum interaction This interaction between the central European Dniester Tripolye C2 refugees - which may also have spoken their native Temematian language - and the northern Middle Dnieper Tripolye C2 bi-lingual populace may account as a medium of some unusual archaisms ( re tauras ) and with additional admixture of TRB Lengyel BBC ( Q gt P ) Globular Amphora spread Corded Ware isoglosses amp innovations ( plural dative m long root preterite ) in the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Fatyanovo regions as well as traditions of central European Carpathian arsenic copper metallurgy Arkaim and Sintashta
fortifications are even shaped like Central European Rondels Trade networks between Centum Euro-Repin GAC subgroups were conduits for isoglosses even beyond the other Balts in the West Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1 ) amber contacts amp Uralic substratum may well be the phonetic impetus of the dative plural -M- type linguistic transitions away from a -B- The influence of a Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva ( w U5b2 ) poly-ethnic substratum perhaps contributed to incongruities in Baltic Satemization amp partial RUKI ( eg Finnish
laiha GAS Lith liesa ipo lieša ) as well as contributing a residual substratum vocabulary of their central European Centum words like pẽku Make no mistake the impact of this Centum Satem tango went both ways ( GAS gt Germanic 1112 1000 etc) Balanovo jewelry from the Urals also emulates specific designs of a central European provenance perhaps derived from Globular Amphora-Narva poly-ethnics as a substratum ( GAS ) of Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo ( Česnys et al 1990 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) The Baltic amber sun disc talisman or solar halo ( rẽtis ) wheel Saulės Ratas is found distributed in central European cultures particularly the Centum Globular Amphora culture - which contributed substratum to Fatyanovo-Balanovo which in turn contributed to the Corded Ware Abashevo culture and eventually poly-ethnic Sintashta Arkaim ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) If the Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas Saule is also a common traditional Kazakh amp Central Asian ( Afghan
Kyrgyz etc ) female name The meaning of the name is translated as sunlight or Sun just like the feminine East Baltic Saulė which is also used for a female name Another coincidence Again
Saulės Ratas
Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Ural copper metallurgy preceded Corded Ware Abashevo and later Sintashta Arkaim metalworking predating them by about half a millennium The terminology of the typical dual wheeled cart ( Lith dviratis vežimas ratai Finnish
rattaat ) of the early GAS East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Goldina 1999) farmers amp metallurgist-woodsmen and multi-cultural Abashevo successors may have been a source for a unique northern archaic import ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas wheel ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) providing an Āryan masculine singular ratʔas gt raacutethas upgraded intact as a nominative singular word for the new chariot of the Abashevo - Sintashta era metallurgic bonanza Semantic incongruity is a hallmark of loanwords in traditional linguistics The Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas One might expect an Āryan neuter form as the Sanskrit scholar T Burrow did or perhaps an Āryan plural form East Baltic has in fact many old variants
including Latvian ruota toy ruotacirct to hop turn roll and Lith rẽtis halo Coincidence A speeding Āryan raacutethas bounced a lot - it hopped The wheel spread faster than the flu in central Europe and prestigious words of new innovations were traded as well as new trends from contact ( re Baden Globular Amphora Fatyanovo Abashevo ) In fact the PIE roteH2 rotH2os rotoH2s discussions are currently at a stalemate an academic impasse Why would some Indo-Europeans want to rename the wheel anyway ( PIE kʷekʷlos
) Maybe they didnt
An East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo GAS loanword proposal for post-Sintashtan rathas is not only linguistically practical and etymologically grounded it is archaeologically probable ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) We do know the earlier Corded Ware Abashevo cheek-pieces were copied - but what else Given the boatload of Corded Ware influenced artifacts at Sintashta and Arkaim maybe one or two Corded Ware words leaked out Just maybe To quote M Witzel (2003) quoting JP Mallory (2002) there are still degrees of geo-linguistic plausibility
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
Some ornament traits let us to link Sintashta with northwest forest Fatyanovo culture
( Oleg Mochalov - Samara State Pedagogical University Institute for History and Archaeology of Volga region Samara Russia)
- The origin of Sintashta culture ceramic Ceramic through the Millennia methods approaches results - 2008 -
East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) entered the North after 3200 BCE ( C-14 cal dates from Latvia- see Loze 1992 ) and shared their ratas wheel with the local Uralics ( Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) on the way to the copper deposits by the Urals About 1000 years later Sintashtan Āryans - after spending a couple of centuries with the Corded Ware East Baltic speaking woodsmen ride off into the dawn of history on their new Āryan twin-wheeled rathas (re Kassite king Abi-rattaš Mitanni king Tušratta gt
circa 1350 BCE) drawn by two horses using the Corded Ware Abashevo amp MVK Catacomb inspired cheek-pieces Academics still dismiss the coincidence () of a baritone masculine singular Āryan rathas rattaš spontaneously produced in the linguistic company of Ural East Balt metallurgists who had an isolated northern archaic ratʔas dialect form ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) of baritone masculine singular ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas for near a thousand
years since 3200 BCE Pots do speak - as does DNA The silence of Cherchen Man speaks volumes
The Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo with their characteristic central European Globular Amphora cultural-substratum influence ( re GAS lt GAC-Narva w U5b2 poly-ethnics pottery copper pigs flint axes
amber ) and Uralic admixture ( re N1c1 Volosovo talc or chamotte ceramics ) are thus the most logical candidates for the dissemination of the ratas term of 2400 BCE as heard to this day with East Baltic Lithuanian ratas amp the related Latvian cognate Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo ) ceramics use chamotte admixture and exhibit a projecting rim as does later Corded Ware Abashevo ( re mtDNA N1a1a1 294 lt GAS ) Volosovo amp Balanovo pottery is found in the same room Words were spoken Abashevo amp Sintashta adopt specifically Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered diamond rhombus type ceramic designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Arkaim amp Sintashta artifacts - clearly exhibiting Corded Ware Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural influences including talc - chamotte pottery admixture amp darža checkered ceramics ( thus verifiable contacts ) - provide the archaeological support for just such a linguistic loanword exchange as well as the foreign mycologic sŏma tradition of these quasi-trilingual misfits Kandahar valleys Mundigak Period VI ceramics in Afghanistan ( Kuzmina 2007 p 716 fig 101 14
re Lith piešalas Sanskrit peśalas ) also exhibit the unique Fatyanovo darža checkered double row striped diamond motif The Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest dwelling quasi-trilinguals stubbornly clung to their Euro-farmer identity and never did quite fit ( ārya- ) in Fly Agaric is the fruit of the forests not the wide open steppes As noted by Kramer the cat is out of the bag Vedic ashvyam goh - horses amp cows of the Dasyus still echoes todays East Baltic ashva amp guovs The Babino Multi-Roller Ware MVK Catacomb culture neighbors of the Corded Ware Abashevo would later be reflected in shaft graves with cheek-pieces in distant places as Mycenae near Athens by around 17th century BCE Mycenaean warriors also wore Baltic amber Mycenaean mtDNA had a match in SE Poland A MVK-Monteoru link or CWC GAS - again
The combination of kurgan and flat graves reflecting the integration of indigenous Europeans with IE steppe ethnicities (re Dniester Usatovo-Tripolye) is found in the Middle Dnieper culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo and Corded Ware Abashevo Abashevo integration at Sintashta is indicated by various material artifacts Sintashta kurgans account for about a third of the burials - the rest are interestingly enough flat graves
The Ural Elephant in the Room gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Then there is the intriguing Perkaunijas Perkino Pərgənauml Parjanya legacy - the Ural elephant in the room so to speak Unlike Pera amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Why are Parjanya cognates
with an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive absent in the multitude of other surrounding Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani Satem languages and dialects - or even related Satem Slavic (re Pashto Perūne Slavic Perun Nuristani Paumlrun vs Gas Lith
Perkūnas ) Slavic Ruki amp velarless Perun vs Gothic alpine Fairguni suggest a Centum GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive was assimilated into Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns type cognates Archaeological support for such a bold linguistic assertion is beyond debate The zones of such Centum Satem contacts have been thoroughly dated with C-14 Although Perkino amp Pərgənauml may only reflect the 1st millennium BCE Dyakovo era the Dainos of the forest dwelling East Balts easily pre-date the Sintashta-Arkaim era by a millennium Variability of Sintashta ceramics with Fatyanovo influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2
rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) certainly reflect cultural contact and interaction Parjanyas reflects an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive - East Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns reflects a GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive Rathas vs GAS ratas The lexical legacies of poly-ethnic Sintashta contact have survived intact four thousand years ( re U of Az C-14 ) Prakrits of India also preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) not found in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words Was the Sanskrit (ṛH) dialect ir ur variation ( Skt śiras vs Av sarah-) an innovation or perhaps a polyethnic relic of the earlier migrations South It is a rich field awaiting someone to harvest it Such material was reviewed by W Tomaschek in 1883 (Ausland p 862) and discussed later by H Arntz S G Oliphant and S K Chatterji
It was women who made the checkered pottery sang their songs and mothers who taught the language to their child Men sometimes forget this The mtDNA evidence should not be overlooked ( Narva-U5b2 ) As L Koryakova and A Epimakhov note in their The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron ages Balanovo culture villages consisted of above-ground wooden log houses and in their cemeteries (flat amp kurgan) men were buried on their right side women on their left side - as also in Baltic Corded Ware tradition After the Sintashta polyethnic horizon by the Urals and subsequent first migration South we find a continuity of this same Baltic Corded Ware ( Abashevo Alakul
w checkered pottery ) type of burial custom in Tulkhar by the Andronovo Bishkent culture (1700-1500 BCE) and the later Vakhsh and Swāt ( Vedic Suvastu
) cultures and also at Timargarha This unusual Andronovo gender dimorphism MR FL burial trait was even noted by J P Mallory amp Douglas Q Adams in their Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture Bishkent skulls were dolichocranial (Khodzhayov 2008) like Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Denisova 1975) One general trait to distinguish Andronovo from Timber Grave burials is how the first has the head oriented to the West or SW whereas some Timber Grave cultures favored orienting the deceased towards the North ( re Mahaparinibbana
Sutta ) or East East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo burials oriented male heads to the SW females to NE - per steppe Maikop tradition Later East Baltic Jukhnovo settlements even oriented their streets to NE SW
Pottery shards found at a tin miners camp on the lower Zeravshan at Karnab have an Abashevo style of decoration from an early phase of contact Two pots unearthed far away by Sarazm betray their polyethnic Abashevo Sintashta Ural area origination by their talc admixture ( N1c1 cultural custom -
re fly agaric amp sŏma ) Near the tin mining camps the Tazabagyab variant of Andronovo buried their dead in flat cemeteries not kurgans The Saka of the Pamirs were also dolichocranial and narrow faced ( re 2005 Vaclav Blažek Lamb 2011 T Witczak bužys ) A unique cognate for barley-seed invites further speculation ( Lith miežis Latvmiezē Khotanese miṣṣa- ttumaumlṣa- re H W Bailey
BSOAS 21 pp 42) as do Fatyanovo maižis barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972 ) darža checkered Siberian amp Cherkaskul axe-celts ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo
checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Eurasian cattle DNA ( J Kantanen et all 2009 )
The early metallurgy of the Urals had fostered a far reaching network of contact ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) we are only now beginning to grasp and map out Some Corded Ware traditions of the integrated polyethnic Abashevo ( w Uralic
admixture) appear to have continued beyond Sintashta with the first of many migrations of that Āryan population South as well as those left behind contributing in the ethnogenesis of the polyethnic Timber Grave Culture of the Don-Volga region Pokrovskiy and Potapovka cultures ( runic Alanian Vayuk amp
Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Lith Vėjūkas see also ОД Мочалов 2001-2 )
Talc admixture in the early pottery of Sarmatians suggests a close interaction with Uralic N1c1 people ( Mari in-deš 9 Ossetic daeligs 10 Mari kene hemp Ossetic
gaelign(aelig) id) Overall Potapovka burial remains show a continuity of earlier Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) amp Poltavka cranial types reflected in Timber Grave amp west Andronovo burials contrasting with the different Corded Ware Abashevo skull remains ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) and related Pokrovskiy cranial types Cimmerian amp Scythian daggers have proto-types found in the Volga-Kama region The Timber Grave culture and Andronovo in turn both contributed to the formation of the Sauromatians and the Saka The western Timber-Grave culture that assimilated the Corded Ware Abashevo become quite settled in small scattered log home settlements without fortifications and even raised pigs like them (vs eastern Andronovo nomads) The agrarian Corded Ware Abashevo ( poly-ethnic R1a amp N1c1 ) character would persist as integrated parts (agricultural Solar cult clan) of some certain select groups and clans ( Alakul
Srubna ) eventually melting away over generations assimilating in here amp there leaving only relics in the earth inherited cranial amp DNA evidence only now being uncovered and scattered traces in later regionalized Āryan vocabularies (Skt
Parjanyah śapharas - faux dace Ossetian baeliglon dove ) amp culture Not to be overlooked by any means is a genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) A relationship between taurine breeds of the Baltic ( Fatyanovo ) region and Sakha ( Andronovo ) cattle suggests cultural connections or later contact ( re ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) A later influx from the steppes of the East back to the Ukraine is suggested by traces of zebu mtDNA in cattle there
The archaeological evidence suggests integration amp assimilation Haplogroup N1a (mtDNA) in the Volga-Kama Komi Permyaks indicates some farmers stayed Recent studies regarding the DRD2 gene are producing data which show a relationship between Eurasian people near the Volga-Kama Urals area and Brahmins in India Go figure Uralic descendants of the Corded Ware Fatyanovo Balanovo settlers preserved some of their language ( re karas ) and most likely have Finno-Baltic Balanovo-Abashevo DNA as well ( mtDNA
U5b2 HV3 nodal HVS1 N1c1 amp R1a L235 ) Some Corded Ware R1a1 remains ( massacred by locals near Eulau around 2600 BCE ) with X2 mtDNA closely matched living individuals of Estonia ( GAS of Fatyanovo ) with Syria (Mitanni) and Iran (post-Andronovo ) while the male DNA ( lt CWC-Globular Amphora R1a- M458 ) closely matched with individuals in Gdansk and Tambov Russia (SE of Tula amp near
Perkino ) - regions associated with Globular Amphora Corded Ware cultures ( Berezanskaja 1971 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) One of the K1b lineages showed matches to two Shughnans from Tajikistan ( Wolfgang Haak et al 2008 ) Vaclav Blažek ( 2005 ) specifically ties a Fatyanovo word (SKES VI 1819-1820 ) for lamb found in Vepsian vodnaz to the proto-form for the Shughni cognate among others ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) T Witzcak ( 2011 ) relates Lith bužys to Ossetic buʒ Shughni vazič amp Avestan buzya- ( re
CWC Eulau-Shughnan DNA darža motifs ) As Grissom said - follow the evidence The Corded Ware settlement near Tenteksor in Kazakhstan (see below ) may provides an interesting possible DNA perspective The mounting DNA evidence implies a Corded Ware component of Andronovo amp the archaeology of Sintashta-Arkaim proves a Corded Ware Abashevo-Fatyanovo component of Andronovo ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The probability of a Ural-Baltic Daina Ratas or Šapalas in post Andronovo Vedic Sanskrit or Avestan could therefore be logically expected given the above DNA amp archaeological evidence If linguists can ignore unique checkered pots they can ignore DNA But an out of place velar lt plosive just might elicit their curiosity Understanding the language of whales should be a new priority and test their mettle It appears that the men living around Sintashta amp Arkaim had time to talk together - about their vehicles horse-power fishing the rain shrooms and songs Some things never change Its a guy thing
The poly-ethnic ( R1a1a1 amp N1c1 ) Eastern Balts of today have preserved a Continuum of Cultural Tradition for Indo-European use of the dried žalas Fly Agaric in collective celebratory use ( such as peasant weddings amp various festivities
) from the very mists of antiquity - before Abraham the Shasu YHW or even the post-Sintashta Soma reveling Rig Veda itself The above daina dhēnā daēnā song-hymn-revelation topic has often been muddled with the inclusion of unrelated Vedic dhēnā - milk cow which is cognate with Baltic daine - cow (that calves in the 2nd year re FU tajine) and daini - pregnant with offspring (Adj of cow or mare) Even discussions about the Dainava dancing waters singing rapids region of Lithuania are not immune from such distractions New
archeaological and genetic DNA evidence continues to unveil the unexpected as will comparative study of the ancient Latvian Lithuanian and varied Finno-Uralic languages like Estonian
The Assimilated East Baltic amp Āryan in Finno-Ugric Ethnogenisis gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Fatyanovo and Balanovo settlement sites dwindle after the severe Winters around 2100 BCE when the East Baltic speaking population ( LWb allele R1a1a-
amp N1c1 ) for the most part assimilated in with their related Abashevo or nearby Āryan or Finnic ( N1c1) neighbors ( eg Sintashta-Arkaim Chirkovo-Seyma Pozdnyakovo Timber grave culture amp the much later diverse poly-ethnic [one
group choosing interment the other cremation] Northern Burtas pig farmers lt Nart Borataelig ) Fatyanovo amp Abashevo characteristics especially specific darža checkered designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals
) are noticed on ceramics from Chirkovo-Seyma ( gt later Ananyino ) culture sites near the Volga river Pozdnyakovo settlements ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) as well as on Sintashta amp Alakul culture checkered pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 ) Hexagonal Cis-Ural structures of the Fatyanovo ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ) may correlate with Baltic cosmological hexagram ( triple crossed keraunos ) kerai
magic reflecting an old ceraunic hexagram star design ( ऋि = 6 ) motif found in
many East Baltic distaff ( verpstė ) folk carvings ( re Gromoviti znaci Taranis wheels ) The Ugric Sky Elk had six legs The six ray solar-star hexagram design is later found in Mycenae designs ( re contacts ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The Ural Forests are unimaginably immense and the Winters around 2100 BCE were unusually long and severe ( Vidēvdāt 23 ) The demand for skilled metalworkers was growing fast with the Ural metallurgic bonanza History is messy The archaeological evidence indicates multi-lingual Fatyanovo-Balanovo people assimilated in with both Timber Grave Pozdnyakovo Iranian speakers and Volga-Kama Uralic speakers Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link or panta bridging Timber Grave with Uralic And that multi-lingualism was valued ndash and used We do not know when Fatyanovo-Balanovo converted to a Srubna Iranian but we know that they did and where ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Oink
Regional bilingualism probably persisted for centuries reflected today in archaic residual loanwords ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem 1000 Ossetian baeliglon dove
) Many Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture Balts assimilated ( Erzya Purrsquogine amp Permic
Pera myth traditions ) and adopted Uralic ( N1c1) languages ( Ananyino horizon ) and cultures as many had done earlier with the Abashevo culture ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) and repeating again with the early Pozdnyakovo amp Sarmatian ethnogenesis (w Gorodets admixture) The first millennium BCE Dyakovo culture was again poly-ethnic partly East Baltic during its middle phase - with polished ceramics ( re CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation LWb allele gt ) mainly Finno-Ugrian perhaps part Sarmatian is known from its hillforts with palisades (E Baltic varas gardas gt Volgaic kardaz Permyak kar city town ) Population size was about a hundred at each site The building styles of log cabins in the hillforts change from North to South - above ground to semi-subterranean - reflecting Balt amp Āryan building traditions The fibulae buckle (Mordvin sjulgam) artifacts appear Baltic as do many sickles and bronze headdresses ( Krasnov 1968 4-5 8 ) The Volsk-Lbishche culture known from sites like Shiromasovo in Mordovia exhibited Fatyanovo Corded Ware characteristics and was unexpectedly found far away from a excavated settlement in Tenteksor Kazakhstan - a northeastern area of the Trans-Caspian region
Reports of Bigfoot gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The genetic linguistic and archaeological record documents a prolonged assimilation by descendants of Volga-Kama Balanovo East Balts various polyethnic Abashevo Āryans and later mixed Timber Grave Sarmatians into the ethnogenisis of regional Finno-Permic peoples ( Goldina 1999 ) of the Chirkovo-Seyma Ananyino Pyanobor Pozdniakovo and related Djakovo Gorodets cultures (eg Finnish vuosituhat ) Volgaic ( śid-al sed bridge Finnish silta
id ) Words of an East Baltic provenance ( Latvian sēta tilts ) attest to ethnic movements ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) as well as the specific East Baltic balandis Ossetian baeliglon dove isogloss Latvian lanka low plain Ossetian laumlnk ( Khanty lŏk ) Lith Vėjūkas runic Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Ossetic raeligmūʒyn closely matches the semantics of East Baltic cognates rather than the related Indo-Iranian cognates Sarmatian archaeological periods reflect cultural changes ( ie burial
orientation ) in their population which probably indicates a diverse variety of regional dialects of which only the one found in Ossetic survives A recent study about N1c1 Uralics as origin of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation in Caucasian populations ( re Ossetians ) adds an additional perspective ( F Libert et
al 1998 ) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old The broadest area of high frequency is located in northeastern Europe particularly the Baltic region ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) New dating of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation coincides closely with the Dyakovo horizon and the distribution of elevated frequencies match the archaeological ethnicities ( initial Volgaic amp later East Baltic ) which converged in the Dyakovo poly-ethnic horizon especially during its middle phase of polished ceramics and expanded agriculture From Dyakovo settlements cultural contact with
Gorodets sites and nearby Sarmatians might be expected to further spread the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation
The ethnogenesis and development of the Ural forest-steppe Sarmatians did not occur in a vacuum Evidence of Sarmatian - East Balt ( Plain Pottery gt
Bondarikha culture ) as well as Sarmatian - Finno-Ugric interaction has linguistic support ( also CCR5 Delta 32 amp LWb allele frequencies) Note Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich lt influenced from perhaps a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave asurah - of a pre-Ananyino era forest intrusion by Timber Grave tribes or later Trade contacts were valued - Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel or Hungarian ezer 1000 amp Ossetian aeligrzaelig- huge The Mnogovalikovo and Abashevo also played a significant part in the ethnogenesis of the Timber-grave culture ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) especially with the Pokrovskiy culture as well as with Uralic cultures Single markers 187 270 272 of mtDNA N1a1a1a group Bashkirs with Lithuanians and the Komi Permyaks Elevated R1a1 ( haplogroup R-SRY108312
aka SRY15322 ) is found not only with the Erzya ( re R1a Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13
DYS 520 =22 ampc) but also with the Bashkirs (38-48) of the Urals who still harvest their ancient kaumlrauml- honeycomb A match of Estonian and Indian single marker 294 of mtDNA N1a1a1 has been reported GAS Again Or was the 294 from the beautiful but endangered Seto people amp culture Perhaps some Narva mtDNA U5b2 will surface far from home Embrace the Chaos
The regions surviving autonomous Baltic speakers assimilated again in the 5th century AD as new Slavic type cultural groups filtered in from the South although in some areas Baltic speakers remained intact as evident from the historic record The new Slavic speakers (Komi rotś ) followed the same path into Russia as the old Fatjanovo-Balanovo era East Baltic speakers did three thousand years before the Slavic immigration The common R1a ancestry of many East Balts ( R1a1a1 Z280 L235 Z92 ) and East Slavs (R1a1a- Z92) invites new scholarly re-examination of East Balt and East Slavic isoglosses The Old Russian Ipatiy Compilation of Chronicles mentions that in 1147 the Prince of Rostov-Suzdal defeated the Golyad ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) who lived by the River Porotva The Golyad lt Golędь ethnonym was derived from a Baltic hydronym galin- meaning deep water The defeated population ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) would be from then on taxed - accordingly For more info see Marija Gimbutas here Today the family of related decendants of all these mixed forebearers can be seen in Latvians Lithuanians Estonians as well as in Russians the Erzya Moksha
Mordvins Mari Permics Bashkirs Ural Tatars and Indians ॐ
Balto-Slavic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The late Sredny Stog Middle Dnieper Culture grew from conservative peripheral IE dialects related to Yamna Satem with admixture of different assimilated indigenous peoples from Dnieper Donets and the Tripolye culture of Central Europe as well as subgroups of Centum Globular Amphora contributors ( w TRB BBC) and a host of others (re remnant Middle Dnieper Repins ) The ethnogenesis of these distinct dialects with assimilated indigenous peoples formed various diverse regional Balto-Slavic speakers which were localized as the poly-ethnic Europeanized peripheral Satem dialects of Baltic and Slavic closely related to early Pit-grave Āryan yet distinctly different even then with diverse degrees of admixture within regional subgroups The Balto-Slavic type poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture was a fusion of ethnic groups - a melting pot - so to speak with a retro core Satem dialect (archaic Balto-Slavic lacks perfect reduplication - agreeing with Albanian Hamp 1963)
The unique peripheral components of the Middle Dnieper culture say the early East Baltic Fatyanovo migrated away before a thorough homogenization of Middle Dnieper Satem lingua franca dialects could consolidate among regional subgroups ( eg E Baltic kur kame W Baltic kuei Slavic kъde - Finnish tuhante Mokša
tožaumln lt E Baltic 1000 lt pre-GAS RUKI - Baltic long root preterite re Burrow 1955 p 19 ) Hence the Balto-Slavic debates Dative plural m or the tūšante tūšanti type Satem participle term ( Latvian tūska ) for a thousand were probably disseminated by trade contacts between distant Globular Amphora subgroups various Middle Dnieper subgroups and other groups ( re Goth ain-lif - p lt k lt
GAC - P-Celtic-BBC Lith vienuo-lika eleven OSw thornuacutesand thousand ) from the earlier Centum Globular Amphora migrations ( Globular Amphora-Narva polyethnics
w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) near the expanding networks of Fatyanovo ( R1a1a1 Z280 LWb ) pioneering the North The Y-STR variation among Slavs has given the evidence for the Slavic homeland near the middle Dnieper basin which provides a geographic context for the Slavic linguistic correlation to the early Satem West amp East Baltic Upper Middle Dnieper homeland and the nearby Catacomb amp Pit-grave Āryans to the East During the period (3400
BCE) of the oxen pulled wheeled wagon revolution the Yamnaya culture slowly expanded toward the edge of the Corded Ware horizon of late Sredny Stog culture Millennia later in the same eastern area of the contact zone near the middle Dnieper a poly-ethnic Slav Timber Grave Iranian ethno-genesis would develop the Chernoles culture
A separation of Belarus subpopulations along a North South line can be demonstrated particularly in distribution of Y chromosomal lineages R1b I1a and I1b N3 and G-chromosomes The uniqueness of the northern Belarusian population is most likely due to the high incidence of poly-ethnic pre- ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 [old name N3] (
homogeneous Baltic pre-ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo substrate with allele DYS1915 ) which is twice the frequency as in central and southern Belarus The central and southern Belarusian substratum Baltic Milograd physical traits differ somewhat from Ukrainian substratum SlavScytho-Sarmatian traits (re U3) The assimilation of Belarus may have been mainly linguistic and less physically ethnical ( R1a1a- Z92 )
The Autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov Culture gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture complex of the Podolian Upland bordered the Trzciniec and Sosnitsa (early peripheral Baltic) complexes to its far North but appears culturally related to the Montreoru (early Dacian) and later Sabatinovka Thracian complex to its near South in regard to burial rites and pottery (also see Linguistics and Ethnogenesis of the Slavs 1985 by Oleg N
Trubačev) Native Pre-IE Tripolye culture farming populace (Temematian) were assimilated also as they were with Middle Dnieper Baltic The unique close relation of early Slavic origins to Globular Amphora and later Ural-Steppe amp Asian Iranian ( Slavic azъ Tumshuq Sakan azu ) and nearby Dacian and Thracian are often lost to the worn out Balto-Slavic chorus of cliches After the arrival of the Huns (w G V mtDNA N1a U4) in Europe and a devastating plague in the 6th-7th century AD post multi-ethnic Cherniakhov culture Slavic soon became the lingua franca of commerce trade throughout most of Central Europe and beyond A polyethnic ethnogenesis interpretation (Proto-Slav Komarov gt Belogrudovka gt
Chernoles culture) helps to explain why Slavic has partial elements of a Satem Corded Ware dialect of an early autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture language resembling Baltic (Middle Dnieper culture) languages bordering to the North The archaeology also agrees with regional hydronyms of a decidely Slavic provenance (vs Trzciniec amp Sosnitsa Baltic) as proposed by the renowned Russian philologist Oleg N Trubačev Trubačev (1986) had also detected nearby Illyrian and Thracian hydronyms on the Dniester Bug and Middle Dnieper A poly-ethnic ethnogenesis interpretation also explains some of the Slav Timber Grave Iranian religious vocabulary ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- ) as
well as other linguistic impacts on Slavic ( see EricHamp 2011 ) from the Timber Grave amp Steppe Iranian culture ( Slavic azъ Saka azu ) and also detection of common Slav Timber Grave Iranian mtDNA types ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 )
The southern neighbors of the Proto-Slavic Belogrudovka (from earlier Komarov ) culture ( mtDNA U4a2 ) were the Sabatinovka Thracian complex - a mix of Catacomb Timber Grave amp Monteoru ( Sharafutdinova 1986 115 ) Dacian of which some yielded to the Belozerka gt Chernogorovka Cimmerian early Timber Grave Iranian speakers which in turn yielded to steppe Timber Grave Scythians The rest of the Dacians survived and are heard in todays Albanian The Timber Grave culture retreated South from the Ural forest steppe around the 12th century BCE due to climatic cooling Mezhovka culture filled the void they left Also the later Sarmatian amp Alan presence near the Dnieper by Kiev was enormous (re mtDNA U3 R1a- Z93 Slavic azъ Saka azu Ossetian aeligz amp loss of word-final nom -s ) Ukrainian cattle zebu mtDNA reflects this influx from the steppes of the East
In the Ukrainian gene pool six Y-DNA haplogroups are revealed E F (213
including G and I) J N1c1 (96) P and R1a1 Northeast European Sarmatians ( C Keyser et al 2009 ) are not merely romantics as Saka kurgan (mtDNa N1a1a1) genetics bear out ( C Keyser et al 2009 Voevoda et al 2000 Clisson et al 2002
Ricaut Francois-X et al 2004) - although historical Sarmatians ( Śarmis ) included Asian R1a- Z93 amp Uralic admixture (N3 U4) Note Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel The tripartite division of the Slavic languages may reflect latent regional substratum influence on dialects evolved from the Proto-Slav Komarov culture which was designated by hydronyms of a Slavic provenance by O N Trubačev East Slavic like its neighboring East Baltic Sosnitsa ( gt Bondarikha gt
Jukhnovo ) complex to the North had the near influence of the Catacomb culture and may reflect some later MVK Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) cultural dialogue ( Russian jalovec juniper Armenian elevin id ) from MVK Monteoru culture trade exchanges Monteoru Dacian and Proto Slavic were close to each other which may explain some Slavic Albanian isoglosses West Slavic R1a
M458 may well be inherited from ( post Lengyel -TRB ) Corded Ware Centum Globular Amphora culture area substratum ( re ERC GAS gt Czech pyacuteř fire
embers re ERC Oscan pūr ) with a Satem Pomeranian R1a1a1 L365 conversion (
in NW Pomeranian in SW Dacian ) preceding a later W Slavic expansion ( Slavic
Bogъ Saka Baga- Slavic azъ Saka azu - see EricHamp 2011 ) Language is not genetic it is acquired Note N1c1 ( N-M178 ) Baltic speakers in Lithuania amp Latvia or R1a1a1 ( LWb ) Uralic speakers in Estonia or Yoeme speakers of Yoi Noki in Arizona
Kelan Kolo Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Does this support the construct of a so-called Balto-Slavic region or Middle Dnieper cultural horzon of anciently related initial dialects of subgroups like a
Satem Armeno-Aryan Catacomb culture Graeco-Armenian poly-ethnic Centum Celto-Italic or much earlier Indo-Uralic Probably The distance between Slavic amp Baltic each to early Satem Indo-Iranian (Pit-grave Āryan Satem) is not as great as such labels would imply One can also easily group together Satem Baltic-Slavic-Indo-Iranian with RUKI amp declension ( locPl ending -su ) considerations They were all in obviously close contact by horseback or river travel But if there never was a specifically monolithic Proto-Baltic per se how can you ever have a monolithic Proto Balto-Slavic amid the chaotic multiculturalism of the Middle Dnieper horizon The R1a1a- evidence begs to differ Early Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo sites in Estonia date to 3000 BCE The different Balts are even physically distinct around that time due to substratum
The Baltic and Slavic subgroups were already well differentiated and autonomous (eg separate mythologies amp Baltic long root preterite archaic divergent
vocabularies ) yet close to one another with the adoption of the wheel kelan kolo ratas (3200 BCE) West Balts used asigmatic nom sg ntr ending -n whereas the East Baltic neuter compliment was derived from asigmatic -d like Lydian Zaza ləzga Ossetian лaeligдзaeligг - branch Russian dialect ляэга vs Lith laz-da (Albanian ledhi - id ) Note Baltic o Slavic a - and but - reflecting an ablative form of a pronoun (Avestan āt - then and) Archaeologists have not found the archetypal Balto-Slavic settlements per se probably because each branch group were formed and influenced in different NE W S regions ( re ratas kelan kolo ) of the Middle Dnieper culture by a diverse admixture of various peoples and influences albeit somewhat near each other neighboring a Proto-Dacian distinctly different Satem variant Of course they are related Balto-Slavic is a generic generalization of a brief Europeanized Satem linguistic horizon like Armeno-Aryan (remodeled ablative suffix etc) - but initially more polyethnic The idealized Proto-Balto-Slavic Satem dialect probably pertains to an earlier pre-Middle Dnieper Culture peripheral area somewhere bordering Catacomb amp Pit-Grave groups and in contact with northern Repin dialects for awhile But Baltic like Slavic are in fact products of multiculturalism throughout their linguistic evolutions
Proto-Slavic and the more northern early Baltics were partially composed of assimilated Dnieper-Donets and acculturated later Tripolye peoples emulating the Yamna-like IE Satem speakers of peripheral related Sredny Stog dialects among a multi-ethnic converging cultural vortex of others ( Dnieper Repins TRB
Globular Amphora amp CWC poly-ethnics ) and with more admixture later where they would settle The eventual influence of Timber Grave Belozerka Cimmerian and later steppe Scythian amp Sarmatian on Slavic ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 ) was significant ( loss of word-final -s ) With the mobility of wheels changes were occurring rapidly - isolation was fading fast The Slavic participle with -L appears to have more in common to distant Lydian than nearby Baltic
Like Wild West movies debates on Balto-Slavic have had a duration longer
than the original horizon probably lasted The close affinity of Satem Slavic amp Baltic to Yamna related Indo-Iranian can be no surprise nor their distinctive European poly-ethnic accents The fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) It seems the growing early pre-IIr Yamna and Eastern Baltic dialect areas moved Northward as did the early West Balts as the Thracians Dacian Pre-Albanians and Slavs who migrated southwestward assimilating various Central European non-IE native and early Centum-TRB mixed IE people ( GAS R1a M458 ) into their cultures ( Dacian place
name Clevora Lith Klevas maple Lith place-names Liepora Beržorai w distributive -
or- suffix ) Thereafter the original Slavic future tense (which was perhaps similar to
Baltic amp Indo-Iranian) was lost while assimilating Dniester Tripolye C2 populace and other groups - as did the neighboring pre-proto Germanic Globular Amphora who had replaced the future tense as well It now appears that Winters Law also applies to Albanian which draws Thracian into question Inconsistancies in Albanian Satemization may reflect a pre-Bilopotok culture substratum to Monteoru Dacian Satem language which was influenced by Hercynian Celts and later Dalmation substratum
The early Proto-Slavic dialect reflects an inter-ethnic dialogue ( RUKI of Slavic
Mid-Iranian ) of early Timber Grave Iranian (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp
later steppe Scythian) assimilation which occurred upon an earlier polyethnic Balto-Slavic dialects accent region ( due to assimilated non-IE substratum admixture) Slavic loss of word-final -s may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by early Timber Grave Iranian contact (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp steppe Scythian) Culturally the influence of the Timber Grave immigration ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- Vedic
Bhagas ) was not as imposing on the rustic nearby Dnieper-Desna Baltic steppe-forest dwellers An earlier hypothetical Balto-Slavic dialects Dnieper Basin Accent (DBA) of the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Culture ( R1a- Z280 ) area would be at least later-Sredny-Stog era followed by a gradual Pre-Proto-Slavic westward steppe ( plateau vs the forest ) trajectory evolving into the Proto-Slavic Komarov gt Belogrudovka culture
Maps indicating the location of the (Temematian) non-IE Tripolye (Cucuteni-
Trypillian) Culture of Dniester farmers compared with maps of the Proto-Slavic language region (based on hydronyms) parallel each other closely although there is at least two thousand years between each horizon Herodotus later describes Scythian farmers where once were only European Tripolye culture farmers On either side of the early Slavics were lively trade partners of early Germanics to the Northeast and early Baltics to the Northwest - both of which were also polyethnic to various degrees with native European peoples If the Corded Ware Europeanized isogloss of Dative Plural - M occurred as an areal innovation perhaps due to Uralic substratum phonetic influence it probably started with contact and assimilation with Globular Amphora peoples now of mixed affinities ( Narva Lengyel TRB amp Centum Globular Amphora R1a- M458 )
and spread at a very early formative stage of E+W Baltic development and pre-proto-Germanic pre-Slavic The Sanskrit alphabet long ago anticipated the natural progression of B to M which enabled a fast transition Assimilation often accompanies innovation It is interesting that both regionally related poly-ethnic ( Dniester Tripolye C2 TRB GAS ) neighboring Centum pre-Germanics and Satem pre-Slavics replaced the original future tense construct of -s- (re relics -
Slavic byšęšteje Czech probyšucny ) as opposed to the Italo-Celtics as well as the distant eastern Baltics who shared borders and the original future tense with -s with the early Satem Āryan Yamna cultures A example of Baltic s future may be seen in Lith duos lt dōH3s lt doH3s ( Lith dial dōs ) The mtDNA reflects such a scenario but whether it happened like this is anybodys guess
The influence of Dnieper Donets or the Tripolye substratum in the DBA or RUKI has not been given the attention it deserves The assimilation of regional Baltic speakers also influenced various Slavic languages such as the Milograd (E
Slavic jasen vs jesen - ash tree) Kolochin and Yotvingian cultures in Belarusian the large-scale East ( amp West ) Baltic substratum in the Old Novgorodian territory North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92+ amp N1c1 ) tl dl consonant clusters gt kl gl - like East Baltic the Pomeranian presence in West Slavic Dnieper-Dvina East Balt foundation of the Tušemlja culture (which later included immigrant
Sudovians and Slavs in the Long Barrow culture) and the widely scattered East Baltic speaking tribes in Western amp Northern Russia ( re LWb allele at 22 for Vologda
Russians ) Also noted is the area where Belarusian Russian amp Polish prepose their genitives In contrast specific lineage characterized by 16304C-16311C mutations which indicate the Slavonic migrations from Central to E Europe was not found among Lithuanians Although historically instructive it cannot eclipse the common origin in the Middle Dnieper culture that both Slavs and Balts share together especially the East Balts and East Slavs ( both with R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 ) and always will
Caveat Emptor gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Theories about dating the earliest Proto-Slavic in relation to the distinct early Baltic branches need to examine the carbon dated chronology of East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural remains ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) Baltic hydronyms in Russia such as the Oka river the loss of the original Slavic Future tense and Baltic loanwords (from assimilated East Balts) in Finno-Volgaic which help date the evidence Examples of archaic Baltic loanwords into Finno-Ugric are East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole gt North Saami čuolggu pole Finnish salko long pole Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane or Lithuanian šaras fodder gt Moksha Mordvinian śora grain lt Saka ṣara seed Another Finno-Ugric loanword from East Baltic ( re Samogitian medė forest ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest-border is gt Finnish metsauml- forest Estonian mets
Karelian mečču id Saami meahcci forest fringe Hungarian (w LWb allele
) messze far distant vs OCS mežda - alley lane Words to the wise about any theoretical Balto-Slavic dates - Caveat emptor and compare it to all the facts we already know from empirical science There are Latvias eleven C-14 cal dates ( Loze 1992 Tab1 ) of CWC with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (
Purhonen 1986 11 ) A diet of fish ( šapalas ) may lessen the dates a little but no time-travel technology has yet been found with those CWC artifacts Cest la vie Wisconsin celebrates a Leif Erikson Day but Spain may not
Fatyanovo East Baltic developed from an earlier Northeastern forest variant subgroup ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 ) of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon with assimilated Euro-Repin Centum GAS while Southwestern Proto-Slavic steppe variants were emerging at the same time elsewhere Each were regionally distinct (forest steppe) subgroups yet related hybrid retro-core Satem cultures of diverse cultural components Neither group ever identified themselves with a xenophobic Āryan terminology ( re Mansi tas stranger ) The more conservative Northern Satem groups preferred to use the IE inclusive term Tauta (people) or liaudis (re Russ ljudi Khowar roi) Balto-Slavic is a useful generalization of a complex Middle Dnieper linguistic horizon and generic at best
Think Green gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There never was a monolithic Proto-Baltic per se Note the Eastern Baltic LWb gene analysis below or the multiple R1a1a- variations of Middle Dnieper Z280 cultures There are archaic pre-GAC Satem and post-GAS Euro-Repin Centum integrated aspects of the Baltic languages If GAC Euro-Repin-Centum defines what is Baltic does Steppe TG Iranian define what is Slavic The various West East Baltic Thracian amp Slavic languages (along with the Indo-Iranian branch) represent an archaic continuum of remnant subgroups of former core Satem IE dialects the last Proto Indo-European branches to finally split The Proto-Baltics would be none other than some Proto Satem Indo-European dialects together with the closely neighboring Satem pre-Thracian amp pre-Dacian Proto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-Iranian It may be more helpful to visualize East Baltic Slavic amp Indo-Iranian as part of the still growing main Satem trunk rather than as language branches Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
The LWb blood marker CCR5 Delta 32 mutation BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In respect to hematological variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele was highest in the Central East Balts around 75 among Lithuanian Samogitians
and very low among the other western Europeans ( 0-01 ) Click here for the PDF
version of the LWb Study The LWb blood allele can be seen as a genetic Tribal Marker of Prehistoric East Baltic Migrations and Admixture and perhaps not a West-Baltic marker since inhabitants of the Sūduva region average only a mere 27 vs 29 for Finns 22 for distant northern Vologda Russians or 4 for Estonians ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) - even after over 600 years of continuous Lithuanian colonization and admixture in the Sūduva region For those who still think all Sudovians vanished please reread the prior sentence - slowly Lithuanian R1a rates ( R1a1a1 including Z92 or L235 w LWb ) vary widely with West Aukštaičiai 406 vs South Aukštaičiai R1a at 618 in a sans MtDNA H1 region ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004 ) The absence of the 16304C-
16311C mutations prevents unneeded misinterpretations Genetic structure analyses also suggest Poles from Suwalszczyzna (northeastern Poland ) differ from all remaining Polish and Russian samples ( Grzybowski et al 2007 ) The Aryan R1a- Z93+ found in Lithuania is associated with that regions Tatars China Japan and Somalia evidently evaded incursions of LWb laced barbarians far better than either Gotland or Hungary although Gotlands LWb probably involved extensive secondary contacts with Estonians and Finns Maritime interaction with Vikings of Sweden amp Gotland is reflected by increased frequencies of the PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland region of Latvia ( Beckman L et al 1999 ) whereas Estonian interaction with Gotland is reflected by the TFDCHI allele ( Beckman L et al 1998 ) and LWb allele frequencies in Gotland ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) Hungarys LWb may perhaps reflect the Dyakovo-Gorodets horizon with East Balt participation Eurasian or archaeological DNA test results for the rare LWb allele mutation are sill pending Any occurrence of the LWb allele or Z280 ( Northern variants ) in Kazakhstan amp Eurasia will be noteworthy as will unexpected N1c1 types The Y-DNA of Lithuania is roughly about 5050 for N1c1 amp R1a and varies somewhat by regions MtDNA H1 frequencies are very very low among Lithuanians and virtually non-existent with the Saacutemi In Lithuania MtDNA H1 is mainly confined to only Northern Žemaitians The Aukštaičiai like the Saacutemi have none ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004
) Tests confirm the Narva substratum assimilated by East Balts had mtDNA U5b1 U5b2 amp U4 ( Bramanti et al 2009 ) This cultural inheritance from Kunda amp an early N1c Uralic substratum links Lithuanians amp Saacutemi as well as centuries of cross cultural fly agaric mushroom trade ( per M Gimbutas ) or the shared ethnocidal amp genocidal persecutions from a European Christendom ( Willumsen
LH 1997 ) busy shilling tickets to their heaven Tickets to Heaven hocus pocus amp the gravy train ( re nāstika Brihaspati ) The Prince of Peace deserves better
Less the above referenced genetical info be misinterpreted as some form of encrypted RWA cracker-code-speak I will stress that the fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) You are unique - just like everyone else People are people - some individuals shine some hide in their cruel fear Most of our DNA is African As my friend Robbin
said Its all good
The elevated CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation frequencies distributed in East Balts amp Volgaics and CCR5-Delta 32 DNA chronology ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) coincide closely with the ethnicities of the poly-ethnic Dyakovo cultures middle phase and may further illuminate earlier Ossetian contacts or some unique isoglosses Whether there is any correlation between the LWb allele and the CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation besides Baltic region epicenters is just speculation at present Perhaps the science of a common R1a Z92 inheritance of Russians and Baltic people will usher in a new era of unity and respect
The Western Balts were a hybrid mix of Funnel Beaker ( TRB including some
outlier Badens ) Centum Globular Amphora ( GAS gt eg pẽku ) and Corded Ware Satem Middle Dnieper people with Uralic Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1) people on Neolithic Nemunas and Narva substratum populations Archaeologist today can distinguish Europeanized West Balt culture skulls from those of nearby neighboring Satem East Baltic Fatyanovo types The distinction ( R1a1a- L366 vs LWb allele w R1a1a1 or Z92 L235 amp N1c1 ) was evidently very old and more than just grammatical Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements ( Brazaitis
2005 fig 5 Girininkas 2009 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import like pešti pešus pẽšis Kailas ( re Sudovian Kayles Gothic Hails
Vandalic Eils Old Norse Hail - perhaps all heard together for centuries at Wiskiauten Bar-B-Qs )
Ρως Ρωζζία amp Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
| C + Ͻ |
YATVEZ - Ятвезь
The myth of Terra Nullius ( deserted wasteland ) was merely historic ethnocidal propaganda justifying centuries of Papal Conquests Atrocities amp Theft - in both the Old and the New World It was a lie and DNA now proves it was only ethnic cleansing fiction A census by the Orthodox clergy of the Belarus
Grodno area in 1860 had as many as 30929 inhabitants identifying themselves as Yatviags (Yotvingians) The Byzantine Treaty with Kiev prince
Igor in 944 notes among the Rus ( Grk Ρως ) envoys a Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
one Jaacutetvįgrsquo for Gunnar ᚴᚢᚾᛅᚱ The Varangian (lt Old Norse Vaeligringi ) affinities
of an original poly-ethnic Jaacutetvings minority may explain the reapplication of East Baltic Gudai to later stereotype that Grodno regions other mixed poly-ethnic inhabitants ( Γυδωνες - Γουται ) Settlements of the 9th century with distinctly Viking cultural characteristics have been found around the Grodno area It appears that within a century or two of Viking trade and settlement those Norse ( Norethmenn ) either dispersed along the nearby Nemunas river and or assimilated in with ranking locals ( a common Viking custom ) Their Yotvingian Y-DNA survives with closest Y-DNA matches from Norway Ireland amp Scotland ( clan Gotheray ) Sweden followed by Cumbria amp one in Finland - a Y-DNA trail of related Lochlannar Norse clansmen Family
Historic records indicate they opposed surrendering the old beliefs of their forefathers for an imposed foreign import A new ( re AС Кибинь below ) rational etymology of the Baltic Jotving- Jātving- now rescued from from an inert provincialism of kaleidoscopic self-replicating hypotheticals and ethnocentric tunnel vision can finally be derived from an original Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr lucky spear Varangian leaders Heiti name ( gen sg = Jātvīgs Ρως - Lieth
retinue-crew gt Jātvįgs Rōs or Jātvįgs Lieth gt Jātvings - as luck would have it
L448 ) The nasal infixation of the West Norse original ( -iacutegs -īgs gt -įgs gt -ings ) as well as artifacts reflects close early contacts with local Dainavians-Sūdovians for whom the ubiquitous trademark nasal -ing- suffix ( -īg- in Latvian ) was indeed highly productive ( re Aps-ingis Zietela ldquoRus-ingisrdquo etc ) and is thus non-problematic - and in fact rather insightful for its nasal affectation of the local Balts Top this off with the peculiar parallel nominative-genitive singular ( re Wilkaskaymen ) of West Baltic dialects and it it easy to see how an original genitive Jaacutetviacutegs Lieth ( Varangians ) from Old Norse becomes assimilated as a poly-ethnic West Baltic nominative Jātvings Jotvings Voilagrave A Dainavianized nomgen sg nasal Jātvįgs from an Old West Norse genitive singular Jaacutetviacutegs - Jaacutetviacutegr‟s Lieth effortlessly yeilds
Jotvings ( note Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr (w-t-) vs related Eadwig [ Ӕтьвѧгъ ᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴ ] Eadwy or Jadwiga w-d- )
These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvaacutegs Rocircs ( Liethsmenn ) along
the Nemunas river would acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically within 3 generations or less ) amp assimilation - many by inter-marriage like with other Vikings elsewhere Rocircs ( lt Roethsmenn ) may well reflect an earlier pre-sail era maritime terminology Centuries of multi-cultural
commingling between West Balts amp Scandinavians are also reflected at other trade settlements like Saeborg-Grobina Truso or Kaup Wiskiauten PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland ( Kurland ) region of Latvia ( Beckman L et
al 1999 ) mirror poly-cultural blending of Grobina artifacts as does LWb in Gotland In more precise terms the Varangians were primarily Norse mercenaries whereas the Rocircs or Rus were the wider poly-ethnic base of the imported Viking culture which also included merchants boatmen and traders - from Birka to Kiev
As convenient as that all sounds it should be noted that the ubiquitous modern Lithuanian Jotvingis term itself a recent theoretical neologism from the middle 1920s Opps This Jotvingis neologism coined in the 20s was derived solely from various historical Slavic labels of the Varangian era To the Balts repelling the aggressive invading Kiev Rus and later Crusaders these poly-ethnic assimilated mixed Norse-Balt descendants were already just one
of us These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvįgs Varangians would
acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically
within 3 generations or less ) amp with assimilation A Zietela dialect word pamarkas-accursed is probably an assimilated Viking relic term of the Old Norse morkinn-decayed-rotten like the Scots English murkle reproach The Turovians group name likewise reflects a Norse Varangian Rus leaders name
( THORNoacuterir - ᚦᚬᚱᛁᚱ ) aligned with a Ragnvaldr - ᚱᛅᚴᚾᚢᛅᛚᛏᚱ in Polotsk along with
Garethariki Holmgarethr - ᚼᚢᛚᛘᚴᛅᚱᚦᚱ Austrvegr although the Рогволод - Моря Ragnvaldr - Moslashre similarities invite a critique Relations between Polotsk and Kiev became rather strained in 945 One of Vladimirs many campaigns to collect more tribute-taxes ( poliude ) and gain strategic Nemunas river trade access to the Baltic Sea is the first written ( albeit somewhat quasi-historical ) account of plural Yotvingians dated to 983 Fifty five years later in 1038 Yaroslav battles the Yotvingians and later the Lithuanians who were together allied with rebellious pagan Masovians ( amp prior Galindians ) - although another source reports a quite different scenario of a 1038 Yotvingian conflict - by Volkavysk Viking turf wars were not altogether unknown No traces of any hypothetical Baltic hydronym Jacirct-vacirc have ever been found to this day in the Terra Jatwezenorum region None Zip
A Belarusian Vawkavysk dialect Ятвезь [ Yatvez or Jatvez ] Anchor term obtusely connects the Norse Thors hammer of Vikings amp other Scandinavian relics to the original Yotvingians of that Black Russian region - who initially
spoke the Old Norse of Varangians Nobody vanished Get real ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᚱ When in doubt tell the truth - Mark Twain
For more about a Norse Rus Yatviag Yotvingian etymology see Кибинь
AС Ятвяги в X-XI вв laquoбалтское племяraquo или laquoбереговое братствоraquo Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2008 2(4) С117-132
The Loki pendant of Gnezdovo note the striking resemblance to the Snaptun Stone Loki - jp
Another East Baltic tribal migration marker may be a significantly increased frequency of the BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype ( Van Landeghem et al 1998 )
The spread of Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup R1a1a- as well as the B blood type is associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages too Many Latvian tartan weaving patterns are nearly identical to ancient Tocharian tartans found recently with Tocharian mummies (w U4 two-rooted lower canines
VRC ) recovered in Western China (see Secrets of the Silk Road) Tocharians were evidently also dedicated hemp farmers like the Balts and historical kapnobatai Thracians East Baltic Lithuanian place-names Beržorai ( birches
) or Liepora ( lindens ) reflect the Tocharian B distributive suffix -ār as does the Satem Dacian place-name Clevora (re Lith Klevas maple) West Baltic had Saitoran - the knotty Pleiades ( EV 6 ) Slavic also has such a parallel arboreal related suffix It would be worthy to note that some Dnieper culture horizons exhibit a degree of intrusive Repin style pottery from Middle Dnieper Repins Middle Dnieper Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration A high frequency of the CCR5-Delta 32 allele in Lithuanian populations at levels of about 16 has been documented This allele mutation confers resistance to HIV (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old ( J Novembre et al 2005 )
Lithuanian Ashkenazi Jews have also interested geneticists since they display a number of unique genetic characteristics including Y-DNA haplogroup Q
SONGS OF THE FOREST gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Traditional ancient Baltic songs ( Lith Dainos Latv Dainās re Vedic Dhėnās ) are a vast resource of the Baltic languages The Dainos are the Rig Veda of the East Baltic people These Hymns were first brought into the Baltic forests before 3000 BCE and preserved within innumerable homesteads person to person winter after long winter from 2600 BCE to this day Their antiquity is only eclipsed by their numbers and variations They are usually Hymns of stanzas many of which are divine revelations from the ancient Native Religion and Mythology but in contrast to most other similar forms they often lack earthly heroes Many Latvian dainās are not long typically in quatrains and often trochaic (metrically of one long syllable followed by one short one) and more rarely dactylic These ancient Hymns are superb relics of the pre-Christian East Baltic Native Religion and the life of the people especially its three important events - birth weddings and deathburial but also lifes infinite experiences
Dod Dieviņi ko dodamis Dod man labas div‟ lietiņas
Ceļā labū kumeliņu Mūžāi labu līgaviņu
There are literally millions of verses of these truly ancient Dainos Dainās now in written form The forest is also home to Seto Leelo the Seto polyphonic singing tradition Saacutemi joiks ( or ldquoyoiksrdquo ) and others All are irreplaceable treasures So intertwined with the archaic languages and their enormous vocabularies it is virtually impossible to try to separate the two These Hymns are still sung to this day - person to person
The magic of language is a gift from mother to child
living as a memorial to all Women who gave it to us
____________________________________________________
BE HERE NOW
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
More than half of the planets 7000 or so languages are facing extinction within this century
We are losing around two languages a month - or about one every two weeks
Learn an endangered language or at least help conserve one - as if it was your own They are
PLEASE DONATE TODAY TO
Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization
ADOPT-A-LANGUAGE
This webpage was FREE after all Dont be cheap
DO IT NOW BE A MAN ___________________________________________________ And as a special way of saying Thank You for your generous contribution we will provide you a link to exciting new Saacutemi music on YouTube absolutely FREE OF CHARGE
___________________________________________________
The Sudovian greeting Kailas re-affirms that we are all One - with each other and with the Earth we share
Dermė
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The nearly extinct Lithuanian gray - Latvian blue cow breeds also need immediate international support amp attention - ASAP
- poshkahotmailcom
Click on Photo for Baltic Log Home Architecture
The ancient Twin Horse Sky motif found on top of
Lithuanian homes reflects the related Vedic Sanskrit Ašvins Similiar ( Ašvieniai ) symbolism was found in the
Khvalynsk and Samara PIE cultures (4100 - 5500 BCE) The Twin Horse Sky motif is also evident in Mari ethnic symbols
| Proto Indo European | | Mažiulis | | Nostratic Language |
| Prussian Language Website | | Janis Endzelins Baltic Languages |
| Old Prussian Texts |
| Mordvinian Dictionary |
The above text is an excerpt from Virdainas copy Jos Pashka 2012
~ in memory of Jeannette DeBusk Cox Charles Richard Dean amp Netta Poska ~
Erzya-Moksha Mordvin loanwords include - vərgas ( Indo-Iran vrkah ) pejel - knife ( Lith peilis peile ) kardaz ( Lith gardas gt Common Permian kar fortified place )
and uske viska - metal ( Tokharian A was B yasa Armenian uoski Sanskrit ucchati ) Finnic Mari has waž for metal ore Forest Nenets has a wyesya cognate
Also Finnish kekri annual Native festival lt kekra-j lt kekra- gt Sanskrit chakra Finnic kehrauml disk vs Sanskrit chāttra Finnic vihi ( Lith vėžė )
Baltic Deivas - The Divine Spirit of Heaven influenced Finnish taivas Estonian taevas heaven perhaps Saami taiw and also
Hungarian taacutej Khanty tai - locus Often ignored semantics of East Baltic celestial Deivas are illustrated in phrases from Latvian dainās ( eg Saule noiet dievā - Nav
saulīte dievā gaiša ) Finnish toivo like orpo ( Skt arbha-h ) or vasara ( Skt vajra-h ) lack final s unlike Finnish taivas - blue blue sky re Saule
noiet dievā
Saulės Rẽtis
( Suns Halo )
As for the monolithic Balto-Slavic of academics - Slavic has kolo wheel kola cart West Baltic has kelan wheel kelā cart East Baltic ratas wheel ratai cart
East Baltic Lithuanian also has rẽtys - halo circle around sun moon re E Baltic risti - rita raitėti - rieta retėti riets rotāt rotēt etc - ablaut - related to Lithuanian ratas wheel Latvian rats
Magic spiritual talismans known as Amber Sun-Discs found in Globular Amphora sites and elsewhere may be a key to the cross cultural ratas term of central Europe
(Linear B ideogram 243) Latin teres-retis - rounded well-turned and East Baltic Lithuanian retys provide a fresh etymology for PIE
roteH2 rotH2os ( spokes included ) If phonemic pitch following loss of laryngeals developed in connection with the monophthongization of diphthongs exhibited by a vocalic
feature from a segmental phoneme - Finnish taivas or heinauml illustrate the chronology of the loans from the host East Baltic language
Estonia and India alone share the 294 single marker of mtDNA N1a1a1 ( 147A-172-223-248-294-320-355 ) lt GAS
Mitochondrial haplogroup N1a phylogeography with implications to the origin of European Farmers 2010 BMC Evolutionary Biology Publication 10304
Re Karelian kes(t)rauml Estonian kedr spindle and Vedic cāttra id
The pre-migration Tocharian like Volga-Repins may have had an unattested word for Maple borrowed as wakšter into Finnic Cognates may be Latin acer - maple Old Norse askr - ash Old Lithuanian akštras - sharp The maples range extends to the Kama
river basin Perhaps Tocharian Repins originally used maple saplings for livestock prods Or perhaps it was a Baltic akšteras
The songs of the Erzya Mordvin thunder god Pur‟gine parallel both Lith Perkūnas and Vedic Parjanya ( परजनय ) closely
The Avestan name Vada-gan for a demon ( the Striker ) - reflecting a similar word in East Baltic vedega ax may have a Ural region kulturnaya obshchnost‟ connection ( Saami vietka bdquoadze‟rlm )
Finnish vasara hammer is a loanword from an later form ( lacking final s ) of Avestan vazra amp Vedic vajra [ vaźras - mace club ]
which are related to Lith vėzdras mace club Latv vẽza vẽzecirct to swing in the air wave wag or perhaps Lith vagis wedge ( Finnish vaaja )
Latvian veseris maul-hammer probably a loanword from Livonian Note Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere lack archaic Indo-Iranian final s (re Komi voumlrkas wolf )
PIE ueg - to swing gt vẽźras gt vėzdras vėzdas w altered ź-da gt zda as in synonym Lith lazda lt laźda
The current Finnish word for Millennium vuosituhat is a combination of four thousand year old loanwords
from both Pre-Indo-Aryan and Volga-Baltic neighbors by the Ural Mountains (re Latv tū-ska swelling Lith tū-las many Tocharian B kaumlnte 100 Sanskrit dve śate 200 )
Related Repin Tocharian B tumane 10000 lt Iranian tumān id lack a s cognate
( East Baltic Lithuanian tum-stas bulk heap mass - tumėti to curdle)
Mordvin Erzya tožon tužən Moksha tožaumln Estonian root stem tuhante 1000 may reflect an early Fatyanovo East Baltic participle tūśante tūšanti
preceding a poly-ethnic GAS Centum tūskanti and GAS-ed East Baltic tūstantis 1000 ( gt Old Latvian tuustosch- )
re Finnish laiha GAS Lith liesa Fatyanovo laiša ( also Latvian tūkst sing pret tūska ) Perhaps tūksa- gt tūšant- gt + GAS gt tūstantis 1000 huge - note Old Latvian tuustosch-
The Uralic words may well reflect an early East Baltic pre-GAS ( pre-compromised RUKI ) Upper Dnieper Satem word that evolved with poly-ethnicism
( East Baltic Dnieper Satem evolved on a non-IE Narva substratum w N1c1 early Uralics and ERC Globular Amphora = poly-ethnic )
Follow the Money Back in 3000 BCE it was follow the copper amp amber
It has been suggested Germanic thousand reflects tū-skont- which may reflect
a Gas poly-ethnic ( š gt sk ) trade variant tūskanti by Centum Globular Amphora The Globular Amphora amber trade network may have used a Centum modified
( š gt sk gt tūskant- gt tū-skont- ) variant while the Uralic variants reflect an EBaltic tūšant- ( gt later GAS-ed tūstant- ) variant from Fatyanovo-
Balanovo ( East Baltic Dnieper Satem ) A 2800 BCE flint-amber trade GAC tūs-kont- was perhaps interpreted by trade contacts as
a tūs-šimt- compound word gt W Baltic tūsimt-
The chronology of CWC regional variant cultures is critical for untangling the etymology of 1000
Slavic RUKI indicates far less early integration of GAS although cultural trade contacts
are plainly evident Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive
in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- A 2800 BCE Slavic -s- from -sk- appears plausible considering dative pl -m- became -b-
and the perceived participle reflecting eo type variations of 1000 Pots dont talk they speak - volumes
Old East Baltic Medu and Vaška were related neuters Note Finno-Ugric Hungarian meh-viasz In the same occupation are the related words - Mordvin keras Mari karas Udmurt karas from Fatyanovo era East Baltic
( Latv kāres Lith korys ) Re Lith Mekš-uogis buckthorn-berry Meksėti meksi stutter be mad - Skt makšikā fly bee makš- be angry
( Volgaic Mekš bee the angry one ) No Mekši cognate is found in Ob-Ugric
There is also a DNA relationship between Baltic males and Uralics ( Mari )
eg Meadow Mari tuumlžem - thousand Mari ləśtaś - Lith lakštas From the archaeological record one can also trace legacies of Upper Middle Dnieper gt Fatyanovo gt Balanovo gt Kazan gt Chirkovo-Seyma gt
Ananino gt Mari amp Mordvin cultures
The Romanian Dacian Doina - song is probably a residual loanword from the Lithuanian The Daina Dhėnā Vedic word has been analyzed many years earlier but not as an assimilated loanword from Corded Ware East Baltic
which J Pāshka contends and which Ural region loanwords and polyethnic Abashevo-Sintashta archeaological data would support Vedic Dhėnā and Soma ( borrowed from Uralic ) reflect the polyethnic early Āryan culture by the Ural Mountains ( Rhipean Lipynė )
Ephedra is not found in the Ural regions conifer forests Amanita muscaria is and abundantly so ( re Khanty Soma hewn mortar ) - On Vedic Dhėnā Prayer Song - Maurice Bloomfield Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol 46 (1926) pp 303-308
D Razauskas wrote an excellent article about
CORRESPONDENCES TO THE INDO-IRANIAN MYTHICAL WIND IN LITHUANIAN FOLKLORE
Do try to Google it
Rig Vedic Sanskrit Vāyu - wind Lithuanian dialect Vėjus - wind
The round kurgan mound tradition of the Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan in Nothern Bihar India also resembles Śaka Steppe kurgans of Eurasia amp Russia w U4
Timber Grave culture favored orienting the head of the deceased towards the North - re Mahaparinibbana Sutta The Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan identified themselves with the Solar clan
The Digha Nikaya of the Tipitaka Pali Buddhist canon describes Siddhartha Gautama as having very blue eyes ( Pali abhi nila netto )
The Chinese described Bodhidharma as 藍眼睛的野人
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India although U4 is more prevalent on the Afghanistan - Pakistan border Tajikistan and the Eurasia of the Steppe Śaka
Gintaras reflects the Sembian dialect pronunciation with their typical narrowing of en to in
adopted as such in some neighboring East Baltic dialects ie swints vs šventas Modern Lithuanian gintaras amber vs dialect variant gentaras id
Hungarian gyentar gt gyantar amber gyenta resin Chuvash jandar glassy Mari jamdar transparent suggest the amber trade with
East Balts Old adjectival -tar neuter suffix in East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin
( re ON kvaetha Skt jatu resin aśvatara- mule ) The original PIE adjectival -tar neuter suffix was also later used in a comparative sense ( ie wet-ter )
although originally it was mainly adjectival The 13th century work Jami ul hikayat by Ufi describes the Baltic sea origin of yellow amber traded to the
Chinese by Khotan procured from Turks re Chinese yan tse - ( alhagi camelorum ) plant which produces a amber-like honey sap Baltic in Chinese - who knew
Amber ornaments have been found with the Middle Dnieper and Globular Amphorae ( w TRB ) culture artifacts attesting to the ancient relationship Balts have had with Amber
Of Soma the original entheogen ingredient of dried Amanita muscaria ( Fly Agaric ) became extremely scarce with later Āryan migrations and was eventually substituted with a mixture of Ephedra Cannabis and opiates
It was a very poor imitation of the genuine Uralic Soma rite The Indo-European use of Amanita muscaria survived intact in Lithuania - hidden away in forests beyond
the reach of ethnocidal Christians Lithuanians continue the ancient custom of using milk and honey ingredients mixed with the dried Amanita muscaria
to make a beverage for Sharing According to Marija Gimbutas Lithuanians used to supply quantities of Amanita muscaria to the
Saacutemi Noiade in the North for use by the Saacutemi Shamans (Finnish tietaumljauml) ( Volgaic Erzya Mokša Sjuma Səma - hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger
Khanty Soma hewn wooden vessel ) Not directly related to above are Lithuanian semti to draw water Uralic sim- drink Tocharian smantildentildee broth
Hungarian hiacuted bridge is of Alanic origin - re Ossetian xid xed id Khotanese hī id
One out of 3 Kalash have mitochondrial DNA belonging to haplogroup U4 In fact the most prevalent mitochondrial haplogroup of the Kalasha people is U4 aka the Ulrike clade
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India Haplogroup U4 is common among northwestern Siberian populations and is also found among the Mari Mordvin
and Mansi of the Volga-Ural region of Russia as well as the Estonians Finns Balts and Tocharian mummies A Kalasha English Dictionary link is provided below
The Prakrits preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) absent in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words
The mushroom associated Kaukeliai gnomes remained with the forest dwellers
The hemp tradition of Eurasian Steppe Saka is reflect in Old English haelignep Old Irish cnaip Slovak konope West Baltic knapios Armenian kanap Albanian Geg kaneumlp Latvian kaņepe Lithuanian kanapė Turkmen kenaumlp
The Novosvobodna and earlier Maikop (aka Maykop ) cultures probably conveyed the Sumerian kanubi term - as well as the genetic clade of R1b ( aka R1b1b2 ) into IE early Bronze Age cultures with trade and contact ( re Germanic amp Tocharian R1b )
Note - Sumerian gu gt Skt gaus Latvian guovs Armenian kov Gk bous L bov- OIr bo - cow as well as the East Baltic Lydian singular neuter ending in -d
Within the Moscow City limits are found a Fatyanovo cemetary and a later Dyakovo settlement - both near the Kremlin re Finnish kesauml - summer harvest and E Baltic kasyti kast kesyti ( Albanian kosit - harvest the crops)
Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov born in Staraya Kupavna near Moscow would single handedly save humanity and the World in 1962
East Baltic lašiša salmon is also known as vošis a fast type of fish or trout or more commonly vašylas For 3rd person dual jiedu instead of expected yra or esti my Suvalkian Grandmother Johanna used esą Strange but true
Legal Disclaimer - The above text in no way suggests anyone should use illegal drugs or experiment with Amanita mushrooms
Genetic portrait of modern Belarusians mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome perspective Alena Kushniarevich 1Larysa Sivitskaya 1Nina Danilenko 2Richard Villems 1Oleg Davydenko
1Institute of Genetics and Cytology Academicheskaya Str 27 Belarus 2Estonian Biocenter Riia Str 23 Estonia
The LWb blood group as a marker of prehistoric Baltic migrations and admixture Sistonen P Virtaranta-Knowles K Denisova R Kucinskas V Ambrasiene D Beckman L
Hum Hered 1999 Jun49 (3)154-8
LW locus has been assigned to chromosome 19p133 The LW gene corresponds to 3 exons of 265 kb on chromosome 19 The LWa amp LWb alleles are different at a single base pair - codon 70 - corresponding to one amino acid residue which is arginine for LWb
The LWb mutation was a singular event - in all of human history
ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚷᚨᚷᚿᚱᛃᚿᛖᚿᛞᚢᚱ ᛗᛁᚿᚨᚱ ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚡᛁᛋᛏᚨ ᚨᚿᛞᚨᚿᚢᛗ
ᚦᚢ ᚦᚨᚱᚠᛏ ᚦᚨᚧ ᚠᛃᚱᛁᚱ ᚢᛈᛈᛒᛚᚨᛋᚿᚨ ᛖᛚᛋᚲᚢᚷᚨ ᚦᛁᚿᚿ
Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
| MariUver - a Site about Maris Mari El Finno-Ugric |
| and other Indigenous People of Russia |
The ancient Sacred Grove of Native Mari Religion
The Mari Kuumlsoto parallels Finnic and Estonian Hiis Similiar Holy Groves are known as Lud among the Udmurt The East
Baltic terms are Lith Alkas amp Latv Elka
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) and Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG) in an exhaustive 2006 report Russian Federation The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El found widespread evidence of political and cultural persecution of Mari people The Mari Native religious practices ( and the Cheremis Marla
faith ) have come under ever increasing pressure and severe persecution from intolerant Russian Government Officials and so-called Christians according to Human Rights groups
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
| Kalasha - English Dictionary Online |
| English - Kalasha Dictionary |
Thank you for visiting Genetically WE ARE ALL ONE
and thats a fact
Culture is something we Share - not own
As Comrade Lennon said - Imagine
Shi nūsun būsna ast praeivingiska kaigi asenes vupjai
Budeis
According to Herodotus (approx 450 BCE) the Neuri ( Νέσροι ) were a tribe living
North of the Tyres (Dneister river) and the furthest nation beyond the Scythian farmers along the course of the river Hypanis (Bug river) The Bug river meets the Naura ( Baltic name for the Narew ) river The Naura river leads one to Galinda and Suduva Since trade increased recognition the Neuri of Herodotus were possibly related to the Galindians and Sudovians Herodotus also mentions the wild white horses nearby that grazed by a great lake which scholars today suggest are the Podlesie marshes by the Bialowieza Forest Yotvingian Tarpans from the Bialowieza Forest seasonally faded to near white in Winter In 500 BCE Eastern Europe climate was much cooler and wetter There is still a town in Poland named Nur ( Νσρ) 52deg 40 0 N 22deg 18 0 E along the upper Bug River near the Bialowieza Forest The Nurzec river runs nearby and the local district currently bears the rivers name Balts traditionally take ethnonyms from local hydronyms The Baltic verbal roots nur- to immerse or niur- to get murky may be sources of the local hydronym Archaeologists have excavated a fortified settlement and an open settlement near Moloczki Poland by the Nurzec river There are probably many more yet unexcavated in Ziemia Nurska as the area is known as Udmurt nur swamp might contradict this theory
The Balts of Ptolemy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Greek geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd Century AD mentioned only two
Baltic tribal nations the Γαλίνδαι and Σοσδινοί Romans coins ( Tiberius
Caligula ) unearthed in Suduva predate Ptolemys account Σουδινοί was
possibly a typo for Σουδιυοί (re Ιαησγγιωνες) It is of interest to note that an early differentiation of dialects also took place in the Central Eastern dialects evolving early Lithuanian Žemaitian Latvian at a period when the neuter gender was still common in East Baltic ( Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish kela reel spool
Old Prussian kelan wheel )
The Western Balts gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The Western Baltic dialect that later gave rise to the Sudovian Galindian Pomesanian and various Prussian languages is one of the dialects of the Early-Western Baltic Area ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) The Coastal West Balts emerged as yet another dialect (Curonian language) of the Peripheral Early-West Baltic Area near the bordering dialects of the Central Early-East Baltic language area The Western Balts were a poly-ethnic hybrid mix of Corded Ware Satem peoples on outliers of Funnel Beaker Globular Amphora with Nemunas - Narva substratum ( GAS ) population Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements there
( Brazaitis 2005 fig 5 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import
Thus the Western Balts should include the Sudovians ( Яцьвягі ) Galindians Pomesanians and various Prussians and also the Curonians the former comprising the Southern group and the latter the Coastal Northern group This explains the close similarity between Sudovian ( Yotvingian ) Galindian Pomesanian and Prussian A successful modern revival of the Prussian language is now known as New Prussian A link to their Prussian language website is provided below
The Old Prussian Sembian dialect though exhibits a prolonged influence ( Pratorius corrupt Prussian ) from the influx of nearby Curonians when compared to the more distant Pomesanian or Sudovian The Sembian dialect of the Old Prussian Catechisms has muti tawas (mother father) whereas the Pomesanian of the Elbing Vocabulary has mothe towis The chronicled Sudovian Occopirmus similarly differs from the Catechism Sembian ucka- Farther inland away from coast and Curonians we do find Prussian Tlokunpelk - Bears Marsh Galindian did not historically border the Curonians and was close to Sudovian in many respects
Certain innovations (ie thousand participle ) that occurred in the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 L235 L784 N1c1 ) dialects are not reflected in the
Peripheral ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) Western Baltic dialects ( with attrition to 4 core
declensional cases re neighboring Gothic) Each area also had different mixtures of substratum populations involved in their ethno-genetic formations ( re LT F-U
Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) and later neighboring influences The Peripheral West Baltic dialects exhibit an archaic appearing declension which gives one a unique window into both Baltics and the Northern Indo-European GAS influenced dialects and the influence of diverse substratum on varied evolutions The currently spoken East Baltic dialects are more evolved expressive and elegant Bi-lingual West East Baltic speakers adopted East Baltic rather quickly
The traditional academic construct of a seven case declensional system for early Proto Indo-European is as synthetic as it is theoretically convenient ( Jeannette DeBusk Cox )
Only nominative genitive dative and accusative forms have constant
intercrossing functions in various Indo-European languages while forms used for the instrumental or locative cases (traditionally declared to be Common Indo-
European) have related functions eg the IE -ois may occur in the instrumental case in one language and in the locative case in other ones or -ō (apophonically) -ē occurs as -āt in the Indo-Iranian ablative and as -it in the Hittite instrumental Such intercrossing elements were used for semi-paradigmatic adverbial forms differently paradigmatized in the various Indo-European languages (V Toporov V J Mažiulis)
Eastern amp Western Baltic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Some very archaic lexical differences exist between the Western Baltic ( R1a1a-
Z280 L366 etc ) dialects and the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92
L235 N1c1 ) dialects The word for fire is just such an example The Western Balts used the word panu whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ugnis Another example is the word for wheel The Western Balts used the word kelan whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ratas These words have cognates in other ancient Indo-European languages ( For the
Centum GAS ratʔas relationship between Old Irish roth Lithuanian ratas and
Sanskrit ratha - see below ) That such diversity of basic terminology existed within Proto-Baltic illustrates the antiquity of the West East Baltic vocabulary inherited from the late Sredny Stog horizon (3500-3350 BCE) into the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Middle Dnieper culture ( R1a1a- Z280 ) horizon that influenced the evolution of divergent dialects by cultural contacts Outliers of Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva populations added poly-ethnic substratum cultural influence ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 Česnys et al 1990
Mochalov OD 2001-2002 ) to Fatyanovo contributing a residual non-Satem vocabulary of their central European GAS Centum words like pẽku - livestock ( vsSatem Lith pešti pešus pẽšis OCS pьsъ ) and perhaps gradually compromising East Baltic Ruki Non-IE East Baltic substratum ( Pit Comb Ware N1c1 Uralic amp Nemunas-Narva w U5b2 ) bilinguals were perhaps a phonetic impetus behind Dative Plural -m- from -b- for example Baltic žambas Estonian hammas as well as the custom of adding chamotte-grog to ceramics ( re LT F-U Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) The Dative Plural -m- from -b- probably reflects early Baltic area GAC trade network contact dialects The loss of the neuter gender in East Baltic was due to primarily inherited dynamics of rearrangement Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains yet Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of the language - even after the era when dialects became languages The formative influence of poly-ethnic substratum populations on the various early Baltic-type dialects thus becomes easily apparent even for a layman to grasp
In regard to variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele in regions of East vs West Balts provides solid scientific proof of an ancient genetic distinction ( E Baltic -
W Baltic lt R1a- Z280 ) between speakers of the two Baltic groups Theories of a Proto-Balto-Slavic split around 1000 BCE (eg Kortlandt 1982 181) naively contradict the immense volume of linguistic archaeological and emerging genetic DNA (lt link ) Corded Ware evidence Latvia has eleven C-14 dates of Corded Ware Culture ( Loze 1992 A Kriiska 2001 ) with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (w 954 probability) A fish diet ( eg šapalas ) may lessen those calculations a little bit but not greatly
Another key feature of West Baltic languages is the asigmatic nominative singular neuter gender ending in -n This is noted in such words as kelan ( wheel ) azeran ( lake ) and dadan ( milk ) There are also many neuter gender words that end in -u such as panu ( fire ) pẽku ( livestock ) as well as alu ( mead re Latvian aluot ) of which the later two may well be from Centum Globular Amphora substratum and amber trade contacts Note Old Prussian panno ( re panu-staklan ) and Gothic fōn Armenian hur hnoc Old Prussian druwis Iranian dhruvi- indicate the core Satem foundation of West Baltic Aswinan amp dadan certainly do The neuter gender asigmatic -n exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp [ re neuter vaška beeswax gt Finnish vaha ] The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords or modern East Baltic ( Prussian median vs Samogitian medė forest ) once again dating a the West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 )
pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-Svitych 1963 42-44 see below ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as Lydian The developements of the Slavic neuter are being still debated This isogloss could provide insight about the Novosvobodna Maykop type steppe burial orientation tradition of Fatyanovo males to SW females to NE as well as Novosvobodna Maykop type metallurgic influences on Fatyanovo [ re
Samogitian medė forest Finnish metsauml - forest Estonian mets Votic meccauml Karelian mečču id Lule Saacutemi miehttjēn far away Saacutemi meahcci forest fringe Hungarian ( ) messze far distant East Baltic tilta bridge - Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish silta bridge Estonian sild Volgaic Erzya śid-al sed id lt Skt sētu- band bridge Latvian sēta fence ]
A very unique feature preserved in the West Baltic languages is the Genitive singular declensional ending in -as for words that end in -as or -an in the Nominative case Hittite also shared this feature -aš lt -os as well as perhaps neighboring Gothic ( nomgensg harjis ) nearby in the West although mere appearances may be misleading Neighboring Wielbark culture ( Gothic
I1-M253 - Y-DNA ) interaction with West Baltic tribes especially the Galindians appears to have been co-operative and mutually beneficial The border between the two may account for certain Gothic type loanwords into the Baltic languages This Gen -as declensional ending is as disconcerting for
expedited Balto-Slavic theories as the East Baltic neuter although it does strengthen and lend support to the effect of GAS Such a generalized declensional feature is noted in a word like Nominative singular pēdan ( ploughshare ) Genitive singular pēdas or in the West Baltic Genitive singular Deivas ( Gods ) and in places names ( re Wilkaskaymen ) Many unique features of West Baltic are relics from the Proto-Indo-European Sredny Stog horizon (4500-3350 BCE) as is the deduced archaic East Baltic ( amp R1a1a- Z92
Slavic ) singular neuter with -d resembling a Lydian type developement - unlike West Baltic
West Baltic has the same four nominal accent classes as does Lithuanian but it has retained the original accentual state of Dnieper Baltics ( an acute rising
accent and a circumflex falling accent) The first class is the acute barytone paradigm The second is the circumflex barytone paradigm Thirdly the acute mobile paradigm Lastly the circumflex mobile paradigm
The Archaeological Record gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Reading from the archaeological record one can associate dates of 3200 - 2300 BCE with various material artifacts (toy wheeled wagon) and increased plant ( hemp and wheat ) pollens that appear to indicate the arrival of Baltic speaking peoples in the Baltic region who appear gradually and slowly settled in well among native populations ( recently arrived Uralic Comb amp Pitted Ware Cultures
( N1c1 ) mixed with an older Nemunas amp Narva Substratum w U5b2 amp Centum Globular
Amphora outliers ) Recent archaeological finds of Triticum and Cannabis pollen circa 5600 BCE from the Akali Neolithic Narva-Kunda settlement in East Estonia ( A Poska L Saarse et al 2006 ) places Cannabis cultivation in the Baltic region much further back into antiquity than even the Corded or Pitted Ware eras Also the East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants also Z92 ) had more close contact with Uralic (eg Kiukainen culture ) and nearby Pit-grave Yamna Āryan speaking cultures than the West Balts ( Sanskrit hastas amp Lith
žastas ) After 2750 BCE the agricultural record intensifies ( Rimantienė et al
1999 ) as well as beginning East Baltic copper ( varis ) amp bronze metallurgy near the Ural Mountains The East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo era metallurgy proceeded the Seima-Turbino culture horizon ( vaška = Old East Baltic
neuter )
A forest-zone polyethnic ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Abashevo culture by the Urals emerged with MVK Catacomb influenced early Eastern Balts Volga Finns and Pit-grave Pre-Indo-Aryans from the steppe-zone using the same process Migrations often follow climate changes ( re the
Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase ) around the 3rd millennium BCE the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BCE amp the 12th century BCE Each migration would encounter different native ethnic groups and influence the dominant language during assimilation of those ethnic natives Indo-European peoples amp languages have ALWAYS been multi-ethnic The new molecular DNA archaeology proves it beyond question We are all related - literally
The high incidence of Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 suggest long term relations and admixture with the Uralic speaking population of the Baltic Volga and Ural region which may have had a conservative influence on the East Baltic Satem dialects and speakers Note Kurdish varg vs Komi Zyryan voumlrkas wolf N1c appears to emanate East amp West from the Ural region probably with its origin in Khakassia The divergence of language is usually happening while there is also a convergence of languages
Fatyanovo-Balanovo gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The early Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture ( 3300 - 1800 BCE Loze 1992 Tab1 ) was an Northeastern extension of the East Baltic Corded Ware culture (w mtDNA
N1a1a1 R1a1a1 ldquoM‟srdquo also Z92 LWb allele ) following various rivers in the North like the Oka to the upper Volga and Kama confluence in what is now Russia Fatyanovo developed from an early Northern variant of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon It is here that pottery displays a unique Fatyanovo Baltic style of mixed Corded Ware and Globular Amphora ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 )
features amp exhibits a trademark checked motif design ornamentation not found with the steppe cultures ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) thus allowing their contacts with those cultures to be tracked - even into Sintashta amp beyond The parallel lines motif may represent a darža or a tilled garden plot ( re Finnish tarha lt Fatyanovo ) perhaps from Dnieper Satems or GAS ( copyjp ) Compare the darža motif to the Bronocice farmers pot ( re CWC Eulau-Shughnan
DNA ) Fatyanovo hemp provided a water resistant fishing line for hooks and nets ( amp herbal medication ) and barley provided bread ( Latv miezē ) Fatyanovo migrations also correspond to regions with hydronyms of an East Baltic language dialect mapped by linguists as far as the Oka river and the upper Volga as well as regions with elevated frequencies of the rare LWb allele Spreading eastward down the Volga and beyond they discovered amp exploited the copper ores of the the western Ural foothills and started long term settlements in the lower Kama river region The East Balt Paimenes herdsmen brought their ešva - tarpan horse šėmas gōvs - gray cow avis - sheep parša - pig (neut) ratas - wheel ašis - axle tilta - bridge žalga - long fishing pole for šapalas red finned dace in the jaura - marsh a pada - clay pōdas - pot of kāras medu - honeycomb honey apiculture amp daržai - tilled crop plots - including javas - cereal grain maižis - barley šaras - seed sālis - salt along with varia - copper metallurgy and a tūšanti - thousand ( see below ) of their dainās - Holy Songs of their šventa - spiritual beliefs about dermė - harmony and the celestial -deivas
Trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo
checked ceramic darža motif copyjp
Fatyanovo cemeteries would sometimes have graves of not only people but also bear and other animals which are buried with ritual close by in individual graves Solar designs ( Solar cult clan re Saulės Rẽtis ) commonly adorn East Baltic Fatyanovo ceramics as do trademark checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Livestock includes cattle ( Y-DNA H10 ) horses sheep pigs and dogs ( North Saami šūvon trained dog ) and apiculture Balanovo livestock initially had more swine and sheep than other livestock Excavations indicate hunting and fishing ( žalga šapalas ) was often practiced ( Lougas 1999 ) as well as swidden agriculture ( Krasnov 1971 ) They gathered hazel nuts Excavations indicate Fatyanovo cultivated barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972
Jaanits 1992 49 ) Bone wrist guards imply they were accomplished archers Two-wheeled wagons (Goldina 1999) are also typical finds ( re ratas ) as are toy wheels There are a profusion of sites in the northern Baltic countries including
the Kazan Russia (Volga-Kama) region The more metallurgically exploited Ural region of the Fatyanovo culture was designated as the Balanovo culture (2900-
2100 BCE) from a cemetery found near the town Balanovo cemeteries had both kurgan ( Lith kapas ) and flat type burials ( like Abashevo - Kuzmina 2007
p221 ) The funeral chambers were wooden constructions in rectangular pits with the deceased wrapped in birch bark or hides
SW amp NE gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Balanovo copper metallurgy has its roots in central European cultural traditions which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper Cultural area Balanovo jewelry duplicates specific designs of a Central European provenance perhaps derived from the Centum Globular Amphora substratum assimilated into the Middle Dnieper - Fatyanovo cultures East Baltic lexicon also has unique isoglosses with Central European Celto-Italic dialects w ERC GAC bilinguals which also shared the BBC amp TRB substrate found in the Centum Globular Amphora horizon ( semti ratas peku ) Emulating the earlier poly-ethnic Globular Amphora ERC culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers adorned their ceramics with specific solar or unique designs ( re
Globular Amphora amp Narva substratum w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) valued pork ( parša ) high among livestock and practiced copper metallurgy But quite unlike the Globular Amphora culture stone cist burials with heads oriented to the East Satem Fatyanovo-Balanovo orientated male burials to the Southwest ( ДАКрайнов 1964 1972 re 188-192 ) - per steppe Maykop custom - as did the nearby related Satem Pit Grave culture and the much later early phase Sarmatian burials of Pokrovka Even a distant Afanasievo migration burial east of the Ural river with its Repin traits orientated the male to the southwest By 2600 BCE the Fatyanovo Balanovo culture and its copper metallurgy was firmly established in the Volga-Kama Ural region East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo Ural metallurgy was the nexus for a revolution that would sweep across the steppes and beyond
Cis-Ural Metallurgy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The villages were composed of above ground wooden houses built from logs with saddled roofs and had fenced enclosures ( Udmurt kar - town site Komi kar -
site of ancient town Mordvinian Erzya kardas - enclosure courtyard w -as ending lt
East-Baltic gardas - enclosure vs Ossetian kaeligrt - id ) East Baltic Balanovo and Finno-Uralic Volosovo peoples apparently mixed well ( LWb allele amp N1c1 ) without too much conflict as they did with steppe peoples with whom they they had contact via trade with the Caucacus metalworkers The East Balt association with amber is quite old ( ДАКрайнов 1972 1973 Loze 1979 1993 ) Chuvash jandar and Hungarian ( w LWb ) gyentar - amber gyenta - resin reflect the legacy of an archaic adjectival -tar neuter suffixed Balanovo
( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin Skt jatu - resin jātarūpa - golden ( lt jęta-rūpa Lith gentaro-rupis re Skt jā-ta- Lith gen-tis ) Avestan toponym jatara- resinous Corded Ware Balanovo amp Abashevo metallurgy would provide significant impetus to Seyma-Turbino metallurgy ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked celt-axes lt gt ) Komi ram- calm peace and
erd- field reflect peaceful interaction with the Volga-Balts ( Lith erdvas ardvas
Saacutemi aacutervas ) Note Komi rit - evening and Lettic riets- sunset The pirtis - log shed (sauna) of the pioneering Volga-Balts was evidently noticed and emulated by the locals ( Mari poumlrt Saacutemi barta) Finnish Orja - slave Estonian [gen] Orja Udmurt Var Komi Ver Mokša Urauml Erzya Ure - slave indicates some later conflicts with the Āryans - as do some archaeological sites ( note - all the various late Finnic Āryan terms lack archaic nominative s - like later Timber-
Grave Iranian ) In contrast Saacutemi Oarje just designates a direction ( Abaev 1981 85
) Variations (re mtDNA Z1a V ) among Saacutemi mtDNA now show an earlier link to the Volga-Ural region ( M Ingman et al 2007 ) Neither the LT Aukštaičiai nor the Saacutemi have any common European mtDNA H1 ( ) The Saacutemi may well have an old folk saying similar to Oh well there goes the neighborhood but it has eluded my research into it
Residual Stratum gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Scholars are still perplexed by the imbalance or lopsided ratio of loanwords between East Baltic and the Uralic languages This is because the bulk of Baltic loanwords into Uralic arent loanwords per se but rather residuals of a scattered ( LWb allele R1a Z92) stratum language reflecting the widespread and prolonged assimilation of bilingual archaic East Baltic speaking Fatyanovo-Balanovo Battle Axe settlers and their poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a N1c1 ) descendants ( Finnish heimo sisar Saacutemi gaacuteibmi ) with the numerically dominant Uralic tribes for millennia The merging of Comb and Corded Ware ceramics ( w chamotte or grog ) and other associated artifacts reflect this hybrid cultural horizon ( Lith šeškas Mari šāškə Veps hāhk re Sanskrit śaśakas ) The Kiukainen culture is one example Multi-room houses also appear Some isolated pockets of poly-ethnic Baltic speakers such as the ГОЛЯДЬ survived intact even up to historic times North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92 N1c1) with tl dl consonant cluster changes gt kl gl - like East Baltic implies multiple pockets of poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a1a Z92 N1c1 ) East Baltic speakers there Yet the rate of assimilation eventually outpaced the passage of substratum language inheritance Hence the additional impact of not uncommon Baltic-Uralic bilingualism ( eg Kiukainen culture ) on the structure of Finnic languages along with a myriad of archaic common everyday ( EB neuters - heinauml hay tarha
garden plot silta bridge ) terminology Uralic impacted Baltic as well The absence of weaponry or conflict terms is notable - and in hindsight altogether wise Fatyanovo-Balanovo East Baltic ( w GAS ) had became an established regional poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) substratum language ( paimen herder )
throughout its range ( re LWb allele ) Although numerically overwhelmed its innovative broad-based ( apiculture agriculture building amp metallurgy ) cultural impact proved enduring - as expressed in the Kiukainen culture Scholars are not fond of such dramatic re-assessments even when molecular DNA amp traditional archaeology clearly illuminates the mounting dateable evidence The challenging complexity of Finno-Ugrian origins and evolution has only grown with recent studies yet traditional archaeology acknowledges that Fatyanovo-Uralic contact ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 N1c1 ) zones precede Āryan-Uralic contact ( Krajnov 1972 251-252 Gurina 1963 133 139 Khalikov 1969 205 Tretrsquojakov
1966 135 ) Fatyanovo used chamotte admixture in ceramics like their neighbors ( Laitinen et al 2002 ) Some Aryan loanwords in Uralic may reflect a poly-ethnic Alakul forest re-intrusion and were diffused by a subsequent F-U speakers migration as implied by DNA genetics And the earliest Corded Ware words found in Uralic are an identifiable archaic East Baltic ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem
1000 ) as exemplified by a shared vocabulary ( Mari karas šāškə Lith šeškas
Sanskrit śaśakas ) amp the singular neuter and not some amorphous pre-Baltic that vanished without a trace
Kela vs Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Overlapping the Southern edge of the Fatyanovo - Balanovo region by where the rivers flow South another group of the East Baltic-type Satem Corded Ware pottery tradition ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) later
developed that is called the Abashevo culture ( 2400 - 1800 BCE ) after a nearby village East of Kazan Russia The Abashevo culture exhibited strong influences from both Pit-grave and MVK Catacomb cultures on its Baltic-type Corded Ware traditions Abashevo metallurgy was proportionally less weapon-oriented than that of their Pit-grave Āryan neighbors exhibiting more utilitarian or artistic ornamental products That being said Abashevo weapon metallurgy was innovative and the designs were adopted by Andronovo cultures Unlike the Pit-grave Āryans of the bordering steppe the forest dwelling Abashevo like the Balanovo mixed some with the local Volosovo ( N1c1 ) hunters amp foragers influencing their culture in many ways The Abashevo relations with Seima - Turbino were also apparently fruitful for each other (East Baltic Fatyanovo kela
Finnish kela - reel spindle Fatyanovo amp Lith ratas Finnish amp Estonian ratas - wheel North
Saami raacutehtis - id Fatyanovo amp Lith kepti Saami giksa- kopša- to cook) The archaic East Baltic kela vs ratas usage invites scholarly investigation of the neuter in East Baltic as well as assessing Globular Amphora poly-ethnic Substratum influence from ERC Finnish taivas Estonian taevas amp Saacutemi daivas - heaven reflect an archaic East Baltic influence still heard in Saule noiet dievā or Saule iet dievu of the old Latvian Dainās ( re H Biezais 1961
Gimbutas 1958 46 ) Lithuanian still has dievop dieviep declensions Perhaps
Saacutemi taiw Hungarian taacutej and Khanty tai - locus are also related if heaven is a place - somewhere
Like Balanovo sites many Abashevo settlements were also by the copper laden southwestern foothills of the Urals and as the Volga-Kama area Balanovo East-Balts did left ample kurgan burials and flat graves as part of their Abashevo burial rite Late Abashevo artifacts were found in Sintashta ( Pre-Vedic ) culture graves Sintashta also had not only one but two flat grave cemeteries along with the expected more prestigious kurgans Sintashta ceramics display the influence of early Abashevo amp Fatyanovo-Balanovo pottery styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) just as many
Sintashta Europoid remains exhibit the dolichocephaly of Abashevans ( Schwidetzky 1978 Menck 1980 Gimbutas 1997 322 ) amp Fatyanovans ( Denisova 1980
Rimantiene amp Cesnys 1996 50 Loze 1996 68 ) Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo )
ceramics with chamotte exhibit a projecting rim as does later Abashevo ( re
mtDNA N1a1a1 294 ) The artifacts suggest a unique cultural exchange between poly-ethnic ( w Uralic amp GAS admixture) Abashevo and Fatyanovo-Balanovo people into the Sintashta culture of Pre-Vedic peoples ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The nearby Volga Finnic Erzya-Moksha Mordvin language group has preserved loanwords from early Āryan Volga-East-Baltic and possibly a Pre-Tocharian Repin type language which would seem to confirm the probability of such exchanges Residual Ural-Volga Repins may well have become contributing substratum in the ethno-genesis of the Corded Ware Abashevo considering their geographical locations The Volga-Sok river Ural region by Samara has yielded Repin-influenced pottery reflecting the Repin influenced pottery of the earliest Afanasievo kurgans Early Uralic exchanges with IE Centum speakers probably correlate with this regional Volga-Repin horizon by the Urals Re haplogroup U5 Tokharian A waumls Tokharian B yasa - gold ( PT wesā ) Uralic Mari waž Kamassian waza Votyak az-veś Hungarian vas Mansi atvės Forest Nenets wyesya whereas Saacutemi vieške Moksha uśkauml Estonian vask reflect Tokharian A wsā-yok lt wesā-yāku - gold colored Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration with decorated rims on a round-based pot The NE orientation of male burials characteristic of Don Repins is also noted later with some ( not all ) Timber-Grave burials vs the early Afanasievo migration burials with Repin traits which orientated males to the southwest like Poltavka Fatyanovo ( Lith talka
telkti East Tocharian A talke Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) and the early phases of Sarmatian burials
Indo-Āryan Soma ( contents lt source ) preserved the native Uralic ( N1c1 ) word for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) was pressed with stones in water to produce a batch of the Soma beverage ( re Khanty Sŏma hewn
mortar-bowl Estonian Soim hewn manger ) or passed around and shared The misnomer well have been a cross-cultural semantic mistranslation from Balanovo-Volosovo contacts Finger pointing can be misconstrued as Elbing Vocabulary 141 comically demonstrates Some other tribes may have noticed East Baltic Balanovo neuters were one consonant shy of a combo plate and later added one Amanita muscaria reflects the Sun-Moon symbolism well
especially as they rise amp set smoky chestnut red ( žalas ) An pioneer ethno-mycologist R Gordon Wasson identified Vedic Soma as Amanita muscaria in his 1967 book although its legendary use was clearly Pre-Vedic Note that Balanovo and Volosovo-Garino ( Finno-Uralic ) culture pottery are sometimes discovered in sites side by side ( Goldin 1999130 ) inferring very close contacts (re mtdna haplogroup U4 [ Pliss et al 2005 16134ndash16356ndash16362 Bermisheva et al 2002 16189ndash16311ndash16356
Derbeneva et al2002b ] R1a amp N1c1 ) Ethnic customs were shared The Volosovo ( N1c1) use of talc or chamotte to temper pottery is significant since the custom of talc admixture is shared in Abashevo ceramics and later found in Sintashta culture ceramics Two pots unearthed far away near Sarazm betray their poly-ethnic Abashevo Ural area ( N1c1) origination by their unusual talc admixture
One side effect of the Ural region metallurgic bonanza was the need to defend key mining claims and production An escalation in production of weapons is noted The Pepkino burial kurgan suggests Abashevo northern territorial encroachment into Balanovo mining districts was strictly non-negotiable Later Sintashta - Arkaim type fortifications anticipated security concerns regarding metallurgic production centers
Sounds of Thunder gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Songs of the Erzya Mordvinic thunder spirit Purrsquogine Pərgənauml parallel both traditions of Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons and Rig Vedic Parjanyah closely ( Rig Veda Book 5 Hymn 83 ) The ancient Permic Komi myth of Pera the Giant amp the Oak grove like Parjanya and Erzya Pərgənauml may also reflect cultural integration or assimilation ( LWb R1a1a- Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) of residual Volga-Kama Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo East Balts by the Urals ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt checkered ornament of Volga-Urals ) The East
Balt type R1a1a- Z92 variant found among the Volga Erzya suggests such (
R1a1a- Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) Unlike Pera the giant amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Another Volga-Kama area Permic variation was noted by Y Wickman ( Teitoja Votjaakkien Mytologiiasta 1893
p 33)as the Votiak wrathful Perkịno who was offered bread gruel and ( ) butter The Chuvash still say ascha schapat about lightning Missionaries demonized the hewn idols as the devil of hell replacing them with a foreign stern storm-god tradition - and new improved idols There is even a Perkino Russia - somewhat near Tula
Legends of the North gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Recent discoveries have eclipsed traditional mindsets Aerial surveys revealed Sintashta amp Arkaim Archaeological analysis from excavations have revealed four thousand year old cultural intermingling ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) In 2002 Fragments of Lappish Mythology by Lars Levi Laestadius was finally published
in English It had been long forgotten since the 1840s The Saacutemi version of the Storm-giant bears a close conformity to Pera the giant and Parjanya ( RV 563 ) The evil troll hiding in the hollow ( Lith dumbas Slavic dub - oak ) gets zapped in the Saacutemi version reflecting Rig Veda 563 After ridding the world of evil the only reward Pera the giant wants is a net How odd A net Whatz wit that A net A more multi-cultural analysis would provide insight Perhaps one can discern a unity of traditions considering that a Baltic net Sietynas is also Pleiades ( Saacutemi siejdi gt ON seieth ) Pashto Perūne is the knotty six-star Pleiades Northern legends of the six bogatyr sons the Sun maiden Pera marries the Suns daughter Saulė and the bear Saulės ratelis the sun maidens ring sauryās rathas The golden horned elk Zarni Anj Shundy Mumy solar mother the crescent moon ( Saacutemi maacutennu maacuteno ) Saacutemi has pirjanne - borjja-dat storms There are many Saacutemi - Permic conformities ( Charnolusski 1965 101-130 ) The Perm culture of the Vychegda river region practiced both inhumation amp cremation In their region 34 of inhumations were oriented to the SW Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( Vychegda region ) burial orientations were also to the SW The northern peoples SW buried with head towards sunset orientation ( Taylor 1989 280 Mansin 1984 64 Karlalainen 1996 46 ) is explained as the South representing the Sky gt Heaven ( Lith dievas Estonian taevas Saacutemi taiw Hungarian
taacutej and Khanty tai ldquo ) Early phase Sarmatian burials are similar There are many northern shared traditions ( sarvas - hirvas - sirvas ) and legends with some well over four thousand years old ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) They are not well received today nor have been in the past ( Willumsen LH 1997 ) Nobody magically disappears not even in Las Vegas
Perga - Pargai gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The interpretation of the phonetics of Parjanyah should consider three factors Sanskrit J followed by a front vowel as in Parjanya matches a Baltic G ( Lith augu Skt ojah lt H2eug- ) Secondly classical Sanskrit parkaṭī - fig tree has a holly oak ( Quercus ilex ) dialect homonym in a western Punjabi dialect with parg-ai instead of park-aṭī ( note related Skt k-g-j- bhakti bhaga-
bhajati ) In other words the Punjab region Vedic Parjanyah may be phonetically interpreted as Pərgənyah from the Iranian-like R-only Rig Vedic dialect lt possibly reflecting a phonetic alternate Pərkənyas from another ( Alakul ) immigration of R amp L Madhyadeśa dialects of mixed lineage populace - say perhaps marginalized poly-ethnic metalworkers
artisans a post-Sintashta śāpharikas fisherman ( re śapharas gt महाशफर )
farmers and herders perhaps even Yadavas ( re the tadbhava layer ) The 800 years from Sintashta to the Vedas significantly impacted Indo-Iranian itself much less a few odd loanwords A phonetic Iranian-like Punjab Vedic Pərgənyah amp Pərgənauml of the Volga-Ural Erzya look suspiciously similar Whatz up with that Was there a Volga-Ural cultural contact in common with a similarly positioned ldquoalpinerdquo velar The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 ) indicates that very common contact were the Volga-Ural
Fatyanovo- Balanovo Balts and their descendants ndash the same mushroom munching forest folk with their rolling ratas gentara- golden amber and stinky šapalas breath Thirdly Parjanya ( Divas putrāya ) like Vāyu and his obscure dhēnā lt dainā have already been marginalized in the Punjab Rig-Veda of elite Āryan priests - with only a few old token hymns Times change people change languages change Even Gods change All we are is dust in the wind
More Bull gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In East Baltic Mythology Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons is closely associated with the Bull In Nuristani Mythology Paumlrun is a war god ( kariaunas ) In Pashto Perūne is the knotty Pleiades star cluster ( re Old Prus Perōni - group Lith Peruotas
- beetle brood Peras - egg brood larvae ) The reason Perkūnas-Perkaunis is associated with the Bull is due to the ancient correlation of the Taurus constellations importance to the agricultural Dnieper Satem Tripolye R1a1a- Z280 substratum of East Balts The Taurus constellation ( Latv Vērsis ) signaled the start of the growing year and the arrival of Perkaunis loud Thunder storms Pashto Pleiades is in ( you guessed it ) - the Taurus constellation ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) The stars brought the rain of the Bull representing the magic of fertility to the Z280 Satem farmers When the Satem East Balts assimilated the poly-ethnic Globular Amphora-post-Narva substatum with their pre-Fairguni a Centum velar was added to Peraunas by his wife Perkūnija hence the E+W poly-ethnic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons Uralic loanwords attest to this antiquity of the East Baltic ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive variant Perkūnas was very important to farmers unlocking the start of a new growing year by his loud return In Lithuania the first ritual plowing of the Spring was done by two sacred black ( kirsna- ) bulls His two stones ( not red ) release fire The goatish echoes of flying snipes before a storm warn of his arrival Stricken lightning locations are šventas The darža checkered ceramics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) in Sintashta and Alakul pottery track contacts with Fatyanovo-Balanovo Z92 farmers Parjanya later appears in the Rig Veda as an peripheral obscure deity even though he is a son of Heaven ( Divas putrāya ) He is associated with Soma Vāyu ( Lith
dialect Vėjus ) and has Bull symbolism He gladdens the Earth He has a trace of a misplaced velar unlike Pashto Perūne star cluster ( Pleiades - in Vērsis ) Paumlrun or Slavic velarless Perun Parjanya has lost his militaristic affinities amp exploits Early Mitanni mining contacts may culturally connect Ashur Marduk to the Asuras Maruts There were no copyrights back then The evil serpent and various keraunophobic belief systems have remained quite popular to this day It is the hero Indra who now frees the cattle from the Vala cave slays the Vritra ahi- serpent and throws the wheel of the kerauninkas Kāvya Uśanas ( Latv milna lt mildna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild-
Tocharian kaumlrwentildee )
Perunaš Peraunas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Angis anžuolas reflect connections to the Hittite ( Maykop or Lydian ) diffused Myth of Illuy-ankas (eel-snake Latin anguilla ) and a storm deity named Tarḫunna Perunaš a stone-boulder-cliff deity joins in ( Myth of Ullikummi Ivanov
1958 108-9 ) The peaks of Greek Κέρκυρα island Baden alpine Hercynia and GAC pre-Fairguni or later Norse Fjoumlrgyn mountain all have a peaked alpine velar whereas Middle Dnieper Tripolye Satem reflects a Hittite common gender Perunaš as the Middle Dnieper cultures velar-less Peraunas we all know and love ( Czech Peraun Slavic Perunŭ Polabian Peraumlune- ) Sanskrit velar-less
Paru Parv-ata mountain ( Hittite Peru Perunant- Avestan Paruuatā ) was also used for a cloud especially a massive knotty cumulonimbus cloud cluster the kind which usually precedes violent thunderstorms ( Rig Veda 106411 ) An affiliation of Peraunas with cumulonimbus thundercloud clusters geologic uplifts lightning-bolts and magic ceraunium stones ( Tocharian kaumlrwentildee pārem ) is still noted Neighboring Catacomb Culture provides a later Greek Keraunos - thunderbolt ( Grk Poimenes Lith Piemenes Kerauninkas ) Circular triple crossed ceraunic hexagrams were popular Baltic woodcarving motifs Lithuanian kerauti translates as to make magic sorcery Globular Amphora amp Northern Dnieper Satems assimilate uniquely blending Satem Peraunas amp Centum Perkūnija in a wedding of sky amp earth ( re post-GAC ON Fjoumlrgynn amp Fjoumlrgyn ) Perkaunas-Perkūnija unite the poly-ethnic Baltic Centum amp Satem farmers which also head East with his still new ERC velar wedding attire as Uralic words record Neither the Polabian Peraumlune nor Pashto Perūne ldquoclusterrdquo cognates have the ERC velar whereas the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno neighbors of Fatyanovo-Balanovo do Perkaunas adopts the mycological magic orphans of the forest folk along the way to the Urals with Fatyanovo-Balanovo metallurgic pioneers His reception was cordial but the forest is his home with his oak and his ever popular sacred orphans The Baltic etymology of the revered oak is perhaps a ldquosecretrdquo taboo double entendre ( ang-is anž-
uolas ) but knotty fits just fine Perkūnas clash with a hiding Velinas ( Latv jods -
black ) the serpent-demon in the oak ( Middle Welsh derwen ) over theft ( cattle-
fertility ) is an old theme Thus the traditional black hued choice of sacrifices especially during times of drought Fire in the oak Quercitron The Storms of Spring battle Winters dark deceit for the release and restoration of Life Perkūnas was to wed the laume water spirit Indraja but it was not to be Parjanya isnt as popular in the Avesta Nuristani Paumlrun is a war god no bull Parjanya has already been de-oaked by the time of the Vedas and his ancient heroic legends have been assigned to Indra Parjanyas name is still spoken by farmers The Komi have Pera the giant amp his Oak grove As for his northern šventas orphans ( V N Toporov 1979 RV 9823 ) word gets around For the paru
peru jointed knotty IE etymology see Karl Hoffman 1974 In addition I note Sanskrit Paru - knotty having joints ( esp of reed or cane ) and Lith Peras - jointed plant shoot ( eg of reed ) cluster as well as a cluster of white knotty or jointed larvae or brood cluster bear close etymological affinities ( for -as vs-us note Lith Vėjas vs dialect Vėjus ) This cluster could be of stones clouds rock eggs sprouts larvae chicks church goers reeds or
stars From the eggs amp seeds of PIE per- to bear begets the cluster That
cluster becomes a cloud ( Perunaš Peraun ) or if stone later becomes a mountain
( Perunant- Paruuatā ) The visual connection of a puffy cloud cluster with a cluster of cute fluffy chicks or squirming larvae ( Lith Peras ) may be easily comprehended by a native Oaxacan but most scholars to date just dont get it They may well never Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are all related cluster cognates GAS influenced Perkons amp Parjanya are also related and especially to each other with the GAS velar infixation - due specifically to Volga-Ural inter-ethnic contact ( copyVirdainas )
Oaks are strikingly knotty as are firs fingers posts backbones cliffs and clouds Oaks are also like mountains ( re Fairguni ) strikingly tall or as they say in Hittite Parku- or Tocharian Paumlrk- and long when felled ( Tocharian Paumlrkaumlr- again ) - as when one makes a 26 ft dugout canoe - or perga - pergas ( Finnish haapio lt Fatyanovo aspen canoe ) Greek Πέργ- implies a European substratum p inclination for expected b Khotanese bulysa also prefers the horizontal orientation A Proto-Kartvelian dialect root for acorn dialect for oak reflects ḳrḳo- which bares a striking similarity to Italic Kerkus an oak ( with
many branches ) Venetian Querquerni Thucydides mountain Kirkine Celtic alpine Hercynia gt Gothic mountain Fairguni gt ON Fjoumlrgyn Greek island Κέρκσρα Lith Kerkūrė - hill mountain summit Lith Kerkulė many branched stump ( trunk ) Lith Kerkutys branching trunk Welsh Perth bush ( with many branches ) Old Norse Fjoumlrr tree Lith Keras bush ( with many
branches ) Lith kerkoti ndash to ldquostickrdquo out - like the ldquoalpinerdquo velar in Perkons or Parjanya darža laquo checked raquo Alakul or Kandahar Mundigak-VI Afghan pottery or z92 by Samara Initial or medial Q gt T gt P is early Lengyel BBC influencing GAC TRB traders amp Baden outliers Follow the Money Lengyel - Bell Beaker culture influence is easily percieved in various numerals such as Breton pemp Swedish fem Old High German fimf Oscan pompe - 5 or Welsh pedwar Old English fēower vs Lith keturi Sanskrit chatur - 4 Perhaps also GAC 11 amp 12 w -p lt -q like 4 Jātarūpa amber Gentaro rupis (
FYI - Some Western Chicago dialects pronounce knotty amp naughty the same way ) The 2800 BCE Corded Ware GAC connection of ON alpine Fjoumlrgyn amp E Baltic elevated Perkūnija is fairly obvious given current archaeological amp DNA evidence Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are cluster cognates Perkons amp Parjanya are also related - due to contact Roth ratas rathas Embrace the Chaos
Velars amp Vowels
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Given what has been revealed from the archaeology of the Sintashta era and later ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornament of the Volga-Urals ) the northwestern Punjab Rig Vedic dialect of Parjanyah may reflect an earlier Volga-Urals region polyethnic Perkaunyas or Pərgənyas which would resemble the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno or Baltic Perkaunias very very closely Why are the nearest cognates of Parjanya with an rdquoalpinerdquo velar ( plosive ) only in Balto-Finnic Volgaic Permic Baltic and otherwise noticeably absent in surrounding Satem Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani European Celtic Hercynia Gothic Fairguni attest to Western perhaps GAC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive affinities ( re roth ratas rathas below ) As linguists struggle with the etymology of the Punjab Rig Vedic Parjanya or even Baltic Perkūnas for that matter did they even consider the heresy of a poly-ethnic origin ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2 ) or a GAC origin of the integrated ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive ( re Eulau GAC
DNA amp Shughnans ) Slavic Satem Ruki amp velarless Perun would support it Perkaunias gt Perkonias gt Pərganyas Short e o get leveled to a as Indo-Iranian evolves At least a half a millennium passes between Sintashta and the Vedas Velar plosive [-G-] before a front vowel becomes [-J-] In other words we are discussing a shared cultural tradition ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) spanning well over four thousand years ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 The laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Beyond the similar name itself the very verses of each cultures related hymns ( dainās ) exactly parallel each other in a truly uncanny way The inclusive Perkaunijas appealed to poly-ethnic farmers herders and smiths not to a xenophobic ruling elite The increased frequency of dental cavities in Arkaim remains may reflect polyethnic Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo populace Given the Fatyanovo link with Sintashta ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) amp Kandahar ceramics ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 laquo checked raquo 14 ) and Corded Ware Abashevo origins of chariot cheek-pieces in the Urals such speculation is well within reasonable parameters even for diehard skeptics ( DNA data pending ) The Sintashta metal workers were busy real busy - cooking ( varia ) copper which is noisy hot foundry type work A rare day off meant quietly fishing by the cool water with some herbal headache medicine And it is still the common farmers who welcome Parjanya Pərgənauml or Perkons Perhaps the priests forgot ( RV 10853 ) Parjanyas is still the father of Soma ( RV 9823 ) Bon Appetit
The astonishing similarity of the archaic Central East Baltic (Latvian dial example Perkaunis Perkūne and Lietas) Dainās tradition mirrors the Eastern Fatyanovo Balanovo Baltic culture mythology as seen with the Votiak Perkịno and Volgaic (Erzya Pur‟gine Lit-ava) songs The initial L vs R of Lit-ava would presume early-Baltic contact since Vedic vṛkah ( vs archaic Baltic
vilkas) is associated with the loanword vərgas in Uralic Moksha or Komi Zyryan voumlrkas - wolf terms which were probably acquired from an Alakul intrusion into the forest-steppe Yet Ossetic does have Lymaelign friend reflecting Mordvin Loman man whereas Sanskrit has Ramana - man
married (re Latvian Loma- role Lithuanian Luomas- marital status class of men) Erzya has Paz reflecting Saka Bagas - a legacy of their contact ( Slavic
Bogъ) Discovering East Balt R1a1a- Z92 among the Volga-Ural Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) may pale to other previously unidentified R1a lineages from ancient cultural contact The Pur‟gine Paz - Lit-ava hymns are thus part of a poly-ethnic shared tradition
Syllabic Resonants R gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The East Baltic šapalas and Indic śapharas (chub-carp ) śāpharikas ( fisherman ) isogloss is indeed very interesting - given the absence of other fish cognate isoglosses ( Ossetian kaeligf Old Japanese kwop(j)i gt koi ) Sanskrit scholars have determined at least two early Vedic dialects ( the IE L gt R only
vs the R and L - Madhyadeśa region ) and possibly a third ( the L only ) existed The Rig Veda we know today is in the R only dialect ( Indo-Iranian coalescence of
L gt R ) Note Sanskrit śroṇis vs Lith šlaunis Thus only occasional token words remain from 2 of the 3 Vedic era dialects Baltic had retained IE L The Greek Indo-Iranian dialect area exhibited issues with syllabic resonants ( l r m n ) - as when m and n became a or Greek alla amp arra or Indo-Iranians syllabic liquids where l usually became r There remained an Indic instability with r (ṛH) where Iranian had ar vs Indic ir ur - with E-W dialect variants Examples of this are Skt śiras vs Av sarah- Grk karā- or Skt giri- vs Av gairi- ( Lith girė vs Slavic gora ) The conservative Satem speaking communities of IE dialects which begat the Baltics usually evolved reflexes of semi-vowels l r m n into il ir im in yet also rendered them as ul ur um un after original labiovelar plosives and later rearranged after more changes The two different reflexes cluster in contrast - inflectional morphemes have the i- reflex whereas the u- reflex is not uncommon in the expressive lexicon
There was certainly early Āryan as well as Catacomb culture ( merger of Genitive
amp Ablative) influence - interaction with the respective emerging Baltic dialects (as
Middle Dnieper artifacts actually reflect amp also javas- grain isogloss or Skt paścāt Lith
paskuj later ) and with Proto-Slavic while each neighbored near the larger proto Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian isogloss area of dialects (eg Graeco-Armeno-Indo-
Iranian past tense prefix augment isogloss) Reflecting this archaic regional relationship is the specific spiritual tradition of Dawn ( Uṣas Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven isolated together in the Indic Greek and Baltic cultures The semantic perceive vs awake contrast of Greek peuthomai Avestan baodaiti and Indic bodha-h vs Balto-Slavic Lith budėti invites some curiosity Is there some specific Balto-Indic link for the divergent wake-awaken semantics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) The Armeno-Aryan remodeling of the Ablative suffix helps to date influences on Middle Dnieper dialects Another relic of this same late Sredny Stog era influencedialogue interaction maybe the proposed loss of a laryngeal (H )
after the introduction of a long vowel (Korlandt 1975 - re Latv guovs Skt gauh ) and of course RUKI The Middle Dnieper Baltics amp Slavics were thus distinct early autonomous NW Satem IE dialects (Upper Middle Dnieper-Don region ) and even more so upon becoming Europeanized R1a1a- poly-ethnics Hydronyms by Tula Russia ( re Eulau CWC DNA ) appear quite Baltic Early Satem contacts ( mtDNA T ) and exchange may have also occurred with Don-Volga Repins before an exodus flight of a group far to the East which evolved into the Afanasievo culture ( Russ toloka Lith talka telkti Tocharian talke VRC
) Repin A1 type pottery arrived at Mikkhailovka on the Dnieper around 3500 BCE from a people that had a connection to the Volga-Don Region Repins There were Repin settlements in Middle Don where it dispersed to Volga and Dnieper areas ( Sinuk 1981 ) Tocharian may be thus related to both the early Middle-Lower Dnieper Repins ( re Middle Dnieper Repins gt ERC gt pre-Germanics ) and the northern Ural-Volga Repins that migrated the Trans-Ural region East ( Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) The incorporation of some Middle Dnieper Repins into the multi-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture is supported by isoglosses between Slavic Baltic Germanic and Tocharian
The cultural convergence of these various Āryan Baltic and Uralic peoples by the Urals in the second millennium BCE is reflected in name of the annual Finnish Kekri celebration which exemplfies the state of developement of the Indo-Iranian at that time - as compared with later Rig Vedic Sanskrit sg pl čakras čakrā- PIE kʷekʷlos ( Finnish yh-deksaumln 9 or 1 from 10 lt IIr - vs
Finnish tuhante 1000 lt E Baltic Fatyanovo ) It appears from above loanwords that at mid-third millennium BCE the Fatyanovo East Baltic Satem [ š ] preceded a slower developing Indo-Āryan [ ś ] Note Nuristani parallel sonsonant It ( Finnish tuhante ) also shows uncompromised original East Baltic pre-GAS Ruki Did each Satem tribe perhaps influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) the other ( Mari indeś 9 Ossetic daeligs 10) East Baltic Fatyanovo žemė lowland was adopted as a toponym šaumlme and is now known as the haumlme region of Finland ( w Fatyanovo artifacts ) Before the Finnic change of š to h the toponym provided an ethnonym - Saacutemi aka the Lapplanders (Koivulehto 1993)
Uralic Honey
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
It is common to read that the Finno-Ugric loanwords for honey - Hungarian mez Mordvinic med Estonian Finnish mesi were not borrowed from Battle Axe Baltic medu - honey or a Ural-Volga Pre-Tocharian Repin dialect ( Latv sāls Toch A sāle Zyryan sol - salt ) but rather from a later Āryan madhu - sweet drink Even though the same Finno-Ugrics have loanwords - Mordvinic Mokša kaumlras Mari karas Udmurt karas for honeycomb wax - reflecting East Baltic kāras honeycomb ( Lith korys Latv kāres ) and in spite of the archaeological chronology of centuries of Battle Axe Balt Finno-Ugric
( eg pre-Kiukainen culture w LWb ) contact or earlier Pre-Tocharian Repin Finno-Ugric interaction ( eg Saacutemi vieške Tokharian A wsā-yok ) long before Pit Grave Āryan culture arrival No mekši -fly cognate is found in Ob-Ugric It is noteworthy that current Bashkir preserves kaumlrauml- along with Altaic Kazan Tatar kaumlraumls in that Ural region and even distant Chuvash has karas - honeycomb Note Mordvinic Erzya kšta beeswax Lith šekštė thick coarse Single markers of mtDNA N1a also group Bashkirs with Lithuania and the Komi Permyaks East Balt type Y-DNA R1a1a1 Z92 among the Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) adds additional linguistic perspective to the kāras range East Baltic bitis bee has an interesting cognate with Egyptian bi-t Baltic amber has been found in the pyramids Ural karas honeycomb is clearly a legacy of Fatyanovo-Balanovo regional assimilation ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) Surprisingly neither Slavic ( w solitary exception of Polish skarzyk lt GAS ) nor
Indo-Iranian possess a cognate ( करण - honeycomb ) although Greek does
( κηρός ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo was not some amorphous Balto-Slavic - it was evidently an identifiable archaic East Baltic - that preceded Kiukainen type hybrid cultures
Archaeological Chronology of Cultures ( Cal
14C vs the time-travel of Linguists )
5600 BCE Akali Narva-Kunda settlement in Estonia w Cannabis amp Triticum pollen
3700 BCE - Volga Repins by the Urals Volosovo expanded from Urals 3200 BCE - Fatyanovo Battle Axe arrival - Volosovo culture interaction
2800 BCE - Fatyanovo-Balanovo ceramic laquo checked raquo darža double row diamond ornament re Bronocice pot motifs
2700 BCE Kiukainen hybrid type cultures Balanovo Metallurgy in Ural forests 2300 BCE Abashevo - Pepkino Kurgan ( MVK Poltavka Fatyanovo Hybrids )
2100 BCE Abashevo amp Seyma-Turbino Metallurgic developement amp interaction 2100 BCE - Sintasta - Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament
2026 BCE Sintasta - Arkaim ( Poltavka w some MVK amp Abashevo becomes Andronovo ) - U of AZ
14C
1780-1660 BCE Alakul cemeteries pine timbers of Lisakovsk Kostany oblast by Tobol river - U of AZ 14
C 1700 BCE Timber Grave and Alakul culture intrusions into Ural forest zone cultures
1600 BCE - Timber Grave - Alakul - Fedorovo laquo checked raquo double row diamond Volga-Ural ornaments 1000 BCE - Mundigak Period VI ceramics of Afghanistan with darža laquo checked raquo double row diamond ornaments
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
From Kaunas to Kazan
to Kandahar - We Are Family
The time-travel of linguists is supported by serious academic references of
proto Indo-Aryans loaning proto Finnish vasa - calf - prior to the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC arrival thereby neutralizing any possibility of a ratas rathas debate whatsoever and uncountable cans of worms of a probable Centum connection ( GAS ) The debate was only postponed Pots dont talk they speak - volumes Note that Ossetian waeligs Yaghnob wasa - calf - would suggest a 1st millennium BCE Gorodets era contact loanword The artifacts do Another archaic Baltic loanword into Finno-Ugric exemplifying the range of influence the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC had is the East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole or long pole stick ( Arm jałk rod branch ) which has traces in Saami čuolggu pole for pushing a fishing net under the ice Finnish salko long pole Mordvin śalgo stick Komi źal lath-stick Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane
Bison in the Forest gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Gradual climatic warming of the vast pine-birch forests of Russia also afforded a home to the woodland bison (Bison bonasus bonasus) known in Lithuanian as stumbras or in Old Latvian as sumbrs - which bears a odd amp curious resemblance to the Sanskrit śambaras ( stag lt F-U śambaras lt ) A similar semantic drift is seen with the Russian izubr - stag ( Slavic jьzōbrь [ jьlt vь ]
OPr wissambrs ) Evolution of the tusked Satem žambras žumbras gt zumbras gt sumbrs noun for the dangerous forest dwelling wisent bison is far from being etymologically settled although sumbrs is unique to East Baltic Note žambas žambras derivation as well as later GAC wisent lt OPr wissambrs gt Slavic jьzōbrь ( jьlt vь ) The wisent is the largest herbivore in Europe Excavated sites in the Baltic countries indicate wisents constituted 20 of the hunted wild ungulates In Lithuania there are still meadow ( Lith
lanka Khanty lŏk ) names such as Zumbriškės by Aukštadvaris and Žumbrickiai by Ramygala in the central Panevėžys district whereas Stumbriškis place-names appear less archaic Wisents often frequent lush meadows for grazing Archaic Satem cognates for the Carpathian bison in central Europe extend beyond Slavic examples Niketas Choniates recorded
the δοσμπρος (lt zumbros ) of 12th century Cumanians hundreds of years after
the advent of Old Church Slavonic liturgical texts The apparently Thracian ( w
final -os ) δόμβρος (lt zumbros ) cognate dates to the same century as the
beginning of formalized Old Church Slavonic literature Other cognates also display this close relationship such as Thracian midne - homestead
reflecting Latvian mītne - dwelling very nicely
Given the existing evidence of Žumbr- type place-names in Lithuania like Žumbrickiai East Baltic (re upė vs apė ) obviously had a dialect variant Žumbras Finno-Ugric pronounciation of the ž- or z- consonant perhaps yielded a multi-cultural Balt-Finnic term sumbras (re Old Latv Sumbrs ) in the distant past (eg Dyakovo culture ) for the forest wisent An East Baltic remodeled variant stumbras ( re stirna ) arose In many outlying regions after the animal disappeared so did its old name Scandinavian and Slavic traders later brought in new substitute wisent names Over thousands of years of multi-cultural interaction the common term sumbrs overtook the older zumbrs variant in the Latvian region - probably due to the Estonian-Finnic phonetic influence Modern Lithuanian still has the tusked žambras žambris although the semantics are now limited to a wooden plow ( Lith žambuotas Skt
jambhate) Regional polyethnic changes of ž- to s- as in žalga gt salko do not necessitate a taboo in place of multi-millennial Finnic influenced cross-culture contact For example the related Baltic taurė - herders blow horn is not at all uncommon in Uralic languages The neighboring Finnic influence of ž- or z- to s- with zumbrs gt sumbrs needs no extravagant linguistic explanation
The East Baltic Neuter gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The singular neuter gender exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages with West Baltic documented using singular neuter gender asigmatic -n as in kelan - wheel Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords from Uralic such as kela - reel or in modern East Baltic ( Žemaitian medė forest or coastal dialect lizda vs Prussian median ) once again dating the commonality of a West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 ) pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-
Svitych 1963 42-44 ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as the singular neuter in Lydian with the generalized singular neuter ending in -d The Slavic neuter origin may reflect an old R1a1a- Z92 Eastern orientation The anaphoric pronoun -ad lt ( ntr sg ) -od reflects the Hititte -at used for
collectives or neuter plurals suggesting an early ( Mysian ) Lydian Hittite split East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords in Uralic imply the loss of the final consonant occurred prior to a Northern expansion The evolution of the neuter gender in East Baltic can be deduced from the surviving languages and dialects Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains The Lithuanian neuter is still used in impersonal constructions Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of that language - even after the era when dialects became different languages As the R1a1a- Z92 or the LWb allele genetically indicate Fatyanovo Baltic was as identifiable East Baltic - as Latvian Lithuanian and Žemaitian are to this today Apples dont fall far from the apple tree
Loanwords in Uralic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Academia also attributes Finnish porsas pig as a loanword from an Iranian (
pārsas ) source Note that archaic East Baltic parša pig ( neut ) was the signature livestock of East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo culture archaeological excavations ( like Centum poly-ethnic GAS ) - and is also noted ( Varov amp Kosintsev
1996 54 ) as a significant feature of Corded Ware Abashevo livestock (Koryakova-Epimakhov 200765) in the very same Volga-Kama region as the later Khudyakovo group of the Pyanobor ( Udmurt parś boar ) culture region Some post-Balanovo Finnic Ananyino culture excavation sites (eg Svinogorskoye) also favor the pig above other livestock The Mordvin cognate may reflect Sauromatian (Prokhorovo) influence Note Khotanese pāsa- lt pālsa- lt pārsa- lt parsa- lt parša- One of the most conspicuous traits of the Indo-Iranian Andronovo culture is the complete absence of pigs as opposed to the related western poly-ethnic Timber grave culture - which evolved with discernible Corded Ware Abashevo culture assimilation Andronovo Indo-Iranians werent keen about mushrooms either ( Yasna XLVIII10 ) Given the distribution ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 Kandahar laquo checked raquo 14 ) of uniquely
Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornament of Urals ) one may speculate if their parša term followed ( Grishakov V
Stavitsky V 2003 ) their motifs (re the Sanskrit cognate of neuter E Baltic parša gt
Estonian parh lt parha lt parša )
vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras
The Finnish loanword vasara hammer appears to be from a late Āryan vazarah ( vajrah lt vaźras ) without the final s most likely from the 16th-13th
century BCE Timber-Grave northern forest intrusion ( re Erzya azuru man of rank
Udmurt uzər lt Timber-Grave Iranian asurah ) as opposed to an Alakul forest-steppe re-intrusion ( re Moksha vərgas w -s nom sg ending ) Other Uralic terms include Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere and all lack a final s ( re Redei
1986 25-26 28-30 ) The East Baltic cognates range from Lithuanian vėzdras vėzdas mace club Latvian vẽza stick club vẽzecirct to swing in the air
wave wag lt ueg Note the vežys of crayfish waving their pinchers Latvian
veseris maul-hammer appears to be a loanword from Livonian since the phonetics are closer to the Finnic versions than Lith vėzdras mace club The -d da- contamination of vėz-das vėzdras may be from the closely related stone-less synonym laz-da - club and may well have altered ź-da gt zda as in Lith lazda lt laźda (Albanian lajthi ledhi - id ) Bored stone maces with a peculiar solar rosette design - ubiquitous in the Abashevo culture have been unearthed in the Mariampolė district of Lithuania East Balt four five or seven-bulbed stone bored maces are almost identical to Andronovo maces Perkūnas thunderbolt ( Latv milna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild- ) was also a round stone The evolution from vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras vėzdas appears rather old but provides fresh new perspective to the etymology of Sanskrit vajra and Avestan vazra The practical forest dwelling East Balt woodsmen apparently favored the utilitarian kirvis- axe-hammer ( Indic kṛvi- ) or Maykop like vedega - adze more and evidently shared them with the Uralic locals Hazel nuts were a Fatyanovo staple
The early polyethnic East Balt Uralic Pre-Indo-Iranian group would play a role in the settlement ( U of AZ - radio carbon date average - 2026 BCE) of Sintashta Arkaim and later also influence the regional speakers in Iran India who become bilingual Like the Magyars in Central Europe or the Goths-Galindi-Alani in Spain Āryan languages are now marginally reflected in the gene pool of India ( re Uralic variant of mtDNA N1a )
The Ethnogenesis of Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Abashevo pottery resembles and blends Fatyanovo and Balanovo East Baltic
Corded Ware styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) Like poly-ethnic Balanovo East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) the forest-zone Abashevo culture left both kurgans and flat graves although some burials may also reflect nearby Poltavka culture customs of the steppe-zone This indicates a transitional group of Corded Ware populace of mixed affinities with an emerging Āryan elite Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich - were probably influenced from a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave Iranian asurah - perhaps pre-Ananyino era and do not indicate any hypothetical Āryan type Abashevo language for that Corded Ware group Latvian folk solar design signs exactly match the enigmatic Abashevo ubiquitous rosettes Poltavka amp Abashevo complexes of the Novokumak horizon coexisted by the Volga The Abashevo southeastern expansion towards territory that was prior a Catacomb border region suggests cultural assimilation of that populace as well which was later followed by a Timber Grave assimilation once again
This widespread polyethnic (kulturnaya obshchnostrsquo ) Abashevo mixed populace invites varied interpretations by differing viewpoints of different stages and regions - resembling the Heisenberg uncertainty principle Abashevo defies oversimplification for convenience sake An expert on the Abashevo culture A Pryakhin ( Pryakhin amp Khalikov 1987 ) deduced that it evolved from contacts between Fatyanovo Balanovo (Balts) and MVK Catacomb (Mnogovalikovo) Poltavka (Pit-grave Āryan) peoples in the Ural forest-steppe Most Corded Ware Abashevans were like Fatyanovo Balanovo narrow faced and dolichocephalous - contrasting somewhat from the MVK Catacomb Pit-grave Poltavka cranial amp physical type ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) But the Abashevo were on the whole poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) and multicultural Regional variant sub-groups include a Ural Volga Don-Volga and Kama-Vetluga expressions Sometimes the Balanbash label is used for the eastern variant
Were the varied poly-ethnic cosmopolitan Abashevo people MVK Catacomb Poltavka Āryan CWC East Balts residual upper Don-Volga Repins or partly Finno-Ugric Yes
Abashevo was multi-cultural and poly-ethnic E Pluribus Unum
One is inclined then to consider the singular masc baritone ratas gt rathas term as a probable Corded Ware Abashevo poly-ethnic lexical legacy
Sintashta intensifies the regional forest-zone copper metallurgy of the Corded Ware Abashevo and the earlier pioneering Balanovo East Balt metalworkers Balanovo copper ( varis ) metallurgy in the Urals had become an attractive alternative to the then destabilized Carpathian sources drawing the attention of southerly (Saami Oarje) Volga Pit-grave Āryans who had endured cyclic periods of drought The Urals quickly became a major metallurgic center Sintashta stock-breeding reflects the earlier Abashevo Corded Ware culture (note East Baltic šėmas gōvs gray cow or papijusi - cow with milk and related Sanskrit
pipyūṣī id) as does some of its metallurgic products and flat graves A recent
genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) add additional perspective The Sintashta slightly concave knife-sickles are connected to the Abashevo polyfunctional ones (Skt kṛpā- Latvian cirpe Lith
kirpe- ) Many Sintashta remains were dolichocephalous europoids ( re Kirsna
man ) like the forest-steppe Corded Ware Abashevans and earlier Fatyanovans ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) while others resemble Pit-grave Poltavka types In fact kurgans only accounted for about one third of the burials at Sintashta (Epimakhov 2002) E Kuzmina (The Origin of the Indo-
Iranians Volume 3 p 222 ) suggests Sintashta was not purely Āryan in composition and quite possibly quasi-bilingual Over a period time the cultures consolidated by the need for mutual co-operation
The later stage of the polyethnic populace of Abashevo amp Sintashta cultures may give an insight to the language of Proto-Indo-Iranian ( Pre-VedicAvestan
Sintashta ) Remains of the Pokrovskij type continue dolochocephaly and narrow faces with additional admixture of Uralic types detected in that group The Arkaim Sintashta area sites correspond to the Avestan Vara of the arriianəm vaējō Reflecting its polyethnic populace is Finno-Ugric Hungarian var fortress Saami var village and East Baltic Lithuanian varas tall timber palisade stockade ( Skt vartra ) Arkaim and Sintashta are also shaped like Central European Rondels The circular or oval settlement designs are very reminiscent of earlier Tripolye Dnieper sites or later East Baltic fortresses (eg
Tushemlya ) The dolichocephalous narrow faced Volga-Balts originated from the Northern Fatyanovo variants of the earlier Middle Dnieper culture which had assimilated some Tripolye C2 substrata Here is perhaps an example of a East Baltic term varas ( timber stockade ) borrowed in Finno-Ugric Vedic and Avestan In stark contrast the later Āryan Petrovka phase preferred a rectangular settlement shape over the circular or oval forts of the Urals yet still exhibit influence from western Abashevo Abashevan socketed spear designs eventually end up in western China via Andronovo influence The the range of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motif even extended to the Cherkaskul culture and regions of Siberia ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Latvian apsa aspen closely resembles Altai dialect apsa-k or Tatar Tobolsk dialect awsak and Chuvash eumlveumls Who knew
The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) of Baltic Uralic people in the ethnogenesis of the Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim cultures has provided scholars with linguistic opportunities in studies of the early Indo-Iranian dialects and in Finno-Ugric Baltic etymologies The Avestan and Vedic combinations of neuter plural nouns or multiple single and plural nouns with the verb in singular ( in Greek as well ) reflects archaic Baltic
constructions ( Lith beržorai esti ) Just as Lithuanian dialect panta or pantas - a crossbeam provides insight to the origins of Greek pontos - sea (linking ports) - Latin pontis bridge Armenian hown - a riverbed ( ford ) - a fresh new ( re Lithuanian-Latvian dialect panta - a link etc ) semantical understanding of Sanskrit panthās Avestan pantā - path ( link ) finally emerges from the mists of antiquity Khanty-Ostyak - pant path vs Mokša pandaz halter lt hobblelt link are related examples of Satem cultural interaction with Finno-Ugrics over time It is very important to keep in context the limited duration of this cultural horizon Here is a window a key that may unlock many doors It is a very unique horizon (chapter) of Eurasian and Russian prehistory when early Indo-Iranian traditions blend with Finnic and East Baltic cultures ( re DRD2 data) The Satem connection between Tolstoy and Gandhi was not only linguistic
A Fishy Whale gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There has been noted ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) a widespread hybrid checkered ceramic tradition of Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Abashevo and Pozdnyakovo cultures reflecting intimate polyethnic relations (re mtDNA haplogroups U4 Narva U5b2 and T1 ) The Sintashta Culture was not monolithic but rather a regional composite of various components as reflected by the variability of the ceramics If Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo influenced and integrated with the Sintashta area people ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) did it also influence their Āryan language (re Eastern Sanskrit R amp L dialects) Indic-Baltic specific isoglosses ( eg śāpa- šapas miśra- mišras ) may need updated reappraisals in light of the unfolding archaeological evidence of Corded Ware Abashevo influence and ethnic presence ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt
checked ornaments ) Riverine Latvian sence- mussel matches Sanskrit śaṅkha- shell rather well as does barytone Baltic antis Skt ātih - both waterfowl Sanskrit nārās and Lith nara both flow The Sanskrit suffix - inga- (Skt sphulinga- spark) looks peculiarly Baltic (ie Lith blezdinga swallow) as does the - ikas suffixed Skt śāpharikas fisherman Lith šventikas priest
The šapalas and śapharas ( Faux Dace महाशफर पतिशफरी शफररप Skt
śāpharikas fisherman ) isogloss is quite unique and curiously percise Similarities between Leuciscus cephalus idus amp lehmanni ( Zeravshan Dace ) may have encouraged the terms usage Puntius sophore aka śapharas the faux Dace has the identical profile coloration and specific reddish hue on its lower fins as its above Leuciscus šapalas neighbors Coincidence left the room with Elvis Someone remembered exactly what that fish looked like Indic śapharas ( the Faux Dace ) may well be an identifiable relic-loanword from East Baltic Corded Ware Abashevo-Balanovo-Fatyanovo šapalas contact since it is altogether absent ( like Parjanya ) in Avestan or Ossetic ( kaeligf big type
of fish) or other Petrovka derived Āryan languages There is no ichthyic cognate of East Baltic šapalas in the Catacomb culture derived languages
or even Slavic ( ) Germanic or Uralic for that matter So it is equally odd to note the complete absence of cognates for the archaic East Baltic žuvis - fish in all the Indo-Iranian branches although the Pontic steppe related Greek and Armenian somehow both preserved related ichthyic cognates ( Arm jukn ) Ossetic has retained an IE laeligsaeligg brown trout as well as a loanword kaeligsag from Hungarian keszeg and Mansi kāsəŋ a bream-dace type fish reflecting Timber Grave Iranian amp Finno-Ugric cultural interactions The Avestan mythic kara- may recall the voracious Volga wels ( Old Prussian kalis lt kalas - wels catfish ) which to this day exhibits legendary proportions approaching 10 ft The archaic žuvis šapalas howled today by an excited Lithuanian fisherman ( Skt śāpharikas ) still echoes the simple joy of his forefathers from long long ago
The Perkūnijas Parjanyah Pərgənauml Perkịno shared tradition is a delicate issue since each is venerated to this day in their respective cultures One may note that all three are very close in certain details The East Baltic laitus rain (Lith lietas lietus ) tradition with lightning East Baltic Laita may have been an archaic term for Summer rainy season (re Slavic Lēto year) which followed the return of Pleiades before the northern migrations of Battle Axe Balts The Erzya Lit-ava in their Prayer Hymns remained intact Modern Pashto has Perūne - Pleiades (re Greek Keraunos thunderbolt Slavic Perun all lacking a velar
plosive lt GAC ) Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- For the mushroom Perkūnas relationship see V N Toporov 1979 Parjanya is the father of Uralic Soma Perkūnas was to be the groom of the aquatic Laumė Indraja - Lith hydronyms Indus Indra Indura ( Mitanni Indara Skt Indu ) The Laumė Indraja is a mushroom guide or teacher And to uphold respect about these cultures and to be as accurate as possible I will only use the term shared
Perkūnas amp Indraja gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In the old Baltic dainos folksongs Perkūnas was to wed the Laumė Indraja One role of Indraja is as a mushroom guide spirit Vedic Parjanya is the father of Soma The Abashevo used talc in their ceramics as was common with their Uralic neighbors The pottery of the two cultures are found in the same room Note ( N1c1 ) Mari paŋgə mushroom Udmurt paŋτəl- paŋτət- to howl and carry on after partaking of Fly Agaric The Lithuanian version Ar prisiėdęs musmirių refers to the partaking of Fly Agaric mushroom and exhibiting a skewed or altered state of reality It is a quite common courteous way of calling someone stone crazy If they ate a little too much dried - žalas ( RV
7981 ) Fly Agaric mushroom and there upon glare ominously wild-eyed
howl ecstatically see the Unseen amp carry on - that person would be labeled aršus The Avestan term for an ecstatic seer is ǝrǝšiš which is a close cognate to Sanskrit ṛṣiḥ - a Seer Back in the Ural forests Uralic Khanty still has a word sŏma for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl or vessel as well as one for partaking of Amanita muscaria This would all be quite coincidental if they had never met - but they did Archaeology has already provided the where when and why Latvian has an equally courteous and common expression for telling someone to buzz off - get a clue - ej bekot or go pick mushrooms Latvian beka mushroom or dialect peka is loaned from Balto-Finnic Livonian paeligkā id lt pękā lt Uralic pəηkā Note that the mixed Balanovo-Volosovo sites were mediums of cross-cultural bilingual interaction for sharing ethnic customs preceding and contributing to Sintashta which influenced poly-ethnic Alakul ( Grigoryev 2000 ) groups ( ОД
Мочалов 2001-2 re ceramic lt gt checkered ornaments ) Sharing the hewn sŏma-bowl
with its entheogenic contents like a diplomatic cross-cultural peace pipe evidently sparked its legendary admiration The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding m-m-m Sŏma good Uh-oh East Baltic neuters did not require a final consonant They still dont It is also suggested that Uralic panga mushroom fly agaric entheogen žalas - when dried re bangus is possibly the source for the Sarmatian-Magyar loanword in Slavic Polish pienka Russian Пенька - hemp entheogen ( lt Finno-Ugric Pəηka via Sarmatians amp Magyars w U2e1 - re C
Keyser et al 2009 ) Note Irish arsan - a Seer or German rasen - be ecstatic Let it rain
The Unthinkable Now Highly Probable gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The everyday awkward pidgin bilingualism albeit semantically skewed at times between the East Balt Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo MVK Catacombs and Poltavka Āryans in that culture is highly probable ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) considering some of their similar ( at times identical ) vocabularies and quasi-related grammar The cultural continuity of metallurgy in the Ural region that started with Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) continued with Abashevo and was intensified at Sintashta and Arkaim The artifacts including specific trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered ornamentation motifs on pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) reflect their co-operation and integration with each other The chance of trace Baltic loanwords in old Indo-Iranian has shifted from unthinkable to highly probable lt gt Mainstream archaeological academia has reviewed the collective material evidence thoroughly and is quite confident in their evaluations of it Archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics are finally revealing this untold story The scientific evidence is becoming increasingly difficult to dismiss And ratas is not some amorphous proto Balto-Slavic
Suggested essential readings include The Origin of the Indo-Iranians Volume 3 by Elena E Kuzmina edited by J P Mallory p 222 Brill NV Leiden The Netherlands 2007 ISBN 978 90 04 16054 5 The Horse The Wheel and Language by David W Anthony Princeton University Press ISBN10
0691058873 and especially laquoШАХМАТНЫЙraquo ОРНАМЕНТ КЕРАМИКИ
КУЛЬТУР РАЗВИТОГО БРОНЗОВОГО ВЕКА ПОВОЛЖЬЯ И УРАЛА by ОД Мочалов Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ( The laquochessraquo ornament on
the pottery of the Middle Bronze Age in the Volga and Ural regions by OD Mochalov
Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ) - available as a PDF from Stratum Note title mistranslation of laquo chess raquo for laquo checked raquo The ceramics track the East Balt cultural assimilation ( amp Z280 ) into various Indo-Iranian sub-groups It‟s a fact
PIE dei - gt Dainā gt Dhēnā gt Daēna gt Dēn gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Vedic Sanskrit has the somewhat (15 times ) obscure word Dhēnā meaning hymn song which reflects East Baltic Daina meaning dance gt song From IE dei- (move spin whirl) we have Latvian deinis dancer daiņa restless person dainēt daināt to dance sing deja dance Lithuanian dainuoti to sing ( vs somuoti ) clearly illustrating the core Baltic etymology (It is
also attested in West Baltic toponyms) But Vedic Dhēnās hymn-prayer lacks any such dance etymology The Avestan Daēna ( Middle Persian Dēn ) is even more semantically vague - that which is revealed revelation This implies a loanword and like in Vedic - a word without a clear etymology The closet indigenous Indo-Iranian cognate is Avestan Dian meaning fast (re Grk δινεύω whirl or διά-νοια thought ) Scholars interpret the actual pronunciations of the old Vedic Sanskrit Dhēnā and Avestan Daēna as Dainā Hello By following this thread the shroud of the past unravels and finally falls apart
There is only one ( ) Rig Vedic hymn to Vāyu wind Skt nom Vāyus lt Vējus Lith dialect Vėjus which is otherwise called Vāta Iranian Ossetic wad and Ob-Ugric Mansi loanword wōt indicate the primacy of Vāta usage in the early Indo-Iranian dialects where as Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant ( Lith Vėjūkas ) appears to be a loanword (also note Skt
vāhin amp Latv āzinis) Note that Dhēnā is also used in the rare Vāyu hymn (I 2 3-
) Vāyu is closely associated with Parjanyah amp Soma ( Pashto ōmə ) Ancient Rig Vedic Uṣas and todays East Baltic Ūšas Ūštun - dawning to dawn
illustrate the challenges Vedic like Baltic or Greek often made an adjective into a noun by just moving the stress to another syllable although in this case Rig Vedic Uṣas has the adjectival accent In other words Uṣas = Ūšas but no one writes about it (re Skt uśras Lith ūšras OCS za-ustra ) Nada Zip
The Rig Veda uses the word Dhēnās for hymns but does not emphasize it although that connection is later implied as such by Avestan Daēna From the new archeaological and archeaogenetic evidence of the polyethnic ethnogenesis of the Abashevo and Sintashta populace it is not linguistically unreasonable to deduce that the Dainā dance gt song gt hymn tradition of the assimilated Abashevo Balts was adopted as the term Dhēnās hymns songs by their fellow Āryan metalworkers near the Urals during a period of bilingualism and was used as such later in the Rig Veda An Abashevo-MVK Monteoru trade link for cheek-piece diffusion may provide an alternate explanation for a Dacian gt Romanian doina - lyrical song although the ancient amber trade explanation remains equally viable
From IE dei- (move spin whirl) developed East Baltic Dainā - dance song hymn ( Grk δινεύω whirl ) which was borrowed as Vedic Dhēnā - hymn prayer Avestan Daēnā - revelation Middle Persian Dēn - religion The word dena - revelation religion is still used in Kashmiri Arabic Dīn ( دين faith
religion ) is beyond the scope of this topic
Little did the stubborn poly-ethnic Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 L235 amp
N1c1 ) or Abashevo East Baltic forest-folk singing their Sacred Hymns of Divine Revelation ( Dainās ) near the Country of Towns by Sintashta in the Urals of 2100 BCE know how far their songs would travel and for how long they would echo - up to this day by contributing a term for a new Monotheism (
Daēnā ) emulated later to its West The Volgaic Erzya Rav-ava - mother Volga Volgaic Mokša Rava - river and East Baltic Lithuanian Ravas - stream or Latvian Rāva - marsh water correlation is rather interesting (Lith
Rauti - to run quickly )
The Baltic amp Uralic in Vedic Sanskrit Avestan gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The mythical Avestan ten month winters and Vara Daēna legend Āryan Soma Haoma ( RV 128 Khanty Sŏma hewn wooden mortar-bowl Volgaic Erzya
Mokša Sjuma Səma hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger ) Sanskrit Śarabha ( Mansi Suorp Mokša Sjarda ) the Avestan water goddess Anāhitā in a Northern forests beaver furcoat (re Finno-Ugric mother-beaver cult) Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC talc or chamotte ceramic admixture amp specific trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ornamentation ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) and the many Finno-Ugric loanwords (Burrow 1955 pp 24-27 ) from
both early Indo-Iranian ( Finnish kekri ) and Volga-East-Baltic ( Finnish ratas ) uphold the latest archaeological findings Soma is the guardian spirit of the North And U4 is U4 ( Pliss et al 2005 Derbeneva et al2002 ) A multi-disciplinary approach combining archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics together are yielding scientific results
That there is possibly a Ural-East-Baltic Daina Ratas Perkonias or Šapalas in Sanskrit or Avestan should not come as a surprise considering Uralic ( re Sŏma ) is indisputably present (re N1c1 Khanty Sŏma hewn mortar-bowl )
Indo-Iranian Soma preserved the native N1c1 Uralic word ( Sŏma ) for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric ( Amanita muscaria ) was pressed with stones in water ( Skt
saumya- soft ) The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo-Garino cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding of what was pointed at ( re EV 141 ) Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 amp N1c1 poly-ethnics ) to this day still partake dried Amanita muscaria with milk amp honey as they have done for well over four thousand years It is Senasis Takas- The Ancient Way
Such drift of semantics can be heard even today in the English phrase Do you want to do a bowl
The Āryan Soma of the Urals eventually became a generic ( Pashto ōmə ) term to label an entheogen
Finding Baltisms ( ntr pl [ as w Hittite ] or multiple sg w sg verb the -yu- -ju- words like Vāyus - Vėjus ) or specific loanwords ( GAS Satem ) will be next to impossible especially without the displaced Vedic era R amp L middle dialects (eg ślokas - Madhyadeśa region ) of earlier migrations The integration of the polyethnic Corded Ware Abashevo into the Sintashta cultures may have not had a significant impact beyond contributing their earlier equine cheek-pieces Ural metallurgy amp talc chamotte pottery admixture or trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ceramics ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked
ceramics lt gt ) but it is probable they did leave other cultural traces (including DNA
words like ratas daina ) as well A recent genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) adds additional perspective Why
does East Balt ichthyic šapalas match Indic faux Dace śapharas ( महाशफर ) or śāpharikas ( fisherman ) so closely and as with other word matches
cognates are wholly absent in Avestan and even Slavic like the alpine velar in Parjanyas Also Skt śāka- Lith šėkas - green grass or Skt śakala- Lith šakalys - splinter - et cetera etc etc Perhaps even a Fatyanovo š itself given the Nuristani counterpart There are the parallel myth traditions of Dawn ( Uṣas - Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven dhēnā of Vāyus - Vėjus or the Ashvins - Ašvieniai Divine Twins Yet the breaking up of Middle Dnieper culture Balto-Slavic occurred especially with distant Fatyanovo-Balanovo well over a millennium prior to the ethnogenesis of Indo-Iranian The preponderance of such Baltic Indo-Iranian isoglosses suggests a period of contact and just as importantly the nature of those contacts Archaeology has indeed already provided the where when and why ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Pots amp DNA do speak
That a central European culture ( 3400 BCE - Baden Globular Amphora ) centered new wheel term ( Old Irish masc sg roth pl rothai Latin neuter sg rota pl rotae
Albanian diminutive w th from a t gt sg rreth pl rratheuml ) reflected in Corded Ware East Baltic baritone masc sg ratas pl ratai was loaned into Finnic languages is uncontested (re Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) but where does an Āryan baritone masc sg raacutethas - vehicle figure in the pre-Sintashta ( 2400
BCE ) Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian shared lexicon It doesnt
Bronocice Poland - Pot pre-3400 BCE - Farmers Wagons
Note laquo checked raquo darža motif similar to GAS-BALTIC Fatyanovo motif
And why would Indo-Europeans need to rename the wheel ( PIE kʷekʷlos ) Perhaps the assimilated European farmers did it East Baltic Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) copper metallurgy in the Urals has its roots in central European cultural traditions ( re Globular Amphora ) which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo Cultural area The old Carpathian metal trade of central Europe provided for contacts and cultural exchanges ( re amber trade ) between language groups like NE pre-Celts pre-Albanians and Middle Dnieper Balts ( Albanian lopeuml - cow Latvian Luops - id ) as well as Triploye C2 Lengyel amp TRB substratum interaction This interaction between the central European Dniester Tripolye C2 refugees - which may also have spoken their native Temematian language - and the northern Middle Dnieper Tripolye C2 bi-lingual populace may account as a medium of some unusual archaisms ( re tauras ) and with additional admixture of TRB Lengyel BBC ( Q gt P ) Globular Amphora spread Corded Ware isoglosses amp innovations ( plural dative m long root preterite ) in the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Fatyanovo regions as well as traditions of central European Carpathian arsenic copper metallurgy Arkaim and Sintashta
fortifications are even shaped like Central European Rondels Trade networks between Centum Euro-Repin GAC subgroups were conduits for isoglosses even beyond the other Balts in the West Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1 ) amber contacts amp Uralic substratum may well be the phonetic impetus of the dative plural -M- type linguistic transitions away from a -B- The influence of a Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva ( w U5b2 ) poly-ethnic substratum perhaps contributed to incongruities in Baltic Satemization amp partial RUKI ( eg Finnish
laiha GAS Lith liesa ipo lieša ) as well as contributing a residual substratum vocabulary of their central European Centum words like pẽku Make no mistake the impact of this Centum Satem tango went both ways ( GAS gt Germanic 1112 1000 etc) Balanovo jewelry from the Urals also emulates specific designs of a central European provenance perhaps derived from Globular Amphora-Narva poly-ethnics as a substratum ( GAS ) of Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo ( Česnys et al 1990 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) The Baltic amber sun disc talisman or solar halo ( rẽtis ) wheel Saulės Ratas is found distributed in central European cultures particularly the Centum Globular Amphora culture - which contributed substratum to Fatyanovo-Balanovo which in turn contributed to the Corded Ware Abashevo culture and eventually poly-ethnic Sintashta Arkaim ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) If the Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas Saule is also a common traditional Kazakh amp Central Asian ( Afghan
Kyrgyz etc ) female name The meaning of the name is translated as sunlight or Sun just like the feminine East Baltic Saulė which is also used for a female name Another coincidence Again
Saulės Ratas
Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Ural copper metallurgy preceded Corded Ware Abashevo and later Sintashta Arkaim metalworking predating them by about half a millennium The terminology of the typical dual wheeled cart ( Lith dviratis vežimas ratai Finnish
rattaat ) of the early GAS East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Goldina 1999) farmers amp metallurgist-woodsmen and multi-cultural Abashevo successors may have been a source for a unique northern archaic import ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas wheel ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) providing an Āryan masculine singular ratʔas gt raacutethas upgraded intact as a nominative singular word for the new chariot of the Abashevo - Sintashta era metallurgic bonanza Semantic incongruity is a hallmark of loanwords in traditional linguistics The Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas One might expect an Āryan neuter form as the Sanskrit scholar T Burrow did or perhaps an Āryan plural form East Baltic has in fact many old variants
including Latvian ruota toy ruotacirct to hop turn roll and Lith rẽtis halo Coincidence A speeding Āryan raacutethas bounced a lot - it hopped The wheel spread faster than the flu in central Europe and prestigious words of new innovations were traded as well as new trends from contact ( re Baden Globular Amphora Fatyanovo Abashevo ) In fact the PIE roteH2 rotH2os rotoH2s discussions are currently at a stalemate an academic impasse Why would some Indo-Europeans want to rename the wheel anyway ( PIE kʷekʷlos
) Maybe they didnt
An East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo GAS loanword proposal for post-Sintashtan rathas is not only linguistically practical and etymologically grounded it is archaeologically probable ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) We do know the earlier Corded Ware Abashevo cheek-pieces were copied - but what else Given the boatload of Corded Ware influenced artifacts at Sintashta and Arkaim maybe one or two Corded Ware words leaked out Just maybe To quote M Witzel (2003) quoting JP Mallory (2002) there are still degrees of geo-linguistic plausibility
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
Some ornament traits let us to link Sintashta with northwest forest Fatyanovo culture
( Oleg Mochalov - Samara State Pedagogical University Institute for History and Archaeology of Volga region Samara Russia)
- The origin of Sintashta culture ceramic Ceramic through the Millennia methods approaches results - 2008 -
East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) entered the North after 3200 BCE ( C-14 cal dates from Latvia- see Loze 1992 ) and shared their ratas wheel with the local Uralics ( Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) on the way to the copper deposits by the Urals About 1000 years later Sintashtan Āryans - after spending a couple of centuries with the Corded Ware East Baltic speaking woodsmen ride off into the dawn of history on their new Āryan twin-wheeled rathas (re Kassite king Abi-rattaš Mitanni king Tušratta gt
circa 1350 BCE) drawn by two horses using the Corded Ware Abashevo amp MVK Catacomb inspired cheek-pieces Academics still dismiss the coincidence () of a baritone masculine singular Āryan rathas rattaš spontaneously produced in the linguistic company of Ural East Balt metallurgists who had an isolated northern archaic ratʔas dialect form ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) of baritone masculine singular ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas for near a thousand
years since 3200 BCE Pots do speak - as does DNA The silence of Cherchen Man speaks volumes
The Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo with their characteristic central European Globular Amphora cultural-substratum influence ( re GAS lt GAC-Narva w U5b2 poly-ethnics pottery copper pigs flint axes
amber ) and Uralic admixture ( re N1c1 Volosovo talc or chamotte ceramics ) are thus the most logical candidates for the dissemination of the ratas term of 2400 BCE as heard to this day with East Baltic Lithuanian ratas amp the related Latvian cognate Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo ) ceramics use chamotte admixture and exhibit a projecting rim as does later Corded Ware Abashevo ( re mtDNA N1a1a1 294 lt GAS ) Volosovo amp Balanovo pottery is found in the same room Words were spoken Abashevo amp Sintashta adopt specifically Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered diamond rhombus type ceramic designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Arkaim amp Sintashta artifacts - clearly exhibiting Corded Ware Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural influences including talc - chamotte pottery admixture amp darža checkered ceramics ( thus verifiable contacts ) - provide the archaeological support for just such a linguistic loanword exchange as well as the foreign mycologic sŏma tradition of these quasi-trilingual misfits Kandahar valleys Mundigak Period VI ceramics in Afghanistan ( Kuzmina 2007 p 716 fig 101 14
re Lith piešalas Sanskrit peśalas ) also exhibit the unique Fatyanovo darža checkered double row striped diamond motif The Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest dwelling quasi-trilinguals stubbornly clung to their Euro-farmer identity and never did quite fit ( ārya- ) in Fly Agaric is the fruit of the forests not the wide open steppes As noted by Kramer the cat is out of the bag Vedic ashvyam goh - horses amp cows of the Dasyus still echoes todays East Baltic ashva amp guovs The Babino Multi-Roller Ware MVK Catacomb culture neighbors of the Corded Ware Abashevo would later be reflected in shaft graves with cheek-pieces in distant places as Mycenae near Athens by around 17th century BCE Mycenaean warriors also wore Baltic amber Mycenaean mtDNA had a match in SE Poland A MVK-Monteoru link or CWC GAS - again
The combination of kurgan and flat graves reflecting the integration of indigenous Europeans with IE steppe ethnicities (re Dniester Usatovo-Tripolye) is found in the Middle Dnieper culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo and Corded Ware Abashevo Abashevo integration at Sintashta is indicated by various material artifacts Sintashta kurgans account for about a third of the burials - the rest are interestingly enough flat graves
The Ural Elephant in the Room gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Then there is the intriguing Perkaunijas Perkino Pərgənauml Parjanya legacy - the Ural elephant in the room so to speak Unlike Pera amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Why are Parjanya cognates
with an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive absent in the multitude of other surrounding Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani Satem languages and dialects - or even related Satem Slavic (re Pashto Perūne Slavic Perun Nuristani Paumlrun vs Gas Lith
Perkūnas ) Slavic Ruki amp velarless Perun vs Gothic alpine Fairguni suggest a Centum GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive was assimilated into Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns type cognates Archaeological support for such a bold linguistic assertion is beyond debate The zones of such Centum Satem contacts have been thoroughly dated with C-14 Although Perkino amp Pərgənauml may only reflect the 1st millennium BCE Dyakovo era the Dainos of the forest dwelling East Balts easily pre-date the Sintashta-Arkaim era by a millennium Variability of Sintashta ceramics with Fatyanovo influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2
rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) certainly reflect cultural contact and interaction Parjanyas reflects an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive - East Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns reflects a GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive Rathas vs GAS ratas The lexical legacies of poly-ethnic Sintashta contact have survived intact four thousand years ( re U of Az C-14 ) Prakrits of India also preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) not found in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words Was the Sanskrit (ṛH) dialect ir ur variation ( Skt śiras vs Av sarah-) an innovation or perhaps a polyethnic relic of the earlier migrations South It is a rich field awaiting someone to harvest it Such material was reviewed by W Tomaschek in 1883 (Ausland p 862) and discussed later by H Arntz S G Oliphant and S K Chatterji
It was women who made the checkered pottery sang their songs and mothers who taught the language to their child Men sometimes forget this The mtDNA evidence should not be overlooked ( Narva-U5b2 ) As L Koryakova and A Epimakhov note in their The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron ages Balanovo culture villages consisted of above-ground wooden log houses and in their cemeteries (flat amp kurgan) men were buried on their right side women on their left side - as also in Baltic Corded Ware tradition After the Sintashta polyethnic horizon by the Urals and subsequent first migration South we find a continuity of this same Baltic Corded Ware ( Abashevo Alakul
w checkered pottery ) type of burial custom in Tulkhar by the Andronovo Bishkent culture (1700-1500 BCE) and the later Vakhsh and Swāt ( Vedic Suvastu
) cultures and also at Timargarha This unusual Andronovo gender dimorphism MR FL burial trait was even noted by J P Mallory amp Douglas Q Adams in their Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture Bishkent skulls were dolichocranial (Khodzhayov 2008) like Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Denisova 1975) One general trait to distinguish Andronovo from Timber Grave burials is how the first has the head oriented to the West or SW whereas some Timber Grave cultures favored orienting the deceased towards the North ( re Mahaparinibbana
Sutta ) or East East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo burials oriented male heads to the SW females to NE - per steppe Maikop tradition Later East Baltic Jukhnovo settlements even oriented their streets to NE SW
Pottery shards found at a tin miners camp on the lower Zeravshan at Karnab have an Abashevo style of decoration from an early phase of contact Two pots unearthed far away by Sarazm betray their polyethnic Abashevo Sintashta Ural area origination by their talc admixture ( N1c1 cultural custom -
re fly agaric amp sŏma ) Near the tin mining camps the Tazabagyab variant of Andronovo buried their dead in flat cemeteries not kurgans The Saka of the Pamirs were also dolichocranial and narrow faced ( re 2005 Vaclav Blažek Lamb 2011 T Witczak bužys ) A unique cognate for barley-seed invites further speculation ( Lith miežis Latvmiezē Khotanese miṣṣa- ttumaumlṣa- re H W Bailey
BSOAS 21 pp 42) as do Fatyanovo maižis barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972 ) darža checkered Siberian amp Cherkaskul axe-celts ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo
checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Eurasian cattle DNA ( J Kantanen et all 2009 )
The early metallurgy of the Urals had fostered a far reaching network of contact ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) we are only now beginning to grasp and map out Some Corded Ware traditions of the integrated polyethnic Abashevo ( w Uralic
admixture) appear to have continued beyond Sintashta with the first of many migrations of that Āryan population South as well as those left behind contributing in the ethnogenesis of the polyethnic Timber Grave Culture of the Don-Volga region Pokrovskiy and Potapovka cultures ( runic Alanian Vayuk amp
Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Lith Vėjūkas see also ОД Мочалов 2001-2 )
Talc admixture in the early pottery of Sarmatians suggests a close interaction with Uralic N1c1 people ( Mari in-deš 9 Ossetic daeligs 10 Mari kene hemp Ossetic
gaelign(aelig) id) Overall Potapovka burial remains show a continuity of earlier Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) amp Poltavka cranial types reflected in Timber Grave amp west Andronovo burials contrasting with the different Corded Ware Abashevo skull remains ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) and related Pokrovskiy cranial types Cimmerian amp Scythian daggers have proto-types found in the Volga-Kama region The Timber Grave culture and Andronovo in turn both contributed to the formation of the Sauromatians and the Saka The western Timber-Grave culture that assimilated the Corded Ware Abashevo become quite settled in small scattered log home settlements without fortifications and even raised pigs like them (vs eastern Andronovo nomads) The agrarian Corded Ware Abashevo ( poly-ethnic R1a amp N1c1 ) character would persist as integrated parts (agricultural Solar cult clan) of some certain select groups and clans ( Alakul
Srubna ) eventually melting away over generations assimilating in here amp there leaving only relics in the earth inherited cranial amp DNA evidence only now being uncovered and scattered traces in later regionalized Āryan vocabularies (Skt
Parjanyah śapharas - faux dace Ossetian baeliglon dove ) amp culture Not to be overlooked by any means is a genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) A relationship between taurine breeds of the Baltic ( Fatyanovo ) region and Sakha ( Andronovo ) cattle suggests cultural connections or later contact ( re ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) A later influx from the steppes of the East back to the Ukraine is suggested by traces of zebu mtDNA in cattle there
The archaeological evidence suggests integration amp assimilation Haplogroup N1a (mtDNA) in the Volga-Kama Komi Permyaks indicates some farmers stayed Recent studies regarding the DRD2 gene are producing data which show a relationship between Eurasian people near the Volga-Kama Urals area and Brahmins in India Go figure Uralic descendants of the Corded Ware Fatyanovo Balanovo settlers preserved some of their language ( re karas ) and most likely have Finno-Baltic Balanovo-Abashevo DNA as well ( mtDNA
U5b2 HV3 nodal HVS1 N1c1 amp R1a L235 ) Some Corded Ware R1a1 remains ( massacred by locals near Eulau around 2600 BCE ) with X2 mtDNA closely matched living individuals of Estonia ( GAS of Fatyanovo ) with Syria (Mitanni) and Iran (post-Andronovo ) while the male DNA ( lt CWC-Globular Amphora R1a- M458 ) closely matched with individuals in Gdansk and Tambov Russia (SE of Tula amp near
Perkino ) - regions associated with Globular Amphora Corded Ware cultures ( Berezanskaja 1971 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) One of the K1b lineages showed matches to two Shughnans from Tajikistan ( Wolfgang Haak et al 2008 ) Vaclav Blažek ( 2005 ) specifically ties a Fatyanovo word (SKES VI 1819-1820 ) for lamb found in Vepsian vodnaz to the proto-form for the Shughni cognate among others ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) T Witzcak ( 2011 ) relates Lith bužys to Ossetic buʒ Shughni vazič amp Avestan buzya- ( re
CWC Eulau-Shughnan DNA darža motifs ) As Grissom said - follow the evidence The Corded Ware settlement near Tenteksor in Kazakhstan (see below ) may provides an interesting possible DNA perspective The mounting DNA evidence implies a Corded Ware component of Andronovo amp the archaeology of Sintashta-Arkaim proves a Corded Ware Abashevo-Fatyanovo component of Andronovo ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The probability of a Ural-Baltic Daina Ratas or Šapalas in post Andronovo Vedic Sanskrit or Avestan could therefore be logically expected given the above DNA amp archaeological evidence If linguists can ignore unique checkered pots they can ignore DNA But an out of place velar lt plosive just might elicit their curiosity Understanding the language of whales should be a new priority and test their mettle It appears that the men living around Sintashta amp Arkaim had time to talk together - about their vehicles horse-power fishing the rain shrooms and songs Some things never change Its a guy thing
The poly-ethnic ( R1a1a1 amp N1c1 ) Eastern Balts of today have preserved a Continuum of Cultural Tradition for Indo-European use of the dried žalas Fly Agaric in collective celebratory use ( such as peasant weddings amp various festivities
) from the very mists of antiquity - before Abraham the Shasu YHW or even the post-Sintashta Soma reveling Rig Veda itself The above daina dhēnā daēnā song-hymn-revelation topic has often been muddled with the inclusion of unrelated Vedic dhēnā - milk cow which is cognate with Baltic daine - cow (that calves in the 2nd year re FU tajine) and daini - pregnant with offspring (Adj of cow or mare) Even discussions about the Dainava dancing waters singing rapids region of Lithuania are not immune from such distractions New
archeaological and genetic DNA evidence continues to unveil the unexpected as will comparative study of the ancient Latvian Lithuanian and varied Finno-Uralic languages like Estonian
The Assimilated East Baltic amp Āryan in Finno-Ugric Ethnogenisis gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Fatyanovo and Balanovo settlement sites dwindle after the severe Winters around 2100 BCE when the East Baltic speaking population ( LWb allele R1a1a-
amp N1c1 ) for the most part assimilated in with their related Abashevo or nearby Āryan or Finnic ( N1c1) neighbors ( eg Sintashta-Arkaim Chirkovo-Seyma Pozdnyakovo Timber grave culture amp the much later diverse poly-ethnic [one
group choosing interment the other cremation] Northern Burtas pig farmers lt Nart Borataelig ) Fatyanovo amp Abashevo characteristics especially specific darža checkered designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals
) are noticed on ceramics from Chirkovo-Seyma ( gt later Ananyino ) culture sites near the Volga river Pozdnyakovo settlements ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) as well as on Sintashta amp Alakul culture checkered pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 ) Hexagonal Cis-Ural structures of the Fatyanovo ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ) may correlate with Baltic cosmological hexagram ( triple crossed keraunos ) kerai
magic reflecting an old ceraunic hexagram star design ( ऋि = 6 ) motif found in
many East Baltic distaff ( verpstė ) folk carvings ( re Gromoviti znaci Taranis wheels ) The Ugric Sky Elk had six legs The six ray solar-star hexagram design is later found in Mycenae designs ( re contacts ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The Ural Forests are unimaginably immense and the Winters around 2100 BCE were unusually long and severe ( Vidēvdāt 23 ) The demand for skilled metalworkers was growing fast with the Ural metallurgic bonanza History is messy The archaeological evidence indicates multi-lingual Fatyanovo-Balanovo people assimilated in with both Timber Grave Pozdnyakovo Iranian speakers and Volga-Kama Uralic speakers Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link or panta bridging Timber Grave with Uralic And that multi-lingualism was valued ndash and used We do not know when Fatyanovo-Balanovo converted to a Srubna Iranian but we know that they did and where ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Oink
Regional bilingualism probably persisted for centuries reflected today in archaic residual loanwords ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem 1000 Ossetian baeliglon dove
) Many Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture Balts assimilated ( Erzya Purrsquogine amp Permic
Pera myth traditions ) and adopted Uralic ( N1c1) languages ( Ananyino horizon ) and cultures as many had done earlier with the Abashevo culture ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) and repeating again with the early Pozdnyakovo amp Sarmatian ethnogenesis (w Gorodets admixture) The first millennium BCE Dyakovo culture was again poly-ethnic partly East Baltic during its middle phase - with polished ceramics ( re CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation LWb allele gt ) mainly Finno-Ugrian perhaps part Sarmatian is known from its hillforts with palisades (E Baltic varas gardas gt Volgaic kardaz Permyak kar city town ) Population size was about a hundred at each site The building styles of log cabins in the hillforts change from North to South - above ground to semi-subterranean - reflecting Balt amp Āryan building traditions The fibulae buckle (Mordvin sjulgam) artifacts appear Baltic as do many sickles and bronze headdresses ( Krasnov 1968 4-5 8 ) The Volsk-Lbishche culture known from sites like Shiromasovo in Mordovia exhibited Fatyanovo Corded Ware characteristics and was unexpectedly found far away from a excavated settlement in Tenteksor Kazakhstan - a northeastern area of the Trans-Caspian region
Reports of Bigfoot gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The genetic linguistic and archaeological record documents a prolonged assimilation by descendants of Volga-Kama Balanovo East Balts various polyethnic Abashevo Āryans and later mixed Timber Grave Sarmatians into the ethnogenisis of regional Finno-Permic peoples ( Goldina 1999 ) of the Chirkovo-Seyma Ananyino Pyanobor Pozdniakovo and related Djakovo Gorodets cultures (eg Finnish vuosituhat ) Volgaic ( śid-al sed bridge Finnish silta
id ) Words of an East Baltic provenance ( Latvian sēta tilts ) attest to ethnic movements ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) as well as the specific East Baltic balandis Ossetian baeliglon dove isogloss Latvian lanka low plain Ossetian laumlnk ( Khanty lŏk ) Lith Vėjūkas runic Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Ossetic raeligmūʒyn closely matches the semantics of East Baltic cognates rather than the related Indo-Iranian cognates Sarmatian archaeological periods reflect cultural changes ( ie burial
orientation ) in their population which probably indicates a diverse variety of regional dialects of which only the one found in Ossetic survives A recent study about N1c1 Uralics as origin of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation in Caucasian populations ( re Ossetians ) adds an additional perspective ( F Libert et
al 1998 ) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old The broadest area of high frequency is located in northeastern Europe particularly the Baltic region ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) New dating of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation coincides closely with the Dyakovo horizon and the distribution of elevated frequencies match the archaeological ethnicities ( initial Volgaic amp later East Baltic ) which converged in the Dyakovo poly-ethnic horizon especially during its middle phase of polished ceramics and expanded agriculture From Dyakovo settlements cultural contact with
Gorodets sites and nearby Sarmatians might be expected to further spread the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation
The ethnogenesis and development of the Ural forest-steppe Sarmatians did not occur in a vacuum Evidence of Sarmatian - East Balt ( Plain Pottery gt
Bondarikha culture ) as well as Sarmatian - Finno-Ugric interaction has linguistic support ( also CCR5 Delta 32 amp LWb allele frequencies) Note Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich lt influenced from perhaps a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave asurah - of a pre-Ananyino era forest intrusion by Timber Grave tribes or later Trade contacts were valued - Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel or Hungarian ezer 1000 amp Ossetian aeligrzaelig- huge The Mnogovalikovo and Abashevo also played a significant part in the ethnogenesis of the Timber-grave culture ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) especially with the Pokrovskiy culture as well as with Uralic cultures Single markers 187 270 272 of mtDNA N1a1a1a group Bashkirs with Lithuanians and the Komi Permyaks Elevated R1a1 ( haplogroup R-SRY108312
aka SRY15322 ) is found not only with the Erzya ( re R1a Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13
DYS 520 =22 ampc) but also with the Bashkirs (38-48) of the Urals who still harvest their ancient kaumlrauml- honeycomb A match of Estonian and Indian single marker 294 of mtDNA N1a1a1 has been reported GAS Again Or was the 294 from the beautiful but endangered Seto people amp culture Perhaps some Narva mtDNA U5b2 will surface far from home Embrace the Chaos
The regions surviving autonomous Baltic speakers assimilated again in the 5th century AD as new Slavic type cultural groups filtered in from the South although in some areas Baltic speakers remained intact as evident from the historic record The new Slavic speakers (Komi rotś ) followed the same path into Russia as the old Fatjanovo-Balanovo era East Baltic speakers did three thousand years before the Slavic immigration The common R1a ancestry of many East Balts ( R1a1a1 Z280 L235 Z92 ) and East Slavs (R1a1a- Z92) invites new scholarly re-examination of East Balt and East Slavic isoglosses The Old Russian Ipatiy Compilation of Chronicles mentions that in 1147 the Prince of Rostov-Suzdal defeated the Golyad ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) who lived by the River Porotva The Golyad lt Golędь ethnonym was derived from a Baltic hydronym galin- meaning deep water The defeated population ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) would be from then on taxed - accordingly For more info see Marija Gimbutas here Today the family of related decendants of all these mixed forebearers can be seen in Latvians Lithuanians Estonians as well as in Russians the Erzya Moksha
Mordvins Mari Permics Bashkirs Ural Tatars and Indians ॐ
Balto-Slavic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The late Sredny Stog Middle Dnieper Culture grew from conservative peripheral IE dialects related to Yamna Satem with admixture of different assimilated indigenous peoples from Dnieper Donets and the Tripolye culture of Central Europe as well as subgroups of Centum Globular Amphora contributors ( w TRB BBC) and a host of others (re remnant Middle Dnieper Repins ) The ethnogenesis of these distinct dialects with assimilated indigenous peoples formed various diverse regional Balto-Slavic speakers which were localized as the poly-ethnic Europeanized peripheral Satem dialects of Baltic and Slavic closely related to early Pit-grave Āryan yet distinctly different even then with diverse degrees of admixture within regional subgroups The Balto-Slavic type poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture was a fusion of ethnic groups - a melting pot - so to speak with a retro core Satem dialect (archaic Balto-Slavic lacks perfect reduplication - agreeing with Albanian Hamp 1963)
The unique peripheral components of the Middle Dnieper culture say the early East Baltic Fatyanovo migrated away before a thorough homogenization of Middle Dnieper Satem lingua franca dialects could consolidate among regional subgroups ( eg E Baltic kur kame W Baltic kuei Slavic kъde - Finnish tuhante Mokša
tožaumln lt E Baltic 1000 lt pre-GAS RUKI - Baltic long root preterite re Burrow 1955 p 19 ) Hence the Balto-Slavic debates Dative plural m or the tūšante tūšanti type Satem participle term ( Latvian tūska ) for a thousand were probably disseminated by trade contacts between distant Globular Amphora subgroups various Middle Dnieper subgroups and other groups ( re Goth ain-lif - p lt k lt
GAC - P-Celtic-BBC Lith vienuo-lika eleven OSw thornuacutesand thousand ) from the earlier Centum Globular Amphora migrations ( Globular Amphora-Narva polyethnics
w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) near the expanding networks of Fatyanovo ( R1a1a1 Z280 LWb ) pioneering the North The Y-STR variation among Slavs has given the evidence for the Slavic homeland near the middle Dnieper basin which provides a geographic context for the Slavic linguistic correlation to the early Satem West amp East Baltic Upper Middle Dnieper homeland and the nearby Catacomb amp Pit-grave Āryans to the East During the period (3400
BCE) of the oxen pulled wheeled wagon revolution the Yamnaya culture slowly expanded toward the edge of the Corded Ware horizon of late Sredny Stog culture Millennia later in the same eastern area of the contact zone near the middle Dnieper a poly-ethnic Slav Timber Grave Iranian ethno-genesis would develop the Chernoles culture
A separation of Belarus subpopulations along a North South line can be demonstrated particularly in distribution of Y chromosomal lineages R1b I1a and I1b N3 and G-chromosomes The uniqueness of the northern Belarusian population is most likely due to the high incidence of poly-ethnic pre- ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 [old name N3] (
homogeneous Baltic pre-ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo substrate with allele DYS1915 ) which is twice the frequency as in central and southern Belarus The central and southern Belarusian substratum Baltic Milograd physical traits differ somewhat from Ukrainian substratum SlavScytho-Sarmatian traits (re U3) The assimilation of Belarus may have been mainly linguistic and less physically ethnical ( R1a1a- Z92 )
The Autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov Culture gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture complex of the Podolian Upland bordered the Trzciniec and Sosnitsa (early peripheral Baltic) complexes to its far North but appears culturally related to the Montreoru (early Dacian) and later Sabatinovka Thracian complex to its near South in regard to burial rites and pottery (also see Linguistics and Ethnogenesis of the Slavs 1985 by Oleg N
Trubačev) Native Pre-IE Tripolye culture farming populace (Temematian) were assimilated also as they were with Middle Dnieper Baltic The unique close relation of early Slavic origins to Globular Amphora and later Ural-Steppe amp Asian Iranian ( Slavic azъ Tumshuq Sakan azu ) and nearby Dacian and Thracian are often lost to the worn out Balto-Slavic chorus of cliches After the arrival of the Huns (w G V mtDNA N1a U4) in Europe and a devastating plague in the 6th-7th century AD post multi-ethnic Cherniakhov culture Slavic soon became the lingua franca of commerce trade throughout most of Central Europe and beyond A polyethnic ethnogenesis interpretation (Proto-Slav Komarov gt Belogrudovka gt
Chernoles culture) helps to explain why Slavic has partial elements of a Satem Corded Ware dialect of an early autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture language resembling Baltic (Middle Dnieper culture) languages bordering to the North The archaeology also agrees with regional hydronyms of a decidely Slavic provenance (vs Trzciniec amp Sosnitsa Baltic) as proposed by the renowned Russian philologist Oleg N Trubačev Trubačev (1986) had also detected nearby Illyrian and Thracian hydronyms on the Dniester Bug and Middle Dnieper A poly-ethnic ethnogenesis interpretation also explains some of the Slav Timber Grave Iranian religious vocabulary ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- ) as
well as other linguistic impacts on Slavic ( see EricHamp 2011 ) from the Timber Grave amp Steppe Iranian culture ( Slavic azъ Saka azu ) and also detection of common Slav Timber Grave Iranian mtDNA types ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 )
The southern neighbors of the Proto-Slavic Belogrudovka (from earlier Komarov ) culture ( mtDNA U4a2 ) were the Sabatinovka Thracian complex - a mix of Catacomb Timber Grave amp Monteoru ( Sharafutdinova 1986 115 ) Dacian of which some yielded to the Belozerka gt Chernogorovka Cimmerian early Timber Grave Iranian speakers which in turn yielded to steppe Timber Grave Scythians The rest of the Dacians survived and are heard in todays Albanian The Timber Grave culture retreated South from the Ural forest steppe around the 12th century BCE due to climatic cooling Mezhovka culture filled the void they left Also the later Sarmatian amp Alan presence near the Dnieper by Kiev was enormous (re mtDNA U3 R1a- Z93 Slavic azъ Saka azu Ossetian aeligz amp loss of word-final nom -s ) Ukrainian cattle zebu mtDNA reflects this influx from the steppes of the East
In the Ukrainian gene pool six Y-DNA haplogroups are revealed E F (213
including G and I) J N1c1 (96) P and R1a1 Northeast European Sarmatians ( C Keyser et al 2009 ) are not merely romantics as Saka kurgan (mtDNa N1a1a1) genetics bear out ( C Keyser et al 2009 Voevoda et al 2000 Clisson et al 2002
Ricaut Francois-X et al 2004) - although historical Sarmatians ( Śarmis ) included Asian R1a- Z93 amp Uralic admixture (N3 U4) Note Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel The tripartite division of the Slavic languages may reflect latent regional substratum influence on dialects evolved from the Proto-Slav Komarov culture which was designated by hydronyms of a Slavic provenance by O N Trubačev East Slavic like its neighboring East Baltic Sosnitsa ( gt Bondarikha gt
Jukhnovo ) complex to the North had the near influence of the Catacomb culture and may reflect some later MVK Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) cultural dialogue ( Russian jalovec juniper Armenian elevin id ) from MVK Monteoru culture trade exchanges Monteoru Dacian and Proto Slavic were close to each other which may explain some Slavic Albanian isoglosses West Slavic R1a
M458 may well be inherited from ( post Lengyel -TRB ) Corded Ware Centum Globular Amphora culture area substratum ( re ERC GAS gt Czech pyacuteř fire
embers re ERC Oscan pūr ) with a Satem Pomeranian R1a1a1 L365 conversion (
in NW Pomeranian in SW Dacian ) preceding a later W Slavic expansion ( Slavic
Bogъ Saka Baga- Slavic azъ Saka azu - see EricHamp 2011 ) Language is not genetic it is acquired Note N1c1 ( N-M178 ) Baltic speakers in Lithuania amp Latvia or R1a1a1 ( LWb ) Uralic speakers in Estonia or Yoeme speakers of Yoi Noki in Arizona
Kelan Kolo Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Does this support the construct of a so-called Balto-Slavic region or Middle Dnieper cultural horzon of anciently related initial dialects of subgroups like a
Satem Armeno-Aryan Catacomb culture Graeco-Armenian poly-ethnic Centum Celto-Italic or much earlier Indo-Uralic Probably The distance between Slavic amp Baltic each to early Satem Indo-Iranian (Pit-grave Āryan Satem) is not as great as such labels would imply One can also easily group together Satem Baltic-Slavic-Indo-Iranian with RUKI amp declension ( locPl ending -su ) considerations They were all in obviously close contact by horseback or river travel But if there never was a specifically monolithic Proto-Baltic per se how can you ever have a monolithic Proto Balto-Slavic amid the chaotic multiculturalism of the Middle Dnieper horizon The R1a1a- evidence begs to differ Early Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo sites in Estonia date to 3000 BCE The different Balts are even physically distinct around that time due to substratum
The Baltic and Slavic subgroups were already well differentiated and autonomous (eg separate mythologies amp Baltic long root preterite archaic divergent
vocabularies ) yet close to one another with the adoption of the wheel kelan kolo ratas (3200 BCE) West Balts used asigmatic nom sg ntr ending -n whereas the East Baltic neuter compliment was derived from asigmatic -d like Lydian Zaza ləzga Ossetian лaeligдзaeligг - branch Russian dialect ляэга vs Lith laz-da (Albanian ledhi - id ) Note Baltic o Slavic a - and but - reflecting an ablative form of a pronoun (Avestan āt - then and) Archaeologists have not found the archetypal Balto-Slavic settlements per se probably because each branch group were formed and influenced in different NE W S regions ( re ratas kelan kolo ) of the Middle Dnieper culture by a diverse admixture of various peoples and influences albeit somewhat near each other neighboring a Proto-Dacian distinctly different Satem variant Of course they are related Balto-Slavic is a generic generalization of a brief Europeanized Satem linguistic horizon like Armeno-Aryan (remodeled ablative suffix etc) - but initially more polyethnic The idealized Proto-Balto-Slavic Satem dialect probably pertains to an earlier pre-Middle Dnieper Culture peripheral area somewhere bordering Catacomb amp Pit-Grave groups and in contact with northern Repin dialects for awhile But Baltic like Slavic are in fact products of multiculturalism throughout their linguistic evolutions
Proto-Slavic and the more northern early Baltics were partially composed of assimilated Dnieper-Donets and acculturated later Tripolye peoples emulating the Yamna-like IE Satem speakers of peripheral related Sredny Stog dialects among a multi-ethnic converging cultural vortex of others ( Dnieper Repins TRB
Globular Amphora amp CWC poly-ethnics ) and with more admixture later where they would settle The eventual influence of Timber Grave Belozerka Cimmerian and later steppe Scythian amp Sarmatian on Slavic ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 ) was significant ( loss of word-final -s ) With the mobility of wheels changes were occurring rapidly - isolation was fading fast The Slavic participle with -L appears to have more in common to distant Lydian than nearby Baltic
Like Wild West movies debates on Balto-Slavic have had a duration longer
than the original horizon probably lasted The close affinity of Satem Slavic amp Baltic to Yamna related Indo-Iranian can be no surprise nor their distinctive European poly-ethnic accents The fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) It seems the growing early pre-IIr Yamna and Eastern Baltic dialect areas moved Northward as did the early West Balts as the Thracians Dacian Pre-Albanians and Slavs who migrated southwestward assimilating various Central European non-IE native and early Centum-TRB mixed IE people ( GAS R1a M458 ) into their cultures ( Dacian place
name Clevora Lith Klevas maple Lith place-names Liepora Beržorai w distributive -
or- suffix ) Thereafter the original Slavic future tense (which was perhaps similar to
Baltic amp Indo-Iranian) was lost while assimilating Dniester Tripolye C2 populace and other groups - as did the neighboring pre-proto Germanic Globular Amphora who had replaced the future tense as well It now appears that Winters Law also applies to Albanian which draws Thracian into question Inconsistancies in Albanian Satemization may reflect a pre-Bilopotok culture substratum to Monteoru Dacian Satem language which was influenced by Hercynian Celts and later Dalmation substratum
The early Proto-Slavic dialect reflects an inter-ethnic dialogue ( RUKI of Slavic
Mid-Iranian ) of early Timber Grave Iranian (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp
later steppe Scythian) assimilation which occurred upon an earlier polyethnic Balto-Slavic dialects accent region ( due to assimilated non-IE substratum admixture) Slavic loss of word-final -s may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by early Timber Grave Iranian contact (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp steppe Scythian) Culturally the influence of the Timber Grave immigration ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- Vedic
Bhagas ) was not as imposing on the rustic nearby Dnieper-Desna Baltic steppe-forest dwellers An earlier hypothetical Balto-Slavic dialects Dnieper Basin Accent (DBA) of the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Culture ( R1a- Z280 ) area would be at least later-Sredny-Stog era followed by a gradual Pre-Proto-Slavic westward steppe ( plateau vs the forest ) trajectory evolving into the Proto-Slavic Komarov gt Belogrudovka culture
Maps indicating the location of the (Temematian) non-IE Tripolye (Cucuteni-
Trypillian) Culture of Dniester farmers compared with maps of the Proto-Slavic language region (based on hydronyms) parallel each other closely although there is at least two thousand years between each horizon Herodotus later describes Scythian farmers where once were only European Tripolye culture farmers On either side of the early Slavics were lively trade partners of early Germanics to the Northeast and early Baltics to the Northwest - both of which were also polyethnic to various degrees with native European peoples If the Corded Ware Europeanized isogloss of Dative Plural - M occurred as an areal innovation perhaps due to Uralic substratum phonetic influence it probably started with contact and assimilation with Globular Amphora peoples now of mixed affinities ( Narva Lengyel TRB amp Centum Globular Amphora R1a- M458 )
and spread at a very early formative stage of E+W Baltic development and pre-proto-Germanic pre-Slavic The Sanskrit alphabet long ago anticipated the natural progression of B to M which enabled a fast transition Assimilation often accompanies innovation It is interesting that both regionally related poly-ethnic ( Dniester Tripolye C2 TRB GAS ) neighboring Centum pre-Germanics and Satem pre-Slavics replaced the original future tense construct of -s- (re relics -
Slavic byšęšteje Czech probyšucny ) as opposed to the Italo-Celtics as well as the distant eastern Baltics who shared borders and the original future tense with -s with the early Satem Āryan Yamna cultures A example of Baltic s future may be seen in Lith duos lt dōH3s lt doH3s ( Lith dial dōs ) The mtDNA reflects such a scenario but whether it happened like this is anybodys guess
The influence of Dnieper Donets or the Tripolye substratum in the DBA or RUKI has not been given the attention it deserves The assimilation of regional Baltic speakers also influenced various Slavic languages such as the Milograd (E
Slavic jasen vs jesen - ash tree) Kolochin and Yotvingian cultures in Belarusian the large-scale East ( amp West ) Baltic substratum in the Old Novgorodian territory North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92+ amp N1c1 ) tl dl consonant clusters gt kl gl - like East Baltic the Pomeranian presence in West Slavic Dnieper-Dvina East Balt foundation of the Tušemlja culture (which later included immigrant
Sudovians and Slavs in the Long Barrow culture) and the widely scattered East Baltic speaking tribes in Western amp Northern Russia ( re LWb allele at 22 for Vologda
Russians ) Also noted is the area where Belarusian Russian amp Polish prepose their genitives In contrast specific lineage characterized by 16304C-16311C mutations which indicate the Slavonic migrations from Central to E Europe was not found among Lithuanians Although historically instructive it cannot eclipse the common origin in the Middle Dnieper culture that both Slavs and Balts share together especially the East Balts and East Slavs ( both with R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 ) and always will
Caveat Emptor gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Theories about dating the earliest Proto-Slavic in relation to the distinct early Baltic branches need to examine the carbon dated chronology of East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural remains ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) Baltic hydronyms in Russia such as the Oka river the loss of the original Slavic Future tense and Baltic loanwords (from assimilated East Balts) in Finno-Volgaic which help date the evidence Examples of archaic Baltic loanwords into Finno-Ugric are East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole gt North Saami čuolggu pole Finnish salko long pole Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane or Lithuanian šaras fodder gt Moksha Mordvinian śora grain lt Saka ṣara seed Another Finno-Ugric loanword from East Baltic ( re Samogitian medė forest ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest-border is gt Finnish metsauml- forest Estonian mets
Karelian mečču id Saami meahcci forest fringe Hungarian (w LWb allele
) messze far distant vs OCS mežda - alley lane Words to the wise about any theoretical Balto-Slavic dates - Caveat emptor and compare it to all the facts we already know from empirical science There are Latvias eleven C-14 cal dates ( Loze 1992 Tab1 ) of CWC with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (
Purhonen 1986 11 ) A diet of fish ( šapalas ) may lessen the dates a little but no time-travel technology has yet been found with those CWC artifacts Cest la vie Wisconsin celebrates a Leif Erikson Day but Spain may not
Fatyanovo East Baltic developed from an earlier Northeastern forest variant subgroup ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 ) of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon with assimilated Euro-Repin Centum GAS while Southwestern Proto-Slavic steppe variants were emerging at the same time elsewhere Each were regionally distinct (forest steppe) subgroups yet related hybrid retro-core Satem cultures of diverse cultural components Neither group ever identified themselves with a xenophobic Āryan terminology ( re Mansi tas stranger ) The more conservative Northern Satem groups preferred to use the IE inclusive term Tauta (people) or liaudis (re Russ ljudi Khowar roi) Balto-Slavic is a useful generalization of a complex Middle Dnieper linguistic horizon and generic at best
Think Green gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There never was a monolithic Proto-Baltic per se Note the Eastern Baltic LWb gene analysis below or the multiple R1a1a- variations of Middle Dnieper Z280 cultures There are archaic pre-GAC Satem and post-GAS Euro-Repin Centum integrated aspects of the Baltic languages If GAC Euro-Repin-Centum defines what is Baltic does Steppe TG Iranian define what is Slavic The various West East Baltic Thracian amp Slavic languages (along with the Indo-Iranian branch) represent an archaic continuum of remnant subgroups of former core Satem IE dialects the last Proto Indo-European branches to finally split The Proto-Baltics would be none other than some Proto Satem Indo-European dialects together with the closely neighboring Satem pre-Thracian amp pre-Dacian Proto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-Iranian It may be more helpful to visualize East Baltic Slavic amp Indo-Iranian as part of the still growing main Satem trunk rather than as language branches Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
The LWb blood marker CCR5 Delta 32 mutation BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In respect to hematological variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele was highest in the Central East Balts around 75 among Lithuanian Samogitians
and very low among the other western Europeans ( 0-01 ) Click here for the PDF
version of the LWb Study The LWb blood allele can be seen as a genetic Tribal Marker of Prehistoric East Baltic Migrations and Admixture and perhaps not a West-Baltic marker since inhabitants of the Sūduva region average only a mere 27 vs 29 for Finns 22 for distant northern Vologda Russians or 4 for Estonians ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) - even after over 600 years of continuous Lithuanian colonization and admixture in the Sūduva region For those who still think all Sudovians vanished please reread the prior sentence - slowly Lithuanian R1a rates ( R1a1a1 including Z92 or L235 w LWb ) vary widely with West Aukštaičiai 406 vs South Aukštaičiai R1a at 618 in a sans MtDNA H1 region ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004 ) The absence of the 16304C-
16311C mutations prevents unneeded misinterpretations Genetic structure analyses also suggest Poles from Suwalszczyzna (northeastern Poland ) differ from all remaining Polish and Russian samples ( Grzybowski et al 2007 ) The Aryan R1a- Z93+ found in Lithuania is associated with that regions Tatars China Japan and Somalia evidently evaded incursions of LWb laced barbarians far better than either Gotland or Hungary although Gotlands LWb probably involved extensive secondary contacts with Estonians and Finns Maritime interaction with Vikings of Sweden amp Gotland is reflected by increased frequencies of the PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland region of Latvia ( Beckman L et al 1999 ) whereas Estonian interaction with Gotland is reflected by the TFDCHI allele ( Beckman L et al 1998 ) and LWb allele frequencies in Gotland ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) Hungarys LWb may perhaps reflect the Dyakovo-Gorodets horizon with East Balt participation Eurasian or archaeological DNA test results for the rare LWb allele mutation are sill pending Any occurrence of the LWb allele or Z280 ( Northern variants ) in Kazakhstan amp Eurasia will be noteworthy as will unexpected N1c1 types The Y-DNA of Lithuania is roughly about 5050 for N1c1 amp R1a and varies somewhat by regions MtDNA H1 frequencies are very very low among Lithuanians and virtually non-existent with the Saacutemi In Lithuania MtDNA H1 is mainly confined to only Northern Žemaitians The Aukštaičiai like the Saacutemi have none ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004
) Tests confirm the Narva substratum assimilated by East Balts had mtDNA U5b1 U5b2 amp U4 ( Bramanti et al 2009 ) This cultural inheritance from Kunda amp an early N1c Uralic substratum links Lithuanians amp Saacutemi as well as centuries of cross cultural fly agaric mushroom trade ( per M Gimbutas ) or the shared ethnocidal amp genocidal persecutions from a European Christendom ( Willumsen
LH 1997 ) busy shilling tickets to their heaven Tickets to Heaven hocus pocus amp the gravy train ( re nāstika Brihaspati ) The Prince of Peace deserves better
Less the above referenced genetical info be misinterpreted as some form of encrypted RWA cracker-code-speak I will stress that the fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) You are unique - just like everyone else People are people - some individuals shine some hide in their cruel fear Most of our DNA is African As my friend Robbin
said Its all good
The elevated CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation frequencies distributed in East Balts amp Volgaics and CCR5-Delta 32 DNA chronology ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) coincide closely with the ethnicities of the poly-ethnic Dyakovo cultures middle phase and may further illuminate earlier Ossetian contacts or some unique isoglosses Whether there is any correlation between the LWb allele and the CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation besides Baltic region epicenters is just speculation at present Perhaps the science of a common R1a Z92 inheritance of Russians and Baltic people will usher in a new era of unity and respect
The Western Balts were a hybrid mix of Funnel Beaker ( TRB including some
outlier Badens ) Centum Globular Amphora ( GAS gt eg pẽku ) and Corded Ware Satem Middle Dnieper people with Uralic Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1) people on Neolithic Nemunas and Narva substratum populations Archaeologist today can distinguish Europeanized West Balt culture skulls from those of nearby neighboring Satem East Baltic Fatyanovo types The distinction ( R1a1a- L366 vs LWb allele w R1a1a1 or Z92 L235 amp N1c1 ) was evidently very old and more than just grammatical Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements ( Brazaitis
2005 fig 5 Girininkas 2009 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import like pešti pešus pẽšis Kailas ( re Sudovian Kayles Gothic Hails
Vandalic Eils Old Norse Hail - perhaps all heard together for centuries at Wiskiauten Bar-B-Qs )
Ρως Ρωζζία amp Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
| C + Ͻ |
YATVEZ - Ятвезь
The myth of Terra Nullius ( deserted wasteland ) was merely historic ethnocidal propaganda justifying centuries of Papal Conquests Atrocities amp Theft - in both the Old and the New World It was a lie and DNA now proves it was only ethnic cleansing fiction A census by the Orthodox clergy of the Belarus
Grodno area in 1860 had as many as 30929 inhabitants identifying themselves as Yatviags (Yotvingians) The Byzantine Treaty with Kiev prince
Igor in 944 notes among the Rus ( Grk Ρως ) envoys a Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
one Jaacutetvįgrsquo for Gunnar ᚴᚢᚾᛅᚱ The Varangian (lt Old Norse Vaeligringi ) affinities
of an original poly-ethnic Jaacutetvings minority may explain the reapplication of East Baltic Gudai to later stereotype that Grodno regions other mixed poly-ethnic inhabitants ( Γυδωνες - Γουται ) Settlements of the 9th century with distinctly Viking cultural characteristics have been found around the Grodno area It appears that within a century or two of Viking trade and settlement those Norse ( Norethmenn ) either dispersed along the nearby Nemunas river and or assimilated in with ranking locals ( a common Viking custom ) Their Yotvingian Y-DNA survives with closest Y-DNA matches from Norway Ireland amp Scotland ( clan Gotheray ) Sweden followed by Cumbria amp one in Finland - a Y-DNA trail of related Lochlannar Norse clansmen Family
Historic records indicate they opposed surrendering the old beliefs of their forefathers for an imposed foreign import A new ( re AС Кибинь below ) rational etymology of the Baltic Jotving- Jātving- now rescued from from an inert provincialism of kaleidoscopic self-replicating hypotheticals and ethnocentric tunnel vision can finally be derived from an original Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr lucky spear Varangian leaders Heiti name ( gen sg = Jātvīgs Ρως - Lieth
retinue-crew gt Jātvįgs Rōs or Jātvįgs Lieth gt Jātvings - as luck would have it
L448 ) The nasal infixation of the West Norse original ( -iacutegs -īgs gt -įgs gt -ings ) as well as artifacts reflects close early contacts with local Dainavians-Sūdovians for whom the ubiquitous trademark nasal -ing- suffix ( -īg- in Latvian ) was indeed highly productive ( re Aps-ingis Zietela ldquoRus-ingisrdquo etc ) and is thus non-problematic - and in fact rather insightful for its nasal affectation of the local Balts Top this off with the peculiar parallel nominative-genitive singular ( re Wilkaskaymen ) of West Baltic dialects and it it easy to see how an original genitive Jaacutetviacutegs Lieth ( Varangians ) from Old Norse becomes assimilated as a poly-ethnic West Baltic nominative Jātvings Jotvings Voilagrave A Dainavianized nomgen sg nasal Jātvįgs from an Old West Norse genitive singular Jaacutetviacutegs - Jaacutetviacutegr‟s Lieth effortlessly yeilds
Jotvings ( note Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr (w-t-) vs related Eadwig [ Ӕтьвѧгъ ᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴ ] Eadwy or Jadwiga w-d- )
These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvaacutegs Rocircs ( Liethsmenn ) along
the Nemunas river would acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically within 3 generations or less ) amp assimilation - many by inter-marriage like with other Vikings elsewhere Rocircs ( lt Roethsmenn ) may well reflect an earlier pre-sail era maritime terminology Centuries of multi-cultural
commingling between West Balts amp Scandinavians are also reflected at other trade settlements like Saeborg-Grobina Truso or Kaup Wiskiauten PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland ( Kurland ) region of Latvia ( Beckman L et
al 1999 ) mirror poly-cultural blending of Grobina artifacts as does LWb in Gotland In more precise terms the Varangians were primarily Norse mercenaries whereas the Rocircs or Rus were the wider poly-ethnic base of the imported Viking culture which also included merchants boatmen and traders - from Birka to Kiev
As convenient as that all sounds it should be noted that the ubiquitous modern Lithuanian Jotvingis term itself a recent theoretical neologism from the middle 1920s Opps This Jotvingis neologism coined in the 20s was derived solely from various historical Slavic labels of the Varangian era To the Balts repelling the aggressive invading Kiev Rus and later Crusaders these poly-ethnic assimilated mixed Norse-Balt descendants were already just one
of us These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvįgs Varangians would
acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically
within 3 generations or less ) amp with assimilation A Zietela dialect word pamarkas-accursed is probably an assimilated Viking relic term of the Old Norse morkinn-decayed-rotten like the Scots English murkle reproach The Turovians group name likewise reflects a Norse Varangian Rus leaders name
( THORNoacuterir - ᚦᚬᚱᛁᚱ ) aligned with a Ragnvaldr - ᚱᛅᚴᚾᚢᛅᛚᛏᚱ in Polotsk along with
Garethariki Holmgarethr - ᚼᚢᛚᛘᚴᛅᚱᚦᚱ Austrvegr although the Рогволод - Моря Ragnvaldr - Moslashre similarities invite a critique Relations between Polotsk and Kiev became rather strained in 945 One of Vladimirs many campaigns to collect more tribute-taxes ( poliude ) and gain strategic Nemunas river trade access to the Baltic Sea is the first written ( albeit somewhat quasi-historical ) account of plural Yotvingians dated to 983 Fifty five years later in 1038 Yaroslav battles the Yotvingians and later the Lithuanians who were together allied with rebellious pagan Masovians ( amp prior Galindians ) - although another source reports a quite different scenario of a 1038 Yotvingian conflict - by Volkavysk Viking turf wars were not altogether unknown No traces of any hypothetical Baltic hydronym Jacirct-vacirc have ever been found to this day in the Terra Jatwezenorum region None Zip
A Belarusian Vawkavysk dialect Ятвезь [ Yatvez or Jatvez ] Anchor term obtusely connects the Norse Thors hammer of Vikings amp other Scandinavian relics to the original Yotvingians of that Black Russian region - who initially
spoke the Old Norse of Varangians Nobody vanished Get real ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᚱ When in doubt tell the truth - Mark Twain
For more about a Norse Rus Yatviag Yotvingian etymology see Кибинь
AС Ятвяги в X-XI вв laquoбалтское племяraquo или laquoбереговое братствоraquo Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2008 2(4) С117-132
The Loki pendant of Gnezdovo note the striking resemblance to the Snaptun Stone Loki - jp
Another East Baltic tribal migration marker may be a significantly increased frequency of the BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype ( Van Landeghem et al 1998 )
The spread of Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup R1a1a- as well as the B blood type is associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages too Many Latvian tartan weaving patterns are nearly identical to ancient Tocharian tartans found recently with Tocharian mummies (w U4 two-rooted lower canines
VRC ) recovered in Western China (see Secrets of the Silk Road) Tocharians were evidently also dedicated hemp farmers like the Balts and historical kapnobatai Thracians East Baltic Lithuanian place-names Beržorai ( birches
) or Liepora ( lindens ) reflect the Tocharian B distributive suffix -ār as does the Satem Dacian place-name Clevora (re Lith Klevas maple) West Baltic had Saitoran - the knotty Pleiades ( EV 6 ) Slavic also has such a parallel arboreal related suffix It would be worthy to note that some Dnieper culture horizons exhibit a degree of intrusive Repin style pottery from Middle Dnieper Repins Middle Dnieper Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration A high frequency of the CCR5-Delta 32 allele in Lithuanian populations at levels of about 16 has been documented This allele mutation confers resistance to HIV (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old ( J Novembre et al 2005 )
Lithuanian Ashkenazi Jews have also interested geneticists since they display a number of unique genetic characteristics including Y-DNA haplogroup Q
SONGS OF THE FOREST gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Traditional ancient Baltic songs ( Lith Dainos Latv Dainās re Vedic Dhėnās ) are a vast resource of the Baltic languages The Dainos are the Rig Veda of the East Baltic people These Hymns were first brought into the Baltic forests before 3000 BCE and preserved within innumerable homesteads person to person winter after long winter from 2600 BCE to this day Their antiquity is only eclipsed by their numbers and variations They are usually Hymns of stanzas many of which are divine revelations from the ancient Native Religion and Mythology but in contrast to most other similar forms they often lack earthly heroes Many Latvian dainās are not long typically in quatrains and often trochaic (metrically of one long syllable followed by one short one) and more rarely dactylic These ancient Hymns are superb relics of the pre-Christian East Baltic Native Religion and the life of the people especially its three important events - birth weddings and deathburial but also lifes infinite experiences
Dod Dieviņi ko dodamis Dod man labas div‟ lietiņas
Ceļā labū kumeliņu Mūžāi labu līgaviņu
There are literally millions of verses of these truly ancient Dainos Dainās now in written form The forest is also home to Seto Leelo the Seto polyphonic singing tradition Saacutemi joiks ( or ldquoyoiksrdquo ) and others All are irreplaceable treasures So intertwined with the archaic languages and their enormous vocabularies it is virtually impossible to try to separate the two These Hymns are still sung to this day - person to person
The magic of language is a gift from mother to child
living as a memorial to all Women who gave it to us
____________________________________________________
BE HERE NOW
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
More than half of the planets 7000 or so languages are facing extinction within this century
We are losing around two languages a month - or about one every two weeks
Learn an endangered language or at least help conserve one - as if it was your own They are
PLEASE DONATE TODAY TO
Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization
ADOPT-A-LANGUAGE
This webpage was FREE after all Dont be cheap
DO IT NOW BE A MAN ___________________________________________________ And as a special way of saying Thank You for your generous contribution we will provide you a link to exciting new Saacutemi music on YouTube absolutely FREE OF CHARGE
___________________________________________________
The Sudovian greeting Kailas re-affirms that we are all One - with each other and with the Earth we share
Dermė
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The nearly extinct Lithuanian gray - Latvian blue cow breeds also need immediate international support amp attention - ASAP
- poshkahotmailcom
Click on Photo for Baltic Log Home Architecture
The ancient Twin Horse Sky motif found on top of
Lithuanian homes reflects the related Vedic Sanskrit Ašvins Similiar ( Ašvieniai ) symbolism was found in the
Khvalynsk and Samara PIE cultures (4100 - 5500 BCE) The Twin Horse Sky motif is also evident in Mari ethnic symbols
| Proto Indo European | | Mažiulis | | Nostratic Language |
| Prussian Language Website | | Janis Endzelins Baltic Languages |
| Old Prussian Texts |
| Mordvinian Dictionary |
The above text is an excerpt from Virdainas copy Jos Pashka 2012
~ in memory of Jeannette DeBusk Cox Charles Richard Dean amp Netta Poska ~
Erzya-Moksha Mordvin loanwords include - vərgas ( Indo-Iran vrkah ) pejel - knife ( Lith peilis peile ) kardaz ( Lith gardas gt Common Permian kar fortified place )
and uske viska - metal ( Tokharian A was B yasa Armenian uoski Sanskrit ucchati ) Finnic Mari has waž for metal ore Forest Nenets has a wyesya cognate
Also Finnish kekri annual Native festival lt kekra-j lt kekra- gt Sanskrit chakra Finnic kehrauml disk vs Sanskrit chāttra Finnic vihi ( Lith vėžė )
Baltic Deivas - The Divine Spirit of Heaven influenced Finnish taivas Estonian taevas heaven perhaps Saami taiw and also
Hungarian taacutej Khanty tai - locus Often ignored semantics of East Baltic celestial Deivas are illustrated in phrases from Latvian dainās ( eg Saule noiet dievā - Nav
saulīte dievā gaiša ) Finnish toivo like orpo ( Skt arbha-h ) or vasara ( Skt vajra-h ) lack final s unlike Finnish taivas - blue blue sky re Saule
noiet dievā
Saulės Rẽtis
( Suns Halo )
As for the monolithic Balto-Slavic of academics - Slavic has kolo wheel kola cart West Baltic has kelan wheel kelā cart East Baltic ratas wheel ratai cart
East Baltic Lithuanian also has rẽtys - halo circle around sun moon re E Baltic risti - rita raitėti - rieta retėti riets rotāt rotēt etc - ablaut - related to Lithuanian ratas wheel Latvian rats
Magic spiritual talismans known as Amber Sun-Discs found in Globular Amphora sites and elsewhere may be a key to the cross cultural ratas term of central Europe
(Linear B ideogram 243) Latin teres-retis - rounded well-turned and East Baltic Lithuanian retys provide a fresh etymology for PIE
roteH2 rotH2os ( spokes included ) If phonemic pitch following loss of laryngeals developed in connection with the monophthongization of diphthongs exhibited by a vocalic
feature from a segmental phoneme - Finnish taivas or heinauml illustrate the chronology of the loans from the host East Baltic language
Estonia and India alone share the 294 single marker of mtDNA N1a1a1 ( 147A-172-223-248-294-320-355 ) lt GAS
Mitochondrial haplogroup N1a phylogeography with implications to the origin of European Farmers 2010 BMC Evolutionary Biology Publication 10304
Re Karelian kes(t)rauml Estonian kedr spindle and Vedic cāttra id
The pre-migration Tocharian like Volga-Repins may have had an unattested word for Maple borrowed as wakšter into Finnic Cognates may be Latin acer - maple Old Norse askr - ash Old Lithuanian akštras - sharp The maples range extends to the Kama
river basin Perhaps Tocharian Repins originally used maple saplings for livestock prods Or perhaps it was a Baltic akšteras
The songs of the Erzya Mordvin thunder god Pur‟gine parallel both Lith Perkūnas and Vedic Parjanya ( परजनय ) closely
The Avestan name Vada-gan for a demon ( the Striker ) - reflecting a similar word in East Baltic vedega ax may have a Ural region kulturnaya obshchnost‟ connection ( Saami vietka bdquoadze‟rlm )
Finnish vasara hammer is a loanword from an later form ( lacking final s ) of Avestan vazra amp Vedic vajra [ vaźras - mace club ]
which are related to Lith vėzdras mace club Latv vẽza vẽzecirct to swing in the air wave wag or perhaps Lith vagis wedge ( Finnish vaaja )
Latvian veseris maul-hammer probably a loanword from Livonian Note Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere lack archaic Indo-Iranian final s (re Komi voumlrkas wolf )
PIE ueg - to swing gt vẽźras gt vėzdras vėzdas w altered ź-da gt zda as in synonym Lith lazda lt laźda
The current Finnish word for Millennium vuosituhat is a combination of four thousand year old loanwords
from both Pre-Indo-Aryan and Volga-Baltic neighbors by the Ural Mountains (re Latv tū-ska swelling Lith tū-las many Tocharian B kaumlnte 100 Sanskrit dve śate 200 )
Related Repin Tocharian B tumane 10000 lt Iranian tumān id lack a s cognate
( East Baltic Lithuanian tum-stas bulk heap mass - tumėti to curdle)
Mordvin Erzya tožon tužən Moksha tožaumln Estonian root stem tuhante 1000 may reflect an early Fatyanovo East Baltic participle tūśante tūšanti
preceding a poly-ethnic GAS Centum tūskanti and GAS-ed East Baltic tūstantis 1000 ( gt Old Latvian tuustosch- )
re Finnish laiha GAS Lith liesa Fatyanovo laiša ( also Latvian tūkst sing pret tūska ) Perhaps tūksa- gt tūšant- gt + GAS gt tūstantis 1000 huge - note Old Latvian tuustosch-
The Uralic words may well reflect an early East Baltic pre-GAS ( pre-compromised RUKI ) Upper Dnieper Satem word that evolved with poly-ethnicism
( East Baltic Dnieper Satem evolved on a non-IE Narva substratum w N1c1 early Uralics and ERC Globular Amphora = poly-ethnic )
Follow the Money Back in 3000 BCE it was follow the copper amp amber
It has been suggested Germanic thousand reflects tū-skont- which may reflect
a Gas poly-ethnic ( š gt sk ) trade variant tūskanti by Centum Globular Amphora The Globular Amphora amber trade network may have used a Centum modified
( š gt sk gt tūskant- gt tū-skont- ) variant while the Uralic variants reflect an EBaltic tūšant- ( gt later GAS-ed tūstant- ) variant from Fatyanovo-
Balanovo ( East Baltic Dnieper Satem ) A 2800 BCE flint-amber trade GAC tūs-kont- was perhaps interpreted by trade contacts as
a tūs-šimt- compound word gt W Baltic tūsimt-
The chronology of CWC regional variant cultures is critical for untangling the etymology of 1000
Slavic RUKI indicates far less early integration of GAS although cultural trade contacts
are plainly evident Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive
in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- A 2800 BCE Slavic -s- from -sk- appears plausible considering dative pl -m- became -b-
and the perceived participle reflecting eo type variations of 1000 Pots dont talk they speak - volumes
Old East Baltic Medu and Vaška were related neuters Note Finno-Ugric Hungarian meh-viasz In the same occupation are the related words - Mordvin keras Mari karas Udmurt karas from Fatyanovo era East Baltic
( Latv kāres Lith korys ) Re Lith Mekš-uogis buckthorn-berry Meksėti meksi stutter be mad - Skt makšikā fly bee makš- be angry
( Volgaic Mekš bee the angry one ) No Mekši cognate is found in Ob-Ugric
There is also a DNA relationship between Baltic males and Uralics ( Mari )
eg Meadow Mari tuumlžem - thousand Mari ləśtaś - Lith lakštas From the archaeological record one can also trace legacies of Upper Middle Dnieper gt Fatyanovo gt Balanovo gt Kazan gt Chirkovo-Seyma gt
Ananino gt Mari amp Mordvin cultures
The Romanian Dacian Doina - song is probably a residual loanword from the Lithuanian The Daina Dhėnā Vedic word has been analyzed many years earlier but not as an assimilated loanword from Corded Ware East Baltic
which J Pāshka contends and which Ural region loanwords and polyethnic Abashevo-Sintashta archeaological data would support Vedic Dhėnā and Soma ( borrowed from Uralic ) reflect the polyethnic early Āryan culture by the Ural Mountains ( Rhipean Lipynė )
Ephedra is not found in the Ural regions conifer forests Amanita muscaria is and abundantly so ( re Khanty Soma hewn mortar ) - On Vedic Dhėnā Prayer Song - Maurice Bloomfield Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol 46 (1926) pp 303-308
D Razauskas wrote an excellent article about
CORRESPONDENCES TO THE INDO-IRANIAN MYTHICAL WIND IN LITHUANIAN FOLKLORE
Do try to Google it
Rig Vedic Sanskrit Vāyu - wind Lithuanian dialect Vėjus - wind
The round kurgan mound tradition of the Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan in Nothern Bihar India also resembles Śaka Steppe kurgans of Eurasia amp Russia w U4
Timber Grave culture favored orienting the head of the deceased towards the North - re Mahaparinibbana Sutta The Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan identified themselves with the Solar clan
The Digha Nikaya of the Tipitaka Pali Buddhist canon describes Siddhartha Gautama as having very blue eyes ( Pali abhi nila netto )
The Chinese described Bodhidharma as 藍眼睛的野人
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India although U4 is more prevalent on the Afghanistan - Pakistan border Tajikistan and the Eurasia of the Steppe Śaka
Gintaras reflects the Sembian dialect pronunciation with their typical narrowing of en to in
adopted as such in some neighboring East Baltic dialects ie swints vs šventas Modern Lithuanian gintaras amber vs dialect variant gentaras id
Hungarian gyentar gt gyantar amber gyenta resin Chuvash jandar glassy Mari jamdar transparent suggest the amber trade with
East Balts Old adjectival -tar neuter suffix in East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin
( re ON kvaetha Skt jatu resin aśvatara- mule ) The original PIE adjectival -tar neuter suffix was also later used in a comparative sense ( ie wet-ter )
although originally it was mainly adjectival The 13th century work Jami ul hikayat by Ufi describes the Baltic sea origin of yellow amber traded to the
Chinese by Khotan procured from Turks re Chinese yan tse - ( alhagi camelorum ) plant which produces a amber-like honey sap Baltic in Chinese - who knew
Amber ornaments have been found with the Middle Dnieper and Globular Amphorae ( w TRB ) culture artifacts attesting to the ancient relationship Balts have had with Amber
Of Soma the original entheogen ingredient of dried Amanita muscaria ( Fly Agaric ) became extremely scarce with later Āryan migrations and was eventually substituted with a mixture of Ephedra Cannabis and opiates
It was a very poor imitation of the genuine Uralic Soma rite The Indo-European use of Amanita muscaria survived intact in Lithuania - hidden away in forests beyond
the reach of ethnocidal Christians Lithuanians continue the ancient custom of using milk and honey ingredients mixed with the dried Amanita muscaria
to make a beverage for Sharing According to Marija Gimbutas Lithuanians used to supply quantities of Amanita muscaria to the
Saacutemi Noiade in the North for use by the Saacutemi Shamans (Finnish tietaumljauml) ( Volgaic Erzya Mokša Sjuma Səma - hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger
Khanty Soma hewn wooden vessel ) Not directly related to above are Lithuanian semti to draw water Uralic sim- drink Tocharian smantildentildee broth
Hungarian hiacuted bridge is of Alanic origin - re Ossetian xid xed id Khotanese hī id
One out of 3 Kalash have mitochondrial DNA belonging to haplogroup U4 In fact the most prevalent mitochondrial haplogroup of the Kalasha people is U4 aka the Ulrike clade
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India Haplogroup U4 is common among northwestern Siberian populations and is also found among the Mari Mordvin
and Mansi of the Volga-Ural region of Russia as well as the Estonians Finns Balts and Tocharian mummies A Kalasha English Dictionary link is provided below
The Prakrits preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) absent in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words
The mushroom associated Kaukeliai gnomes remained with the forest dwellers
The hemp tradition of Eurasian Steppe Saka is reflect in Old English haelignep Old Irish cnaip Slovak konope West Baltic knapios Armenian kanap Albanian Geg kaneumlp Latvian kaņepe Lithuanian kanapė Turkmen kenaumlp
The Novosvobodna and earlier Maikop (aka Maykop ) cultures probably conveyed the Sumerian kanubi term - as well as the genetic clade of R1b ( aka R1b1b2 ) into IE early Bronze Age cultures with trade and contact ( re Germanic amp Tocharian R1b )
Note - Sumerian gu gt Skt gaus Latvian guovs Armenian kov Gk bous L bov- OIr bo - cow as well as the East Baltic Lydian singular neuter ending in -d
Within the Moscow City limits are found a Fatyanovo cemetary and a later Dyakovo settlement - both near the Kremlin re Finnish kesauml - summer harvest and E Baltic kasyti kast kesyti ( Albanian kosit - harvest the crops)
Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov born in Staraya Kupavna near Moscow would single handedly save humanity and the World in 1962
East Baltic lašiša salmon is also known as vošis a fast type of fish or trout or more commonly vašylas For 3rd person dual jiedu instead of expected yra or esti my Suvalkian Grandmother Johanna used esą Strange but true
Legal Disclaimer - The above text in no way suggests anyone should use illegal drugs or experiment with Amanita mushrooms
Genetic portrait of modern Belarusians mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome perspective Alena Kushniarevich 1Larysa Sivitskaya 1Nina Danilenko 2Richard Villems 1Oleg Davydenko
1Institute of Genetics and Cytology Academicheskaya Str 27 Belarus 2Estonian Biocenter Riia Str 23 Estonia
The LWb blood group as a marker of prehistoric Baltic migrations and admixture Sistonen P Virtaranta-Knowles K Denisova R Kucinskas V Ambrasiene D Beckman L
Hum Hered 1999 Jun49 (3)154-8
LW locus has been assigned to chromosome 19p133 The LW gene corresponds to 3 exons of 265 kb on chromosome 19 The LWa amp LWb alleles are different at a single base pair - codon 70 - corresponding to one amino acid residue which is arginine for LWb
The LWb mutation was a singular event - in all of human history
ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚷᚨᚷᚿᚱᛃᚿᛖᚿᛞᚢᚱ ᛗᛁᚿᚨᚱ ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚡᛁᛋᛏᚨ ᚨᚿᛞᚨᚿᚢᛗ
ᚦᚢ ᚦᚨᚱᚠᛏ ᚦᚨᚧ ᚠᛃᚱᛁᚱ ᚢᛈᛈᛒᛚᚨᛋᚿᚨ ᛖᛚᛋᚲᚢᚷᚨ ᚦᛁᚿᚿ
Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
| MariUver - a Site about Maris Mari El Finno-Ugric |
| and other Indigenous People of Russia |
The ancient Sacred Grove of Native Mari Religion
The Mari Kuumlsoto parallels Finnic and Estonian Hiis Similiar Holy Groves are known as Lud among the Udmurt The East
Baltic terms are Lith Alkas amp Latv Elka
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) and Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG) in an exhaustive 2006 report Russian Federation The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El found widespread evidence of political and cultural persecution of Mari people The Mari Native religious practices ( and the Cheremis Marla
faith ) have come under ever increasing pressure and severe persecution from intolerant Russian Government Officials and so-called Christians according to Human Rights groups
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
| Kalasha - English Dictionary Online |
| English - Kalasha Dictionary |
Thank you for visiting Genetically WE ARE ALL ONE
and thats a fact
Culture is something we Share - not own
As Comrade Lennon said - Imagine
Shi nūsun būsna ast praeivingiska kaigi asenes vupjai
Budeis
( Brazaitis 2005 fig 5 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import
Thus the Western Balts should include the Sudovians ( Яцьвягі ) Galindians Pomesanians and various Prussians and also the Curonians the former comprising the Southern group and the latter the Coastal Northern group This explains the close similarity between Sudovian ( Yotvingian ) Galindian Pomesanian and Prussian A successful modern revival of the Prussian language is now known as New Prussian A link to their Prussian language website is provided below
The Old Prussian Sembian dialect though exhibits a prolonged influence ( Pratorius corrupt Prussian ) from the influx of nearby Curonians when compared to the more distant Pomesanian or Sudovian The Sembian dialect of the Old Prussian Catechisms has muti tawas (mother father) whereas the Pomesanian of the Elbing Vocabulary has mothe towis The chronicled Sudovian Occopirmus similarly differs from the Catechism Sembian ucka- Farther inland away from coast and Curonians we do find Prussian Tlokunpelk - Bears Marsh Galindian did not historically border the Curonians and was close to Sudovian in many respects
Certain innovations (ie thousand participle ) that occurred in the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 L235 L784 N1c1 ) dialects are not reflected in the
Peripheral ( R1a1a- Z280 L366 ) Western Baltic dialects ( with attrition to 4 core
declensional cases re neighboring Gothic) Each area also had different mixtures of substratum populations involved in their ethno-genetic formations ( re LT F-U
Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) and later neighboring influences The Peripheral West Baltic dialects exhibit an archaic appearing declension which gives one a unique window into both Baltics and the Northern Indo-European GAS influenced dialects and the influence of diverse substratum on varied evolutions The currently spoken East Baltic dialects are more evolved expressive and elegant Bi-lingual West East Baltic speakers adopted East Baltic rather quickly
The traditional academic construct of a seven case declensional system for early Proto Indo-European is as synthetic as it is theoretically convenient ( Jeannette DeBusk Cox )
Only nominative genitive dative and accusative forms have constant
intercrossing functions in various Indo-European languages while forms used for the instrumental or locative cases (traditionally declared to be Common Indo-
European) have related functions eg the IE -ois may occur in the instrumental case in one language and in the locative case in other ones or -ō (apophonically) -ē occurs as -āt in the Indo-Iranian ablative and as -it in the Hittite instrumental Such intercrossing elements were used for semi-paradigmatic adverbial forms differently paradigmatized in the various Indo-European languages (V Toporov V J Mažiulis)
Eastern amp Western Baltic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Some very archaic lexical differences exist between the Western Baltic ( R1a1a-
Z280 L366 etc ) dialects and the Eastern Baltic ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92
L235 N1c1 ) dialects The word for fire is just such an example The Western Balts used the word panu whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ugnis Another example is the word for wheel The Western Balts used the word kelan whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith) ratas These words have cognates in other ancient Indo-European languages ( For the
Centum GAS ratʔas relationship between Old Irish roth Lithuanian ratas and
Sanskrit ratha - see below ) That such diversity of basic terminology existed within Proto-Baltic illustrates the antiquity of the West East Baltic vocabulary inherited from the late Sredny Stog horizon (3500-3350 BCE) into the Europeanized IE Corded Ware Middle Dnieper culture ( R1a1a- Z280 ) horizon that influenced the evolution of divergent dialects by cultural contacts Outliers of Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva populations added poly-ethnic substratum cultural influence ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 Česnys et al 1990
Mochalov OD 2001-2002 ) to Fatyanovo contributing a residual non-Satem vocabulary of their central European GAS Centum words like pẽku - livestock ( vsSatem Lith pešti pešus pẽšis OCS pьsъ ) and perhaps gradually compromising East Baltic Ruki Non-IE East Baltic substratum ( Pit Comb Ware N1c1 Uralic amp Nemunas-Narva w U5b2 ) bilinguals were perhaps a phonetic impetus behind Dative Plural -m- from -b- for example Baltic žambas Estonian hammas as well as the custom of adding chamotte-grog to ceramics ( re LT F-U Hydronyms - Vanagas 1987 ) The Dative Plural -m- from -b- probably reflects early Baltic area GAC trade network contact dialects The loss of the neuter gender in East Baltic was due to primarily inherited dynamics of rearrangement Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains yet Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of the language - even after the era when dialects became languages The formative influence of poly-ethnic substratum populations on the various early Baltic-type dialects thus becomes easily apparent even for a layman to grasp
In regard to variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele in regions of East vs West Balts provides solid scientific proof of an ancient genetic distinction ( E Baltic -
W Baltic lt R1a- Z280 ) between speakers of the two Baltic groups Theories of a Proto-Balto-Slavic split around 1000 BCE (eg Kortlandt 1982 181) naively contradict the immense volume of linguistic archaeological and emerging genetic DNA (lt link ) Corded Ware evidence Latvia has eleven C-14 dates of Corded Ware Culture ( Loze 1992 A Kriiska 2001 ) with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (w 954 probability) A fish diet ( eg šapalas ) may lessen those calculations a little bit but not greatly
Another key feature of West Baltic languages is the asigmatic nominative singular neuter gender ending in -n This is noted in such words as kelan ( wheel ) azeran ( lake ) and dadan ( milk ) There are also many neuter gender words that end in -u such as panu ( fire ) pẽku ( livestock ) as well as alu ( mead re Latvian aluot ) of which the later two may well be from Centum Globular Amphora substratum and amber trade contacts Note Old Prussian panno ( re panu-staklan ) and Gothic fōn Armenian hur hnoc Old Prussian druwis Iranian dhruvi- indicate the core Satem foundation of West Baltic Aswinan amp dadan certainly do The neuter gender asigmatic -n exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp [ re neuter vaška beeswax gt Finnish vaha ] The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords or modern East Baltic ( Prussian median vs Samogitian medė forest ) once again dating a the West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 )
pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-Svitych 1963 42-44 see below ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as Lydian The developements of the Slavic neuter are being still debated This isogloss could provide insight about the Novosvobodna Maykop type steppe burial orientation tradition of Fatyanovo males to SW females to NE as well as Novosvobodna Maykop type metallurgic influences on Fatyanovo [ re
Samogitian medė forest Finnish metsauml - forest Estonian mets Votic meccauml Karelian mečču id Lule Saacutemi miehttjēn far away Saacutemi meahcci forest fringe Hungarian ( ) messze far distant East Baltic tilta bridge - Fatyanovo neuter gt Finnish silta bridge Estonian sild Volgaic Erzya śid-al sed id lt Skt sētu- band bridge Latvian sēta fence ]
A very unique feature preserved in the West Baltic languages is the Genitive singular declensional ending in -as for words that end in -as or -an in the Nominative case Hittite also shared this feature -aš lt -os as well as perhaps neighboring Gothic ( nomgensg harjis ) nearby in the West although mere appearances may be misleading Neighboring Wielbark culture ( Gothic
I1-M253 - Y-DNA ) interaction with West Baltic tribes especially the Galindians appears to have been co-operative and mutually beneficial The border between the two may account for certain Gothic type loanwords into the Baltic languages This Gen -as declensional ending is as disconcerting for
expedited Balto-Slavic theories as the East Baltic neuter although it does strengthen and lend support to the effect of GAS Such a generalized declensional feature is noted in a word like Nominative singular pēdan ( ploughshare ) Genitive singular pēdas or in the West Baltic Genitive singular Deivas ( Gods ) and in places names ( re Wilkaskaymen ) Many unique features of West Baltic are relics from the Proto-Indo-European Sredny Stog horizon (4500-3350 BCE) as is the deduced archaic East Baltic ( amp R1a1a- Z92
Slavic ) singular neuter with -d resembling a Lydian type developement - unlike West Baltic
West Baltic has the same four nominal accent classes as does Lithuanian but it has retained the original accentual state of Dnieper Baltics ( an acute rising
accent and a circumflex falling accent) The first class is the acute barytone paradigm The second is the circumflex barytone paradigm Thirdly the acute mobile paradigm Lastly the circumflex mobile paradigm
The Archaeological Record gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Reading from the archaeological record one can associate dates of 3200 - 2300 BCE with various material artifacts (toy wheeled wagon) and increased plant ( hemp and wheat ) pollens that appear to indicate the arrival of Baltic speaking peoples in the Baltic region who appear gradually and slowly settled in well among native populations ( recently arrived Uralic Comb amp Pitted Ware Cultures
( N1c1 ) mixed with an older Nemunas amp Narva Substratum w U5b2 amp Centum Globular
Amphora outliers ) Recent archaeological finds of Triticum and Cannabis pollen circa 5600 BCE from the Akali Neolithic Narva-Kunda settlement in East Estonia ( A Poska L Saarse et al 2006 ) places Cannabis cultivation in the Baltic region much further back into antiquity than even the Corded or Pitted Ware eras Also the East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants also Z92 ) had more close contact with Uralic (eg Kiukainen culture ) and nearby Pit-grave Yamna Āryan speaking cultures than the West Balts ( Sanskrit hastas amp Lith
žastas ) After 2750 BCE the agricultural record intensifies ( Rimantienė et al
1999 ) as well as beginning East Baltic copper ( varis ) amp bronze metallurgy near the Ural Mountains The East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo era metallurgy proceeded the Seima-Turbino culture horizon ( vaška = Old East Baltic
neuter )
A forest-zone polyethnic ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Abashevo culture by the Urals emerged with MVK Catacomb influenced early Eastern Balts Volga Finns and Pit-grave Pre-Indo-Aryans from the steppe-zone using the same process Migrations often follow climate changes ( re the
Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase ) around the 3rd millennium BCE the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BCE amp the 12th century BCE Each migration would encounter different native ethnic groups and influence the dominant language during assimilation of those ethnic natives Indo-European peoples amp languages have ALWAYS been multi-ethnic The new molecular DNA archaeology proves it beyond question We are all related - literally
The high incidence of Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 suggest long term relations and admixture with the Uralic speaking population of the Baltic Volga and Ural region which may have had a conservative influence on the East Baltic Satem dialects and speakers Note Kurdish varg vs Komi Zyryan voumlrkas wolf N1c appears to emanate East amp West from the Ural region probably with its origin in Khakassia The divergence of language is usually happening while there is also a convergence of languages
Fatyanovo-Balanovo gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The early Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture ( 3300 - 1800 BCE Loze 1992 Tab1 ) was an Northeastern extension of the East Baltic Corded Ware culture (w mtDNA
N1a1a1 R1a1a1 ldquoM‟srdquo also Z92 LWb allele ) following various rivers in the North like the Oka to the upper Volga and Kama confluence in what is now Russia Fatyanovo developed from an early Northern variant of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon It is here that pottery displays a unique Fatyanovo Baltic style of mixed Corded Ware and Globular Amphora ( Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 )
features amp exhibits a trademark checked motif design ornamentation not found with the steppe cultures ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) thus allowing their contacts with those cultures to be tracked - even into Sintashta amp beyond The parallel lines motif may represent a darža or a tilled garden plot ( re Finnish tarha lt Fatyanovo ) perhaps from Dnieper Satems or GAS ( copyjp ) Compare the darža motif to the Bronocice farmers pot ( re CWC Eulau-Shughnan
DNA ) Fatyanovo hemp provided a water resistant fishing line for hooks and nets ( amp herbal medication ) and barley provided bread ( Latv miezē ) Fatyanovo migrations also correspond to regions with hydronyms of an East Baltic language dialect mapped by linguists as far as the Oka river and the upper Volga as well as regions with elevated frequencies of the rare LWb allele Spreading eastward down the Volga and beyond they discovered amp exploited the copper ores of the the western Ural foothills and started long term settlements in the lower Kama river region The East Balt Paimenes herdsmen brought their ešva - tarpan horse šėmas gōvs - gray cow avis - sheep parša - pig (neut) ratas - wheel ašis - axle tilta - bridge žalga - long fishing pole for šapalas red finned dace in the jaura - marsh a pada - clay pōdas - pot of kāras medu - honeycomb honey apiculture amp daržai - tilled crop plots - including javas - cereal grain maižis - barley šaras - seed sālis - salt along with varia - copper metallurgy and a tūšanti - thousand ( see below ) of their dainās - Holy Songs of their šventa - spiritual beliefs about dermė - harmony and the celestial -deivas
Trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo
checked ceramic darža motif copyjp
Fatyanovo cemeteries would sometimes have graves of not only people but also bear and other animals which are buried with ritual close by in individual graves Solar designs ( Solar cult clan re Saulės Rẽtis ) commonly adorn East Baltic Fatyanovo ceramics as do trademark checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) Livestock includes cattle ( Y-DNA H10 ) horses sheep pigs and dogs ( North Saami šūvon trained dog ) and apiculture Balanovo livestock initially had more swine and sheep than other livestock Excavations indicate hunting and fishing ( žalga šapalas ) was often practiced ( Lougas 1999 ) as well as swidden agriculture ( Krasnov 1971 ) They gathered hazel nuts Excavations indicate Fatyanovo cultivated barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972
Jaanits 1992 49 ) Bone wrist guards imply they were accomplished archers Two-wheeled wagons (Goldina 1999) are also typical finds ( re ratas ) as are toy wheels There are a profusion of sites in the northern Baltic countries including
the Kazan Russia (Volga-Kama) region The more metallurgically exploited Ural region of the Fatyanovo culture was designated as the Balanovo culture (2900-
2100 BCE) from a cemetery found near the town Balanovo cemeteries had both kurgan ( Lith kapas ) and flat type burials ( like Abashevo - Kuzmina 2007
p221 ) The funeral chambers were wooden constructions in rectangular pits with the deceased wrapped in birch bark or hides
SW amp NE gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Balanovo copper metallurgy has its roots in central European cultural traditions which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper Cultural area Balanovo jewelry duplicates specific designs of a Central European provenance perhaps derived from the Centum Globular Amphora substratum assimilated into the Middle Dnieper - Fatyanovo cultures East Baltic lexicon also has unique isoglosses with Central European Celto-Italic dialects w ERC GAC bilinguals which also shared the BBC amp TRB substrate found in the Centum Globular Amphora horizon ( semti ratas peku ) Emulating the earlier poly-ethnic Globular Amphora ERC culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers adorned their ceramics with specific solar or unique designs ( re
Globular Amphora amp Narva substratum w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) valued pork ( parša ) high among livestock and practiced copper metallurgy But quite unlike the Globular Amphora culture stone cist burials with heads oriented to the East Satem Fatyanovo-Balanovo orientated male burials to the Southwest ( ДАКрайнов 1964 1972 re 188-192 ) - per steppe Maykop custom - as did the nearby related Satem Pit Grave culture and the much later early phase Sarmatian burials of Pokrovka Even a distant Afanasievo migration burial east of the Ural river with its Repin traits orientated the male to the southwest By 2600 BCE the Fatyanovo Balanovo culture and its copper metallurgy was firmly established in the Volga-Kama Ural region East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo Ural metallurgy was the nexus for a revolution that would sweep across the steppes and beyond
Cis-Ural Metallurgy gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The villages were composed of above ground wooden houses built from logs with saddled roofs and had fenced enclosures ( Udmurt kar - town site Komi kar -
site of ancient town Mordvinian Erzya kardas - enclosure courtyard w -as ending lt
East-Baltic gardas - enclosure vs Ossetian kaeligrt - id ) East Baltic Balanovo and Finno-Uralic Volosovo peoples apparently mixed well ( LWb allele amp N1c1 ) without too much conflict as they did with steppe peoples with whom they they had contact via trade with the Caucacus metalworkers The East Balt association with amber is quite old ( ДАКрайнов 1972 1973 Loze 1979 1993 ) Chuvash jandar and Hungarian ( w LWb ) gyentar - amber gyenta - resin reflect the legacy of an archaic adjectival -tar neuter suffixed Balanovo
( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin Skt jatu - resin jātarūpa - golden ( lt jęta-rūpa Lith gentaro-rupis re Skt jā-ta- Lith gen-tis ) Avestan toponym jatara- resinous Corded Ware Balanovo amp Abashevo metallurgy would provide significant impetus to Seyma-Turbino metallurgy ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked celt-axes lt gt ) Komi ram- calm peace and
erd- field reflect peaceful interaction with the Volga-Balts ( Lith erdvas ardvas
Saacutemi aacutervas ) Note Komi rit - evening and Lettic riets- sunset The pirtis - log shed (sauna) of the pioneering Volga-Balts was evidently noticed and emulated by the locals ( Mari poumlrt Saacutemi barta) Finnish Orja - slave Estonian [gen] Orja Udmurt Var Komi Ver Mokša Urauml Erzya Ure - slave indicates some later conflicts with the Āryans - as do some archaeological sites ( note - all the various late Finnic Āryan terms lack archaic nominative s - like later Timber-
Grave Iranian ) In contrast Saacutemi Oarje just designates a direction ( Abaev 1981 85
) Variations (re mtDNA Z1a V ) among Saacutemi mtDNA now show an earlier link to the Volga-Ural region ( M Ingman et al 2007 ) Neither the LT Aukštaičiai nor the Saacutemi have any common European mtDNA H1 ( ) The Saacutemi may well have an old folk saying similar to Oh well there goes the neighborhood but it has eluded my research into it
Residual Stratum gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Scholars are still perplexed by the imbalance or lopsided ratio of loanwords between East Baltic and the Uralic languages This is because the bulk of Baltic loanwords into Uralic arent loanwords per se but rather residuals of a scattered ( LWb allele R1a Z92) stratum language reflecting the widespread and prolonged assimilation of bilingual archaic East Baltic speaking Fatyanovo-Balanovo Battle Axe settlers and their poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a N1c1 ) descendants ( Finnish heimo sisar Saacutemi gaacuteibmi ) with the numerically dominant Uralic tribes for millennia The merging of Comb and Corded Ware ceramics ( w chamotte or grog ) and other associated artifacts reflect this hybrid cultural horizon ( Lith šeškas Mari šāškə Veps hāhk re Sanskrit śaśakas ) The Kiukainen culture is one example Multi-room houses also appear Some isolated pockets of poly-ethnic Baltic speakers such as the ГОЛЯДЬ survived intact even up to historic times North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92 N1c1) with tl dl consonant cluster changes gt kl gl - like East Baltic implies multiple pockets of poly-ethnic ( LWb allele R1a1a Z92 N1c1 ) East Baltic speakers there Yet the rate of assimilation eventually outpaced the passage of substratum language inheritance Hence the additional impact of not uncommon Baltic-Uralic bilingualism ( eg Kiukainen culture ) on the structure of Finnic languages along with a myriad of archaic common everyday ( EB neuters - heinauml hay tarha
garden plot silta bridge ) terminology Uralic impacted Baltic as well The absence of weaponry or conflict terms is notable - and in hindsight altogether wise Fatyanovo-Balanovo East Baltic ( w GAS ) had became an established regional poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) substratum language ( paimen herder )
throughout its range ( re LWb allele ) Although numerically overwhelmed its innovative broad-based ( apiculture agriculture building amp metallurgy ) cultural impact proved enduring - as expressed in the Kiukainen culture Scholars are not fond of such dramatic re-assessments even when molecular DNA amp traditional archaeology clearly illuminates the mounting dateable evidence The challenging complexity of Finno-Ugrian origins and evolution has only grown with recent studies yet traditional archaeology acknowledges that Fatyanovo-Uralic contact ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z92 N1c1 ) zones precede Āryan-Uralic contact ( Krajnov 1972 251-252 Gurina 1963 133 139 Khalikov 1969 205 Tretrsquojakov
1966 135 ) Fatyanovo used chamotte admixture in ceramics like their neighbors ( Laitinen et al 2002 ) Some Aryan loanwords in Uralic may reflect a poly-ethnic Alakul forest re-intrusion and were diffused by a subsequent F-U speakers migration as implied by DNA genetics And the earliest Corded Ware words found in Uralic are an identifiable archaic East Baltic ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem
1000 ) as exemplified by a shared vocabulary ( Mari karas šāškə Lith šeškas
Sanskrit śaśakas ) amp the singular neuter and not some amorphous pre-Baltic that vanished without a trace
Kela vs Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Overlapping the Southern edge of the Fatyanovo - Balanovo region by where the rivers flow South another group of the East Baltic-type Satem Corded Ware pottery tradition ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) later
developed that is called the Abashevo culture ( 2400 - 1800 BCE ) after a nearby village East of Kazan Russia The Abashevo culture exhibited strong influences from both Pit-grave and MVK Catacomb cultures on its Baltic-type Corded Ware traditions Abashevo metallurgy was proportionally less weapon-oriented than that of their Pit-grave Āryan neighbors exhibiting more utilitarian or artistic ornamental products That being said Abashevo weapon metallurgy was innovative and the designs were adopted by Andronovo cultures Unlike the Pit-grave Āryans of the bordering steppe the forest dwelling Abashevo like the Balanovo mixed some with the local Volosovo ( N1c1 ) hunters amp foragers influencing their culture in many ways The Abashevo relations with Seima - Turbino were also apparently fruitful for each other (East Baltic Fatyanovo kela
Finnish kela - reel spindle Fatyanovo amp Lith ratas Finnish amp Estonian ratas - wheel North
Saami raacutehtis - id Fatyanovo amp Lith kepti Saami giksa- kopša- to cook) The archaic East Baltic kela vs ratas usage invites scholarly investigation of the neuter in East Baltic as well as assessing Globular Amphora poly-ethnic Substratum influence from ERC Finnish taivas Estonian taevas amp Saacutemi daivas - heaven reflect an archaic East Baltic influence still heard in Saule noiet dievā or Saule iet dievu of the old Latvian Dainās ( re H Biezais 1961
Gimbutas 1958 46 ) Lithuanian still has dievop dieviep declensions Perhaps
Saacutemi taiw Hungarian taacutej and Khanty tai - locus are also related if heaven is a place - somewhere
Like Balanovo sites many Abashevo settlements were also by the copper laden southwestern foothills of the Urals and as the Volga-Kama area Balanovo East-Balts did left ample kurgan burials and flat graves as part of their Abashevo burial rite Late Abashevo artifacts were found in Sintashta ( Pre-Vedic ) culture graves Sintashta also had not only one but two flat grave cemeteries along with the expected more prestigious kurgans Sintashta ceramics display the influence of early Abashevo amp Fatyanovo-Balanovo pottery styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked ceramics lt gt ) just as many
Sintashta Europoid remains exhibit the dolichocephaly of Abashevans ( Schwidetzky 1978 Menck 1980 Gimbutas 1997 322 ) amp Fatyanovans ( Denisova 1980
Rimantiene amp Cesnys 1996 50 Loze 1996 68 ) Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo )
ceramics with chamotte exhibit a projecting rim as does later Abashevo ( re
mtDNA N1a1a1 294 ) The artifacts suggest a unique cultural exchange between poly-ethnic ( w Uralic amp GAS admixture) Abashevo and Fatyanovo-Balanovo people into the Sintashta culture of Pre-Vedic peoples ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The nearby Volga Finnic Erzya-Moksha Mordvin language group has preserved loanwords from early Āryan Volga-East-Baltic and possibly a Pre-Tocharian Repin type language which would seem to confirm the probability of such exchanges Residual Ural-Volga Repins may well have become contributing substratum in the ethno-genesis of the Corded Ware Abashevo considering their geographical locations The Volga-Sok river Ural region by Samara has yielded Repin-influenced pottery reflecting the Repin influenced pottery of the earliest Afanasievo kurgans Early Uralic exchanges with IE Centum speakers probably correlate with this regional Volga-Repin horizon by the Urals Re haplogroup U5 Tokharian A waumls Tokharian B yasa - gold ( PT wesā ) Uralic Mari waž Kamassian waza Votyak az-veś Hungarian vas Mansi atvės Forest Nenets wyesya whereas Saacutemi vieške Moksha uśkauml Estonian vask reflect Tokharian A wsā-yok lt wesā-yāku - gold colored Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration with decorated rims on a round-based pot The NE orientation of male burials characteristic of Don Repins is also noted later with some ( not all ) Timber-Grave burials vs the early Afanasievo migration burials with Repin traits which orientated males to the southwest like Poltavka Fatyanovo ( Lith talka
telkti East Tocharian A talke Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) and the early phases of Sarmatian burials
Indo-Āryan Soma ( contents lt source ) preserved the native Uralic ( N1c1 ) word for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) was pressed with stones in water to produce a batch of the Soma beverage ( re Khanty Sŏma hewn
mortar-bowl Estonian Soim hewn manger ) or passed around and shared The misnomer well have been a cross-cultural semantic mistranslation from Balanovo-Volosovo contacts Finger pointing can be misconstrued as Elbing Vocabulary 141 comically demonstrates Some other tribes may have noticed East Baltic Balanovo neuters were one consonant shy of a combo plate and later added one Amanita muscaria reflects the Sun-Moon symbolism well
especially as they rise amp set smoky chestnut red ( žalas ) An pioneer ethno-mycologist R Gordon Wasson identified Vedic Soma as Amanita muscaria in his 1967 book although its legendary use was clearly Pre-Vedic Note that Balanovo and Volosovo-Garino ( Finno-Uralic ) culture pottery are sometimes discovered in sites side by side ( Goldin 1999130 ) inferring very close contacts (re mtdna haplogroup U4 [ Pliss et al 2005 16134ndash16356ndash16362 Bermisheva et al 2002 16189ndash16311ndash16356
Derbeneva et al2002b ] R1a amp N1c1 ) Ethnic customs were shared The Volosovo ( N1c1) use of talc or chamotte to temper pottery is significant since the custom of talc admixture is shared in Abashevo ceramics and later found in Sintashta culture ceramics Two pots unearthed far away near Sarazm betray their poly-ethnic Abashevo Ural area ( N1c1) origination by their unusual talc admixture
One side effect of the Ural region metallurgic bonanza was the need to defend key mining claims and production An escalation in production of weapons is noted The Pepkino burial kurgan suggests Abashevo northern territorial encroachment into Balanovo mining districts was strictly non-negotiable Later Sintashta - Arkaim type fortifications anticipated security concerns regarding metallurgic production centers
Sounds of Thunder gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Songs of the Erzya Mordvinic thunder spirit Purrsquogine Pərgənauml parallel both traditions of Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons and Rig Vedic Parjanyah closely ( Rig Veda Book 5 Hymn 83 ) The ancient Permic Komi myth of Pera the Giant amp the Oak grove like Parjanya and Erzya Pərgənauml may also reflect cultural integration or assimilation ( LWb R1a1a- Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) of residual Volga-Kama Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo East Balts by the Urals ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt checkered ornament of Volga-Urals ) The East
Balt type R1a1a- Z92 variant found among the Volga Erzya suggests such (
R1a1a- Y-STR DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ) Unlike Pera the giant amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Another Volga-Kama area Permic variation was noted by Y Wickman ( Teitoja Votjaakkien Mytologiiasta 1893
p 33)as the Votiak wrathful Perkịno who was offered bread gruel and ( ) butter The Chuvash still say ascha schapat about lightning Missionaries demonized the hewn idols as the devil of hell replacing them with a foreign stern storm-god tradition - and new improved idols There is even a Perkino Russia - somewhat near Tula
Legends of the North gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Recent discoveries have eclipsed traditional mindsets Aerial surveys revealed Sintashta amp Arkaim Archaeological analysis from excavations have revealed four thousand year old cultural intermingling ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) In 2002 Fragments of Lappish Mythology by Lars Levi Laestadius was finally published
in English It had been long forgotten since the 1840s The Saacutemi version of the Storm-giant bears a close conformity to Pera the giant and Parjanya ( RV 563 ) The evil troll hiding in the hollow ( Lith dumbas Slavic dub - oak ) gets zapped in the Saacutemi version reflecting Rig Veda 563 After ridding the world of evil the only reward Pera the giant wants is a net How odd A net Whatz wit that A net A more multi-cultural analysis would provide insight Perhaps one can discern a unity of traditions considering that a Baltic net Sietynas is also Pleiades ( Saacutemi siejdi gt ON seieth ) Pashto Perūne is the knotty six-star Pleiades Northern legends of the six bogatyr sons the Sun maiden Pera marries the Suns daughter Saulė and the bear Saulės ratelis the sun maidens ring sauryās rathas The golden horned elk Zarni Anj Shundy Mumy solar mother the crescent moon ( Saacutemi maacutennu maacuteno ) Saacutemi has pirjanne - borjja-dat storms There are many Saacutemi - Permic conformities ( Charnolusski 1965 101-130 ) The Perm culture of the Vychegda river region practiced both inhumation amp cremation In their region 34 of inhumations were oriented to the SW Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( Vychegda region ) burial orientations were also to the SW The northern peoples SW buried with head towards sunset orientation ( Taylor 1989 280 Mansin 1984 64 Karlalainen 1996 46 ) is explained as the South representing the Sky gt Heaven ( Lith dievas Estonian taevas Saacutemi taiw Hungarian
taacutej and Khanty tai ldquo ) Early phase Sarmatian burials are similar There are many northern shared traditions ( sarvas - hirvas - sirvas ) and legends with some well over four thousand years old ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) They are not well received today nor have been in the past ( Willumsen LH 1997 ) Nobody magically disappears not even in Las Vegas
Perga - Pargai gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The interpretation of the phonetics of Parjanyah should consider three factors Sanskrit J followed by a front vowel as in Parjanya matches a Baltic G ( Lith augu Skt ojah lt H2eug- ) Secondly classical Sanskrit parkaṭī - fig tree has a holly oak ( Quercus ilex ) dialect homonym in a western Punjabi dialect with parg-ai instead of park-aṭī ( note related Skt k-g-j- bhakti bhaga-
bhajati ) In other words the Punjab region Vedic Parjanyah may be phonetically interpreted as Pərgənyah from the Iranian-like R-only Rig Vedic dialect lt possibly reflecting a phonetic alternate Pərkənyas from another ( Alakul ) immigration of R amp L Madhyadeśa dialects of mixed lineage populace - say perhaps marginalized poly-ethnic metalworkers
artisans a post-Sintashta śāpharikas fisherman ( re śapharas gt महाशफर )
farmers and herders perhaps even Yadavas ( re the tadbhava layer ) The 800 years from Sintashta to the Vedas significantly impacted Indo-Iranian itself much less a few odd loanwords A phonetic Iranian-like Punjab Vedic Pərgənyah amp Pərgənauml of the Volga-Ural Erzya look suspiciously similar Whatz up with that Was there a Volga-Ural cultural contact in common with a similarly positioned ldquoalpinerdquo velar The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 ) indicates that very common contact were the Volga-Ural
Fatyanovo- Balanovo Balts and their descendants ndash the same mushroom munching forest folk with their rolling ratas gentara- golden amber and stinky šapalas breath Thirdly Parjanya ( Divas putrāya ) like Vāyu and his obscure dhēnā lt dainā have already been marginalized in the Punjab Rig-Veda of elite Āryan priests - with only a few old token hymns Times change people change languages change Even Gods change All we are is dust in the wind
More Bull gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In East Baltic Mythology Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons is closely associated with the Bull In Nuristani Mythology Paumlrun is a war god ( kariaunas ) In Pashto Perūne is the knotty Pleiades star cluster ( re Old Prus Perōni - group Lith Peruotas
- beetle brood Peras - egg brood larvae ) The reason Perkūnas-Perkaunis is associated with the Bull is due to the ancient correlation of the Taurus constellations importance to the agricultural Dnieper Satem Tripolye R1a1a- Z280 substratum of East Balts The Taurus constellation ( Latv Vērsis ) signaled the start of the growing year and the arrival of Perkaunis loud Thunder storms Pashto Pleiades is in ( you guessed it ) - the Taurus constellation ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) The stars brought the rain of the Bull representing the magic of fertility to the Z280 Satem farmers When the Satem East Balts assimilated the poly-ethnic Globular Amphora-post-Narva substatum with their pre-Fairguni a Centum velar was added to Peraunas by his wife Perkūnija hence the E+W poly-ethnic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkons Uralic loanwords attest to this antiquity of the East Baltic ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive variant Perkūnas was very important to farmers unlocking the start of a new growing year by his loud return In Lithuania the first ritual plowing of the Spring was done by two sacred black ( kirsna- ) bulls His two stones ( not red ) release fire The goatish echoes of flying snipes before a storm warn of his arrival Stricken lightning locations are šventas The darža checkered ceramics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) in Sintashta and Alakul pottery track contacts with Fatyanovo-Balanovo Z92 farmers Parjanya later appears in the Rig Veda as an peripheral obscure deity even though he is a son of Heaven ( Divas putrāya ) He is associated with Soma Vāyu ( Lith
dialect Vėjus ) and has Bull symbolism He gladdens the Earth He has a trace of a misplaced velar unlike Pashto Perūne star cluster ( Pleiades - in Vērsis ) Paumlrun or Slavic velarless Perun Parjanya has lost his militaristic affinities amp exploits Early Mitanni mining contacts may culturally connect Ashur Marduk to the Asuras Maruts There were no copyrights back then The evil serpent and various keraunophobic belief systems have remained quite popular to this day It is the hero Indra who now frees the cattle from the Vala cave slays the Vritra ahi- serpent and throws the wheel of the kerauninkas Kāvya Uśanas ( Latv milna lt mildna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild-
Tocharian kaumlrwentildee )
Perunaš Peraunas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Angis anžuolas reflect connections to the Hittite ( Maykop or Lydian ) diffused Myth of Illuy-ankas (eel-snake Latin anguilla ) and a storm deity named Tarḫunna Perunaš a stone-boulder-cliff deity joins in ( Myth of Ullikummi Ivanov
1958 108-9 ) The peaks of Greek Κέρκυρα island Baden alpine Hercynia and GAC pre-Fairguni or later Norse Fjoumlrgyn mountain all have a peaked alpine velar whereas Middle Dnieper Tripolye Satem reflects a Hittite common gender Perunaš as the Middle Dnieper cultures velar-less Peraunas we all know and love ( Czech Peraun Slavic Perunŭ Polabian Peraumlune- ) Sanskrit velar-less
Paru Parv-ata mountain ( Hittite Peru Perunant- Avestan Paruuatā ) was also used for a cloud especially a massive knotty cumulonimbus cloud cluster the kind which usually precedes violent thunderstorms ( Rig Veda 106411 ) An affiliation of Peraunas with cumulonimbus thundercloud clusters geologic uplifts lightning-bolts and magic ceraunium stones ( Tocharian kaumlrwentildee pārem ) is still noted Neighboring Catacomb Culture provides a later Greek Keraunos - thunderbolt ( Grk Poimenes Lith Piemenes Kerauninkas ) Circular triple crossed ceraunic hexagrams were popular Baltic woodcarving motifs Lithuanian kerauti translates as to make magic sorcery Globular Amphora amp Northern Dnieper Satems assimilate uniquely blending Satem Peraunas amp Centum Perkūnija in a wedding of sky amp earth ( re post-GAC ON Fjoumlrgynn amp Fjoumlrgyn ) Perkaunas-Perkūnija unite the poly-ethnic Baltic Centum amp Satem farmers which also head East with his still new ERC velar wedding attire as Uralic words record Neither the Polabian Peraumlune nor Pashto Perūne ldquoclusterrdquo cognates have the ERC velar whereas the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno neighbors of Fatyanovo-Balanovo do Perkaunas adopts the mycological magic orphans of the forest folk along the way to the Urals with Fatyanovo-Balanovo metallurgic pioneers His reception was cordial but the forest is his home with his oak and his ever popular sacred orphans The Baltic etymology of the revered oak is perhaps a ldquosecretrdquo taboo double entendre ( ang-is anž-
uolas ) but knotty fits just fine Perkūnas clash with a hiding Velinas ( Latv jods -
black ) the serpent-demon in the oak ( Middle Welsh derwen ) over theft ( cattle-
fertility ) is an old theme Thus the traditional black hued choice of sacrifices especially during times of drought Fire in the oak Quercitron The Storms of Spring battle Winters dark deceit for the release and restoration of Life Perkūnas was to wed the laume water spirit Indraja but it was not to be Parjanya isnt as popular in the Avesta Nuristani Paumlrun is a war god no bull Parjanya has already been de-oaked by the time of the Vedas and his ancient heroic legends have been assigned to Indra Parjanyas name is still spoken by farmers The Komi have Pera the giant amp his Oak grove As for his northern šventas orphans ( V N Toporov 1979 RV 9823 ) word gets around For the paru
peru jointed knotty IE etymology see Karl Hoffman 1974 In addition I note Sanskrit Paru - knotty having joints ( esp of reed or cane ) and Lith Peras - jointed plant shoot ( eg of reed ) cluster as well as a cluster of white knotty or jointed larvae or brood cluster bear close etymological affinities ( for -as vs-us note Lith Vėjas vs dialect Vėjus ) This cluster could be of stones clouds rock eggs sprouts larvae chicks church goers reeds or
stars From the eggs amp seeds of PIE per- to bear begets the cluster That
cluster becomes a cloud ( Perunaš Peraun ) or if stone later becomes a mountain
( Perunant- Paruuatā ) The visual connection of a puffy cloud cluster with a cluster of cute fluffy chicks or squirming larvae ( Lith Peras ) may be easily comprehended by a native Oaxacan but most scholars to date just dont get it They may well never Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are all related cluster cognates GAS influenced Perkons amp Parjanya are also related and especially to each other with the GAS velar infixation - due specifically to Volga-Ural inter-ethnic contact ( copyVirdainas )
Oaks are strikingly knotty as are firs fingers posts backbones cliffs and clouds Oaks are also like mountains ( re Fairguni ) strikingly tall or as they say in Hittite Parku- or Tocharian Paumlrk- and long when felled ( Tocharian Paumlrkaumlr- again ) - as when one makes a 26 ft dugout canoe - or perga - pergas ( Finnish haapio lt Fatyanovo aspen canoe ) Greek Πέργ- implies a European substratum p inclination for expected b Khotanese bulysa also prefers the horizontal orientation A Proto-Kartvelian dialect root for acorn dialect for oak reflects ḳrḳo- which bares a striking similarity to Italic Kerkus an oak ( with
many branches ) Venetian Querquerni Thucydides mountain Kirkine Celtic alpine Hercynia gt Gothic mountain Fairguni gt ON Fjoumlrgyn Greek island Κέρκσρα Lith Kerkūrė - hill mountain summit Lith Kerkulė many branched stump ( trunk ) Lith Kerkutys branching trunk Welsh Perth bush ( with many branches ) Old Norse Fjoumlrr tree Lith Keras bush ( with many
branches ) Lith kerkoti ndash to ldquostickrdquo out - like the ldquoalpinerdquo velar in Perkons or Parjanya darža laquo checked raquo Alakul or Kandahar Mundigak-VI Afghan pottery or z92 by Samara Initial or medial Q gt T gt P is early Lengyel BBC influencing GAC TRB traders amp Baden outliers Follow the Money Lengyel - Bell Beaker culture influence is easily percieved in various numerals such as Breton pemp Swedish fem Old High German fimf Oscan pompe - 5 or Welsh pedwar Old English fēower vs Lith keturi Sanskrit chatur - 4 Perhaps also GAC 11 amp 12 w -p lt -q like 4 Jātarūpa amber Gentaro rupis (
FYI - Some Western Chicago dialects pronounce knotty amp naughty the same way ) The 2800 BCE Corded Ware GAC connection of ON alpine Fjoumlrgyn amp E Baltic elevated Perkūnija is fairly obvious given current archaeological amp DNA evidence Perūne Perōni Peraumlune Perunŭ Perunaš are cluster cognates Perkons amp Parjanya are also related - due to contact Roth ratas rathas Embrace the Chaos
Velars amp Vowels
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Given what has been revealed from the archaeology of the Sintashta era and later ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornament of the Volga-Urals ) the northwestern Punjab Rig Vedic dialect of Parjanyah may reflect an earlier Volga-Urals region polyethnic Perkaunyas or Pərgənyas which would resemble the Erzya Pərgənauml Votiak Perkịno or Baltic Perkaunias very very closely Why are the nearest cognates of Parjanya with an rdquoalpinerdquo velar ( plosive ) only in Balto-Finnic Volgaic Permic Baltic and otherwise noticeably absent in surrounding Satem Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani European Celtic Hercynia Gothic Fairguni attest to Western perhaps GAC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive affinities ( re roth ratas rathas below ) As linguists struggle with the etymology of the Punjab Rig Vedic Parjanya or even Baltic Perkūnas for that matter did they even consider the heresy of a poly-ethnic origin ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2 ) or a GAC origin of the integrated ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive ( re Eulau GAC
DNA amp Shughnans ) Slavic Satem Ruki amp velarless Perun would support it Perkaunias gt Perkonias gt Pərganyas Short e o get leveled to a as Indo-Iranian evolves At least a half a millennium passes between Sintashta and the Vedas Velar plosive [-G-] before a front vowel becomes [-J-] In other words we are discussing a shared cultural tradition ( Casino ding-ding-ding sounds ) spanning well over four thousand years ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 The laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Beyond the similar name itself the very verses of each cultures related hymns ( dainās ) exactly parallel each other in a truly uncanny way The inclusive Perkaunijas appealed to poly-ethnic farmers herders and smiths not to a xenophobic ruling elite The increased frequency of dental cavities in Arkaim remains may reflect polyethnic Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo populace Given the Fatyanovo link with Sintashta ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) amp Kandahar ceramics ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 laquo checked raquo 14 ) and Corded Ware Abashevo origins of chariot cheek-pieces in the Urals such speculation is well within reasonable parameters even for diehard skeptics ( DNA data pending ) The Sintashta metal workers were busy real busy - cooking ( varia ) copper which is noisy hot foundry type work A rare day off meant quietly fishing by the cool water with some herbal headache medicine And it is still the common farmers who welcome Parjanya Pərgənauml or Perkons Perhaps the priests forgot ( RV 10853 ) Parjanyas is still the father of Soma ( RV 9823 ) Bon Appetit
The astonishing similarity of the archaic Central East Baltic (Latvian dial example Perkaunis Perkūne and Lietas) Dainās tradition mirrors the Eastern Fatyanovo Balanovo Baltic culture mythology as seen with the Votiak Perkịno and Volgaic (Erzya Pur‟gine Lit-ava) songs The initial L vs R of Lit-ava would presume early-Baltic contact since Vedic vṛkah ( vs archaic Baltic
vilkas) is associated with the loanword vərgas in Uralic Moksha or Komi Zyryan voumlrkas - wolf terms which were probably acquired from an Alakul intrusion into the forest-steppe Yet Ossetic does have Lymaelign friend reflecting Mordvin Loman man whereas Sanskrit has Ramana - man
married (re Latvian Loma- role Lithuanian Luomas- marital status class of men) Erzya has Paz reflecting Saka Bagas - a legacy of their contact ( Slavic
Bogъ) Discovering East Balt R1a1a- Z92 among the Volga-Ural Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) may pale to other previously unidentified R1a lineages from ancient cultural contact The Pur‟gine Paz - Lit-ava hymns are thus part of a poly-ethnic shared tradition
Syllabic Resonants R gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The East Baltic šapalas and Indic śapharas (chub-carp ) śāpharikas ( fisherman ) isogloss is indeed very interesting - given the absence of other fish cognate isoglosses ( Ossetian kaeligf Old Japanese kwop(j)i gt koi ) Sanskrit scholars have determined at least two early Vedic dialects ( the IE L gt R only
vs the R and L - Madhyadeśa region ) and possibly a third ( the L only ) existed The Rig Veda we know today is in the R only dialect ( Indo-Iranian coalescence of
L gt R ) Note Sanskrit śroṇis vs Lith šlaunis Thus only occasional token words remain from 2 of the 3 Vedic era dialects Baltic had retained IE L The Greek Indo-Iranian dialect area exhibited issues with syllabic resonants ( l r m n ) - as when m and n became a or Greek alla amp arra or Indo-Iranians syllabic liquids where l usually became r There remained an Indic instability with r (ṛH) where Iranian had ar vs Indic ir ur - with E-W dialect variants Examples of this are Skt śiras vs Av sarah- Grk karā- or Skt giri- vs Av gairi- ( Lith girė vs Slavic gora ) The conservative Satem speaking communities of IE dialects which begat the Baltics usually evolved reflexes of semi-vowels l r m n into il ir im in yet also rendered them as ul ur um un after original labiovelar plosives and later rearranged after more changes The two different reflexes cluster in contrast - inflectional morphemes have the i- reflex whereas the u- reflex is not uncommon in the expressive lexicon
There was certainly early Āryan as well as Catacomb culture ( merger of Genitive
amp Ablative) influence - interaction with the respective emerging Baltic dialects (as
Middle Dnieper artifacts actually reflect amp also javas- grain isogloss or Skt paścāt Lith
paskuj later ) and with Proto-Slavic while each neighbored near the larger proto Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian isogloss area of dialects (eg Graeco-Armeno-Indo-
Iranian past tense prefix augment isogloss) Reflecting this archaic regional relationship is the specific spiritual tradition of Dawn ( Uṣas Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven isolated together in the Indic Greek and Baltic cultures The semantic perceive vs awake contrast of Greek peuthomai Avestan baodaiti and Indic bodha-h vs Balto-Slavic Lith budėti invites some curiosity Is there some specific Balto-Indic link for the divergent wake-awaken semantics ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament ) The Armeno-Aryan remodeling of the Ablative suffix helps to date influences on Middle Dnieper dialects Another relic of this same late Sredny Stog era influencedialogue interaction maybe the proposed loss of a laryngeal (H )
after the introduction of a long vowel (Korlandt 1975 - re Latv guovs Skt gauh ) and of course RUKI The Middle Dnieper Baltics amp Slavics were thus distinct early autonomous NW Satem IE dialects (Upper Middle Dnieper-Don region ) and even more so upon becoming Europeanized R1a1a- poly-ethnics Hydronyms by Tula Russia ( re Eulau CWC DNA ) appear quite Baltic Early Satem contacts ( mtDNA T ) and exchange may have also occurred with Don-Volga Repins before an exodus flight of a group far to the East which evolved into the Afanasievo culture ( Russ toloka Lith talka telkti Tocharian talke VRC
) Repin A1 type pottery arrived at Mikkhailovka on the Dnieper around 3500 BCE from a people that had a connection to the Volga-Don Region Repins There were Repin settlements in Middle Don where it dispersed to Volga and Dnieper areas ( Sinuk 1981 ) Tocharian may be thus related to both the early Middle-Lower Dnieper Repins ( re Middle Dnieper Repins gt ERC gt pre-Germanics ) and the northern Ural-Volga Repins that migrated the Trans-Ural region East ( Latv veļu Tocharian A walu ) The incorporation of some Middle Dnieper Repins into the multi-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture is supported by isoglosses between Slavic Baltic Germanic and Tocharian
The cultural convergence of these various Āryan Baltic and Uralic peoples by the Urals in the second millennium BCE is reflected in name of the annual Finnish Kekri celebration which exemplfies the state of developement of the Indo-Iranian at that time - as compared with later Rig Vedic Sanskrit sg pl čakras čakrā- PIE kʷekʷlos ( Finnish yh-deksaumln 9 or 1 from 10 lt IIr - vs
Finnish tuhante 1000 lt E Baltic Fatyanovo ) It appears from above loanwords that at mid-third millennium BCE the Fatyanovo East Baltic Satem [ š ] preceded a slower developing Indo-Āryan [ ś ] Note Nuristani parallel sonsonant It ( Finnish tuhante ) also shows uncompromised original East Baltic pre-GAS Ruki Did each Satem tribe perhaps influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornaments ) the other ( Mari indeś 9 Ossetic daeligs 10) East Baltic Fatyanovo žemė lowland was adopted as a toponym šaumlme and is now known as the haumlme region of Finland ( w Fatyanovo artifacts ) Before the Finnic change of š to h the toponym provided an ethnonym - Saacutemi aka the Lapplanders (Koivulehto 1993)
Uralic Honey
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
It is common to read that the Finno-Ugric loanwords for honey - Hungarian mez Mordvinic med Estonian Finnish mesi were not borrowed from Battle Axe Baltic medu - honey or a Ural-Volga Pre-Tocharian Repin dialect ( Latv sāls Toch A sāle Zyryan sol - salt ) but rather from a later Āryan madhu - sweet drink Even though the same Finno-Ugrics have loanwords - Mordvinic Mokša kaumlras Mari karas Udmurt karas for honeycomb wax - reflecting East Baltic kāras honeycomb ( Lith korys Latv kāres ) and in spite of the archaeological chronology of centuries of Battle Axe Balt Finno-Ugric
( eg pre-Kiukainen culture w LWb ) contact or earlier Pre-Tocharian Repin Finno-Ugric interaction ( eg Saacutemi vieške Tokharian A wsā-yok ) long before Pit Grave Āryan culture arrival No mekši -fly cognate is found in Ob-Ugric It is noteworthy that current Bashkir preserves kaumlrauml- along with Altaic Kazan Tatar kaumlraumls in that Ural region and even distant Chuvash has karas - honeycomb Note Mordvinic Erzya kšta beeswax Lith šekštė thick coarse Single markers of mtDNA N1a also group Bashkirs with Lithuania and the Komi Permyaks East Balt type Y-DNA R1a1a1 Z92 among the Erzya ( Y-STR
DYS 444 =13 DYS 520 =22 ampc) adds additional linguistic perspective to the kāras range East Baltic bitis bee has an interesting cognate with Egyptian bi-t Baltic amber has been found in the pyramids Ural karas honeycomb is clearly a legacy of Fatyanovo-Balanovo regional assimilation ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) Surprisingly neither Slavic ( w solitary exception of Polish skarzyk lt GAS ) nor
Indo-Iranian possess a cognate ( करण - honeycomb ) although Greek does
( κηρός ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo was not some amorphous Balto-Slavic - it was evidently an identifiable archaic East Baltic - that preceded Kiukainen type hybrid cultures
Archaeological Chronology of Cultures ( Cal
14C vs the time-travel of Linguists )
5600 BCE Akali Narva-Kunda settlement in Estonia w Cannabis amp Triticum pollen
3700 BCE - Volga Repins by the Urals Volosovo expanded from Urals 3200 BCE - Fatyanovo Battle Axe arrival - Volosovo culture interaction
2800 BCE - Fatyanovo-Balanovo ceramic laquo checked raquo darža double row diamond ornament re Bronocice pot motifs
2700 BCE Kiukainen hybrid type cultures Balanovo Metallurgy in Ural forests 2300 BCE Abashevo - Pepkino Kurgan ( MVK Poltavka Fatyanovo Hybrids )
2100 BCE Abashevo amp Seyma-Turbino Metallurgic developement amp interaction 2100 BCE - Sintasta - Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo laquo checked raquo Volga-Ural ornament
2026 BCE Sintasta - Arkaim ( Poltavka w some MVK amp Abashevo becomes Andronovo ) - U of AZ
14C
1780-1660 BCE Alakul cemeteries pine timbers of Lisakovsk Kostany oblast by Tobol river - U of AZ 14
C 1700 BCE Timber Grave and Alakul culture intrusions into Ural forest zone cultures
1600 BCE - Timber Grave - Alakul - Fedorovo laquo checked raquo double row diamond Volga-Ural ornaments 1000 BCE - Mundigak Period VI ceramics of Afghanistan with darža laquo checked raquo double row diamond ornaments
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
From Kaunas to Kazan
to Kandahar - We Are Family
The time-travel of linguists is supported by serious academic references of
proto Indo-Aryans loaning proto Finnish vasa - calf - prior to the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC arrival thereby neutralizing any possibility of a ratas rathas debate whatsoever and uncountable cans of worms of a probable Centum connection ( GAS ) The debate was only postponed Pots dont talk they speak - volumes Note that Ossetian waeligs Yaghnob wasa - calf - would suggest a 1st millennium BCE Gorodets era contact loanword The artifacts do Another archaic Baltic loanword into Finno-Ugric exemplifying the range of influence the Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC had is the East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole or long pole stick ( Arm jałk rod branch ) which has traces in Saami čuolggu pole for pushing a fishing net under the ice Finnish salko long pole Mordvin śalgo stick Komi źal lath-stick Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane
Bison in the Forest gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Gradual climatic warming of the vast pine-birch forests of Russia also afforded a home to the woodland bison (Bison bonasus bonasus) known in Lithuanian as stumbras or in Old Latvian as sumbrs - which bears a odd amp curious resemblance to the Sanskrit śambaras ( stag lt F-U śambaras lt ) A similar semantic drift is seen with the Russian izubr - stag ( Slavic jьzōbrь [ jьlt vь ]
OPr wissambrs ) Evolution of the tusked Satem žambras žumbras gt zumbras gt sumbrs noun for the dangerous forest dwelling wisent bison is far from being etymologically settled although sumbrs is unique to East Baltic Note žambas žambras derivation as well as later GAC wisent lt OPr wissambrs gt Slavic jьzōbrь ( jьlt vь ) The wisent is the largest herbivore in Europe Excavated sites in the Baltic countries indicate wisents constituted 20 of the hunted wild ungulates In Lithuania there are still meadow ( Lith
lanka Khanty lŏk ) names such as Zumbriškės by Aukštadvaris and Žumbrickiai by Ramygala in the central Panevėžys district whereas Stumbriškis place-names appear less archaic Wisents often frequent lush meadows for grazing Archaic Satem cognates for the Carpathian bison in central Europe extend beyond Slavic examples Niketas Choniates recorded
the δοσμπρος (lt zumbros ) of 12th century Cumanians hundreds of years after
the advent of Old Church Slavonic liturgical texts The apparently Thracian ( w
final -os ) δόμβρος (lt zumbros ) cognate dates to the same century as the
beginning of formalized Old Church Slavonic literature Other cognates also display this close relationship such as Thracian midne - homestead
reflecting Latvian mītne - dwelling very nicely
Given the existing evidence of Žumbr- type place-names in Lithuania like Žumbrickiai East Baltic (re upė vs apė ) obviously had a dialect variant Žumbras Finno-Ugric pronounciation of the ž- or z- consonant perhaps yielded a multi-cultural Balt-Finnic term sumbras (re Old Latv Sumbrs ) in the distant past (eg Dyakovo culture ) for the forest wisent An East Baltic remodeled variant stumbras ( re stirna ) arose In many outlying regions after the animal disappeared so did its old name Scandinavian and Slavic traders later brought in new substitute wisent names Over thousands of years of multi-cultural interaction the common term sumbrs overtook the older zumbrs variant in the Latvian region - probably due to the Estonian-Finnic phonetic influence Modern Lithuanian still has the tusked žambras žambris although the semantics are now limited to a wooden plow ( Lith žambuotas Skt
jambhate) Regional polyethnic changes of ž- to s- as in žalga gt salko do not necessitate a taboo in place of multi-millennial Finnic influenced cross-culture contact For example the related Baltic taurė - herders blow horn is not at all uncommon in Uralic languages The neighboring Finnic influence of ž- or z- to s- with zumbrs gt sumbrs needs no extravagant linguistic explanation
The East Baltic Neuter gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The singular neuter gender exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs East divide in the Baltic languages with West Baltic documented using singular neuter gender asigmatic -n as in kelan - wheel Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives ending in -a -ia or -u as well as in Neuter Participles For example Šalta - It is cold Čia jo būta - He was here or Kokia žalia kanapė - What green hemp The Lithuanian neuter is often used in impersonal constructions There is not the slightest trace of the West Baltic neuter asigmatic -n in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords from Uralic such as kela - reel or in modern East Baltic ( Žemaitian medė forest or coastal dialect lizda vs Prussian median ) once again dating the commonality of a West vs East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo ( R1a1a- Z280 ) pre-GAS era The East Baltic singular neuter ( Illich-
Svitych 1963 42-44 ) seems to have had a parallel type of development as the singular neuter in Lydian with the generalized singular neuter ending in -d The Slavic neuter origin may reflect an old R1a1a- Z92 Eastern orientation The anaphoric pronoun -ad lt ( ntr sg ) -od reflects the Hititte -at used for
collectives or neuter plurals suggesting an early ( Mysian ) Lydian Hittite split East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords in Uralic imply the loss of the final consonant occurred prior to a Northern expansion The evolution of the neuter gender in East Baltic can be deduced from the surviving languages and dialects Latvian has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains The Lithuanian neuter is still used in impersonal constructions Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of that language - even after the era when dialects became different languages As the R1a1a- Z92 or the LWb allele genetically indicate Fatyanovo Baltic was as identifiable East Baltic - as Latvian Lithuanian and Žemaitian are to this today Apples dont fall far from the apple tree
Loanwords in Uralic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Academia also attributes Finnish porsas pig as a loanword from an Iranian (
pārsas ) source Note that archaic East Baltic parša pig ( neut ) was the signature livestock of East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo culture archaeological excavations ( like Centum poly-ethnic GAS ) - and is also noted ( Varov amp Kosintsev
1996 54 ) as a significant feature of Corded Ware Abashevo livestock (Koryakova-Epimakhov 200765) in the very same Volga-Kama region as the later Khudyakovo group of the Pyanobor ( Udmurt parś boar ) culture region Some post-Balanovo Finnic Ananyino culture excavation sites (eg Svinogorskoye) also favor the pig above other livestock The Mordvin cognate may reflect Sauromatian (Prokhorovo) influence Note Khotanese pāsa- lt pālsa- lt pārsa- lt parsa- lt parša- One of the most conspicuous traits of the Indo-Iranian Andronovo culture is the complete absence of pigs as opposed to the related western poly-ethnic Timber grave culture - which evolved with discernible Corded Ware Abashevo culture assimilation Andronovo Indo-Iranians werent keen about mushrooms either ( Yasna XLVIII10 ) Given the distribution ( re Kuzmina 2007 fig 101 Kandahar laquo checked raquo 14 ) of uniquely
Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motifs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo
ornament of Urals ) one may speculate if their parša term followed ( Grishakov V
Stavitsky V 2003 ) their motifs (re the Sanskrit cognate of neuter E Baltic parša gt
Estonian parh lt parha lt parša )
vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras
The Finnish loanword vasara hammer appears to be from a late Āryan vazarah ( vajrah lt vaźras ) without the final s most likely from the 16th-13th
century BCE Timber-Grave northern forest intrusion ( re Erzya azuru man of rank
Udmurt uzər lt Timber-Grave Iranian asurah ) as opposed to an Alakul forest-steppe re-intrusion ( re Moksha vərgas w -s nom sg ending ) Other Uralic terms include Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere and all lack a final s ( re Redei
1986 25-26 28-30 ) The East Baltic cognates range from Lithuanian vėzdras vėzdas mace club Latvian vẽza stick club vẽzecirct to swing in the air
wave wag lt ueg Note the vežys of crayfish waving their pinchers Latvian
veseris maul-hammer appears to be a loanword from Livonian since the phonetics are closer to the Finnic versions than Lith vėzdras mace club The -d da- contamination of vėz-das vėzdras may be from the closely related stone-less synonym laz-da - club and may well have altered ź-da gt zda as in Lith lazda lt laźda (Albanian lajthi ledhi - id ) Bored stone maces with a peculiar solar rosette design - ubiquitous in the Abashevo culture have been unearthed in the Mariampolė district of Lithuania East Balt four five or seven-bulbed stone bored maces are almost identical to Andronovo maces Perkūnas thunderbolt ( Latv milna O Prus E-52 mealde Balto-Slavic meld- mald- mild- ) was also a round stone The evolution from vẽźras gt vẽžras gt vėzdras vėzdas appears rather old but provides fresh new perspective to the etymology of Sanskrit vajra and Avestan vazra The practical forest dwelling East Balt woodsmen apparently favored the utilitarian kirvis- axe-hammer ( Indic kṛvi- ) or Maykop like vedega - adze more and evidently shared them with the Uralic locals Hazel nuts were a Fatyanovo staple
The early polyethnic East Balt Uralic Pre-Indo-Iranian group would play a role in the settlement ( U of AZ - radio carbon date average - 2026 BCE) of Sintashta Arkaim and later also influence the regional speakers in Iran India who become bilingual Like the Magyars in Central Europe or the Goths-Galindi-Alani in Spain Āryan languages are now marginally reflected in the gene pool of India ( re Uralic variant of mtDNA N1a )
The Ethnogenesis of Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Abashevo pottery resembles and blends Fatyanovo and Balanovo East Baltic
Corded Ware styles ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) Like poly-ethnic Balanovo East Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) the forest-zone Abashevo culture left both kurgans and flat graves although some burials may also reflect nearby Poltavka culture customs of the steppe-zone This indicates a transitional group of Corded Ware populace of mixed affinities with an emerging Āryan elite Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich - were probably influenced from a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave Iranian asurah - perhaps pre-Ananyino era and do not indicate any hypothetical Āryan type Abashevo language for that Corded Ware group Latvian folk solar design signs exactly match the enigmatic Abashevo ubiquitous rosettes Poltavka amp Abashevo complexes of the Novokumak horizon coexisted by the Volga The Abashevo southeastern expansion towards territory that was prior a Catacomb border region suggests cultural assimilation of that populace as well which was later followed by a Timber Grave assimilation once again
This widespread polyethnic (kulturnaya obshchnostrsquo ) Abashevo mixed populace invites varied interpretations by differing viewpoints of different stages and regions - resembling the Heisenberg uncertainty principle Abashevo defies oversimplification for convenience sake An expert on the Abashevo culture A Pryakhin ( Pryakhin amp Khalikov 1987 ) deduced that it evolved from contacts between Fatyanovo Balanovo (Balts) and MVK Catacomb (Mnogovalikovo) Poltavka (Pit-grave Āryan) peoples in the Ural forest-steppe Most Corded Ware Abashevans were like Fatyanovo Balanovo narrow faced and dolichocephalous - contrasting somewhat from the MVK Catacomb Pit-grave Poltavka cranial amp physical type ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) But the Abashevo were on the whole poly-ethnic ( R1a1a amp N1c1 ) and multicultural Regional variant sub-groups include a Ural Volga Don-Volga and Kama-Vetluga expressions Sometimes the Balanbash label is used for the eastern variant
Were the varied poly-ethnic cosmopolitan Abashevo people MVK Catacomb Poltavka Āryan CWC East Balts residual upper Don-Volga Repins or partly Finno-Ugric Yes
Abashevo was multi-cultural and poly-ethnic E Pluribus Unum
One is inclined then to consider the singular masc baritone ratas gt rathas term as a probable Corded Ware Abashevo poly-ethnic lexical legacy
Sintashta intensifies the regional forest-zone copper metallurgy of the Corded Ware Abashevo and the earlier pioneering Balanovo East Balt metalworkers Balanovo copper ( varis ) metallurgy in the Urals had become an attractive alternative to the then destabilized Carpathian sources drawing the attention of southerly (Saami Oarje) Volga Pit-grave Āryans who had endured cyclic periods of drought The Urals quickly became a major metallurgic center Sintashta stock-breeding reflects the earlier Abashevo Corded Ware culture (note East Baltic šėmas gōvs gray cow or papijusi - cow with milk and related Sanskrit
pipyūṣī id) as does some of its metallurgic products and flat graves A recent
genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) add additional perspective The Sintashta slightly concave knife-sickles are connected to the Abashevo polyfunctional ones (Skt kṛpā- Latvian cirpe Lith
kirpe- ) Many Sintashta remains were dolichocephalous europoids ( re Kirsna
man ) like the forest-steppe Corded Ware Abashevans and earlier Fatyanovans ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) while others resemble Pit-grave Poltavka types In fact kurgans only accounted for about one third of the burials at Sintashta (Epimakhov 2002) E Kuzmina (The Origin of the Indo-
Iranians Volume 3 p 222 ) suggests Sintashta was not purely Āryan in composition and quite possibly quasi-bilingual Over a period time the cultures consolidated by the need for mutual co-operation
The later stage of the polyethnic populace of Abashevo amp Sintashta cultures may give an insight to the language of Proto-Indo-Iranian ( Pre-VedicAvestan
Sintashta ) Remains of the Pokrovskij type continue dolochocephaly and narrow faces with additional admixture of Uralic types detected in that group The Arkaim Sintashta area sites correspond to the Avestan Vara of the arriianəm vaējō Reflecting its polyethnic populace is Finno-Ugric Hungarian var fortress Saami var village and East Baltic Lithuanian varas tall timber palisade stockade ( Skt vartra ) Arkaim and Sintashta are also shaped like Central European Rondels The circular or oval settlement designs are very reminiscent of earlier Tripolye Dnieper sites or later East Baltic fortresses (eg
Tushemlya ) The dolichocephalous narrow faced Volga-Balts originated from the Northern Fatyanovo variants of the earlier Middle Dnieper culture which had assimilated some Tripolye C2 substrata Here is perhaps an example of a East Baltic term varas ( timber stockade ) borrowed in Finno-Ugric Vedic and Avestan In stark contrast the later Āryan Petrovka phase preferred a rectangular settlement shape over the circular or oval forts of the Urals yet still exhibit influence from western Abashevo Abashevan socketed spear designs eventually end up in western China via Andronovo influence The the range of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo checkered motif even extended to the Cherkaskul culture and regions of Siberia ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of
Volga-Urals ) Latvian apsa aspen closely resembles Altai dialect apsa-k or Tatar Tobolsk dialect awsak and Chuvash eumlveumls Who knew
The archaeological evidence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) of Baltic Uralic people in the ethnogenesis of the Abashevo Sintashta Arkaim cultures has provided scholars with linguistic opportunities in studies of the early Indo-Iranian dialects and in Finno-Ugric Baltic etymologies The Avestan and Vedic combinations of neuter plural nouns or multiple single and plural nouns with the verb in singular ( in Greek as well ) reflects archaic Baltic
constructions ( Lith beržorai esti ) Just as Lithuanian dialect panta or pantas - a crossbeam provides insight to the origins of Greek pontos - sea (linking ports) - Latin pontis bridge Armenian hown - a riverbed ( ford ) - a fresh new ( re Lithuanian-Latvian dialect panta - a link etc ) semantical understanding of Sanskrit panthās Avestan pantā - path ( link ) finally emerges from the mists of antiquity Khanty-Ostyak - pant path vs Mokša pandaz halter lt hobblelt link are related examples of Satem cultural interaction with Finno-Ugrics over time It is very important to keep in context the limited duration of this cultural horizon Here is a window a key that may unlock many doors It is a very unique horizon (chapter) of Eurasian and Russian prehistory when early Indo-Iranian traditions blend with Finnic and East Baltic cultures ( re DRD2 data) The Satem connection between Tolstoy and Gandhi was not only linguistic
A Fishy Whale gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There has been noted ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) a widespread hybrid checkered ceramic tradition of Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Abashevo and Pozdnyakovo cultures reflecting intimate polyethnic relations (re mtDNA haplogroups U4 Narva U5b2 and T1 ) The Sintashta Culture was not monolithic but rather a regional composite of various components as reflected by the variability of the ceramics If Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo amp Abashevo influenced and integrated with the Sintashta area people ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) did it also influence their Āryan language (re Eastern Sanskrit R amp L dialects) Indic-Baltic specific isoglosses ( eg śāpa- šapas miśra- mišras ) may need updated reappraisals in light of the unfolding archaeological evidence of Corded Ware Abashevo influence and ethnic presence ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 re ceramic ltgt
checked ornaments ) Riverine Latvian sence- mussel matches Sanskrit śaṅkha- shell rather well as does barytone Baltic antis Skt ātih - both waterfowl Sanskrit nārās and Lith nara both flow The Sanskrit suffix - inga- (Skt sphulinga- spark) looks peculiarly Baltic (ie Lith blezdinga swallow) as does the - ikas suffixed Skt śāpharikas fisherman Lith šventikas priest
The šapalas and śapharas ( Faux Dace महाशफर पतिशफरी शफररप Skt
śāpharikas fisherman ) isogloss is quite unique and curiously percise Similarities between Leuciscus cephalus idus amp lehmanni ( Zeravshan Dace ) may have encouraged the terms usage Puntius sophore aka śapharas the faux Dace has the identical profile coloration and specific reddish hue on its lower fins as its above Leuciscus šapalas neighbors Coincidence left the room with Elvis Someone remembered exactly what that fish looked like Indic śapharas ( the Faux Dace ) may well be an identifiable relic-loanword from East Baltic Corded Ware Abashevo-Balanovo-Fatyanovo šapalas contact since it is altogether absent ( like Parjanya ) in Avestan or Ossetic ( kaeligf big type
of fish) or other Petrovka derived Āryan languages There is no ichthyic cognate of East Baltic šapalas in the Catacomb culture derived languages
or even Slavic ( ) Germanic or Uralic for that matter So it is equally odd to note the complete absence of cognates for the archaic East Baltic žuvis - fish in all the Indo-Iranian branches although the Pontic steppe related Greek and Armenian somehow both preserved related ichthyic cognates ( Arm jukn ) Ossetic has retained an IE laeligsaeligg brown trout as well as a loanword kaeligsag from Hungarian keszeg and Mansi kāsəŋ a bream-dace type fish reflecting Timber Grave Iranian amp Finno-Ugric cultural interactions The Avestan mythic kara- may recall the voracious Volga wels ( Old Prussian kalis lt kalas - wels catfish ) which to this day exhibits legendary proportions approaching 10 ft The archaic žuvis šapalas howled today by an excited Lithuanian fisherman ( Skt śāpharikas ) still echoes the simple joy of his forefathers from long long ago
The Perkūnijas Parjanyah Pərgənauml Perkịno shared tradition is a delicate issue since each is venerated to this day in their respective cultures One may note that all three are very close in certain details The East Baltic laitus rain (Lith lietas lietus ) tradition with lightning East Baltic Laita may have been an archaic term for Summer rainy season (re Slavic Lēto year) which followed the return of Pleiades before the northern migrations of Battle Axe Balts The Erzya Lit-ava in their Prayer Hymns remained intact Modern Pashto has Perūne - Pleiades (re Greek Keraunos thunderbolt Slavic Perun all lacking a velar
plosive lt GAC ) Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- For the mushroom Perkūnas relationship see V N Toporov 1979 Parjanya is the father of Uralic Soma Perkūnas was to be the groom of the aquatic Laumė Indraja - Lith hydronyms Indus Indra Indura ( Mitanni Indara Skt Indu ) The Laumė Indraja is a mushroom guide or teacher And to uphold respect about these cultures and to be as accurate as possible I will only use the term shared
Perkūnas amp Indraja gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In the old Baltic dainos folksongs Perkūnas was to wed the Laumė Indraja One role of Indraja is as a mushroom guide spirit Vedic Parjanya is the father of Soma The Abashevo used talc in their ceramics as was common with their Uralic neighbors The pottery of the two cultures are found in the same room Note ( N1c1 ) Mari paŋgə mushroom Udmurt paŋτəl- paŋτət- to howl and carry on after partaking of Fly Agaric The Lithuanian version Ar prisiėdęs musmirių refers to the partaking of Fly Agaric mushroom and exhibiting a skewed or altered state of reality It is a quite common courteous way of calling someone stone crazy If they ate a little too much dried - žalas ( RV
7981 ) Fly Agaric mushroom and there upon glare ominously wild-eyed
howl ecstatically see the Unseen amp carry on - that person would be labeled aršus The Avestan term for an ecstatic seer is ǝrǝšiš which is a close cognate to Sanskrit ṛṣiḥ - a Seer Back in the Ural forests Uralic Khanty still has a word sŏma for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl or vessel as well as one for partaking of Amanita muscaria This would all be quite coincidental if they had never met - but they did Archaeology has already provided the where when and why Latvian has an equally courteous and common expression for telling someone to buzz off - get a clue - ej bekot or go pick mushrooms Latvian beka mushroom or dialect peka is loaned from Balto-Finnic Livonian paeligkā id lt pękā lt Uralic pəηkā Note that the mixed Balanovo-Volosovo sites were mediums of cross-cultural bilingual interaction for sharing ethnic customs preceding and contributing to Sintashta which influenced poly-ethnic Alakul ( Grigoryev 2000 ) groups ( ОД
Мочалов 2001-2 re ceramic lt gt checkered ornaments ) Sharing the hewn sŏma-bowl
with its entheogenic contents like a diplomatic cross-cultural peace pipe evidently sparked its legendary admiration The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding m-m-m Sŏma good Uh-oh East Baltic neuters did not require a final consonant They still dont It is also suggested that Uralic panga mushroom fly agaric entheogen žalas - when dried re bangus is possibly the source for the Sarmatian-Magyar loanword in Slavic Polish pienka Russian Пенька - hemp entheogen ( lt Finno-Ugric Pəηka via Sarmatians amp Magyars w U2e1 - re C
Keyser et al 2009 ) Note Irish arsan - a Seer or German rasen - be ecstatic Let it rain
The Unthinkable Now Highly Probable gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The everyday awkward pidgin bilingualism albeit semantically skewed at times between the East Balt Abashevo-Fatyanovo-Balanovo MVK Catacombs and Poltavka Āryans in that culture is highly probable ( Mochalov
OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) considering some of their similar ( at times identical ) vocabularies and quasi-related grammar The cultural continuity of metallurgy in the Ural region that started with Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 Northern variants amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) continued with Abashevo and was intensified at Sintashta and Arkaim The artifacts including specific trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered ornamentation motifs on pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) reflect their co-operation and integration with each other The chance of trace Baltic loanwords in old Indo-Iranian has shifted from unthinkable to highly probable lt gt Mainstream archaeological academia has reviewed the collective material evidence thoroughly and is quite confident in their evaluations of it Archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics are finally revealing this untold story The scientific evidence is becoming increasingly difficult to dismiss And ratas is not some amorphous proto Balto-Slavic
Suggested essential readings include The Origin of the Indo-Iranians Volume 3 by Elena E Kuzmina edited by J P Mallory p 222 Brill NV Leiden The Netherlands 2007 ISBN 978 90 04 16054 5 The Horse The Wheel and Language by David W Anthony Princeton University Press ISBN10
0691058873 and especially laquoШАХМАТНЫЙraquo ОРНАМЕНТ КЕРАМИКИ
КУЛЬТУР РАЗВИТОГО БРОНЗОВОГО ВЕКА ПОВОЛЖЬЯ И УРАЛА by ОД Мочалов Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ( The laquochessraquo ornament on
the pottery of the Middle Bronze Age in the Volga and Ural regions by OD Mochalov
Stratum plus 2 2001-2002 pp 503-514 ) - available as a PDF from Stratum Note title mistranslation of laquo chess raquo for laquo checked raquo The ceramics track the East Balt cultural assimilation ( amp Z280 ) into various Indo-Iranian sub-groups It‟s a fact
PIE dei - gt Dainā gt Dhēnā gt Daēna gt Dēn gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Vedic Sanskrit has the somewhat (15 times ) obscure word Dhēnā meaning hymn song which reflects East Baltic Daina meaning dance gt song From IE dei- (move spin whirl) we have Latvian deinis dancer daiņa restless person dainēt daināt to dance sing deja dance Lithuanian dainuoti to sing ( vs somuoti ) clearly illustrating the core Baltic etymology (It is
also attested in West Baltic toponyms) But Vedic Dhēnās hymn-prayer lacks any such dance etymology The Avestan Daēna ( Middle Persian Dēn ) is even more semantically vague - that which is revealed revelation This implies a loanword and like in Vedic - a word without a clear etymology The closet indigenous Indo-Iranian cognate is Avestan Dian meaning fast (re Grk δινεύω whirl or διά-νοια thought ) Scholars interpret the actual pronunciations of the old Vedic Sanskrit Dhēnā and Avestan Daēna as Dainā Hello By following this thread the shroud of the past unravels and finally falls apart
There is only one ( ) Rig Vedic hymn to Vāyu wind Skt nom Vāyus lt Vējus Lith dialect Vėjus which is otherwise called Vāta Iranian Ossetic wad and Ob-Ugric Mansi loanword wōt indicate the primacy of Vāta usage in the early Indo-Iranian dialects where as Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant ( Lith Vėjūkas ) appears to be a loanword (also note Skt
vāhin amp Latv āzinis) Note that Dhēnā is also used in the rare Vāyu hymn (I 2 3-
) Vāyu is closely associated with Parjanyah amp Soma ( Pashto ōmə ) Ancient Rig Vedic Uṣas and todays East Baltic Ūšas Ūštun - dawning to dawn
illustrate the challenges Vedic like Baltic or Greek often made an adjective into a noun by just moving the stress to another syllable although in this case Rig Vedic Uṣas has the adjectival accent In other words Uṣas = Ūšas but no one writes about it (re Skt uśras Lith ūšras OCS za-ustra ) Nada Zip
The Rig Veda uses the word Dhēnās for hymns but does not emphasize it although that connection is later implied as such by Avestan Daēna From the new archeaological and archeaogenetic evidence of the polyethnic ethnogenesis of the Abashevo and Sintashta populace it is not linguistically unreasonable to deduce that the Dainā dance gt song gt hymn tradition of the assimilated Abashevo Balts was adopted as the term Dhēnās hymns songs by their fellow Āryan metalworkers near the Urals during a period of bilingualism and was used as such later in the Rig Veda An Abashevo-MVK Monteoru trade link for cheek-piece diffusion may provide an alternate explanation for a Dacian gt Romanian doina - lyrical song although the ancient amber trade explanation remains equally viable
From IE dei- (move spin whirl) developed East Baltic Dainā - dance song hymn ( Grk δινεύω whirl ) which was borrowed as Vedic Dhēnā - hymn prayer Avestan Daēnā - revelation Middle Persian Dēn - religion The word dena - revelation religion is still used in Kashmiri Arabic Dīn ( دين faith
religion ) is beyond the scope of this topic
Little did the stubborn poly-ethnic Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 L235 amp
N1c1 ) or Abashevo East Baltic forest-folk singing their Sacred Hymns of Divine Revelation ( Dainās ) near the Country of Towns by Sintashta in the Urals of 2100 BCE know how far their songs would travel and for how long they would echo - up to this day by contributing a term for a new Monotheism (
Daēnā ) emulated later to its West The Volgaic Erzya Rav-ava - mother Volga Volgaic Mokša Rava - river and East Baltic Lithuanian Ravas - stream or Latvian Rāva - marsh water correlation is rather interesting (Lith
Rauti - to run quickly )
The Baltic amp Uralic in Vedic Sanskrit Avestan gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The mythical Avestan ten month winters and Vara Daēna legend Āryan Soma Haoma ( RV 128 Khanty Sŏma hewn wooden mortar-bowl Volgaic Erzya
Mokša Sjuma Səma hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger ) Sanskrit Śarabha ( Mansi Suorp Mokša Sjarda ) the Avestan water goddess Anāhitā in a Northern forests beaver furcoat (re Finno-Ugric mother-beaver cult) Fatyanovo-Balanovo CWC talc or chamotte ceramic admixture amp specific trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ornamentation ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) and the many Finno-Ugric loanwords (Burrow 1955 pp 24-27 ) from
both early Indo-Iranian ( Finnish kekri ) and Volga-East-Baltic ( Finnish ratas ) uphold the latest archaeological findings Soma is the guardian spirit of the North And U4 is U4 ( Pliss et al 2005 Derbeneva et al2002 ) A multi-disciplinary approach combining archaeology linguistics and archaeogenetics together are yielding scientific results
That there is possibly a Ural-East-Baltic Daina Ratas Perkonias or Šapalas in Sanskrit or Avestan should not come as a surprise considering Uralic ( re Sŏma ) is indisputably present (re N1c1 Khanty Sŏma hewn mortar-bowl )
Indo-Iranian Soma preserved the native N1c1 Uralic word ( Sŏma ) for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used ( RV 128 ) as the dried žalas ( RV 7981 RV 8291 ) Fly Agaric ( Amanita muscaria ) was pressed with stones in water ( Skt
saumya- soft ) The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo-Garino cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding of what was pointed at ( re EV 141 ) Balts ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 amp N1c1 poly-ethnics ) to this day still partake dried Amanita muscaria with milk amp honey as they have done for well over four thousand years It is Senasis Takas- The Ancient Way
Such drift of semantics can be heard even today in the English phrase Do you want to do a bowl
The Āryan Soma of the Urals eventually became a generic ( Pashto ōmə ) term to label an entheogen
Finding Baltisms ( ntr pl [ as w Hittite ] or multiple sg w sg verb the -yu- -ju- words like Vāyus - Vėjus ) or specific loanwords ( GAS Satem ) will be next to impossible especially without the displaced Vedic era R amp L middle dialects (eg ślokas - Madhyadeśa region ) of earlier migrations The integration of the polyethnic Corded Ware Abashevo into the Sintashta cultures may have not had a significant impact beyond contributing their earlier equine cheek-pieces Ural metallurgy amp talc chamotte pottery admixture or trademark darža checkered diamond rhombus ceramics ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 re checked
ceramics lt gt ) but it is probable they did leave other cultural traces (including DNA
words like ratas daina ) as well A recent genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) adds additional perspective Why
does East Balt ichthyic šapalas match Indic faux Dace śapharas ( महाशफर ) or śāpharikas ( fisherman ) so closely and as with other word matches
cognates are wholly absent in Avestan and even Slavic like the alpine velar in Parjanyas Also Skt śāka- Lith šėkas - green grass or Skt śakala- Lith šakalys - splinter - et cetera etc etc Perhaps even a Fatyanovo š itself given the Nuristani counterpart There are the parallel myth traditions of Dawn ( Uṣas - Ūšas ) as the Daughter of Heaven dhēnā of Vāyus - Vėjus or the Ashvins - Ašvieniai Divine Twins Yet the breaking up of Middle Dnieper culture Balto-Slavic occurred especially with distant Fatyanovo-Balanovo well over a millennium prior to the ethnogenesis of Indo-Iranian The preponderance of such Baltic Indo-Iranian isoglosses suggests a period of contact and just as importantly the nature of those contacts Archaeology has indeed already provided the where when and why ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Pots amp DNA do speak
That a central European culture ( 3400 BCE - Baden Globular Amphora ) centered new wheel term ( Old Irish masc sg roth pl rothai Latin neuter sg rota pl rotae
Albanian diminutive w th from a t gt sg rreth pl rratheuml ) reflected in Corded Ware East Baltic baritone masc sg ratas pl ratai was loaned into Finnic languages is uncontested (re Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) but where does an Āryan baritone masc sg raacutethas - vehicle figure in the pre-Sintashta ( 2400
BCE ) Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian shared lexicon It doesnt
Bronocice Poland - Pot pre-3400 BCE - Farmers Wagons
Note laquo checked raquo darža motif similar to GAS-BALTIC Fatyanovo motif
And why would Indo-Europeans need to rename the wheel ( PIE kʷekʷlos ) Perhaps the assimilated European farmers did it East Baltic Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) copper metallurgy in the Urals has its roots in central European cultural traditions ( re Globular Amphora ) which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic vortex of the Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo Cultural area The old Carpathian metal trade of central Europe provided for contacts and cultural exchanges ( re amber trade ) between language groups like NE pre-Celts pre-Albanians and Middle Dnieper Balts ( Albanian lopeuml - cow Latvian Luops - id ) as well as Triploye C2 Lengyel amp TRB substratum interaction This interaction between the central European Dniester Tripolye C2 refugees - which may also have spoken their native Temematian language - and the northern Middle Dnieper Tripolye C2 bi-lingual populace may account as a medium of some unusual archaisms ( re tauras ) and with additional admixture of TRB Lengyel BBC ( Q gt P ) Globular Amphora spread Corded Ware isoglosses amp innovations ( plural dative m long root preterite ) in the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Fatyanovo regions as well as traditions of central European Carpathian arsenic copper metallurgy Arkaim and Sintashta
fortifications are even shaped like Central European Rondels Trade networks between Centum Euro-Repin GAC subgroups were conduits for isoglosses even beyond the other Balts in the West Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1 ) amber contacts amp Uralic substratum may well be the phonetic impetus of the dative plural -M- type linguistic transitions away from a -B- The influence of a Centum Globular Amphora amp Narva ( w U5b2 ) poly-ethnic substratum perhaps contributed to incongruities in Baltic Satemization amp partial RUKI ( eg Finnish
laiha GAS Lith liesa ipo lieša ) as well as contributing a residual substratum vocabulary of their central European Centum words like pẽku Make no mistake the impact of this Centum Satem tango went both ways ( GAS gt Germanic 1112 1000 etc) Balanovo jewelry from the Urals also emulates specific designs of a central European provenance perhaps derived from Globular Amphora-Narva poly-ethnics as a substratum ( GAS ) of Middle Dnieper and Fatyanovo ( Česnys et al 1990 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) The Baltic amber sun disc talisman or solar halo ( rẽtis ) wheel Saulės Ratas is found distributed in central European cultures particularly the Centum Globular Amphora culture - which contributed substratum to Fatyanovo-Balanovo which in turn contributed to the Corded Ware Abashevo culture and eventually poly-ethnic Sintashta Arkaim ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) If the Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas Saule is also a common traditional Kazakh amp Central Asian ( Afghan
Kyrgyz etc ) female name The meaning of the name is translated as sunlight or Sun just like the feminine East Baltic Saulė which is also used for a female name Another coincidence Again
Saulės Ratas
Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele R1a1a- Z280 Z92 amp N1c1 ) Ural copper metallurgy preceded Corded Ware Abashevo and later Sintashta Arkaim metalworking predating them by about half a millennium The terminology of the typical dual wheeled cart ( Lith dviratis vežimas ratai Finnish
rattaat ) of the early GAS East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Goldina 1999) farmers amp metallurgist-woodsmen and multi-cultural Abashevo successors may have been a source for a unique northern archaic import ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas wheel ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) providing an Āryan masculine singular ratʔas gt raacutethas upgraded intact as a nominative singular word for the new chariot of the Abashevo - Sintashta era metallurgic bonanza Semantic incongruity is a hallmark of loanwords in traditional linguistics The Suns wheel became the Suns chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas One might expect an Āryan neuter form as the Sanskrit scholar T Burrow did or perhaps an Āryan plural form East Baltic has in fact many old variants
including Latvian ruota toy ruotacirct to hop turn roll and Lith rẽtis halo Coincidence A speeding Āryan raacutethas bounced a lot - it hopped The wheel spread faster than the flu in central Europe and prestigious words of new innovations were traded as well as new trends from contact ( re Baden Globular Amphora Fatyanovo Abashevo ) In fact the PIE roteH2 rotH2os rotoH2s discussions are currently at a stalemate an academic impasse Why would some Indo-Europeans want to rename the wheel anyway ( PIE kʷekʷlos
) Maybe they didnt
An East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo GAS loanword proposal for post-Sintashtan rathas is not only linguistically practical and etymologically grounded it is archaeologically probable ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) We do know the earlier Corded Ware Abashevo cheek-pieces were copied - but what else Given the boatload of Corded Ware influenced artifacts at Sintashta and Arkaim maybe one or two Corded Ware words leaked out Just maybe To quote M Witzel (2003) quoting JP Mallory (2002) there are still degrees of geo-linguistic plausibility
People lie The evidence doesnt lie - Grissom
Some ornament traits let us to link Sintashta with northwest forest Fatyanovo culture
( Oleg Mochalov - Samara State Pedagogical University Institute for History and Archaeology of Volga region Samara Russia)
- The origin of Sintashta culture ceramic Ceramic through the Millennia methods approaches results - 2008 -
East Balt Fatyanovo-Balanovo pioneers ( LWb allele R1a1a1 Z280 amp Z92 amp N1c1 ) entered the North after 3200 BCE ( C-14 cal dates from Latvia- see Loze 1992 ) and shared their ratas wheel with the local Uralics ( Finnish ratas North Saami raacutehtis ) on the way to the copper deposits by the Urals About 1000 years later Sintashtan Āryans - after spending a couple of centuries with the Corded Ware East Baltic speaking woodsmen ride off into the dawn of history on their new Āryan twin-wheeled rathas (re Kassite king Abi-rattaš Mitanni king Tušratta gt
circa 1350 BCE) drawn by two horses using the Corded Ware Abashevo amp MVK Catacomb inspired cheek-pieces Academics still dismiss the coincidence () of a baritone masculine singular Āryan rathas rattaš spontaneously produced in the linguistic company of Ural East Balt metallurgists who had an isolated northern archaic ratʔas dialect form ( - circa 2400 BCE Baltic) of baritone masculine singular ratH2as gt ratʔas gt ratas for near a thousand
years since 3200 BCE Pots do speak - as does DNA The silence of Cherchen Man speaks volumes
The Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo-Abashevo with their characteristic central European Globular Amphora cultural-substratum influence ( re GAS lt GAC-Narva w U5b2 poly-ethnics pottery copper pigs flint axes
amber ) and Uralic admixture ( re N1c1 Volosovo talc or chamotte ceramics ) are thus the most logical candidates for the dissemination of the ratas term of 2400 BCE as heard to this day with East Baltic Lithuanian ratas amp the related Latvian cognate Estonian CWC ( re Fatyanovo ) ceramics use chamotte admixture and exhibit a projecting rim as does later Corded Ware Abashevo ( re mtDNA N1a1a1 294 lt GAS ) Volosovo amp Balanovo pottery is found in the same room Words were spoken Abashevo amp Sintashta adopt specifically Fatyanovo-Balanovo darža checkered diamond rhombus type ceramic designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Arkaim amp Sintashta artifacts - clearly exhibiting Corded Ware Abashevo - Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural influences including talc - chamotte pottery admixture amp darža checkered ceramics ( thus verifiable contacts ) - provide the archaeological support for just such a linguistic loanword exchange as well as the foreign mycologic sŏma tradition of these quasi-trilingual misfits Kandahar valleys Mundigak Period VI ceramics in Afghanistan ( Kuzmina 2007 p 716 fig 101 14
re Lith piešalas Sanskrit peśalas ) also exhibit the unique Fatyanovo darža checkered double row striped diamond motif The Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest dwelling quasi-trilinguals stubbornly clung to their Euro-farmer identity and never did quite fit ( ārya- ) in Fly Agaric is the fruit of the forests not the wide open steppes As noted by Kramer the cat is out of the bag Vedic ashvyam goh - horses amp cows of the Dasyus still echoes todays East Baltic ashva amp guovs The Babino Multi-Roller Ware MVK Catacomb culture neighbors of the Corded Ware Abashevo would later be reflected in shaft graves with cheek-pieces in distant places as Mycenae near Athens by around 17th century BCE Mycenaean warriors also wore Baltic amber Mycenaean mtDNA had a match in SE Poland A MVK-Monteoru link or CWC GAS - again
The combination of kurgan and flat graves reflecting the integration of indigenous Europeans with IE steppe ethnicities (re Dniester Usatovo-Tripolye) is found in the Middle Dnieper culture Fatyanovo-Balanovo and Corded Ware Abashevo Abashevo integration at Sintashta is indicated by various material artifacts Sintashta kurgans account for about a third of the burials - the rest are interestingly enough flat graves
The Ural Elephant in the Room gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Then there is the intriguing Perkaunijas Perkino Pərgənauml Parjanya legacy - the Ural elephant in the room so to speak Unlike Pera amp the Oak grove of the Komi Aryanized Parjanyas has been de-oaked Why are Parjanya cognates
with an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive absent in the multitude of other surrounding Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani Satem languages and dialects - or even related Satem Slavic (re Pashto Perūne Slavic Perun Nuristani Paumlrun vs Gas Lith
Perkūnas ) Slavic Ruki amp velarless Perun vs Gothic alpine Fairguni suggest a Centum GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive was assimilated into Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns type cognates Archaeological support for such a bold linguistic assertion is beyond debate The zones of such Centum Satem contacts have been thoroughly dated with C-14 Although Perkino amp Pərgənauml may only reflect the 1st millennium BCE Dyakovo era the Dainos of the forest dwelling East Balts easily pre-date the Sintashta-Arkaim era by a millennium Variability of Sintashta ceramics with Fatyanovo influence ( Mochalov OD 2001-2
rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) certainly reflect cultural contact and interaction Parjanyas reflects an ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive - East Baltic Perkūnas-Perkaunis-Perkōns reflects a GAS-ERC ldquoalpinerdquo velar plosive Rathas vs GAS ratas The lexical legacies of poly-ethnic Sintashta contact have survived intact four thousand years ( re U of Az C-14 ) Prakrits of India also preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) not found in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words Was the Sanskrit (ṛH) dialect ir ur variation ( Skt śiras vs Av sarah-) an innovation or perhaps a polyethnic relic of the earlier migrations South It is a rich field awaiting someone to harvest it Such material was reviewed by W Tomaschek in 1883 (Ausland p 862) and discussed later by H Arntz S G Oliphant and S K Chatterji
It was women who made the checkered pottery sang their songs and mothers who taught the language to their child Men sometimes forget this The mtDNA evidence should not be overlooked ( Narva-U5b2 ) As L Koryakova and A Epimakhov note in their The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron ages Balanovo culture villages consisted of above-ground wooden log houses and in their cemeteries (flat amp kurgan) men were buried on their right side women on their left side - as also in Baltic Corded Ware tradition After the Sintashta polyethnic horizon by the Urals and subsequent first migration South we find a continuity of this same Baltic Corded Ware ( Abashevo Alakul
w checkered pottery ) type of burial custom in Tulkhar by the Andronovo Bishkent culture (1700-1500 BCE) and the later Vakhsh and Swāt ( Vedic Suvastu
) cultures and also at Timargarha This unusual Andronovo gender dimorphism MR FL burial trait was even noted by J P Mallory amp Douglas Q Adams in their Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture Bishkent skulls were dolichocranial (Khodzhayov 2008) like Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Denisova 1975) One general trait to distinguish Andronovo from Timber Grave burials is how the first has the head oriented to the West or SW whereas some Timber Grave cultures favored orienting the deceased towards the North ( re Mahaparinibbana
Sutta ) or East East Baltic Fatyanovo - Balanovo burials oriented male heads to the SW females to NE - per steppe Maikop tradition Later East Baltic Jukhnovo settlements even oriented their streets to NE SW
Pottery shards found at a tin miners camp on the lower Zeravshan at Karnab have an Abashevo style of decoration from an early phase of contact Two pots unearthed far away by Sarazm betray their polyethnic Abashevo Sintashta Ural area origination by their talc admixture ( N1c1 cultural custom -
re fly agaric amp sŏma ) Near the tin mining camps the Tazabagyab variant of Andronovo buried their dead in flat cemeteries not kurgans The Saka of the Pamirs were also dolichocranial and narrow faced ( re 2005 Vaclav Blažek Lamb 2011 T Witczak bužys ) A unique cognate for barley-seed invites further speculation ( Lith miežis Latvmiezē Khotanese miṣṣa- ttumaumlṣa- re H W Bailey
BSOAS 21 pp 42) as do Fatyanovo maižis barley ( ДАКрайнов 1972 ) darža checkered Siberian amp Cherkaskul axe-celts ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo
checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) Eurasian cattle DNA ( J Kantanen et all 2009 )
The early metallurgy of the Urals had fostered a far reaching network of contact ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) we are only now beginning to grasp and map out Some Corded Ware traditions of the integrated polyethnic Abashevo ( w Uralic
admixture) appear to have continued beyond Sintashta with the first of many migrations of that Āryan population South as well as those left behind contributing in the ethnogenesis of the polyethnic Timber Grave Culture of the Don-Volga region Pokrovskiy and Potapovka cultures ( runic Alanian Vayuk amp
Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Lith Vėjūkas see also ОД Мочалов 2001-2 )
Talc admixture in the early pottery of Sarmatians suggests a close interaction with Uralic N1c1 people ( Mari in-deš 9 Ossetic daeligs 10 Mari kene hemp Ossetic
gaelign(aelig) id) Overall Potapovka burial remains show a continuity of earlier Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) amp Poltavka cranial types reflected in Timber Grave amp west Andronovo burials contrasting with the different Corded Ware Abashevo skull remains ( Yablonsky amp Khokhlov 1994 189 ) and related Pokrovskiy cranial types Cimmerian amp Scythian daggers have proto-types found in the Volga-Kama region The Timber Grave culture and Andronovo in turn both contributed to the formation of the Sauromatians and the Saka The western Timber-Grave culture that assimilated the Corded Ware Abashevo become quite settled in small scattered log home settlements without fortifications and even raised pigs like them (vs eastern Andronovo nomads) The agrarian Corded Ware Abashevo ( poly-ethnic R1a amp N1c1 ) character would persist as integrated parts (agricultural Solar cult clan) of some certain select groups and clans ( Alakul
Srubna ) eventually melting away over generations assimilating in here amp there leaving only relics in the earth inherited cranial amp DNA evidence only now being uncovered and scattered traces in later regionalized Āryan vocabularies (Skt
Parjanyah śapharas - faux dace Ossetian baeliglon dove ) amp culture Not to be overlooked by any means is a genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all 2009 ) A relationship between taurine breeds of the Baltic ( Fatyanovo ) region and Sakha ( Andronovo ) cattle suggests cultural connections or later contact ( re ОД Мочалов 2001-2 ) A later influx from the steppes of the East back to the Ukraine is suggested by traces of zebu mtDNA in cattle there
The archaeological evidence suggests integration amp assimilation Haplogroup N1a (mtDNA) in the Volga-Kama Komi Permyaks indicates some farmers stayed Recent studies regarding the DRD2 gene are producing data which show a relationship between Eurasian people near the Volga-Kama Urals area and Brahmins in India Go figure Uralic descendants of the Corded Ware Fatyanovo Balanovo settlers preserved some of their language ( re karas ) and most likely have Finno-Baltic Balanovo-Abashevo DNA as well ( mtDNA
U5b2 HV3 nodal HVS1 N1c1 amp R1a L235 ) Some Corded Ware R1a1 remains ( massacred by locals near Eulau around 2600 BCE ) with X2 mtDNA closely matched living individuals of Estonia ( GAS of Fatyanovo ) with Syria (Mitanni) and Iran (post-Andronovo ) while the male DNA ( lt CWC-Globular Amphora R1a- M458 ) closely matched with individuals in Gdansk and Tambov Russia (SE of Tula amp near
Perkino ) - regions associated with Globular Amphora Corded Ware cultures ( Berezanskaja 1971 Brjussow 1957 Ozols 1962 ) One of the K1b lineages showed matches to two Shughnans from Tajikistan ( Wolfgang Haak et al 2008 ) Vaclav Blažek ( 2005 ) specifically ties a Fatyanovo word (SKES VI 1819-1820 ) for lamb found in Vepsian vodnaz to the proto-form for the Shughni cognate among others ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals ) T Witzcak ( 2011 ) relates Lith bužys to Ossetic buʒ Shughni vazič amp Avestan buzya- ( re
CWC Eulau-Shughnan DNA darža motifs ) As Grissom said - follow the evidence The Corded Ware settlement near Tenteksor in Kazakhstan (see below ) may provides an interesting possible DNA perspective The mounting DNA evidence implies a Corded Ware component of Andronovo amp the archaeology of Sintashta-Arkaim proves a Corded Ware Abashevo-Fatyanovo component of Andronovo ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The probability of a Ural-Baltic Daina Ratas or Šapalas in post Andronovo Vedic Sanskrit or Avestan could therefore be logically expected given the above DNA amp archaeological evidence If linguists can ignore unique checkered pots they can ignore DNA But an out of place velar lt plosive just might elicit their curiosity Understanding the language of whales should be a new priority and test their mettle It appears that the men living around Sintashta amp Arkaim had time to talk together - about their vehicles horse-power fishing the rain shrooms and songs Some things never change Its a guy thing
The poly-ethnic ( R1a1a1 amp N1c1 ) Eastern Balts of today have preserved a Continuum of Cultural Tradition for Indo-European use of the dried žalas Fly Agaric in collective celebratory use ( such as peasant weddings amp various festivities
) from the very mists of antiquity - before Abraham the Shasu YHW or even the post-Sintashta Soma reveling Rig Veda itself The above daina dhēnā daēnā song-hymn-revelation topic has often been muddled with the inclusion of unrelated Vedic dhēnā - milk cow which is cognate with Baltic daine - cow (that calves in the 2nd year re FU tajine) and daini - pregnant with offspring (Adj of cow or mare) Even discussions about the Dainava dancing waters singing rapids region of Lithuania are not immune from such distractions New
archeaological and genetic DNA evidence continues to unveil the unexpected as will comparative study of the ancient Latvian Lithuanian and varied Finno-Uralic languages like Estonian
The Assimilated East Baltic amp Āryan in Finno-Ugric Ethnogenisis gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Fatyanovo and Balanovo settlement sites dwindle after the severe Winters around 2100 BCE when the East Baltic speaking population ( LWb allele R1a1a-
amp N1c1 ) for the most part assimilated in with their related Abashevo or nearby Āryan or Finnic ( N1c1) neighbors ( eg Sintashta-Arkaim Chirkovo-Seyma Pozdnyakovo Timber grave culture amp the much later diverse poly-ethnic [one
group choosing interment the other cremation] Northern Burtas pig farmers lt Nart Borataelig ) Fatyanovo amp Abashevo characteristics especially specific darža checkered designs ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 rare laquo checked raquo ornament of Volga-Urals
) are noticed on ceramics from Chirkovo-Seyma ( gt later Ananyino ) culture sites near the Volga river Pozdnyakovo settlements ( Grishakov V Stavitsky V 2003 ) as well as on Sintashta amp Alakul culture checkered pottery ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 ) Hexagonal Cis-Ural structures of the Fatyanovo ( L Ashikhmina 1997 ) may correlate with Baltic cosmological hexagram ( triple crossed keraunos ) kerai
magic reflecting an old ceraunic hexagram star design ( ऋि = 6 ) motif found in
many East Baltic distaff ( verpstė ) folk carvings ( re Gromoviti znaci Taranis wheels ) The Ugric Sky Elk had six legs The six ray solar-star hexagram design is later found in Mycenae designs ( re contacts ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) The Ural Forests are unimaginably immense and the Winters around 2100 BCE were unusually long and severe ( Vidēvdāt 23 ) The demand for skilled metalworkers was growing fast with the Ural metallurgic bonanza History is messy The archaeological evidence indicates multi-lingual Fatyanovo-Balanovo people assimilated in with both Timber Grave Pozdnyakovo Iranian speakers and Volga-Kama Uralic speakers Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link or panta bridging Timber Grave with Uralic And that multi-lingualism was valued ndash and used We do not know when Fatyanovo-Balanovo converted to a Srubna Iranian but we know that they did and where ( ОД Мочалов 2001-2002 ) Oink
Regional bilingualism probably persisted for centuries reflected today in archaic residual loanwords ( re Meadow Mari tuumlžem 1000 Ossetian baeliglon dove
) Many Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture Balts assimilated ( Erzya Purrsquogine amp Permic
Pera myth traditions ) and adopted Uralic ( N1c1) languages ( Ananyino horizon ) and cultures as many had done earlier with the Abashevo culture ( Mochalov OD
2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) and repeating again with the early Pozdnyakovo amp Sarmatian ethnogenesis (w Gorodets admixture) The first millennium BCE Dyakovo culture was again poly-ethnic partly East Baltic during its middle phase - with polished ceramics ( re CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation LWb allele gt ) mainly Finno-Ugrian perhaps part Sarmatian is known from its hillforts with palisades (E Baltic varas gardas gt Volgaic kardaz Permyak kar city town ) Population size was about a hundred at each site The building styles of log cabins in the hillforts change from North to South - above ground to semi-subterranean - reflecting Balt amp Āryan building traditions The fibulae buckle (Mordvin sjulgam) artifacts appear Baltic as do many sickles and bronze headdresses ( Krasnov 1968 4-5 8 ) The Volsk-Lbishche culture known from sites like Shiromasovo in Mordovia exhibited Fatyanovo Corded Ware characteristics and was unexpectedly found far away from a excavated settlement in Tenteksor Kazakhstan - a northeastern area of the Trans-Caspian region
Reports of Bigfoot gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The genetic linguistic and archaeological record documents a prolonged assimilation by descendants of Volga-Kama Balanovo East Balts various polyethnic Abashevo Āryans and later mixed Timber Grave Sarmatians into the ethnogenisis of regional Finno-Permic peoples ( Goldina 1999 ) of the Chirkovo-Seyma Ananyino Pyanobor Pozdniakovo and related Djakovo Gorodets cultures (eg Finnish vuosituhat ) Volgaic ( śid-al sed bridge Finnish silta
id ) Words of an East Baltic provenance ( Latvian sēta tilts ) attest to ethnic movements ( Mochalov OD 2001-2 laquo checked raquo ornaments ) as well as the specific East Baltic balandis Ossetian baeliglon dove isogloss Latvian lanka low plain Ossetian laumlnk ( Khanty lŏk ) Lith Vėjūkas runic Alanian Vayuk amp Ossetian Digor Waeligiug giant Ossetic raeligmūʒyn closely matches the semantics of East Baltic cognates rather than the related Indo-Iranian cognates Sarmatian archaeological periods reflect cultural changes ( ie burial
orientation ) in their population which probably indicates a diverse variety of regional dialects of which only the one found in Ossetic survives A recent study about N1c1 Uralics as origin of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation in Caucasian populations ( re Ossetians ) adds an additional perspective ( F Libert et
al 1998 ) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old The broadest area of high frequency is located in northeastern Europe particularly the Baltic region ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) New dating of the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation coincides closely with the Dyakovo horizon and the distribution of elevated frequencies match the archaeological ethnicities ( initial Volgaic amp later East Baltic ) which converged in the Dyakovo poly-ethnic horizon especially during its middle phase of polished ceramics and expanded agriculture From Dyakovo settlements cultural contact with
Gorodets sites and nearby Sarmatians might be expected to further spread the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation
The ethnogenesis and development of the Ural forest-steppe Sarmatians did not occur in a vacuum Evidence of Sarmatian - East Balt ( Plain Pottery gt
Bondarikha culture ) as well as Sarmatian - Finno-Ugric interaction has linguistic support ( also CCR5 Delta 32 amp LWb allele frequencies) Note Mokša azor Erzya azuru man of rank Udmurt uzər Komi ozir rich lt influenced from perhaps a 16-13th century BCE Timber-Grave asurah - of a pre-Ananyino era forest intrusion by Timber Grave tribes or later Trade contacts were valued - Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel or Hungarian ezer 1000 amp Ossetian aeligrzaelig- huge The Mnogovalikovo and Abashevo also played a significant part in the ethnogenesis of the Timber-grave culture ( ОД Мочалов
2001-2002 ) especially with the Pokrovskiy culture as well as with Uralic cultures Single markers 187 270 272 of mtDNA N1a1a1a group Bashkirs with Lithuanians and the Komi Permyaks Elevated R1a1 ( haplogroup R-SRY108312
aka SRY15322 ) is found not only with the Erzya ( re R1a Z92 Y-STR DYS 444 =13
DYS 520 =22 ampc) but also with the Bashkirs (38-48) of the Urals who still harvest their ancient kaumlrauml- honeycomb A match of Estonian and Indian single marker 294 of mtDNA N1a1a1 has been reported GAS Again Or was the 294 from the beautiful but endangered Seto people amp culture Perhaps some Narva mtDNA U5b2 will surface far from home Embrace the Chaos
The regions surviving autonomous Baltic speakers assimilated again in the 5th century AD as new Slavic type cultural groups filtered in from the South although in some areas Baltic speakers remained intact as evident from the historic record The new Slavic speakers (Komi rotś ) followed the same path into Russia as the old Fatjanovo-Balanovo era East Baltic speakers did three thousand years before the Slavic immigration The common R1a ancestry of many East Balts ( R1a1a1 Z280 L235 Z92 ) and East Slavs (R1a1a- Z92) invites new scholarly re-examination of East Balt and East Slavic isoglosses The Old Russian Ipatiy Compilation of Chronicles mentions that in 1147 the Prince of Rostov-Suzdal defeated the Golyad ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) who lived by the River Porotva The Golyad lt Golędь ethnonym was derived from a Baltic hydronym galin- meaning deep water The defeated population ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) would be from then on taxed - accordingly For more info see Marija Gimbutas here Today the family of related decendants of all these mixed forebearers can be seen in Latvians Lithuanians Estonians as well as in Russians the Erzya Moksha
Mordvins Mari Permics Bashkirs Ural Tatars and Indians ॐ
Balto-Slavic gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The late Sredny Stog Middle Dnieper Culture grew from conservative peripheral IE dialects related to Yamna Satem with admixture of different assimilated indigenous peoples from Dnieper Donets and the Tripolye culture of Central Europe as well as subgroups of Centum Globular Amphora contributors ( w TRB BBC) and a host of others (re remnant Middle Dnieper Repins ) The ethnogenesis of these distinct dialects with assimilated indigenous peoples formed various diverse regional Balto-Slavic speakers which were localized as the poly-ethnic Europeanized peripheral Satem dialects of Baltic and Slavic closely related to early Pit-grave Āryan yet distinctly different even then with diverse degrees of admixture within regional subgroups The Balto-Slavic type poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture was a fusion of ethnic groups - a melting pot - so to speak with a retro core Satem dialect (archaic Balto-Slavic lacks perfect reduplication - agreeing with Albanian Hamp 1963)
The unique peripheral components of the Middle Dnieper culture say the early East Baltic Fatyanovo migrated away before a thorough homogenization of Middle Dnieper Satem lingua franca dialects could consolidate among regional subgroups ( eg E Baltic kur kame W Baltic kuei Slavic kъde - Finnish tuhante Mokša
tožaumln lt E Baltic 1000 lt pre-GAS RUKI - Baltic long root preterite re Burrow 1955 p 19 ) Hence the Balto-Slavic debates Dative plural m or the tūšante tūšanti type Satem participle term ( Latvian tūska ) for a thousand were probably disseminated by trade contacts between distant Globular Amphora subgroups various Middle Dnieper subgroups and other groups ( re Goth ain-lif - p lt k lt
GAC - P-Celtic-BBC Lith vienuo-lika eleven OSw thornuacutesand thousand ) from the earlier Centum Globular Amphora migrations ( Globular Amphora-Narva polyethnics
w U5b2 lt Česnys et al 1990 ) near the expanding networks of Fatyanovo ( R1a1a1 Z280 LWb ) pioneering the North The Y-STR variation among Slavs has given the evidence for the Slavic homeland near the middle Dnieper basin which provides a geographic context for the Slavic linguistic correlation to the early Satem West amp East Baltic Upper Middle Dnieper homeland and the nearby Catacomb amp Pit-grave Āryans to the East During the period (3400
BCE) of the oxen pulled wheeled wagon revolution the Yamnaya culture slowly expanded toward the edge of the Corded Ware horizon of late Sredny Stog culture Millennia later in the same eastern area of the contact zone near the middle Dnieper a poly-ethnic Slav Timber Grave Iranian ethno-genesis would develop the Chernoles culture
A separation of Belarus subpopulations along a North South line can be demonstrated particularly in distribution of Y chromosomal lineages R1b I1a and I1b N3 and G-chromosomes The uniqueness of the northern Belarusian population is most likely due to the high incidence of poly-ethnic pre- ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo Y chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 [old name N3] (
homogeneous Baltic pre-ldquoЯцьвягіrdquo substrate with allele DYS1915 ) which is twice the frequency as in central and southern Belarus The central and southern Belarusian substratum Baltic Milograd physical traits differ somewhat from Ukrainian substratum SlavScytho-Sarmatian traits (re U3) The assimilation of Belarus may have been mainly linguistic and less physically ethnical ( R1a1a- Z92 )
The Autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov Culture gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture complex of the Podolian Upland bordered the Trzciniec and Sosnitsa (early peripheral Baltic) complexes to its far North but appears culturally related to the Montreoru (early Dacian) and later Sabatinovka Thracian complex to its near South in regard to burial rites and pottery (also see Linguistics and Ethnogenesis of the Slavs 1985 by Oleg N
Trubačev) Native Pre-IE Tripolye culture farming populace (Temematian) were assimilated also as they were with Middle Dnieper Baltic The unique close relation of early Slavic origins to Globular Amphora and later Ural-Steppe amp Asian Iranian ( Slavic azъ Tumshuq Sakan azu ) and nearby Dacian and Thracian are often lost to the worn out Balto-Slavic chorus of cliches After the arrival of the Huns (w G V mtDNA N1a U4) in Europe and a devastating plague in the 6th-7th century AD post multi-ethnic Cherniakhov culture Slavic soon became the lingua franca of commerce trade throughout most of Central Europe and beyond A polyethnic ethnogenesis interpretation (Proto-Slav Komarov gt Belogrudovka gt
Chernoles culture) helps to explain why Slavic has partial elements of a Satem Corded Ware dialect of an early autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov culture language resembling Baltic (Middle Dnieper culture) languages bordering to the North The archaeology also agrees with regional hydronyms of a decidely Slavic provenance (vs Trzciniec amp Sosnitsa Baltic) as proposed by the renowned Russian philologist Oleg N Trubačev Trubačev (1986) had also detected nearby Illyrian and Thracian hydronyms on the Dniester Bug and Middle Dnieper A poly-ethnic ethnogenesis interpretation also explains some of the Slav Timber Grave Iranian religious vocabulary ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- ) as
well as other linguistic impacts on Slavic ( see EricHamp 2011 ) from the Timber Grave amp Steppe Iranian culture ( Slavic azъ Saka azu ) and also detection of common Slav Timber Grave Iranian mtDNA types ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 )
The southern neighbors of the Proto-Slavic Belogrudovka (from earlier Komarov ) culture ( mtDNA U4a2 ) were the Sabatinovka Thracian complex - a mix of Catacomb Timber Grave amp Monteoru ( Sharafutdinova 1986 115 ) Dacian of which some yielded to the Belozerka gt Chernogorovka Cimmerian early Timber Grave Iranian speakers which in turn yielded to steppe Timber Grave Scythians The rest of the Dacians survived and are heard in todays Albanian The Timber Grave culture retreated South from the Ural forest steppe around the 12th century BCE due to climatic cooling Mezhovka culture filled the void they left Also the later Sarmatian amp Alan presence near the Dnieper by Kiev was enormous (re mtDNA U3 R1a- Z93 Slavic azъ Saka azu Ossetian aeligz amp loss of word-final nom -s ) Ukrainian cattle zebu mtDNA reflects this influx from the steppes of the East
In the Ukrainian gene pool six Y-DNA haplogroups are revealed E F (213
including G and I) J N1c1 (96) P and R1a1 Northeast European Sarmatians ( C Keyser et al 2009 ) are not merely romantics as Saka kurgan (mtDNa N1a1a1) genetics bear out ( C Keyser et al 2009 Voevoda et al 2000 Clisson et al 2002
Ricaut Francois-X et al 2004) - although historical Sarmatians ( Śarmis ) included Asian R1a- Z93 amp Uralic admixture (N3 U4) Note Udmurt andan amp Ossetian aeligndan-steel The tripartite division of the Slavic languages may reflect latent regional substratum influence on dialects evolved from the Proto-Slav Komarov culture which was designated by hydronyms of a Slavic provenance by O N Trubačev East Slavic like its neighboring East Baltic Sosnitsa ( gt Bondarikha gt
Jukhnovo ) complex to the North had the near influence of the Catacomb culture and may reflect some later MVK Catacomb ( Mnogovalikovo ) cultural dialogue ( Russian jalovec juniper Armenian elevin id ) from MVK Monteoru culture trade exchanges Monteoru Dacian and Proto Slavic were close to each other which may explain some Slavic Albanian isoglosses West Slavic R1a
M458 may well be inherited from ( post Lengyel -TRB ) Corded Ware Centum Globular Amphora culture area substratum ( re ERC GAS gt Czech pyacuteř fire
embers re ERC Oscan pūr ) with a Satem Pomeranian R1a1a1 L365 conversion (
in NW Pomeranian in SW Dacian ) preceding a later W Slavic expansion ( Slavic
Bogъ Saka Baga- Slavic azъ Saka azu - see EricHamp 2011 ) Language is not genetic it is acquired Note N1c1 ( N-M178 ) Baltic speakers in Lithuania amp Latvia or R1a1a1 ( LWb ) Uralic speakers in Estonia or Yoeme speakers of Yoi Noki in Arizona
Kelan Kolo Ratas gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Does this support the construct of a so-called Balto-Slavic region or Middle Dnieper cultural horzon of anciently related initial dialects of subgroups like a
Satem Armeno-Aryan Catacomb culture Graeco-Armenian poly-ethnic Centum Celto-Italic or much earlier Indo-Uralic Probably The distance between Slavic amp Baltic each to early Satem Indo-Iranian (Pit-grave Āryan Satem) is not as great as such labels would imply One can also easily group together Satem Baltic-Slavic-Indo-Iranian with RUKI amp declension ( locPl ending -su ) considerations They were all in obviously close contact by horseback or river travel But if there never was a specifically monolithic Proto-Baltic per se how can you ever have a monolithic Proto Balto-Slavic amid the chaotic multiculturalism of the Middle Dnieper horizon The R1a1a- evidence begs to differ Early Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo sites in Estonia date to 3000 BCE The different Balts are even physically distinct around that time due to substratum
The Baltic and Slavic subgroups were already well differentiated and autonomous (eg separate mythologies amp Baltic long root preterite archaic divergent
vocabularies ) yet close to one another with the adoption of the wheel kelan kolo ratas (3200 BCE) West Balts used asigmatic nom sg ntr ending -n whereas the East Baltic neuter compliment was derived from asigmatic -d like Lydian Zaza ləzga Ossetian лaeligдзaeligг - branch Russian dialect ляэга vs Lith laz-da (Albanian ledhi - id ) Note Baltic o Slavic a - and but - reflecting an ablative form of a pronoun (Avestan āt - then and) Archaeologists have not found the archetypal Balto-Slavic settlements per se probably because each branch group were formed and influenced in different NE W S regions ( re ratas kelan kolo ) of the Middle Dnieper culture by a diverse admixture of various peoples and influences albeit somewhat near each other neighboring a Proto-Dacian distinctly different Satem variant Of course they are related Balto-Slavic is a generic generalization of a brief Europeanized Satem linguistic horizon like Armeno-Aryan (remodeled ablative suffix etc) - but initially more polyethnic The idealized Proto-Balto-Slavic Satem dialect probably pertains to an earlier pre-Middle Dnieper Culture peripheral area somewhere bordering Catacomb amp Pit-Grave groups and in contact with northern Repin dialects for awhile But Baltic like Slavic are in fact products of multiculturalism throughout their linguistic evolutions
Proto-Slavic and the more northern early Baltics were partially composed of assimilated Dnieper-Donets and acculturated later Tripolye peoples emulating the Yamna-like IE Satem speakers of peripheral related Sredny Stog dialects among a multi-ethnic converging cultural vortex of others ( Dnieper Repins TRB
Globular Amphora amp CWC poly-ethnics ) and with more admixture later where they would settle The eventual influence of Timber Grave Belozerka Cimmerian and later steppe Scythian amp Sarmatian on Slavic ( B Malyarchuk et al 2006 ) was significant ( loss of word-final -s ) With the mobility of wheels changes were occurring rapidly - isolation was fading fast The Slavic participle with -L appears to have more in common to distant Lydian than nearby Baltic
Like Wild West movies debates on Balto-Slavic have had a duration longer
than the original horizon probably lasted The close affinity of Satem Slavic amp Baltic to Yamna related Indo-Iranian can be no surprise nor their distinctive European poly-ethnic accents The fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) It seems the growing early pre-IIr Yamna and Eastern Baltic dialect areas moved Northward as did the early West Balts as the Thracians Dacian Pre-Albanians and Slavs who migrated southwestward assimilating various Central European non-IE native and early Centum-TRB mixed IE people ( GAS R1a M458 ) into their cultures ( Dacian place
name Clevora Lith Klevas maple Lith place-names Liepora Beržorai w distributive -
or- suffix ) Thereafter the original Slavic future tense (which was perhaps similar to
Baltic amp Indo-Iranian) was lost while assimilating Dniester Tripolye C2 populace and other groups - as did the neighboring pre-proto Germanic Globular Amphora who had replaced the future tense as well It now appears that Winters Law also applies to Albanian which draws Thracian into question Inconsistancies in Albanian Satemization may reflect a pre-Bilopotok culture substratum to Monteoru Dacian Satem language which was influenced by Hercynian Celts and later Dalmation substratum
The early Proto-Slavic dialect reflects an inter-ethnic dialogue ( RUKI of Slavic
Mid-Iranian ) of early Timber Grave Iranian (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp
later steppe Scythian) assimilation which occurred upon an earlier polyethnic Balto-Slavic dialects accent region ( due to assimilated non-IE substratum admixture) Slavic loss of word-final -s may have had a visarga stage ( -s gt -h gt ) resembling and most probably influenced by early Timber Grave Iranian contact (Belozerka - Chernogorovka Cimmerian amp steppe Scythian) Culturally the influence of the Timber Grave immigration ( Slavic Bogъ Saka Baga- Vedic
Bhagas ) was not as imposing on the rustic nearby Dnieper-Desna Baltic steppe-forest dwellers An earlier hypothetical Balto-Slavic dialects Dnieper Basin Accent (DBA) of the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Culture ( R1a- Z280 ) area would be at least later-Sredny-Stog era followed by a gradual Pre-Proto-Slavic westward steppe ( plateau vs the forest ) trajectory evolving into the Proto-Slavic Komarov gt Belogrudovka culture
Maps indicating the location of the (Temematian) non-IE Tripolye (Cucuteni-
Trypillian) Culture of Dniester farmers compared with maps of the Proto-Slavic language region (based on hydronyms) parallel each other closely although there is at least two thousand years between each horizon Herodotus later describes Scythian farmers where once were only European Tripolye culture farmers On either side of the early Slavics were lively trade partners of early Germanics to the Northeast and early Baltics to the Northwest - both of which were also polyethnic to various degrees with native European peoples If the Corded Ware Europeanized isogloss of Dative Plural - M occurred as an areal innovation perhaps due to Uralic substratum phonetic influence it probably started with contact and assimilation with Globular Amphora peoples now of mixed affinities ( Narva Lengyel TRB amp Centum Globular Amphora R1a- M458 )
and spread at a very early formative stage of E+W Baltic development and pre-proto-Germanic pre-Slavic The Sanskrit alphabet long ago anticipated the natural progression of B to M which enabled a fast transition Assimilation often accompanies innovation It is interesting that both regionally related poly-ethnic ( Dniester Tripolye C2 TRB GAS ) neighboring Centum pre-Germanics and Satem pre-Slavics replaced the original future tense construct of -s- (re relics -
Slavic byšęšteje Czech probyšucny ) as opposed to the Italo-Celtics as well as the distant eastern Baltics who shared borders and the original future tense with -s with the early Satem Āryan Yamna cultures A example of Baltic s future may be seen in Lith duos lt dōH3s lt doH3s ( Lith dial dōs ) The mtDNA reflects such a scenario but whether it happened like this is anybodys guess
The influence of Dnieper Donets or the Tripolye substratum in the DBA or RUKI has not been given the attention it deserves The assimilation of regional Baltic speakers also influenced various Slavic languages such as the Milograd (E
Slavic jasen vs jesen - ash tree) Kolochin and Yotvingian cultures in Belarusian the large-scale East ( amp West ) Baltic substratum in the Old Novgorodian territory North Russian ( LWb allele R1a- Z92+ amp N1c1 ) tl dl consonant clusters gt kl gl - like East Baltic the Pomeranian presence in West Slavic Dnieper-Dvina East Balt foundation of the Tušemlja culture (which later included immigrant
Sudovians and Slavs in the Long Barrow culture) and the widely scattered East Baltic speaking tribes in Western amp Northern Russia ( re LWb allele at 22 for Vologda
Russians ) Also noted is the area where Belarusian Russian amp Polish prepose their genitives In contrast specific lineage characterized by 16304C-16311C mutations which indicate the Slavonic migrations from Central to E Europe was not found among Lithuanians Although historically instructive it cannot eclipse the common origin in the Middle Dnieper culture that both Slavs and Balts share together especially the East Balts and East Slavs ( both with R1a1a-
Z280 Z92 ) and always will
Caveat Emptor gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Theories about dating the earliest Proto-Slavic in relation to the distinct early Baltic branches need to examine the carbon dated chronology of East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultural remains ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) Baltic hydronyms in Russia such as the Oka river the loss of the original Slavic Future tense and Baltic loanwords (from assimilated East Balts) in Finno-Volgaic which help date the evidence Examples of archaic Baltic loanwords into Finno-Ugric are East Baltic Lithuanian žalga fishing pole gt North Saami čuolggu pole Finnish salko long pole Hungarian ( ) szaacutel spear cane or Lithuanian šaras fodder gt Moksha Mordvinian śora grain lt Saka ṣara seed Another Finno-Ugric loanword from East Baltic ( re Samogitian medė forest ) Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest-border is gt Finnish metsauml- forest Estonian mets
Karelian mečču id Saami meahcci forest fringe Hungarian (w LWb allele
) messze far distant vs OCS mežda - alley lane Words to the wise about any theoretical Balto-Slavic dates - Caveat emptor and compare it to all the facts we already know from empirical science There are Latvias eleven C-14 cal dates ( Loze 1992 Tab1 ) of CWC with the oldest around 3360 cal BCE (
Purhonen 1986 11 ) A diet of fish ( šapalas ) may lessen the dates a little but no time-travel technology has yet been found with those CWC artifacts Cest la vie Wisconsin celebrates a Leif Erikson Day but Spain may not
Fatyanovo East Baltic developed from an earlier Northeastern forest variant subgroup ( LWb allele R1a1a1 amp Z92 ) of the Middle Dnieper culture horizon with assimilated Euro-Repin Centum GAS while Southwestern Proto-Slavic steppe variants were emerging at the same time elsewhere Each were regionally distinct (forest steppe) subgroups yet related hybrid retro-core Satem cultures of diverse cultural components Neither group ever identified themselves with a xenophobic Āryan terminology ( re Mansi tas stranger ) The more conservative Northern Satem groups preferred to use the IE inclusive term Tauta (people) or liaudis (re Russ ljudi Khowar roi) Balto-Slavic is a useful generalization of a complex Middle Dnieper linguistic horizon and generic at best
Think Green gtgtgt|||ltltlt
There never was a monolithic Proto-Baltic per se Note the Eastern Baltic LWb gene analysis below or the multiple R1a1a- variations of Middle Dnieper Z280 cultures There are archaic pre-GAC Satem and post-GAS Euro-Repin Centum integrated aspects of the Baltic languages If GAC Euro-Repin-Centum defines what is Baltic does Steppe TG Iranian define what is Slavic The various West East Baltic Thracian amp Slavic languages (along with the Indo-Iranian branch) represent an archaic continuum of remnant subgroups of former core Satem IE dialects the last Proto Indo-European branches to finally split The Proto-Baltics would be none other than some Proto Satem Indo-European dialects together with the closely neighboring Satem pre-Thracian amp pre-Dacian Proto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-Iranian It may be more helpful to visualize East Baltic Slavic amp Indo-Iranian as part of the still growing main Satem trunk rather than as language branches Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
The LWb blood marker CCR5 Delta 32 mutation BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype gtgtgt|||ltltlt
In respect to hematological variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group the frequency of the uncommon LWb allele was highest in the Central East Balts around 75 among Lithuanian Samogitians
and very low among the other western Europeans ( 0-01 ) Click here for the PDF
version of the LWb Study The LWb blood allele can be seen as a genetic Tribal Marker of Prehistoric East Baltic Migrations and Admixture and perhaps not a West-Baltic marker since inhabitants of the Sūduva region average only a mere 27 vs 29 for Finns 22 for distant northern Vologda Russians or 4 for Estonians ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) - even after over 600 years of continuous Lithuanian colonization and admixture in the Sūduva region For those who still think all Sudovians vanished please reread the prior sentence - slowly Lithuanian R1a rates ( R1a1a1 including Z92 or L235 w LWb ) vary widely with West Aukštaičiai 406 vs South Aukštaičiai R1a at 618 in a sans MtDNA H1 region ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004 ) The absence of the 16304C-
16311C mutations prevents unneeded misinterpretations Genetic structure analyses also suggest Poles from Suwalszczyzna (northeastern Poland ) differ from all remaining Polish and Russian samples ( Grzybowski et al 2007 ) The Aryan R1a- Z93+ found in Lithuania is associated with that regions Tatars China Japan and Somalia evidently evaded incursions of LWb laced barbarians far better than either Gotland or Hungary although Gotlands LWb probably involved extensive secondary contacts with Estonians and Finns Maritime interaction with Vikings of Sweden amp Gotland is reflected by increased frequencies of the PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland region of Latvia ( Beckman L et al 1999 ) whereas Estonian interaction with Gotland is reflected by the TFDCHI allele ( Beckman L et al 1998 ) and LWb allele frequencies in Gotland ( Sistonen et al 1999 ) Hungarys LWb may perhaps reflect the Dyakovo-Gorodets horizon with East Balt participation Eurasian or archaeological DNA test results for the rare LWb allele mutation are sill pending Any occurrence of the LWb allele or Z280 ( Northern variants ) in Kazakhstan amp Eurasia will be noteworthy as will unexpected N1c1 types The Y-DNA of Lithuania is roughly about 5050 for N1c1 amp R1a and varies somewhat by regions MtDNA H1 frequencies are very very low among Lithuanians and virtually non-existent with the Saacutemi In Lithuania MtDNA H1 is mainly confined to only Northern Žemaitians The Aukštaičiai like the Saacutemi have none ( Kasperavicuite et al 2004
) Tests confirm the Narva substratum assimilated by East Balts had mtDNA U5b1 U5b2 amp U4 ( Bramanti et al 2009 ) This cultural inheritance from Kunda amp an early N1c Uralic substratum links Lithuanians amp Saacutemi as well as centuries of cross cultural fly agaric mushroom trade ( per M Gimbutas ) or the shared ethnocidal amp genocidal persecutions from a European Christendom ( Willumsen
LH 1997 ) busy shilling tickets to their heaven Tickets to Heaven hocus pocus amp the gravy train ( re nāstika Brihaspati ) The Prince of Peace deserves better
Less the above referenced genetical info be misinterpreted as some form of encrypted RWA cracker-code-speak I will stress that the fiction of ethnic or racial purity amp superiority is clinical insanity and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G Hodson et al 2012 ) You are unique - just like everyone else People are people - some individuals shine some hide in their cruel fear Most of our DNA is African As my friend Robbin
said Its all good
The elevated CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation frequencies distributed in East Balts amp Volgaics and CCR5-Delta 32 DNA chronology ( J Novembre et al 2005 ) coincide closely with the ethnicities of the poly-ethnic Dyakovo cultures middle phase and may further illuminate earlier Ossetian contacts or some unique isoglosses Whether there is any correlation between the LWb allele and the CCR5-Delta 32 allele mutation besides Baltic region epicenters is just speculation at present Perhaps the science of a common R1a Z92 inheritance of Russians and Baltic people will usher in a new era of unity and respect
The Western Balts were a hybrid mix of Funnel Beaker ( TRB including some
outlier Badens ) Centum Globular Amphora ( GAS gt eg pẽku ) and Corded Ware Satem Middle Dnieper people with Uralic Comb amp Pit Ware ( N1c1) people on Neolithic Nemunas and Narva substratum populations Archaeologist today can distinguish Europeanized West Balt culture skulls from those of nearby neighboring Satem East Baltic Fatyanovo types The distinction ( R1a1a- L366 vs LWb allele w R1a1a1 or Z92 L235 amp N1c1 ) was evidently very old and more than just grammatical Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements ( Brazaitis
2005 fig 5 Girininkas 2009 ) Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word not an import like pešti pešus pẽšis Kailas ( re Sudovian Kayles Gothic Hails
Vandalic Eils Old Norse Hail - perhaps all heard together for centuries at Wiskiauten Bar-B-Qs )
Ρως Ρωζζία amp Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
| C + Ͻ |
YATVEZ - Ятвезь
The myth of Terra Nullius ( deserted wasteland ) was merely historic ethnocidal propaganda justifying centuries of Papal Conquests Atrocities amp Theft - in both the Old and the New World It was a lie and DNA now proves it was only ethnic cleansing fiction A census by the Orthodox clergy of the Belarus
Grodno area in 1860 had as many as 30929 inhabitants identifying themselves as Yatviags (Yotvingians) The Byzantine Treaty with Kiev prince
Igor in 944 notes among the Rus ( Grk Ρως ) envoys a Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ
one Jaacutetvįgrsquo for Gunnar ᚴᚢᚾᛅᚱ The Varangian (lt Old Norse Vaeligringi ) affinities
of an original poly-ethnic Jaacutetvings minority may explain the reapplication of East Baltic Gudai to later stereotype that Grodno regions other mixed poly-ethnic inhabitants ( Γυδωνες - Γουται ) Settlements of the 9th century with distinctly Viking cultural characteristics have been found around the Grodno area It appears that within a century or two of Viking trade and settlement those Norse ( Norethmenn ) either dispersed along the nearby Nemunas river and or assimilated in with ranking locals ( a common Viking custom ) Their Yotvingian Y-DNA survives with closest Y-DNA matches from Norway Ireland amp Scotland ( clan Gotheray ) Sweden followed by Cumbria amp one in Finland - a Y-DNA trail of related Lochlannar Norse clansmen Family
Historic records indicate they opposed surrendering the old beliefs of their forefathers for an imposed foreign import A new ( re AС Кибинь below ) rational etymology of the Baltic Jotving- Jātving- now rescued from from an inert provincialism of kaleidoscopic self-replicating hypotheticals and ethnocentric tunnel vision can finally be derived from an original Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr lucky spear Varangian leaders Heiti name ( gen sg = Jātvīgs Ρως - Lieth
retinue-crew gt Jātvįgs Rōs or Jātvįgs Lieth gt Jātvings - as luck would have it
L448 ) The nasal infixation of the West Norse original ( -iacutegs -īgs gt -įgs gt -ings ) as well as artifacts reflects close early contacts with local Dainavians-Sūdovians for whom the ubiquitous trademark nasal -ing- suffix ( -īg- in Latvian ) was indeed highly productive ( re Aps-ingis Zietela ldquoRus-ingisrdquo etc ) and is thus non-problematic - and in fact rather insightful for its nasal affectation of the local Balts Top this off with the peculiar parallel nominative-genitive singular ( re Wilkaskaymen ) of West Baltic dialects and it it easy to see how an original genitive Jaacutetviacutegs Lieth ( Varangians ) from Old Norse becomes assimilated as a poly-ethnic West Baltic nominative Jātvings Jotvings Voilagrave A Dainavianized nomgen sg nasal Jātvįgs from an Old West Norse genitive singular Jaacutetviacutegs - Jaacutetviacutegr‟s Lieth effortlessly yeilds
Jotvings ( note Old West Norse Jaacutetviacutegr (w-t-) vs related Eadwig [ Ӕтьвѧгъ ᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴ ] Eadwy or Jadwiga w-d- )
These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvaacutegs Rocircs ( Liethsmenn ) along
the Nemunas river would acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically within 3 generations or less ) amp assimilation - many by inter-marriage like with other Vikings elsewhere Rocircs ( lt Roethsmenn ) may well reflect an earlier pre-sail era maritime terminology Centuries of multi-cultural
commingling between West Balts amp Scandinavians are also reflected at other trade settlements like Saeborg-Grobina Truso or Kaup Wiskiauten PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland ( Kurland ) region of Latvia ( Beckman L et
al 1999 ) mirror poly-cultural blending of Grobina artifacts as does LWb in Gotland In more precise terms the Varangians were primarily Norse mercenaries whereas the Rocircs or Rus were the wider poly-ethnic base of the imported Viking culture which also included merchants boatmen and traders - from Birka to Kiev
As convenient as that all sounds it should be noted that the ubiquitous modern Lithuanian Jotvingis term itself a recent theoretical neologism from the middle 1920s Opps This Jotvingis neologism coined in the 20s was derived solely from various historical Slavic labels of the Varangian era To the Balts repelling the aggressive invading Kiev Rus and later Crusaders these poly-ethnic assimilated mixed Norse-Balt descendants were already just one
of us These poly-ethnic Norse led ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᛋ ᚱᛟᛋ or Jaacutetvįgs Varangians would
acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically
within 3 generations or less ) amp with assimilation A Zietela dialect word pamarkas-accursed is probably an assimilated Viking relic term of the Old Norse morkinn-decayed-rotten like the Scots English murkle reproach The Turovians group name likewise reflects a Norse Varangian Rus leaders name
( THORNoacuterir - ᚦᚬᚱᛁᚱ ) aligned with a Ragnvaldr - ᚱᛅᚴᚾᚢᛅᛚᛏᚱ in Polotsk along with
Garethariki Holmgarethr - ᚼᚢᛚᛘᚴᛅᚱᚦᚱ Austrvegr although the Рогволод - Моря Ragnvaldr - Moslashre similarities invite a critique Relations between Polotsk and Kiev became rather strained in 945 One of Vladimirs many campaigns to collect more tribute-taxes ( poliude ) and gain strategic Nemunas river trade access to the Baltic Sea is the first written ( albeit somewhat quasi-historical ) account of plural Yotvingians dated to 983 Fifty five years later in 1038 Yaroslav battles the Yotvingians and later the Lithuanians who were together allied with rebellious pagan Masovians ( amp prior Galindians ) - although another source reports a quite different scenario of a 1038 Yotvingian conflict - by Volkavysk Viking turf wars were not altogether unknown No traces of any hypothetical Baltic hydronym Jacirct-vacirc have ever been found to this day in the Terra Jatwezenorum region None Zip
A Belarusian Vawkavysk dialect Ятвезь [ Yatvez or Jatvez ] Anchor term obtusely connects the Norse Thors hammer of Vikings amp other Scandinavian relics to the original Yotvingians of that Black Russian region - who initially
spoke the Old Norse of Varangians Nobody vanished Get real ᛃᚨᛏᚢᛁᚴᚱ When in doubt tell the truth - Mark Twain
For more about a Norse Rus Yatviag Yotvingian etymology see Кибинь
AС Ятвяги в X-XI вв laquoбалтское племяraquo или laquoбереговое братствоraquo Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2008 2(4) С117-132
The Loki pendant of Gnezdovo note the striking resemblance to the Snaptun Stone Loki - jp
Another East Baltic tribal migration marker may be a significantly increased frequency of the BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype ( Van Landeghem et al 1998 )
The spread of Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup R1a1a- as well as the B blood type is associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages too Many Latvian tartan weaving patterns are nearly identical to ancient Tocharian tartans found recently with Tocharian mummies (w U4 two-rooted lower canines
VRC ) recovered in Western China (see Secrets of the Silk Road) Tocharians were evidently also dedicated hemp farmers like the Balts and historical kapnobatai Thracians East Baltic Lithuanian place-names Beržorai ( birches
) or Liepora ( lindens ) reflect the Tocharian B distributive suffix -ār as does the Satem Dacian place-name Clevora (re Lith Klevas maple) West Baltic had Saitoran - the knotty Pleiades ( EV 6 ) Slavic also has such a parallel arboreal related suffix It would be worthy to note that some Dnieper culture horizons exhibit a degree of intrusive Repin style pottery from Middle Dnieper Repins Middle Dnieper Repin pottery often had cord-impressed decoration A high frequency of the CCR5-Delta 32 allele in Lithuanian populations at levels of about 16 has been documented This allele mutation confers resistance to HIV (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) Recent DNA evidence suggests the CCR5 Delta 32 allele mutation is at least 2900 years old ( J Novembre et al 2005 )
Lithuanian Ashkenazi Jews have also interested geneticists since they display a number of unique genetic characteristics including Y-DNA haplogroup Q
SONGS OF THE FOREST gtgtgt|||ltltlt
Traditional ancient Baltic songs ( Lith Dainos Latv Dainās re Vedic Dhėnās ) are a vast resource of the Baltic languages The Dainos are the Rig Veda of the East Baltic people These Hymns were first brought into the Baltic forests before 3000 BCE and preserved within innumerable homesteads person to person winter after long winter from 2600 BCE to this day Their antiquity is only eclipsed by their numbers and variations They are usually Hymns of stanzas many of which are divine revelations from the ancient Native Religion and Mythology but in contrast to most other similar forms they often lack earthly heroes Many Latvian dainās are not long typically in quatrains and often trochaic (metrically of one long syllable followed by one short one) and more rarely dactylic These ancient Hymns are superb relics of the pre-Christian East Baltic Native Religion and the life of the people especially its three important events - birth weddings and deathburial but also lifes infinite experiences
Dod Dieviņi ko dodamis Dod man labas div‟ lietiņas
Ceļā labū kumeliņu Mūžāi labu līgaviņu
There are literally millions of verses of these truly ancient Dainos Dainās now in written form The forest is also home to Seto Leelo the Seto polyphonic singing tradition Saacutemi joiks ( or ldquoyoiksrdquo ) and others All are irreplaceable treasures So intertwined with the archaic languages and their enormous vocabularies it is virtually impossible to try to separate the two These Hymns are still sung to this day - person to person
The magic of language is a gift from mother to child
living as a memorial to all Women who gave it to us
____________________________________________________
BE HERE NOW
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
More than half of the planets 7000 or so languages are facing extinction within this century
We are losing around two languages a month - or about one every two weeks
Learn an endangered language or at least help conserve one - as if it was your own They are
PLEASE DONATE TODAY TO
Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization
ADOPT-A-LANGUAGE
This webpage was FREE after all Dont be cheap
DO IT NOW BE A MAN ___________________________________________________ And as a special way of saying Thank You for your generous contribution we will provide you a link to exciting new Saacutemi music on YouTube absolutely FREE OF CHARGE
___________________________________________________
The Sudovian greeting Kailas re-affirms that we are all One - with each other and with the Earth we share
Dermė
gtgtgt|||ltltlt
The nearly extinct Lithuanian gray - Latvian blue cow breeds also need immediate international support amp attention - ASAP
- poshkahotmailcom
Click on Photo for Baltic Log Home Architecture
The ancient Twin Horse Sky motif found on top of
Lithuanian homes reflects the related Vedic Sanskrit Ašvins Similiar ( Ašvieniai ) symbolism was found in the
Khvalynsk and Samara PIE cultures (4100 - 5500 BCE) The Twin Horse Sky motif is also evident in Mari ethnic symbols
| Proto Indo European | | Mažiulis | | Nostratic Language |
| Prussian Language Website | | Janis Endzelins Baltic Languages |
| Old Prussian Texts |
| Mordvinian Dictionary |
The above text is an excerpt from Virdainas copy Jos Pashka 2012
~ in memory of Jeannette DeBusk Cox Charles Richard Dean amp Netta Poska ~
Erzya-Moksha Mordvin loanwords include - vərgas ( Indo-Iran vrkah ) pejel - knife ( Lith peilis peile ) kardaz ( Lith gardas gt Common Permian kar fortified place )
and uske viska - metal ( Tokharian A was B yasa Armenian uoski Sanskrit ucchati ) Finnic Mari has waž for metal ore Forest Nenets has a wyesya cognate
Also Finnish kekri annual Native festival lt kekra-j lt kekra- gt Sanskrit chakra Finnic kehrauml disk vs Sanskrit chāttra Finnic vihi ( Lith vėžė )
Baltic Deivas - The Divine Spirit of Heaven influenced Finnish taivas Estonian taevas heaven perhaps Saami taiw and also
Hungarian taacutej Khanty tai - locus Often ignored semantics of East Baltic celestial Deivas are illustrated in phrases from Latvian dainās ( eg Saule noiet dievā - Nav
saulīte dievā gaiša ) Finnish toivo like orpo ( Skt arbha-h ) or vasara ( Skt vajra-h ) lack final s unlike Finnish taivas - blue blue sky re Saule
noiet dievā
Saulės Rẽtis
( Suns Halo )
As for the monolithic Balto-Slavic of academics - Slavic has kolo wheel kola cart West Baltic has kelan wheel kelā cart East Baltic ratas wheel ratai cart
East Baltic Lithuanian also has rẽtys - halo circle around sun moon re E Baltic risti - rita raitėti - rieta retėti riets rotāt rotēt etc - ablaut - related to Lithuanian ratas wheel Latvian rats
Magic spiritual talismans known as Amber Sun-Discs found in Globular Amphora sites and elsewhere may be a key to the cross cultural ratas term of central Europe
(Linear B ideogram 243) Latin teres-retis - rounded well-turned and East Baltic Lithuanian retys provide a fresh etymology for PIE
roteH2 rotH2os ( spokes included ) If phonemic pitch following loss of laryngeals developed in connection with the monophthongization of diphthongs exhibited by a vocalic
feature from a segmental phoneme - Finnish taivas or heinauml illustrate the chronology of the loans from the host East Baltic language
Estonia and India alone share the 294 single marker of mtDNA N1a1a1 ( 147A-172-223-248-294-320-355 ) lt GAS
Mitochondrial haplogroup N1a phylogeography with implications to the origin of European Farmers 2010 BMC Evolutionary Biology Publication 10304
Re Karelian kes(t)rauml Estonian kedr spindle and Vedic cāttra id
The pre-migration Tocharian like Volga-Repins may have had an unattested word for Maple borrowed as wakšter into Finnic Cognates may be Latin acer - maple Old Norse askr - ash Old Lithuanian akštras - sharp The maples range extends to the Kama
river basin Perhaps Tocharian Repins originally used maple saplings for livestock prods Or perhaps it was a Baltic akšteras
The songs of the Erzya Mordvin thunder god Pur‟gine parallel both Lith Perkūnas and Vedic Parjanya ( परजनय ) closely
The Avestan name Vada-gan for a demon ( the Striker ) - reflecting a similar word in East Baltic vedega ax may have a Ural region kulturnaya obshchnost‟ connection ( Saami vietka bdquoadze‟rlm )
Finnish vasara hammer is a loanword from an later form ( lacking final s ) of Avestan vazra amp Vedic vajra [ vaźras - mace club ]
which are related to Lith vėzdras mace club Latv vẽza vẽzecirct to swing in the air wave wag or perhaps Lith vagis wedge ( Finnish vaaja )
Latvian veseris maul-hammer probably a loanword from Livonian Note Karelian vazara Erzya uzjere lack archaic Indo-Iranian final s (re Komi voumlrkas wolf )
PIE ueg - to swing gt vẽźras gt vėzdras vėzdas w altered ź-da gt zda as in synonym Lith lazda lt laźda
The current Finnish word for Millennium vuosituhat is a combination of four thousand year old loanwords
from both Pre-Indo-Aryan and Volga-Baltic neighbors by the Ural Mountains (re Latv tū-ska swelling Lith tū-las many Tocharian B kaumlnte 100 Sanskrit dve śate 200 )
Related Repin Tocharian B tumane 10000 lt Iranian tumān id lack a s cognate
( East Baltic Lithuanian tum-stas bulk heap mass - tumėti to curdle)
Mordvin Erzya tožon tužən Moksha tožaumln Estonian root stem tuhante 1000 may reflect an early Fatyanovo East Baltic participle tūśante tūšanti
preceding a poly-ethnic GAS Centum tūskanti and GAS-ed East Baltic tūstantis 1000 ( gt Old Latvian tuustosch- )
re Finnish laiha GAS Lith liesa Fatyanovo laiša ( also Latvian tūkst sing pret tūska ) Perhaps tūksa- gt tūšant- gt + GAS gt tūstantis 1000 huge - note Old Latvian tuustosch-
The Uralic words may well reflect an early East Baltic pre-GAS ( pre-compromised RUKI ) Upper Dnieper Satem word that evolved with poly-ethnicism
( East Baltic Dnieper Satem evolved on a non-IE Narva substratum w N1c1 early Uralics and ERC Globular Amphora = poly-ethnic )
Follow the Money Back in 3000 BCE it was follow the copper amp amber
It has been suggested Germanic thousand reflects tū-skont- which may reflect
a Gas poly-ethnic ( š gt sk ) trade variant tūskanti by Centum Globular Amphora The Globular Amphora amber trade network may have used a Centum modified
( š gt sk gt tūskant- gt tū-skont- ) variant while the Uralic variants reflect an EBaltic tūšant- ( gt later GAS-ed tūstant- ) variant from Fatyanovo-
Balanovo ( East Baltic Dnieper Satem ) A 2800 BCE flint-amber trade GAC tūs-kont- was perhaps interpreted by trade contacts as
a tūs-šimt- compound word gt W Baltic tūsimt-
The chronology of CWC regional variant cultures is critical for untangling the etymology of 1000
Slavic RUKI indicates far less early integration of GAS although cultural trade contacts
are plainly evident Variations of GAC integration may explain the absence of a velar plosive
in Slavic Perun- vs Baltic Perkūn- A 2800 BCE Slavic -s- from -sk- appears plausible considering dative pl -m- became -b-
and the perceived participle reflecting eo type variations of 1000 Pots dont talk they speak - volumes
Old East Baltic Medu and Vaška were related neuters Note Finno-Ugric Hungarian meh-viasz In the same occupation are the related words - Mordvin keras Mari karas Udmurt karas from Fatyanovo era East Baltic
( Latv kāres Lith korys ) Re Lith Mekš-uogis buckthorn-berry Meksėti meksi stutter be mad - Skt makšikā fly bee makš- be angry
( Volgaic Mekš bee the angry one ) No Mekši cognate is found in Ob-Ugric
There is also a DNA relationship between Baltic males and Uralics ( Mari )
eg Meadow Mari tuumlžem - thousand Mari ləśtaś - Lith lakštas From the archaeological record one can also trace legacies of Upper Middle Dnieper gt Fatyanovo gt Balanovo gt Kazan gt Chirkovo-Seyma gt
Ananino gt Mari amp Mordvin cultures
The Romanian Dacian Doina - song is probably a residual loanword from the Lithuanian The Daina Dhėnā Vedic word has been analyzed many years earlier but not as an assimilated loanword from Corded Ware East Baltic
which J Pāshka contends and which Ural region loanwords and polyethnic Abashevo-Sintashta archeaological data would support Vedic Dhėnā and Soma ( borrowed from Uralic ) reflect the polyethnic early Āryan culture by the Ural Mountains ( Rhipean Lipynė )
Ephedra is not found in the Ural regions conifer forests Amanita muscaria is and abundantly so ( re Khanty Soma hewn mortar ) - On Vedic Dhėnā Prayer Song - Maurice Bloomfield Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol 46 (1926) pp 303-308
D Razauskas wrote an excellent article about
CORRESPONDENCES TO THE INDO-IRANIAN MYTHICAL WIND IN LITHUANIAN FOLKLORE
Do try to Google it
Rig Vedic Sanskrit Vāyu - wind Lithuanian dialect Vėjus - wind
The round kurgan mound tradition of the Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan in Nothern Bihar India also resembles Śaka Steppe kurgans of Eurasia amp Russia w U4
Timber Grave culture favored orienting the head of the deceased towards the North - re Mahaparinibbana Sutta The Buddhas Śākya tribe or clan identified themselves with the Solar clan
The Digha Nikaya of the Tipitaka Pali Buddhist canon describes Siddhartha Gautama as having very blue eyes ( Pali abhi nila netto )
The Chinese described Bodhidharma as 藍眼睛的野人
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India although U4 is more prevalent on the Afghanistan - Pakistan border Tajikistan and the Eurasia of the Steppe Śaka
Gintaras reflects the Sembian dialect pronunciation with their typical narrowing of en to in
adopted as such in some neighboring East Baltic dialects ie swints vs šventas Modern Lithuanian gintaras amber vs dialect variant gentaras id
Hungarian gyentar gt gyantar amber gyenta resin Chuvash jandar glassy Mari jamdar transparent suggest the amber trade with
East Balts Old adjectival -tar neuter suffix in East Baltic gentaras lt gentar - amber lt genta - resin gum lt nasal PIE gʷet - resin
( re ON kvaetha Skt jatu resin aśvatara- mule ) The original PIE adjectival -tar neuter suffix was also later used in a comparative sense ( ie wet-ter )
although originally it was mainly adjectival The 13th century work Jami ul hikayat by Ufi describes the Baltic sea origin of yellow amber traded to the
Chinese by Khotan procured from Turks re Chinese yan tse - ( alhagi camelorum ) plant which produces a amber-like honey sap Baltic in Chinese - who knew
Amber ornaments have been found with the Middle Dnieper and Globular Amphorae ( w TRB ) culture artifacts attesting to the ancient relationship Balts have had with Amber
Of Soma the original entheogen ingredient of dried Amanita muscaria ( Fly Agaric ) became extremely scarce with later Āryan migrations and was eventually substituted with a mixture of Ephedra Cannabis and opiates
It was a very poor imitation of the genuine Uralic Soma rite The Indo-European use of Amanita muscaria survived intact in Lithuania - hidden away in forests beyond
the reach of ethnocidal Christians Lithuanians continue the ancient custom of using milk and honey ingredients mixed with the dried Amanita muscaria
to make a beverage for Sharing According to Marija Gimbutas Lithuanians used to supply quantities of Amanita muscaria to the
Saacutemi Noiade in the North for use by the Saacutemi Shamans (Finnish tietaumljauml) ( Volgaic Erzya Mokša Sjuma Səma - hewn wooden trough Estonian Soim hewn wooden manger
Khanty Soma hewn wooden vessel ) Not directly related to above are Lithuanian semti to draw water Uralic sim- drink Tocharian smantildentildee broth
Hungarian hiacuted bridge is of Alanic origin - re Ossetian xid xed id Khotanese hī id
One out of 3 Kalash have mitochondrial DNA belonging to haplogroup U4 In fact the most prevalent mitochondrial haplogroup of the Kalasha people is U4 aka the Ulrike clade
Haplogroup U4 lineages have also been found in India Haplogroup U4 is common among northwestern Siberian populations and is also found among the Mari Mordvin
and Mansi of the Volga-Ural region of Russia as well as the Estonians Finns Balts and Tocharian mummies A Kalasha English Dictionary link is provided below
The Prakrits preserved related words ( the tadbhava layer ) absent in classical Sanskrit such as Hindi kukur- and Lith kukur- both of mushroom compound words
The mushroom associated Kaukeliai gnomes remained with the forest dwellers
The hemp tradition of Eurasian Steppe Saka is reflect in Old English haelignep Old Irish cnaip Slovak konope West Baltic knapios Armenian kanap Albanian Geg kaneumlp Latvian kaņepe Lithuanian kanapė Turkmen kenaumlp
The Novosvobodna and earlier Maikop (aka Maykop ) cultures probably conveyed the Sumerian kanubi term - as well as the genetic clade of R1b ( aka R1b1b2 ) into IE early Bronze Age cultures with trade and contact ( re Germanic amp Tocharian R1b )
Note - Sumerian gu gt Skt gaus Latvian guovs Armenian kov Gk bous L bov- OIr bo - cow as well as the East Baltic Lydian singular neuter ending in -d
Within the Moscow City limits are found a Fatyanovo cemetary and a later Dyakovo settlement - both near the Kremlin re Finnish kesauml - summer harvest and E Baltic kasyti kast kesyti ( Albanian kosit - harvest the crops)
Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov born in Staraya Kupavna near Moscow would single handedly save humanity and the World in 1962
East Baltic lašiša salmon is also known as vošis a fast type of fish or trout or more commonly vašylas For 3rd person dual jiedu instead of expected yra or esti my Suvalkian Grandmother Johanna used esą Strange but true
Legal Disclaimer - The above text in no way suggests anyone should use illegal drugs or experiment with Amanita mushrooms
Genetic portrait of modern Belarusians mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome perspective Alena Kushniarevich 1Larysa Sivitskaya 1Nina Danilenko 2Richard Villems 1Oleg Davydenko
1Institute of Genetics and Cytology Academicheskaya Str 27 Belarus 2Estonian Biocenter Riia Str 23 Estonia
The LWb blood group as a marker of prehistoric Baltic migrations and admixture Sistonen P Virtaranta-Knowles K Denisova R Kucinskas V Ambrasiene D Beckman L
Hum Hered 1999 Jun49 (3)154-8
LW locus has been assigned to chromosome 19p133 The LW gene corresponds to 3 exons of 265 kb on chromosome 19 The LWa amp LWb alleles are different at a single base pair - codon 70 - corresponding to one amino acid residue which is arginine for LWb
The LWb mutation was a singular event - in all of human history
ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚷᚨᚷᚿᚱᛃᚿᛖᚿᛞᚢᚱ ᛗᛁᚿᚨᚱ ᛏᛁᛚ ᚨᚧ ᚡᛁᛋᛏᚨ ᚨᚿᛞᚨᚿᚢᛗ
ᚦᚢ ᚦᚨᚱᚠᛏ ᚦᚨᚧ ᚠᛃᚱᛁᚱ ᚢᛈᛈᛒᛚᚨᛋᚿᚨ ᛖᛚᛋᚲᚢᚷᚨ ᚦᛁᚿᚿ
Kas bus kas nebus bet žemaitis nepražus
| MariUver - a Site about Maris Mari El Finno-Ugric |
| and other Indigenous People of Russia |
The ancient Sacred Grove of Native Mari Religion
The Mari Kuumlsoto parallels Finnic and Estonian Hiis Similiar Holy Groves are known as Lud among the Udmurt The East
Baltic terms are Lith Alkas amp Latv Elka
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) and Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG) in an exhaustive 2006 report Russian Federation The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El found widespread evidence of political and cultural persecution of Mari people The Mari Native religious practices ( and the Cheremis Marla
faith ) have come under ever increasing pressure and severe persecution from intolerant Russian Government Officials and so-called Christians according to Human Rights groups
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| Kalasha - English Dictionary Online |
| English - Kalasha Dictionary |
Thank you for visiting Genetically WE ARE ALL ONE
and thats a fact
Culture is something we Share - not own
As Comrade Lennon said - Imagine
Shi nūsun būsna ast praeivingiska kaigi asenes vupjai
Budeis
![Sandhya Upasana [Urdu] - Pandit Kailas Ram Vedabhushan. · Sandhya Upasana [Urdu] - Pandit Kailas Ram Vedabhushan. Author----- Subject: Vedic Literature, Hinduism Scripstures, Dharma](https://img.pdfslide.net/doc/110x75/606874e3541d0206153930cc/sandhya-upasana-urdu-pandit-kailas-ram-sandhya-upasana-urdu-pandit-kailas.jpg)
