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E
Executive Board
Second Regular Session
Rome, 12–14 November 2012
PROJECTS FOR EXECUTIVE BOARD APPROVAL
Agenda item 9
Distribution: GENERAL
WFP/EB.2/2012/9-C/5 26 October 2012
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
PROTRACTED RELIEF AND
RECOVERY OPERATIONS –
PAKISTAN 200250
Enhancing Food and Nutrition Security and
Rebuilding Social Cohesion
Number of beneficiaries 7,332,475
Duration of project Three years (1 January 2013–31 December 2015)
WFP food tonnage 430,491 mt
Cost (United States dollars)
WFP food cost 276,808,009
WFP cash/voucher cost 43,749,000
Total cost to WFP 514,438,079
This document is printed in a limited number of copies. Executive Board documents are available on WFP’s Website (http://executiveboard.wfp.org).
E
For approval
2 WFP/EB.2/2012/9-C/5
NOTE TO THE EXECUTIVE BOARD
This document is submitted to the Executive Board for approval.
The Secretariat invites members of the Board who may have questions of a technical
nature with regard to this document to contact the WFP staff focal points indicated
below, preferably well in advance of the Board’s meeting.
Regional Director, ODB*: Mr K. Oshidari tel.: 066513-3063
Liaison Officer, ODB: Ms S. Izzi tel.: 066513-2207
Should you have any questions regarding availability of documentation for the
Executive Board, please contact Ms I. Carpitella, Senior Administrative Assistant,
Conference Servicing Unit (tel.: 066513-2645).
* Regional Bureau Bangkok (Asia)
WFP/EB.2/2012/9-C/5 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The recent decline in food security and nutrition indicators in Pakistan is partly attributable to
the impact of security operations in the north west, natural disasters and rising food prices.
The rehabilitation of millions of displaced people is yet to be achieved. Food insecurity and
undernutrition must be addressed to enable economic growth and stability.
The goals of protracted relief and recovery operation 200250 are to enhance food security and
nutrition among vulnerable populations, support the Government in building social cohesion
in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and stabilize nutritional status in the most
food-insecure districts. The recovery component will introduce supplementary feeding to
prevent stunting and micronutrient deficiencies in one district of Sindh Province.
Community-based disaster risk reduction and response interventions will be implemented in
the most hazard-prone and food-insecure locations. The Government’s disaster risk
management capacities will be enhanced through the United Nations joint programme.
WFP will provide fortified foods, locally produced foods and cash transfers. The latter will
account for a growing proportion of WFP’s transfers during the operation, but cash-based
programming is limited by insecurity and capacity constraints, particularly in the
Federally Administered Tribal Areas where most activities will be implemented.
This operation was planned in consultation with national and provincial governments,
United Nations agencies, bilateral donors, international financial institutions,
non-governmental organizations and private sector partners. It is aligned with Strategic
Objectives 1, 2 and 3, with Millennium Development Goals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7, and with the
United Nations Development Assistance Framework.
DRAFT DECISION*
The Board approves the proposed protracted relief and recovery operation
Pakistan 200250 “Enhancing Food and Nutrition Security and Rebuilding Social
Cohesion” (WFP/EB.2/2012/9-C/5).
* This is a draft decision. For the final decision adopted by the Board, please refer to the Decisions and
Recommendations document issued at the end of the session.
4 WFP/EB.2/2012/9-C/5
SITUATION ANALYSIS
Context
1. Pakistan – with a population of 180 million – is located in an unstable and strategically
sensitive region. Since 2008, security operations in the north west have led to major
population displacements, with serious social and financial impacts. Recovery is hampered
in the volatile Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), and 1.2 million internally
displaced persons (IDPs) are living in camps or host communities.
2. Increasingly intense natural disasters constrain development and exacerbate disparities;
seven of the ten largest1 natural disasters in the last 60 years have taken place since 1992.
2
The 2010 floods affected 20 million people and left 10 million in need of humanitarian
assistance. The World Bank ranks Pakistan eighth in its list of natural-disaster hotspots.
3. Pakistan ranks 145th
of 187 countries on the human development index.3 Increasing
unemployment is compounded by declining wages and rising food and fuel costs. A major
concern is the situation in FATA, where low investment is aggravated by security
operations.
4. The need to engage young people productively is critical: 50 percent of the population
are under 20, as will be the case for the next 30–35 years.4 The Government economic
growth target of 7 percent, capitalizing on the youth dividend, requires a healthy, educated
workforce, which in turn requires an acceleration of development gains to ensure stability.
5. But low economic growth, energy shortages and successive crises restrict the
Government’s financial capacity to implement its strategies. In 2010 alone, the cost of
security operations and responding to natural disasters was 16 percent of Pakistan’s gross
domestic product.5 Inability to maintain greater economic growth may result in increasing
underemployment and unemployment, leading to further social alienation and discontent.
6. Net enrolment in primary schools has increased, but 7.3 million children of primary
school age – 57 percent of them girls – are not enrolled.6
The fragile education system in
FATA suffers particularly from instability: most of the population are illiterate, with
literacy among women ranging from 3 percent to 14 percent; only 44 percent of boys and
26 percent of girls attend primary school7 and girls’ drop-outs from secondary schools are
exceptionally high.
1 Measured by the number of people affected.
2 Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance/Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters.
3 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2011. Human Development Report. New York.
4 Pakistan Statistical Survey, 2011.
5 Government of Pakistan 2011 economic survey; World Bank, Asian Development Bank and Government of
Pakistan. 2010. Pakistan Floods Preliminary and Damage Needs Assessment. Islamabad. 6 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics. 2011.
Education for all Global Monitoring Report 2011. Statistics as of 2009. 7 FATA Secretariat Planning and Development Department, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and
WFP. 2009. Multiple-indicator cluster survey (MICS): FATA. Islamabad.
WFP/EB.2/2012/9-C/5 5
The Food Security and Nutrition Situation
7. Food insecurity in Pakistan is largely a problem of economic access. The cost of the
average food basket increased by 80 percent between 2007 and 2011,8 and 80 percent of
Pakistanis spend more than 50 percent of their income on food.9 A 2011 national nutrition
survey assessed 58 percent of the population as food-insecure; the figure was 72 percent in
Sindh Province.10
The areas worst affected include north western districts affected by
conflict, farming households with little or no land, households headed by women, and
labourers. Vulnerable people affected by shocks resort to negative coping strategies such
as eating less and incurring debt. The burden of food insecurity falls disproportionately on
women and children and people in remote areas, particularly in Sindh, Balochistan and
FATA.
8. Rates of chronic malnutrition are high, and acute malnutrition is critical: 44 percent of
children under 5 are stunted and 32 percent are underweight; 62 percent of children under
5 are anaemic, and 54 percent are deficient in vitamin A. National prevalence of global
acute malnutrition is 15 percent, a deterioration since 1985;11
in Sindh, prevalence exceeds
18 percent. Children aged 6–23 months consume only half of the recommended daily
energy intake and their micronutrient consumption is below minimum requirements
(see Annex III-B).12
9. Undernutrition significantly affects mothers and women of reproductive age:13
51 percent of pregnant women have anaemia, 59 percent have hypocalcaemia and
69 percent have vitamin D deficiency; 15 percent of women of reproductive age are
chronically energy-deficient; vitamin A and zinc deficiencies exceed 40 percent.
The 32 percent rate of low birthweight reflects poor maternal nutrition; the average for
South Asia is 27 percent, and for sub-Saharan Africa 14 percent.14
10. Factors contributing to undernutrition include low incomes, rising food prices,
inadequate dietary intake and diversity, poor water and sanitation, and early and frequent
child bearing.15
There is a strong correlation between the education of mothers and the
nutrition status of their children.
8 Government of Pakistan Planning Commission. 2011. Annual Report: Change in the Cost of the Food Basket
2010–2011. Islamabad. 9 Federal Bureau of Statistics. 2011. Household Integrated Economic Survey 2010–2011. Islamabad.
10 Ministry of Health, UNICEF and Aga Khan University: 2011 draft national nutrition survey.
11 National nutrition surveys for 1985–1987, 1990–1994, 2001–2012. Stunting prevalence >40 percent and
wasting prevalence >15 percent are “very high”. See also: World Health Organization (WHO). 1995. Cut-off
values for public health significance. Available at: http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/en 12
2011 national nutrition survey. 13
Body mass index <18.5. 14
UNICEF. 2011. The State of the World’s Children. Geneva. 15
UNICEF. 2011. Pakistan Integrated Nutrition Strategy. Islamabad. Approximately 14 percent of women are
married by 15; 50 percent are married by 18.
6 WFP/EB.2/2012/9-C/5
POLICIES, CAPACITIES AND ACTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT AND
OTHERS
Policies, Capacities and Actions of the Government
11. Budget constraints and recurrent crises have reduced the Government’s capacity to
respond to the needs of vulnerable populations. The 2011 Framework for Economic
Growth16
aims to accelerate sustainable growth with an emphasis on increasing
productivity, fostering competitive markets and innovation, and investing in public
services.
12. Current political changes include devolution to the provinces of authority for
decision-making and service delivery, particularly for health, nutrition and education.
Pakistan’s commitment to addressing poverty, hunger and undernutrition is illustrated by
the establishment of the Ministry of National Food Security and Research and the launch
of a Zero Hunger Programme. Stakeholders are asked to support the new ministry and help
to formulate policies and programmes.
13. Federal and provincial governments have introduced social safety net schemes to
address poverty and hunger: the Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) assists
5 million households living below the poverty line,17
the provincial Sasti Roti scheme
provides subsidized bread in poor urban communities, and the Watan electronic
cash-transfer programme supports the victims of the 2010 and 2011 floods. A 2011
national poverty survey18
identified the poorest people to improve the targeting of
safety-net programmes;19
BISP will use the results to expand its outreach.
14. A national disaster risk management (DRM) framework identifies nine priority areas
with a view to enhancing policies, institutions and capacities over the next five years.
Provincial and district offices of the National Disaster Management Authority, supported
by the United Nations and other organizations, are responsible for coordinating post-crisis
relief and recovery.
Policies, Capacities and Actions of other Major Actors
15. Humanitarian and development services are provided by 19 United Nations
organizations under the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (2013–2017),
which is based on challenges identified by the United Nations country team, the
Government and other stakeholders. International financial institutions and bilateral donors
provide substantial support, for example through the Watan programme and the Nutrition
Development Partners Group led by the World Bank.
16. Few international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) operate in Pakistan, but there
are many local non-profit organizations. The United Nations cluster approach harmonizes
responses, and is considered a global best practice.
16
Government of Pakistan Planning Commission. 2011. Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth. Islamabad. 17
See: http://www.bisp.gov.pk 18
National Poverty Scorecard Survey, 2011. 19
BISP, for example, provides monthly income support for families below a level specified by the poverty
scorecard.
WFP/EB.2/2012/9-C/5 7
OBJECTIVES OF WFP ASSISTANCE
17. The goals of protracted relief and recovery operation (PRRO) 200250 are to enhance
food security and nutrition among vulnerable populations, support the Government in
building social cohesion in FATA and arrest the decline in nutritional status in
food-insecure districts.
18. The objectives are to:
ensure the food security and nutritional status of IDPs, support their return and
facilitate recovery (Strategic Objectives 1 and 3);
restore and stabilize the nutritional status of vulnerable populations in food-insecure
areas (Strategic Objectives 1 and 3);
build community resilience through disaster risk reduction (DRR)
(Strategic Objective 2); and
enhance national DRM capacities (Strategic Objective 2).
19. The operation is aligned with Strategic Objectives 1, 2 and 320
and the United Nations
Development Assistance Framework (2013–2017) and will contribute to Millennium
Development Goals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7.21
WFP RESPONSE STRATEGY
Nature and Effectiveness of Food Security-Related Assistance to Date
20. Monthly rations have helped to maintain food consumption among IDPs and returnees;
livelihood support activities provided basic food, and increased access to rehabilitated
assets by 50 percent during 2011. Enrolment has steadily increased in WFP-supported
schools: an average 82 percent attendance was recorded in FATA and Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) in 2011.
21. In programmes implemented with UNICEF and WHO in 2011 to treat moderate acute
malnutrition (MAM) through community management of acute malnutrition (CMAM),
89 percent of moderately malnourished children and pregnant and lactating women (PLW)
recovered within 12 weeks.22
22. Cash transfers will be increased progressively over the next three years. Several studies
conducted during the current PRRO and emergency operation (EMOP) implementation
have found that: i) beneficiaries in general prefer cash to food aid; ii) 75 percent of the
transfer is typically used to purchase food; iii) participation can increase social inclusion
by promoting registration in national safety net databases; and iv) markets may be
stimulated by the cash. The country office is planning a comprehensive assessment for new
cash programmes based on nutritional requirements and efficiency of programme delivery
through either cash or food.
20
Strategic Objective 1 – Save lives and protect livelihoods in emergencies; Strategic Objective 2 – Prevent
acute hunger and invest in disaster preparedness and mitigation measures; Strategic Objective 3 – Restore and
rebuild lives and livelihoods in post-conflict, post-disaster or transition situations. 21
Millennium Development Goals 1 – Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; 2 – Achieve universal primary
education; 3 – Promote gender equality and empower women; 4 – Reduce child mortality; 5 – Improve maternal
health; and 7 – Ensure environmental sustainability. 22
Standard project report for 2011 on PRRO 200145.
8 WFP/EB.2/2012/9-C/5
Strategy Outline
23. The strategy of PRRO 200250 is to provide relief and early recovery assistance in FATA
and to treat MAM there and elsewhere. Stunting prevention will be introduced in
one district of Sindh where nutrition indicators are poorest. Community-based DRR
interventions will be implemented in hazard-prone and food-insecure areas.
24. Cash is to be provided where security conditions and implementation capacities permit,
and will account for an increasing proportion of transfers; DRR assistance will be provided
in cash. Up to 12 percent of beneficiaries of general distribution will receive cash transfers
in the first year, rising to 20 percent by 2015. In FATA, where most activities will be
implemented, assistance will be in the form of food transfers in view of the prevailing
insecurity; elsewhere, nutrition programmes will provide specialized foods.
Relief
General food/cash distribution
25. Monthly rations will be provided for 871,000 IDPs23
in FATA and KPK.
Complementary feeding for children aged 6–23 months will prevent acute malnutrition; a
supplementary ration will be given to children aged 24–59 months as part of the relief
distribution.
26. Returnees will continue to receive relief assistance for up to six months to cover the
period between planting and harvesting. Beneficiaries requiring prolonged assistance will
be engaged in livelihood support activities.
27. In areas of KPK with functional markets, cash will be provided for an estimated
100,000 IDPs in lieu of food. Households receiving cash transfers will continue to receive
special nutrition products for children under 5.
Community management of acute malnutrition
28. This activity will treat MAM in children aged 6–59 months and PLW. Siblings of
children with MAM and severe acute malnutrition (SAM) will also receive food support to
discourage the household sharing of rations, which can hamper recovery.
Recovery
Prevention of stunting and addressing micronutrient deficiencies
29. In accordance with WHO guidelines and the Pakistan Integrated Nutrition Strategy, a
pilot intervention will target the first 1,000 days24
in one district of Sindh; studies show
that providing nutritious foods reduces stunting in a year or less. PLW will receive
supplementary food every month during pregnancy and for six months after giving birth;
children aged 6–23 months will receive complementary food for up to 18 months to
prevent stunting. Micronutrient powder (MNP) will be provided for children
aged 24–59 months for 180 feeding days per year.
30. WFP will continue to work with commercial producers to increase the availability in
markets of iodized salt, fortified wheat flour and other special products with a view to
increasing vitamin and mineral intake.
23
Referred to by the Government as temporarily relocated persons. 24
From conception to the age of 2.
WFP/EB.2/2012/9-C/5 9
Early recovery of livelihoods
31. Food for work (FFW) will help returnees and communities affected by security
operations in FATA to recover livelihoods and assets. Communities will be involved in
identifying priorities and ensuring that benefits are shared. Agricultural activities will be
aligned with seasonal needs. Livelihood support, particularly for women, will include
kitchen gardening and livestock management; households qualifying for assistance but
unable to participate physically will continue to receive assistance. Cash transfers will not
be considered for this intervention.
School feeding
32. This will stabilize enrolment in FATA and encourage a return to school; the fortified
foods will increase micronutrient intake among schoolchildren. Access to education will
increase children’s potential for future employment opportunities and will support delivery
of basic services in long-neglected areas. Extending assistance to girls in secondary school
will address low levels of literacy, reduce drop-outs and increase micronutrient intake.
WFP and its partners will provide water and sanitation, teacher training and education
materials. Damaged schools will be repaired and protective walls built through WFP’s
early recovery activities to enable girls to attend school.
Disaster risk reduction
33. In view of the disproportionate impact of shocks on the poorest people, it is essential to
increase investment in risk reduction and preparedness. Building community resilience in
disaster-prone areas is a national priority, and the cash-for-work (CFW) activities will
support construction and repair of community infrastructures such as check dams and
drainage canals.
Disaster risk management
34. In line with the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005–2015) and national DRM, national
and provincial DRR capacities will be enhanced. In line with the United Nations joint
programme, WFP will focus on:
institutional support, research, training and awareness;
multi-hazard risk and vulnerability assessment;
school safety and community-based DRM;
enhancement of the national early warning system; and
enhancement of emergency preparedness and response capacities.
Hand-Over Strategy
35. WFP will phase out general food/cash distributions when IDPs have returned or
resettled. Early recovery of livelihoods and school feeding will eventually be incorporated
into the Government’s long-term programme for conflict-affected areas. The Government
has budgeted for the costs of increased enrolment in WFP-assisted schools; WFP will
continue its advocacy for a government-owned programme. It is anticipated that assistance
programmes will continue to be needed in the medium term.
36. The DRM activities are aligned with the national framework, with a focus on building
local and national institutional capacities with a view to improving the prospects for
sustainability and hand-over.
10 WFP/EB.2/2012/9-C/5
BENEFICIARIES AND TARGETING
37. WFP plans to provide relief and recovery assistance for IDPs in KPK and in FATA,
which are priority areas for humanitarian support in view of extreme food insecurity and
poor socio-economic indicators.25
In Pakistan-administered Jammu and Kashmir,
Balochistan and Punjab, targeted nutrition programmes will be implemented. Sindh will
benefit from targeted nutrition activities; there will be a stunting-prevention programme in
one of its districts.
38. Areas of intervention, population groups and types of assistance will be selected on the
basis of extreme food insecurity, high levels of undernutrition, low access to education and
health services, and vulnerability to shocks. Targeting will take into consideration the
presence and capability of partners and levels of access and security.
39. WFP and partners will update the 2009 food security assessment26
with the Ministry of
National Food Security and Research. WFP will establish a food security monitoring
system that includes integrated phase classification methods, market price monitoring and
household surveys.
Relief
40. WFP plans to assist up to 871,000 IDPs through PRRO 200250, adjusting to meet needs
as they emerge. Monthly relief rations will be provided for IDPs in FATA and KPK
registered by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
and verified by the National Database and Registration Authority. In the initial stages of
displacement, WFP will provide general food/cash distributions in line with UNHCR
registrations or verifiable data from NGOs.
41. Community management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) activities will address acute
malnutrition in FATA and selected food-insecure districts across the country. Beneficiary
numbers are estimated on the basis of provincial MAM rates, in consultation with UNICEF
and other partners. Entry and exit criteria will be based on national protocols.
Recovery
42. The pilot intervention to prevent stunting during the 1,000 days window of opportunity
will target children aged 6–59 months and PLW in one district of Sindh.
43. The livelihood recovery intervention will cover the seven FATA agencies. The planned
beneficiary caseload is based on population, levels of food insecurity and the projected
pace of return of IDPs. The most vulnerable people will be targeted – families earning a
monthly income below a minimum threshold, landless people and smallholders,
households headed by women, and labourers. Participants will be engaged for up to
three months; the work cycle will be 12 days per month to enable participants to earn other
incomes.
44. School feeding will target pre-school, primary and secondary schoolchildren and
secondary school girls in the seven FATA agencies. Schools will be covered on the basis
of accessibility and security; the intervention is expected to reach 60 percent of schools.
25
Geographic targeting ranks districts on the basis of shock model methods and the 2009 food security
assessment triangulated with the BISP poverty scorecard and indices of multiple deprivation in terms of
education, health, housing, water and sanitation and economics. 26
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, Sustainable Development Policy Institute and WFP. 2009.
Food Security in Pakistan. Islamabad.
WFP/EB.2/2012/9-C/5 11
45. Cash for work will be implemented in food-insecure areas with functioning markets that
are also identified by the National Disaster Management Authority as the most prone to
hazards.27
Participants will be selected on the basis of vulnerability: families earning a
monthly income below a minimum threshold, landless people and smallholders,
households headed by women, and labourers. Market surveys will match needs, market
performance and delivery capacities to determine locations.
TABLE 1: BENEFICIARIES BY ACTIVITY
Activity 2013 2014 2015 Total % women and girls
RELIEF
General food/cash distributions
In-kind food 771 000 600 000 429 000 771 000 49
Cash 100 000 100 000 100 000 100 000 49
Prevention of acute malnutrition
Children 6–23 months
145 167 116 667 88 167 145 167a 49
Children 24–59 months
145 167 116 667 88 167 145 167a 49
Community management of acute malnutrition
Treatment of acute malnutrition
Children 6–59 months
300 826 364 667 394 183 1 059 676 49
PLW 307 290 351 126 381 500 1 039 916 100
Supplementary feeding for siblings of children with SAM and MAM
b
469 555 617 682 696 945 1 784 182 49
RECOVERY
Prevention of stunting/addressing micronutrient deficiencies
Complementary feeding: children 6–23 months
40 757 41 979 43 239 125 975 49
Supplementary feeding
Children 24–59 months
101 892 104 948 108 097 314 937 49
PLW 81 513 83 959 86 477 251 949 100
Early recovery of livelihoods 342 000 342 000 342 000 1 026 000c 10
School feeding (pupils) 204 000 224 400 246 840 246 840 49
Disaster risk reduction 270 000 270 000 270 000 810 000 20
ADJUSTED TOTAL 2 922 833 3 034 761 3 032 281 7 332 475 58
a Children receiving complementary and supplementary feeding under the relief component are also beneficiaries of general food/cash distributions and are not double-counted.
b An estimated 13,000 siblings under CMAM will be part of school feeding: totals are adjusted accordingly.
c There will be an annual overlap of 53,000 children between livelihood and school feeding components in areas where both activities are implemented. Under the livelihood component, however, families will receive on average two months’ ration of wheat flour, vegetable oil and salt, resulting in a minimal overlap.
27
FATA is not disaster-prone relative to the rest of the country, and is therefore not targeted under this activity.
12 WFP/EB.2/2012/9-C/5
NUTRITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS AND RATIONS/VALUE OF CASH
TRANSFERS
46. Wheat will be milled and fortified locally with iron, folate and other vitamins and
minerals. Vegetable oil is enriched with vitamins A and D, biscuits with vitamins A, B1,
B2, C and with niacin, folic acid, calcium, iron and zinc. Iodized salt can be procured
in-country.
47. The relief food ration provides 2,000 kcal per person per day; livelihood support
activities supply a nutritious family food basket.
48. Locally produced ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF) will be used in
complementary and supplementary feeding: Acha Mum for the treatment of MAM in
children aged 6–59 months and Wawa Mum for the prevention of acute malnutrition and
stunting among children aged 6–23 months.28
49. Pregnant and lactating women will receive a wheat-soya Supercereal and fortified
vegetable oil every month during pregnancy and for six months after giving birth.
50. Micronutrient powders will be provided for children aged 24–59 months in selected
locations; high-energy biscuits (HEBs) will be provided for children aged 24–59 months in
IDP families and for the siblings of SAM and MAM children in the CMAM programme.
51. A ration of 75 g of HEBs will be provided for preschool and primary schoolchildren and
secondary school girls on each school day, supplemented by 4.5 kg of fortified vegetable
oil every two months for children regularly attending supported primary schools and girls’
secondary schools.
52. The cash transfer value in the relief component will be US$47/month or US$1.50/day,
equivalent to the cost of the general food distribution basket. Entitlements for CFW will be
US$37/month or US$3/day, similar to the value of the FFW food basket and equivalent to
80 percent of the daily wage. This will not destabilize labour markets. WFP will review the
value of cash transfers to accommodate food price fluctuations.
28
Studies show that providing nutritious foods reduced stunting within a year.
WF
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13
TABLE 2: DAILY FOOD RATION/TRANSFER BY ACTIVITY (g/person/day)
RELIEF EARLY RECOVERY
General food/cash distribution CMAM
Treatment acute malnutrition
Prevention of stunting/addressing
micronutrient deficiencies
FFW School feeding DRR (US$)
In-kind food
Cash (US$)
Prevention of acute malnutrition
Children 6–23
months
Children 24–59
months
Children 6–59
months
PLW Siblings of children
with SAM and MAM
PLW Children 6–23
months
Children 24–59
months
Pre-primary <4 yrs
Primary/ secondary 4–15 yrs
Wheat/flour 444 - - - - - - - - - 444 - - -
Pulses 44 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Vegetable oil 25 - - - - 34 - 34 - - 25 - 30 -
Salt 5 - - - - - - - - - 5 - - -
HEBs - - - 75 - - 75 - - - - 75 75 -
RUSF (Acha Mum)
- - - - 100 - - - - - - - - -
RUSF (Wawa Mum)
- - 50 - - - - - 50 - - - - -
Supercereal - - - - - 167 - 167 - - - - - -
MNP - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - -
Cash (US$/family/day)
- 1.50 - - - - - - - - - - - 3
TOTAL 518 1.50 50 75 100 201 75 201 50 1 474 75 89 3
Total kcal/day 1 986 - 260 338 520 894 338 894 260 - 1 837 338 461 -
% kcal from protein
11.7 - - - - - - - - - 10 - - -
% kcal from fat 13.5 - - - - - - - - - 14.4 - -
Feeding days/year
360 - 360 360 90 120 90 180 360 180 90 192 192/ 150*
90
* 192 days for on-site feeding and 150 days for take-home rations during the school year. The take-home ration of 4.5 kg is provided every two months for 150 days as an incentive, equating to 30 g per child per year.
14 WFP/EB.2/2012/9-C/5
TABLE 3: TOTAL FOOD/CASH REQUIREMENTS BY ACTIVITY (mt/US$)
RELIEF RECOVERY TOTAL
General food/cash
distribution, prevention of
acute malnutrition
CMAM Stunting prevention/
micronutrient deficiencies
Livelihoods-FFW
School feeding
DRR-CFW
Cereals 246 857 - - 27 360 - - 274 217*
Vegetable oil 13 885 4 160 1 608 1 539 9 834 - 31 026
Pulses 24 686 - - - - - 24 686
Iodized salt 3 086 - - 342 - - 3 428
HEB 8 293 12 043 - - 9 723 - 30 059
Wawa Mum 5 529 - 2 268 - - - 7 797
Acha Mum - 9 537 - - - - 9 537
Supercereal - 20 798 7 558 - - - 28 356
MNP - - 57 - - - 57
TOTAL (mt) 302 336 46 538 11 491 29 241 19 557 - 409 163
TOTAL (US$) 28 764 000 - - - - 14 985 000 43 749 000
* The cereal tonnage intended for distribution directly to beneficiaries differs slightly from the budgeted quantity because a 90 percent extraction ratio for wheat is assumed.
IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
53. The Ministry of National Food Security and Research provides coordination, policy and
technical guidance. The Economic Affairs Division ensures alignment with United Nations
initiatives and national policies. The National Disaster Management Authority coordinates
disaster responses.
54. WFP will work with provincial health, education and agriculture departments and with
district authorities to ensure the complementarity of programmes.
55. Third-party monitors will be engaged to enable WFP to maintain operations where
insecurity impedes access by United Nations staff.
Participation
56. Projects will be identified and led by village committees and/or NGOs; in FATA the
support of tribal elders will be essential. WFP will seek to maximize women’s participation
as committee members and leaders; other vulnerable groups will also be encouraged.
Elderly, sick and disabled people and households headed by women or children will be
identified for participation by communities. Special distribution arrangements are in place
to enable women to receive rations separately from men, in line with social norms.
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Partners
57. WFP will continue to build partnerships and coordinate programmes with donors and
NGOs. In the United Nations country team, WFP co-leads the food security cluster, leads
the logistics cluster and the telecommunications working group; and is part of the cash and
voucher working group under the food security cluster co-chaired by WFP and the
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), which coordinates
humanitarian activities. WFP is also a member of the World Bank-led group promoting
nutrition.
58. WFP and other United Nations agencies provide complementary support for IDPs and
returnees: FAO provides livelihood support in the agriculture sector; WFP works with
UNICEF and the Micronutrient Initiative on salt iodization, and with UNICEF, WHO and
departments of health and education to implement CMAM and school feeding. In
partnership with UNICEF and health departments, WFP’s food-based interventions will
accompany an integrated nutrition education package of community outreach under
CMAM, stunting-prevention programmes, awareness-raising, particularly among mothers
and caregivers, and enhancement of skills for health workers. WFP will continue to work
with UN Women to promote gender equity and gender-sensitive programming.
Procurement and Logistics
59. Food will be procured locally when it is cost effective, or imported through Karachi,
Qassim or Gwadar. Logistics hubs established in Peshawar, Quetta and Karachi will be
managed by WFP or cooperating partners, subject to security restrictions. Local
transporters will deliver food from ports and warehouses to the logistics hubs. Food
movements are tracked to ensure accountability. Milling and fortification will be
monitored and certified.
60. WFP will support the food processing industry by purchasing locally fortified HEBs,
wheat flour, RUSF, iodized salt and pulses: this will help to stimulate the economy and
employment, raise food safety standards and reduce operational costs.
Transfer Modalities
61. Food and cash will be the main transfer modalities of PRRO 200250. Cash rather than
voucher transfers will be used where security conditions and partners’ capacities permit to
increase household food purchasing power. WFP will shift between modalities on the basis
of security considerations, market analyses and monitoring findings.
62. The cash modality for relief assistance in KPK will take advantage of the many banks
close to camp-based beneficiaries. The WFP ration card held by every beneficiary will be
tagged with that person’s computerized national identity card (CNIC) number to validate
identity. The cooperating partner will advise beneficiaries as to entitlements and the time
and place of cash payments. Cooperating partners will be present to ensure that cash is
disbursed correctly.
63. Cash will be the primary transfer modality for community-based DRR, which will
operate though shops. Beneficiaries will receive a WFP “Kash card” and identification
number to be presented with the CNIC to receive cash securely. Where possible, WFP will
help people to obtain a CNIC through the National Database and Registration Authority,
and will provide food assistance in the interim.
16 WFP/EB.2/2012/9-C/5
Non-Food Inputs
64. WFP will complement partners’ inputs such as supplying tools for kitchen gardening and
training to improve community infrastructures and assets. Weighing scales, measuring
tapes and other equipment will be provided to support the nutrition programme.
PERFORMANCE MONITORING
65. WFP will monitor beneficiary contacts to ensure accountability and address
implementation issues. Monitoring will continue to be outsourced to NGOs in areas where
access by United Nations staff is restricted; WFP will oversee the process as the security
situation permits. A beneficiary feedback system has been established to enable
clarifications of targeting criteria and to address grievances.
66. Cooperating partners will provide information on beneficiary numbers and food or cash
distributed for verification by WFP. The online monitoring system now includes early
recovery to ensure that rations are received by the intended beneficiaries and to provide
real-time information about assistance.
67. WFP will verify information from the improved beneficiary-contact monitoring system.
The cash transfer will be adjusted in the light of regular analyses of food prices. Financial
reporting by banks and reports on cash distributions by implementing partners will enable
transparent monitoring of cash deliveries.
68. Baseline assessments will collect information on food security, nutrition, education and
livelihoods; annual outcome surveys will monitor progress. Evaluations of activities to
prevent stunting and address micronutrient deficiencies will be conducted at the end of the
third year. The country office will use the monitoring and evaluation model being
developed by WFP and the Children’s Investment Fund Foundation to obtain evidence for
stunting prevention. A food security monitoring system is being established.
RISK MANAGEMENT
69. WFP reviews risks and mitigation measures in terms of impact and likelihood and will
update plans regularly in consultation with the Government and partners.
70. The main contextual risks include a sudden-onset disaster that disrupts programmes or
increases needs, deterioration of access and security conditions and significantly increased
food prices. Events in Afghanistan after 2014 may influence the humanitarian situation in
Pakistan. A major disaster would trigger a separate emergency operation.
71. Programmatic risks include availability and capacity of cooperating partners, technical
competence and resource levels. WFP will continue to expand its partnerships with NGOs
and others, building capacities in social mobilization, financial management, reporting,
monitoring and warehouse management. Cash losses will be minimized through training,
by monitoring cooperating partners and by informing beneficiaries about their entitlements
and the delivery mechanisms.
72. The main institutional risk is a funding shortfall, which would lead to a reduction in
coverage and caseloads. Market monitoring will help to track the food security situation
and diversions of food assistance. WFP has established a compliance unit to ensure that
procurement and financial rules are adhered to.
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Security Risk Management
73. The United Nations security management system addresses threats and enables
operational continuity through protocols for staff movements, defensive measures and
adherence to directives. All staff have completed mandatory security training; deep-field
staff receive additional training. WFP participates in the United Nations security
management team and implements all its recommendations.
74. The security situation in FATA and Balochistan is volatile: international staff cannot be
assigned to Balochistan outside Quetta or to FATA: travel in these areas and parts of KPK
and Punjab must be cleared by the Government and the designated official for the
United Nations. Armed escorts are provided; strict adherence to security procedures will
minimize danger to WFP staff and beneficiaries. Standard procedures to minimize security
risks at NGOs’ distribution points are in place; a safe-distribution module is part of the
training for NGOs.
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ANNEX I-A
PROJECT COST BREAKDOWN
Food1 Quantity
(mt) Value (US$)
Value (US$)
Cereals 295 545 108 337 969
Pulses 24 686 15 207 138
Oil and fats 31 026 40 334 013
Mixed and blended food 75 750 111 222 491
Others 3 484 1 706 398
Total food 430 491 276 808 009
Cash transfers 43 749 000
Total food and cash transfers 320 557 009
External transport 15 134 692
Landside transport, storage and handling 51 996 005
Other direct operational costs 39 424 570
Direct support costs (see Annex I-B)2 53 670 976
Total WFP direct costs 480 783 252
Indirect support costs (7.0 percent) 3 33 654 827
TOTAL WFP COSTS 514 438 079
1 This is a notional food basket for budgeting and approval. The contents may vary.
2 Indicative figure for information purposes. The direct support cost allotment is reviewed annually.
3 The indirect support cost rate may be amended by the Board during the project.
WFP/EB.2/2012/9-C/5 19
ANNEX I-B
DIRECT SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS (US$)
Staff and related costs
International professional staff 14 928 210
Local staff – national officers 2 764 427
Local staff – general service 3 284 432
Local staff – temporary assistance 11 954 753
Hazard pay and hardship allowance 1 620 987
International consultants 540 000
Local consultants 276 480
Staff duty travel 2 143 080
Subtotal 37 512 369
Recurring expenses
Rental of facility 1 468 892
Utilities 1 150 160
Office supplies and other consumables 1 240 800
Communications services 1 600 000
Equipment repair and maintenance 787 083
Vehicle running costs and maintenance 1 798 517
Office set-up and repairs 1 525 000
United Nations organization services 657 431
Subtotal 10 227 883
Equipment and capital costs
Vehicle leasing 1 346 400
Communications equipment 1 352 298
Local security costs 3 232 026
Subtotal 5 930 724
TOTAL DIRECT SUPPORT COSTS 53 670 976
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ANNEX II: LOGICAL FRAMEWORK
Results Performance indicators Assumptions
Strategic Objective 1: Save lives and protect livelihoods in emergencies
Outcome 1.1
Reduced and/or stabilized acute malnutrition among children aged 6–59 months and PLW in target populations
Prevalence of low mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) among children aged 6–59 months
Target: MUAC measurement exceeds cut-off thresholds for 80% of targeted group – children < 125 mm and women < 230 mm
Programme performance rates among children aged 6–59 months and PLW
Target: recovery rate > 75%, default rate <15%, death rate <3%, non-response rate <5%
Security conditions allow delivery of food and implementation of activities as planned.
Timely funding: the food pipeline is uninterrupted and sufficient cash is available.
Adequate implementation capacity and infrastructure established at target locations.
Sufficient supplementary food is available.
Basic needs are met – water and sanitation, health and protection.
Market conditions support implementation of cash interventions; food prices remain stable.
Cooperating partners adhere to selection/targeting criteria.
Implementation is not interrupted by shocks.
Outcome 1.2
Improved food consumption over the assistance period for targeted households
Household food consumption score
Target: exceeds threshold of 28/42 for 80% of targeted households
Outputs 1.1/2
Special nutritional products distributed to target groups in sufficient quantity and quality under secure conditions
Food and fortified food distributed in sufficient quantity and quality to targeted populations under secure conditions
Cash distributed unconditionally in sufficient quantity to targeted populations under secure conditions
No. of beneficiaries receiving nutritional support as % of planned, disaggregated by gender, age, type of beneficiary and type of support
Tonnage of special nutritional products distributed by type, as % of planned
No. of men, women, girls and boys receiving general food/cash distributions as % of planned, by beneficiary type and transfer modality
Tonnage of food and fortified food distributed, by type as % of planned
Total value of cash distributed, as % of planned
% of cash spent by beneficiary households on food
% of beneficiaries reporting food quality concerns
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ANNEX II: LOGICAL FRAMEWORK
Results Performance indicators Assumptions
Strategic Objective 2: Prevent acute hunger and invest in disaster preparedness and mitigation measures
Outcome 2.1
Early warning systems, contingency plans and food security monitoring systems in place and enhanced with WFP capacity development support
Disaster preparedness index; baseline to be determined before the operation
National and provincial disaster management authorities are engaged and adequate capacity is in place.
Security conditions enable assessments, studies and training sessions; activities implemented as planned.
Timely funding provided by donors.
Market conditions allow implementation of cash interventions; food prices remain stable.
Sufficient non-food items are available to support implementation of activities.
Cooperating partners adhere to selection/targeting criteria.
Output 2.1
Disaster mitigation measures in place with WFP capacity development support
No. of risk reduction and disaster preparedness and mitigation systems in place, by type
No. of government staff trained in early warning systems, food security monitoring systems and contingency planning
No. and type of research studies published
No. and type of training modules and manuals published
No. of teachers and students trained in DRM
No. and type of early warning devices installed
Outcome 2.2
Adequate food consumption over the assistance period for targeted households
Household food consumption score
Target: exceeds the 28/42 threshold for 80% of targeted households
Outcome 2.3
Hazard risk reduced at the community level in targeted communities
Community asset score
Target: access to productive assets increased for 80% of targeted households
Outputs 2.2/3
Disaster-mitigation assets built or restored by targeted communities
Timely distribution of cash in sufficient quantity to targeted groups under secure conditions
Risk-reduction and disaster-mitigation assets created or restored, by type and unit of measurement
No. of men, women, girls and boys receiving conditional cash assistance as % of planned, by beneficiary type
Total value of cash distributed, as % of planned
% of cash spent on food by beneficiary households
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ANNEX II: LOGICAL FRAMEWORK
Results Performance indicators Assumptions
Strategic Objective 3: Restore and rebuild lives and livelihoods in post-conflict, post-disaster or transition situations
Outcome 3.1
Adequate food consumption over the assistance period for targeted households
Household food consumption score
Target: exceeds the 28/42 threshold for 80% of targeted households
Security conditions allow delivery of food and implementation of activities as planned.
The food pipeline is uninterrupted.
Adequate implementation capacity and infrastructure are available and established at target locations.
Cooperating partners adhere to selection/targeting criteria.
Implementation is not interrupted by shocks.
Sufficient non-food items are available for livelihood support activities.
Schools are functioning and children attend.
WFP food incentives attract and retain children in school.
There is minimal sharing of fortified HEBs among schoolchildren.
Deworming is conducted by WHO as planned in assisted schools from second year.
Outcome 3.2
Increased access to assets among target communities in fragile transition situations
Community asset score
Target: access to productive assets increased for 80% of targeted households
Outputs 3.1/2
Food items distributed in sufficient quantity and quality to targeted population under secure conditions
Developed, built or restored livelihood assets by targeted communities
No. of participants receiving rations through livelihood support activities, disaggregated by gender and type
Tonnage of food distributed, by type, as % of planned
No. of community assets created or restored, by type
No. of women and men trained in livelihood support
No. of training sessions, by type
% of beneficiaries reporting food quality concerns
Outcome 3.3
Enrolment of girls and boys in assisted schools stabilized at levels closer to the national average
Retention rate
Target: 85% of girls and boys in assisted schools retained throughout the school year
Average annual rate of change in enrolment for girls and boys in assisted schools
Target: minimum 5% average annual increase in enrolment
Output 3.3
Food provided in sufficient quantity and quality for schoolchildren in targeted schools
No. of boys and girls receiving rations in targeted schools
Tonnage of food distributed, by type, as % of planned
% of schoolchildren reporting food quality concerns
No. of schools assisted, as % of planned
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ANNEX II: LOGICAL FRAMEWORK
Results Performance indicators Assumptions
Outcome 3.4
Reduced stunting in target children
Prevalence of stunting among children under 2
Target: 5% reduction per year
Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in targeted children; baseline to be determined before the operation
Outcome 3.5
Reduced acute malnutrition among PLW in target population
Prevalence of low MUAC among PLW
Target: MUAC exceeds < 230 mm threshold for 80% of targeted group
Outputs 3.4/5
Fortified and special foods provided in sufficient quantity and quality
No. of children supported, by age group and food type
No. of PLW supported
Tonnage of food distributed, by type, as % of planned
No. of staff and women health workers trained in food distribution and reporting
No. of beneficiaries and caregivers trained in health and nutrition
No. of cooking demonstrations for fortified complementary food and special nutritional products
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PROPOSED WFP INTERVENTION DISTRICTS 2013–2015
AN
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The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Food Programme (WFP) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its frontiers or boundaries.
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INCIDENCE OF MALNUTRITION
AN
NE
X III-B
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Food Programme (WFP) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its frontiers or boundaries.
26 WFP/EB.2/2012/9-C/5
ACRONYMS USED IN THE DOCUMENT
BISP Benazir Income Support Programme
CFW cash for work
CMAM community management of acute malnutrition
CNIC computerized national identity card
DRM disaster risk management
DRR disaster risk reduction
FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas
FFW food for work
GFD general food distribution
HEB high-energy biscuit
IDP internally displaced person
KPK Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
MAM moderate acute malnutrition
MNP micronutrient powder
MUAC mid-upper arm circumference
NGO non-governmental organization
PRRO protracted relief and recovery operation
RUSF ready-to-use food
SAM severe acute malnutrition
UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
WHO World Health Organization
P1-EB22012-11318E.docx
