EUROPEAN INVERTEB RATE SURVEY

PROVISIONAL ATLASOF THE

INSECTS OF THE BRITISH ISLES

General editor John HEATH

Part 4

SIPHONAPTERA

Fleas

Edited by

R.S.G EORGE(Dux ford , Cambr idge )

Biological Records Centre, Monks Wood Exper imental Stat ion,

Abbots RiPton,

H u nt ingd on.

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Sole Ag€nts:-

E.W. Classey Ltd.

r.s.B.N. 0 900848 70 7

Printed bv the Ofiice Servic€s ofthe Natural Environnent nesearch Council

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INTBODUCTION

The extent of the Brit ish { lea fauna depends part ly upon the breadth and species content of the

indigenous mammal and bird fauna, part ly upon the normal increment to that fauna by the natural

acce;sion of new host species bringing with them new fleas, part ly by exist inq immigrant species

introducing new fleas, part ly upon the introduction of new hosts by rnan The Brit ish l ist of f leas

comprises ihose species recognised by Smit (1957) and the addit ions of Usher 11968)' Slebbing

(1970) and Dunne t {1971) O f th i s l i s t I now:

(a) remove: Echidnophaqa qall inacea (Westwood) for which we have but a single record'

ft i i" tropi""t ipe"i". i f 'ere has been no evidenc€, and there is l i t t le l ikel ihood'

of j l breeding here, Xenopsvlla brasi l iensis (Baker) ,for which there rs only one

reco rd l t i sa t rop i ca l spec ies wh ich doesno tappear to beab le to es tab l i sh i t se { f

even in dock areas

(b) consider possibly doubtful: Q13919a5y16 | Ilillbglg Kohaut which has been recorded

once on a Scott ish badger. As there is a considerable rr]ovement of badgers by

zealous conservationists and this traf{ ic certainly has included introductronsto Scotland we must consider the possibi l i ty of this f lea having a contrnental

orgin

(c) accept provisionally: lschnopsvllus variabi l l is Waqner thouqh thpre is onlv one record'

Ihe host also l €s an addit jon lo tbe Brit ish l ist but there is l i t t le possibi l i ty of

i t having been introduced by man and it could well be in the process of becomlnq

established on the south coast.

(d) accept the fol lowing inlrocluctions oJ long residence because they have been able to

establish themselves in lhe wild (except perhaps Xenopsylla cheopis' but this

species has been with us for as long as bubonic plague hasl:

&!gQsy!acbegeir( Rothschild) introduced on rats'Tarsopsylla o. octodecimdentata (Kolenala) inlroduced on red squirrels'

Orchopeas h. howardl (Baker) introduced on grey squlrrels,N66owttLx tonainiensis (Rothschild) introduced, probablv' on house mice'

Itprcj.s-optl6sedGlSffinherr) possibly introduced on house mice thotrgh rt

mav De Inolgenous,Soilopsvllus cunicul i (Dale) introduced on rabbits post Norman Conquest

F6fiev6iln'thE DEGrtrnent of Geology of cambridge University there are

tentative thouqhts that the rabbit may have a much earl ier history in Great

Bri lain.

(e) and add: Ctenophthalmus b bisoctodentatus Kolenati which occurs in the Channel

tsiaiEs TEEse iiGn-os aETiii6i-ttre continental zoogeographical area which

rs nor recoqnrseo as part of the Brit ish lsles by Smit but is accepted within the

terms of th is Atl irs

The intermediate forms produced berween q9lq!9g!Ili!:Lqg j j! and C boreglis of C gallr.nae

with orher bird lleas and between the two 'os6i us species have been left for consideration

in another edit ion

; | i , I . , . i ' , . . . : : . ' i l I . i " - " : . i . l i ; : - i i l ' iI : . : ' :- .r :

The three new specaes have been included on a single map (No. 60).

I have incorporated those records which have come to me either from materiar or lists sent to meby my many correspondents or lrom literature which has come to my notice up to 3lst l\4av, .1974,

I acknowledge the help of the very many people who have sent me specimens and especially theassistance. support and advice of Dr. Miriam Rothschild. F.G.A.M. Smit, G.B. Thompson, theLibrarians of the Insti tute of Animal Physiology, Babraham and the Foyal Entomolobical Societyof London and the f inancial aid ol the Royal Societv.

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REFERENCES

Dunnet, G.M. 1971. chaetopsylla tr ichosa tr ichosa, a new flea for Britain. Entomologist, 104:284.

smit, F.G,A.l\4. 1957. The recorded distribution and hosts o f siphonapteta in Britain, Entomoioqist's Gaz.,

g 45 - '15.

Stebbing$, R. E. 1970. A bat new to Britain, IPjjlgl.!{gg!!j, with notes oh its identificatioh and

distr ibution in Europe. J. Zool., Lond.,g:282 - 2gG

Usher, l\4.8. 1968. A new species o{ bird flea from the Manx Shearwater in Scotland. EllgtrglggillLl

99., 19 173 - 180

lvlay 1974 R,S. George

INDEX

The numbcr! giy.n atter o.ch .niry aE rho map numb€rr

I

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IArchaeopsyl la erinacei erinacei

Callopsylla waterstoniCeratophyllus borealk

columDaefarreni farrenif ionnusfr ingi l laegal l inae

hirundin isrosrittensis rossittensisrusticus

stYx jordani

stYx styxstyx styx x styx jordanivagBbundus insulark

Chaetopsylla trichosa trichosaCtenocephalides canis

fe l is fe l isCtenophthalmus bisoctodentatus

bisoctodentatus heselhausicongener con9enernobi l isnobi l is nobi l isnobi l is nobi las x nobi l is vu lgar isnobi l is vu l$r is

Dasypsyl lus $ l l inu lae gal l inu laeDoratopsylla dasycnema dasycnema

Hystrichop6yl la talpae talpae

lschnopryllus rlong.tuthexactenusintermediusoctactenusi implex s implexvar iabi l i i

Ivlalaraeus penicilliger mustelaelVeg6bothris rectan qu latus

turb ldLrswalkeri

[4onopsyllus sciurorum sciurorum

Nosopsyllus fasciatuslondin iensis

Nycteridopsylla eurarcalongiceps

385957

60484658

475053

g56496056

l 9l 9l 820212322

351 4

33

9

242A

262760

II

3642434445

3940

30

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Orchopeas howardi howardaOrnithopsylla laetitiae

Palaeopsylla kohauti

soricis sorickParaceras melir melisPeromyscop6ylla spectabilis

Rhadinopsylla integ€lla integellaisacantha isac.nthape.tacantha

Spilopsyllus cuniculi

Talsoprylla ociodecrmdentala octodec, mdentata

378

1 7

34

2

' l l

7

4 11 0

3

II

IHOST LIST

Thir lkt only rcters to rhe normat, or true, hosb as observed in rhe Britkh tstes. tt omit, rh! manv hostsupon which fleas may exist quite reasonabty as €tternatives to the true hosts and atso omite thb v€ry manyaccid€ntal hostr upon lrhich fleas occur purely.s rtraggt€rs. lt so happ€ns that fleas are great straggr€rs Inthis w?y and the literature abounds with r€porB of such occunences.

MAMMALS

BadgEr

Black ratCatDos

Grey suqirrel

Hedsehos

Nathusaus' Pigirtrelle

RabbitRatRed squirrelSerotineShr€ws

Clethrionomys glar€olusBarbastella barbastella

Erinaceus europa€us

Piphtrellus pipistrellusOryctolgus cuniculusRattus spp,Sciuars vulgarisV€sp€rtilio serotinusSorex spp., Neomys fodiens, Crocidura spp,Clethrionomys rpp., lvlicrotus spp., Arvicola spp.

Apod€mus sylvaticus

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BIRDS

Duck

Star l ing

luap 2.

Map 3,

[,lap 5.

lvlap 6.

Map 7.

Pulex iritans Lione, 1738. puticidae - puticinae. The Human ftea. Cosmopolitan. Frequentlvknown f.om man and his dwettings, hom pig{ties, badge.s and toxes. Less common rhan betoreand advent of vacuum cleanen, organic ineecticides and the modern tevets of hygiene bdr certaintynor rare. Oiten observed but less ofien recorded

Xenopsylla €heopis (Rorhschild, 1903). Pulicidae - Xenopry inae. The Tropacat Rat Ftba or the ptagueFiEil6fiGfi6lbtitan our orisinalty Ethiopian. From murine rodents, panicutarty Rattus rattus andrelated hosrs. The vedor of Pasreurerla pesrir the causative orsanism ol bubonrc pr"su;:E;;;;;otoni",jn heated buildings, pafticulady in ports, have been recorded in creat Britain but there are no recent records.

Archaeopsylla e.inacei erinacei (Booche, 18351. Pulicidae - Archaeopsyllinae. The Hedgehog Flea.European and lvediterranean sub-regions of the Palaea.ctic. Occurs on almost every hedoehog and probablyoccurs throughout the rang€ of the host. Very high popularions develop on the host.

Ctenocephalides €anis {Cultis, 1826}. The Dog Flea. Pulicidae - Archaeop6yllinae. Ethiopian, nowCosmopolitan. lt4ainly from dogs and foxes but not infrequently from cats and man. C€rtainly more commonthan th€.ecord5 suggest but posibly reachinq hs no(hern limit in Scotland.

Ctenocephal ides fe l is fe l is (Bouche. 1835). Pul ic idae Archaeopsyl l inae. Ihe Cat F lea. Eth iopian nowCosmopolitan. frlainly on cats bui frequently on dogs and man. ll4ore common than cj!|gbut ako probably

reaching its northern limit in Scotland.

lejlge:yll!:lgligli(Dule, 1878). Pulicidae - Spilopsyllinae. The Rabbit Fle.. Europ€iin and Mediterraneansub'regions of the Palaearctic. The true host is the rabbit but not i.irequent on the hare and cat. Probablyintroduc€d in post'Norman Conquest times and now throughout the Brithh lsles. The vector ofth€myxomatosiscausing virus. The reproductive cycle is intimately connected with th3t of its host (see the msnypapers by Dr lvl. Bothschild aad her co.workersl.

Ornithop6ylla laetitiae Rothschild, 1909. Pul;cidae - Spilopsyllinae, The Sheatuater Fl6a. Confined to the

Brirish lsles. usuallv in association with the Manx Sherwater but ako with the Pullin

Hystrichopsylla talpae talP3e (Cultis, 1826). Hystrichopsyllidae - Hystrichopsvllinae. The lvole Flea. West

European a '€a ti tE;El;;tct ic. Wel l k nown as Brita in t larsest flea An sctoparasite of moles, voles, sh rews

and wood mice. The latter is posriblv the tue host.

f-yp!l99ge-e9ppg wasner, I sO3. HystrichoFyllidae - Hystrichopsyllin.e. Palaearctic, A flea of4Pgggg!:

sylvaticui but not throughout the range of the host. Therc are no mainland records from Scotland, most of

W-ates ana *re nontrern talf of England, also apparently absent frorn manY localities in the south.

Bhadinopsyila pentacantha {Rothschild, 1897). Hystrichopsvllidae Rhadinoptvllina€ palaetrctic Associated

-itt' uoi"s "no

wooo mice. Widesoread but never common and les frequentlv seen in the !ummer months

I

I

I

I

I

II

IIlvap 8.

lvap 9.

It

II

II

II

Map 10

Map 12 R hadinopsylta isacantha isacanrha ( Rothsch ild, I 907 ) . Hvstrich opsyllidae - Rh adinopsvll inae Wett E|'l ropean

subregion ot the Palaearctic. A very rare flea bf Clethrlonomvs olareolus'

Rhadinopsylla integella intesella Jordan & Rothschild, l92l H vstrichopsvllidae - R hadinopsYllin'e'

Palaearctic. A very rare vole flea of mountajnous districts

Doratopsylta dasycnema dasycnema lRothschild, 1897). Hvstrichopsvllidse - ctenophthalminae

Fiiiiiiiiiillliei ot shrews. \4ore mdles are ob6erved than femalet

lvlap 13

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tI

Map 15 Pal .eopsyl la sor ic is sor ic is (Dale, 1878). Hystr ichopsyl l idae - Ctenophthalminae. Palaearct ic A f lea of

Map 16 Palaeopsyl la minor {Dale, 1878). Hystr ichopsyl l idae - Ctenophthalminae. European sub{egion of the

FiEiiiiG}-com mon more ttea.

, lap l8

Map 2l

Palaeopsylla kohauti Dampt, 1910. Hvstrichopsyllidae - Ctenophthalminae. European sub'resion of

ifrdF?Giiitic-7-rare flea of the mole more frequentlv seen in scotland than from moles elsewhere

in the Br i t ish ls les.

Ctenophthalmus congener congener (Fothschild, 1907). Hystrichop6yll;dae - Ctenophthalminaepau-earinil n rruncommon i of voles, particurarly c_1g!:f9!99:_C!3f91$ PossibrY it reached thiscountry shortlv before the separalion from the continent and is now slowly spreading westwardsAlternativelv it could be a moderately recent introduction by man to the south east of England.

Map l9 CreDophthalmus bjsoctodentatus Kolenati, 1863. Hystrichopsyll;dae Ctenophrhalminae European

Mediterranea sub-regionr of the Palaearctic. A mole flea. The nominate form is known from Jersev

and srp. heie lhausi lOudemans, 1914) f rom the remainder of the Br i t ish ls les.

wlap 20 Ctenophthalmus nobilk {Rothschild, 1898). Hystrichopsyllidae - Ctenophthalminae. European sub_region;i'iE'tPa-6;Efi"=Grv common tlea of voles, mice, chrew and rats. rhe two subspecies {[rlaps 21 and22) can only be separated in the males. This map includ€s ait records, i.e- both sp.,lemales not a$ociatedwith mdler, dnd intermediate lo'tns.t

ICtenophrhalmus nobilit nobilis (Rothschild, 1898). Both ssp. have been moved around considerably by

manl activities and intermediate forms may occur almost anywhere. SimilarlY it is nothing unusual tofind the wrons' form occuiiing in the territory of the other.

I Map 24 kchnop6yllus elongatus (Curtis, 1832). lschnopsyllidae - lschnopsyllinae. Palaearctic. The normal host isthe Noctule bat. Not taken from €ve bats.

IVap 25 lschnopsytlus intermedius (Rothschild, 1898). lschnopsyllldae - lschnopsyllinae. Palaearctic. The Serotine

66;[Tif]iis also found on Noctule and Leisler's bats. None of rhese are cave dwllers.

Map 22 9lggg!!!El$_!9qil jllgbglE smit, 1ess.

l\Iap 23

N4ap 26 h€hnopsyllus octactenus (Kolenati, 1856). lschopsyllidae - lschnopsyllinae European and ll4editerranean

sutlregiona; the Palaearctic. A flea of Pipistrelle and LeGler's bats. Not a cave flea

Map 27 hchnop6yllus simplex simplet Rothschild, 1906. lschnopsyllidae - lschnopsvllinae. European sub{esion

of the Pala€arctic. A common flea of Whhkered and Nafterer's bats Both are cave bat5

llap 28 lschnopsYllus hexactenus (Kolenati, 1856). lschnopsvllidae - lschnopsvllinae Palaearctic A common

G;ihe-Gns;a,€d-bat lpresumablv Plecotus auritus not P. austriacus but h is not potsible to

check old records) and the Baroastette uiii-

It4ap 29 Nvcter'dopsYlla eusarca Dampf, 1908. lschnopsyltidae - lschnopsy inae. Holarctic. A very rare fteaofrheNoctule b6t,

Map 30 Nvcteridapsvlla lonsiceps Rorhschild, 1908. tsrhnopcyllidae - lschnopsyllinae. European and Mediterraneansutlregions of rhe Palaearctic. A not very common ftea of pipistre e and Long-eared tiats in th€ southernPad of their rang€s.

l,4ap 3l Leptopsvlla seqnk (Schonherr, 1811). Leptopsyltidae - Leptopsy inae. The House Mduse Ftea.Palaearctic and Ethiopian now Cosmopoljtan. Usually taken on the House mouse, Takon out-of-doors

lvap 32 Peromyscopsylla spectabilis {Rothschild, 1898). Leptopsyllidae - Leptopsyllinae. The lrestern part ofthe European subregion of the Palaearctic. lts hosts are Clethrionomys glareolus and Nlicrotus agrestisbut it does not appear to be evenly spread throughout the populations of these voles.

[4ap 33 F.ontopsvlla laeta (Jordan & Rothschild, '192O). Leptopsyllidae - Amphipsyllinae Eulopean sub-rcgionof the Palaearctic. A very rare flea which occupi€s the nests of house martins on cliffsi The prcferred

sites are on coastal cliffs.

lvlap 34 Paraceras melis melis (Walker 1856). ceratophyllidae - Ceratophyllinae. The Bsdger Flea. Palaearctic.

I

I

I

I

I

II

I

I

t

t

Commonly on the b€dger. The second larqp$ Ilea of the aritish fauna-

l\Iap 35 Dasypsyllus gallinulae gallinulae (Dale, 1878). CeratophYllidae - CeratophYllinae Sometim€s called

TEi MoorFenTiea. Palaearctic. A very common tlea particularlv in the nests of passerine birds and

nests on or near tne ground,

l v a p 3 6 l r 4 a l a r a e u s p e n i c i l l i g e r m u s t e l a e ( D a ' e , 1 8 7 8 ) C e r a t o p h v l l i d a e - c e r a t o P h v l l i n a e . H o l a r c t i c w i t h t h i s_

the Palaearctic The true host is probablv Clethrionomvt glareolusssp, In the European sulregron o|but it is taken from most of our small mammats.

Nlap 37 Orchopeas how€rdi howardi (Baker, 1895) Ceratophvllidae - C€ratophvllinae The Grbv Squirrel Flea

Nearctic. Inlroduced to this countrY oo its host, the Grev Squirrel. Nest popLrlations sometimes build

to immense numbers

Map 38 Calloplylla stterstoni (Jordan, 1925). Ceratophvllidae - Ceratophvllinae EuroPean sqb{eqion of the

Fiii"u,"ti". e--.-*.rp"nt of the nesr of house martifls prnicularlY those on sea coast cliffs'

fiilap 39 Nosopsyllus tggg!$ (Bosc, 1800). CeratophYllidae - ceratoPhyllinae. The Rat Flea. cosmopolitan

N"rmaly fou"d o" rats but not infrequent on other small rodents palticularlv those tbken near bLrlldings.

Mpa 40 Nosopsyltus tondiniensis (Bothschitd, 19m). C€rarophyllidae - Ceratophyllinae Orginallv lvlediterranean

s',ffisi-on oi]ft-ffi;rctic but now larselv cosmopolitan Generallv on th€ house mDuse and probablv

brouqht to this countrv in trade gooos.

II

tt

tI

N4ap 46

lvlap 5l

Tanoosvlla ociodecimd€ntata octodecimdentata (Kolenti, 1863) Ceratophyllidae - Ceratophyllinae. This

i5 the Palaearctic ssp. of a Holarctic flea. A red squirrel flea probablv introduced into this countrv at the time

of the re afforestation of Scotland in the eighteenth enturY.II

II

tI

N4a p 42 tllega both ris recta ngularus (Wd h lqen. 1 903) . Ceratophvllidae - CeratophY ll inae Pa laearctic A m icrotine

iEa wirh a Brliish d'stiibul'on probabry eomewhat affected bY man

Map 43 {Vegabothris turbldus (Bothschild, 1909} Ceratophyllidae - Ceratophvllanae.

dTsrt-iiii-dA-poae*s svlvaticus but not throushout theirfull ransePalaearctic. A lle. of lvlicrotus

Map 45 l\Iono psyllus sciu roru m sciuroru m (Schran k, 1 8O3) Ceratophv llidae - ceratophvtlinae The Red Squ irrei F lea'pataearctic. tvonoxenous on the red squirrel. I\Iany ofthe records are old and represent the one_trme occurrence

of the host in areas nowoccupied bv the grcv squirrel.

lIg-ggElIE walkeri (Rothschild, lgo2). CeratophYllidae - ceratophYllinae Palaearctic. A common vole flea

w,rh a w,.ler disrr'bution rha. that of !!!ql!!! apparantlY pretets damper sires

Cerarophyl lus qal l inae (Schrank, 1803). Cerathophvl l idae - CeratophYl l inae Somet imes cal led the Hen Flea

paGEitiilFniiii.etv commo. btd flea which is able to tolerate a verv wide ransE of habitats thoush

less successfu l on smal l ls lands and s imi lar mar i t ime condi t ions than in land.

Ceratophyllus ro6sittensis rossittensis Dampf, 19'13. ceratophvllidae - ce€tophyllidae - Ceratophvllinae.

Holarctic. This $p. limited to the European sub{eqion ol the Palaearctic. FarelY otEerued but the nests

of its hosts -crows-are rarely examined. Possibly not alwaYs recognted because of the similaritv of ihe

IIIt

Map48 8€.!Sp!ylL!:!!$ j!-eg (Walker, 1856). ceratophvllidae - Ceratophvllinae The House Sparrow Flea'

Pa|a€arct ic 'Associatedwithhousesparrowsandstar| ings'Thefemalesalenoteasytoseparatef lomthoseof oal l inae

Ceraloohvllus vaqabundus insutaris Rothsch,ld, l906 CeratophYllidae - Ceratophvllinae The European

*b";sd;t;f r H.l".t"fG;:an ectoparasite of sea birds nestins at qround level or in burrows but

inland usually found in the nests of Corvidae and reentlv that of the HeronI

Il \ 4 a p 5 0 C e r a t o p h y l l u s r u s t i c u s W a g n e r , l g 0 3 C e r a t o p h v l l i d a e C e r a t o p h v l l i n a e ' P a l a e a r c t i c l t a p P e a 6 t o b e m o r e

iiT6fr!'ln'ite-i6i-ot t'o,se martins on natural sites than in those on houses'

IItI

Ceratophyllus laiieni fareni Bothrchild, 1905. Cerarophvllidae - Ceratophvllinae Palaearctic Another

house maltin flea which appears to b€ more successful in nest on natural sites than on buildinss'

ceratoohvllus hirundink (Curtis, 1826). Ceratophvllidae - Ceratophvllinae The House l'lartin Flea

P"l"""r"ti;lih;;;..mon of all the house madin fleas but the hiqhest populations are found in

nests on buitdings rather than those on natural sites. There is a range of intermediates amongst hirundinin

rusticus and f. fareni but little work has been done on them

[/]ap 52

[4ap 53 Ceratophvllys styx Rothschild, 1900. ceratophyllidae - cerarophyltinae. The sand t\rartin Ftea. pataear€tic.Th€re ar€ two ssp. of this ftea in Britain and a range of intermediates is found in the ove apping areas of thetlro torms.

tIItII

tIIlI

lvap 54 Ceratophyllus styx styx Rorhschitd. 1900.

lvlap 55 eeratoohvllus slvx iordani Smit, 1955.

lvap 56

[4ap 57 C€ratophy llus columbae {Gervais, 1844}. Ceratophyllidae - Ceratophy inae. the Piseon Flea. pataearctic.Found in the nesrs ot Columba livia and also feral domestic pigeon. Barety obseN€d bur rhe nestr of thesebirds are not often examined.

[4ap 58 glelg$y]!:gl9i Rothschild, 1902. C€ratophyliidae - c€ratophyllinae. The Duck Fl€a. I,totarctic. Avery common flea in the nei$ of birds which build at ground level, on rocky sites and cliffs. Occssiooatty

. found;n the neste of Parus ssp. in nesting boxes.

[4ap 59 gElgg!y]!l!9f31! Rothschild 1907. ceratophvllidae Ceratophvllinae. Pala€arctic plt|s Greenland.Capable of occupying the same siter as Sarei but much less rcrely seen inland where it may occupy verysheltered ground level nests. On coastal cliffs and small idands largely replaces garei.

llap 60 Chaetopsvlla trichosa trichosa Kohaut, 1903. Vermipsyllidae- Palaearctic. A badger flea which has beenexp€cted from the south of Enqland. lts occunence in Scotland is surprising.

93ge!yl.!l1j!l$ U.her, 1968. ceratophyllidae - ceratophyllinae. Only known from th€ nests of the4anx Shearwater at hiqh altitude on the lsland of Mull.

lschnopryllus variabilis (Wagner, 1898). lschnoplyllidae - lschnopsyllinae. Europ€an and ll4editerranean sub_

redafi ofiF,;Ta$ea,ctrc. A sinsre record from one of its nomar hosts. Pjgllggljg jg!!!!

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RECOROS BECEIVED

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PULEXIRRITANS

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XENOPSYLLACHEOPIS

Af,CHAEOPSYLLAERINACEI EBINACEI

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CTENOCEPIIALIOESFELIS FELIS

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SPILOPSYLLUSCUNICULI

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