prr.hec.gov.pkprr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1244/1/2417S.pdf · PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF FOUR CLOSEPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF FOUR CLOSE----BRED FLOCKS BRED FLOCKS OF JAPANESE

PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF FOUR CLOSEPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF FOUR CLOSEPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF FOUR CLOSEPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF FOUR CLOSE----BRED FLOCKS BRED FLOCKS BRED FLOCKS BRED FLOCKS

OF JAPANESE QUAILS WITH DIFFERENT BODY WEIGHTS AND OF JAPANESE QUAILS WITH DIFFERENT BODY WEIGHTS AND OF JAPANESE QUAILS WITH DIFFERENT BODY WEIGHTS AND OF JAPANESE QUAILS WITH DIFFERENT BODY WEIGHTS AND

ITS EFFECT ON SUBSEQUENT PROGENY GROWTHITS EFFECT ON SUBSEQUENT PROGENY GROWTHITS EFFECT ON SUBSEQUENT PROGENY GROWTHITS EFFECT ON SUBSEQUENT PROGENY GROWTH

BY

AHMED SULTAN

D.V.M, M.Sc. (Hons.)

Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences

Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam

Regd. No. 2007-VA-540

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE

OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN

POULTRY PRODUCTION

DEPARTMENT OF POULTRY PRODUCTION

FACULTY OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES

LAHORE, PAKISTAN

2012

IN THE NAME OF ALMIGHTY ALLAH,

WHO IS

RAHMAN AND RAHEEM

DUA

OH MY LORD,

MAKE ME

An Instrument of Your PEACE

Where, there is HATRED

Let me Show LOVE

Where, there is Injury, PARDON

Where, there is Doubt, FAITH

Where, there is Despair, HOPE

Where, there is Darkness, LIGHT

And where, there is Sadness, ENJOY

PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF FOUR CLOSEPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF FOUR CLOSEPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF FOUR CLOSEPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF FOUR CLOSE----BRED FLOCKS BRED FLOCKS BRED FLOCKS BRED FLOCKS

OF JAPANESE QUAILS WITH DIFFERENT BODY WEIGHTS AND OF JAPANESE QUAILS WITH DIFFERENT BODY WEIGHTS AND OF JAPANESE QUAILS WITH DIFFERENT BODY WEIGHTS AND OF JAPANESE QUAILS WITH DIFFERENT BODY WEIGHTS AND

ITS EFFECT ON SUBSEQUENT PROGENY GROWTHITS EFFECT ON SUBSEQUENT PROGENY GROWTHITS EFFECT ON SUBSEQUENT PROGENY GROWTHITS EFFECT ON SUBSEQUENT PROGENY GROWTH

BY

AHMED SULTAN

D.V.M, M.Sc. (Hons.)

Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences

Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam

Regd. No. 2007-VA-540

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE

OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN

POULTRY PRODUCTION

DEPARTMENT OF POULTRY PRODUCTION

FACULTY OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES

LAHORE, PAKISTAN

2012

To,

The Controller of Examinations,

University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,

Lahore.

We, the Supervisory Committee, certify that the contents and form of the

thesis, submitted by MR. AHMED SULTAN S/O Barkat Ali Jatoi (Regd. No.

2007-VA-540) have been found satisfactory and recommend that it be processed for

further evaluation by the External Examiner(s) for award of the Degree.

Supervisor: _________________________________

DR. ABDUL WAHEED SAHOTA

Associate Professor

Department of Poultry Production

University of Veterinary and Animal

Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

Member: _________________________________

DR. MUHAMMAD AKRAM

Professor and Chairman

Department of Poultry Production



Member: _________________________________

DR. KHALID JAVED

Professor and Chairman

Department of Livestock Production



i

DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate this scientific work/thesis

To those

TEACHERS

From whom I have learnt the art of learning.

&

To the sacrifices of my caring and beloved wife

NASREEN SULTAN

Who sacrificed her settled life for my doctoral program, creating a good atmosphere during the

different phases of this work being a friend, mother too. She always prayed for this great

achievement, her paramount support and prayers enabled me to change myself through

appropriate decisions during crucial moments of life.

&

To my sweet

CHILDREN

Aneela Sultan, Barkat Ali alias Adeeb Hussain, Huma Sultan, Aqsa Sultan, Ateeque

Ahmed and Khaleeque Ahmed

For their patience and love, this has been a consolation to me during tough moments of this

study.

“It is indeed on account of their affections and prayers that I was able to achieve something

in my life”.

ii

BIOGRAPHY

(A MAN FROM MOHEN-JO-DARO)

AHMED SULTAN JATOI S/O Barkat Ali Jatoi was born on Saturday 15th February,

1969 in a village Bakhodero* Taluka Dokri (Bakrani) District Larkana Sindh, Pakistan. It is about 12

kilometers on North side of the Mohen-Jo-Daro† city.

He completed his primary education from native home place. Matriculation in Science group

was passed with “A” grade (77.41%) from Government High School Dokri in 1986 and Fellow of

Science (Intermediate) in Pre-Medical group with “B” grade (69.45%) from Government Science

College Dokri in 1988.

He was enrolled in Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture

University, Tandojam Sindh, Pakistan for his graduation degree D.V.M (Doctor of Veterinary

Medicine) in 1989 and completed with 1st Class in 1994. The same year he was granted admission

into the Department of Veterinary Parasitology, in the same faculty to acquire Masters Degree. He

was awarded “Internal Merit Scholarship” by the University during whole period of his graduation

and post-graduation studies.

Upon completion of his course work for Master of Science in Veterinary Parasitology, he

joined Animal Husbandry wing of Livestock and Fisheries Department, Government of Sindh, as a

Veterinary Officer (BPS-17) on 24th July, 1996 through competitive examination of Sindh Public

Service Commission.

He completed his Master of Science Degree, M.Sc. (Hons.) with 1st Class in 1997. His

Master’s research title was “Incidence of Cestodes in exotic and local (Desi) chicken in district

Hyderabad”.

During his government service, he served in various Government Veterinary Dispensaries,

Hospitals and Research Institutes for the health and husbandry of Livestock and different avian

species as well, since last 12 years.

At present he is a candidate for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Poultry

Production in the Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology,

University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore Pakistan since February, 2008. His Ph.D.

research title is “Productive performance of four close-bred flocks of Japanese quails with

different body weights and its effect on subsequent progeny growth”.

*Bakhodero village is nativity of renowned personality of the province of Sindh, Pakistan Baba-e-Sindh,

Comrade Hyder Bux Jatoi, Late (1901-70).

†Mohen-Jo-Daro or Moen-Jo-Daro (Mound of the dead) is an archeological site and an ancient city of

five thousand years old, situated on the right bank of River Indus in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. It is

27 kilometers from Larkana city. It was discovered by an English archeologist Sir John Marshall in 1922.

It is sometimes referred to as "An Ancient Indus Valley Metropolis".

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

GOD rewards for every piece of work according to the nature and devotion for it. All

acclamations and appreciation are for Almighty ALLAH, who bestowed and blessed me with such a

lucid intelligence as I could endeavor my services towards this manuscript and gave me an

opportunity to add a drop in the wide ocean of knowledge. He also gave me the courage, tremendous

health, motivation, conducive environment, uncountable blessings and silent help enabled me to

stand, to run and to win, within limited resources to fulfill the requirements of Doctor of Philosophy

(Ph.D.) Degree successfully and provided me an opportunity to complete one of my life desires.

I humbly pay my respect to The HOLY PROPHET HAZRAT MUHAMMAD

MUSTAFA (Salle Allah Alleh-w-Aalhe Wassalam) and AHL-E-BAIT (Alaih-e-Salam), whose are

the most perfect and excellent among and of every born on the surface of earth forever, enabled us

to recognize our Creator, the greatest social reformers and directed the people to acquire knowledge

wherever it is.

I feel great honor to place on record my sincerest thanks and gratitude to my kind Supervisor,

DR. ABDUL WAHEED SAHOTA, Associate Professor, Department of Poultry Production,

UVAS-Lahore, Pakistan for his excellent supervision, guidance, encouragement and constructive

criticism throughout the period of the present study. He supervised my research light heartedly,

proficiently and made the dispatch of intimidating work load possible by persistent guidance and

scholarly censure communicated to me during the course of this study and write-up of this

manuscript.

I would like to thank respectable member of my Supervisory Committee,

DR. MUHAMMAD AKRAM, Professor and Chairman, Department of Poultry Production, UVAS-

Lahore, Pakistan for his personal interest, support, expertise and valuable advice in my research

project. In fact his advice will always serve as a beacon of light throughout the course of my life. He

always shared his extraordinary knowledge with me that illuminated complex issues and enabled me

to grasp their significance. He was always available whenever I need him.

I am deeply thankful to DR. KHALID JAVED, Professor and Chairman, Department of

Livestock Production (Animal Breeding and Genetics), UVAS-Lahore, Pakistan who is also member

of my Supervisory Committee. He spares his precious time and energy and offered me solace,

substances and insight during the conduct of this study and also close co-operation in technical

matters.

I am also grateful to other teachers in the Department of Poultry Production, Dr. Athar

Mahmud, Associate Professor, Mr. Shahid Javed, Assistant Professor, Mr. Muhammad Hayat

Jaspal, Veterinary Officer (Now Ph.D. Fellow, The University of Bristol, United Kingdom), Mr.

Jibran Hussain and Mr. Shahid Mehmood, Lecturers, whose helpful suggestions reduced

ambiguity in my work under friendly environment.

It is difficult to overstate my gratitude to those staff members (Long list) working at the

Department of Poultry Production, Avian Research and Training Centre, Food and Nutrition

Laboratory and Chemistry Section of Quality Operations Laboratory, UVAS Lahore, who helped

build the equipment that allowed me to run my experiment; without them, I could not be succeeded

to write this dissertation.

iv

I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to Mr. Muhammad Siddique Memon, Ex-

Secretary, Livestock and Fisheries Department, Government of Sindh, who highly appreciated and

granted my application for higher education, at once.

It is an honor for me to express my profound gratitude to Mr. Shamasuddin Gaad, Senior

Veterinary Officer (Retd.) who always inspired me for getting the Doctorate Degree and his

unreserved moral support and prayers during my studies.

The author is very much thankful to all his fellow colleagues/friends for their help and moral

support for the completion of this study in due course of time, especially Seth Mr. Abdul Hameed

Shaikh, Pharmacist, Larkana Division, Mr. Aijaz Ali Channa, Assistant Professor, Department of

Theriogenology, Mr. Muhammad Tahir Khan, D.V.M final year student, Faculty of Veterinary

Sciences, UVAS-Lahore and Mr. Mushtaq Ahmad Gondal, Lecturer, Department of Microbiology,

Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehar Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University,

Rawalpindi and also my Class fellows; Mr. Amjad Hussain Mirani, Assistant Professor,

Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh

Agriculture University, Tandojam, Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Pathan, Research Officer, Central Veterinary

Diagnostic Laboratory, Sub-Centre, Larkana and Mr. Ahmed Ali Shah, Veterinary Officer,

Government Veterinary Centre Theri, District Khairpur Mirus.

The heartiest regards for Dr. Muhammad Fiaz, Assistant Professor, Department of

Livestock Production and Management, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehar Ali

Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, for his whole hearted co-operation and help in

statistical analysis of research data.

I deem it my sacred duty to acknowledge the debt of gratitude to my ever affectionate

Father, Mother and Grand Mother (Late), whose hands always rose in prayers for me. May

Almighty ALLAH, rest the departed souls in His eternal peace and give us patience, courage and

strength to bear this loss. (Ameen)

I feel it, a pride to express my deepest affections to my Brothers, Sister and all of my other

family members who exhibited prayers throughout my studies.

Finally, this manuscript would never have been accomplished without the encouragement and

inspiration of my beloved wife NASREEN SULTAN, her unconditional support and

comprehension, which made my trips and time in UVAS-City and Ravi Campus, Lahore and Pattoki

easy ones and for her understanding, prayers, love, patience and sacrifices rendered during the time

of my absence from home to make this day possible and also the great pleasure obtained from my

children, while preparing this manuscript. “In fact, it's very difficult for me to find suitable words

to express my feelings towards them”.

Above all, I will always remain grateful to Almighty ALLAH, who bestowed me twin baby

sons on Friday 4th March, 2005, Ateeque Ahmed and Khaleeque Ahmed.

(May Almighty ALLAH, bless them all)

(Ameen)

AHMED SULTAN JATOI

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATION ………………………. i

BIOGRAPHY ………………………. ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………….... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………. v

LIST OF TABLES ……………………….. vi

LIST OF PLATES ……………………….. xiii

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 9

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 63

4. RESULTS 84

5. DISCUSSION 208

6. SUMMARY 249

7. LITERATURE CITED 263

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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vi

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE

NO.

TITLE PAGE

NO.

2.1 Fertility percent in Japanese quails at different ages 29

2.2 Hatchability percent in Japanese quails at different ages 31

2.3 Dressing percentage in Japanese quails at different ages 36

2.4 Body weight (g) in Japanese quails at different ages 55

2.5 Weight gain (g/day) in Japanese quails at different ages 58

3.1 Experimental plan 64

3.2 Different body weight categories (g) 64

4.1 Mean body weight (g) in 4 close-bred breeder flocks of

Japanese quails with different body weight categories during

31 weeks

89

4.2 Mean egg production percentage/bird (%) in 4 close-bred

flocks of Japanese quails with different body weight

categories during 30 weeks

89

4.3 Mean cumulative egg number/bird (#) in 4 close-bred flocks

of Japanese quails with different body weight categories

during 30 weeks

89

4.4 Weekly mean egg weight (g) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese

quails with different body weight categories during 30 weeks 90

4.5 Weekly mean egg mass (g/bird) in 4 close-bred flocks of


30 weeks

90

4.6 Feed conversion ratio (g feed/egg) in 4 close-bred flocks of


30 weeks

90

4.7 Feed conversion ratio (g feed/g egg mass) in 4 close-bred


categories during 30 weeks

91

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vii

4.8 Mean egg weight (g) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails

with different body weight categories studied during egg

qualities

95

4.9 Mean egg shell weight (g) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese

quails with different body weight categories during egg

qualities

95

4.10 Mean egg shell thickness (mm) in 4 close-bred flocks of


egg qualities

96

4.11 Mean haugh unit in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails

with different body weight categories during egg qualities

96

4.12 Mean yolk index value in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese

quails with different body weight categories during egg

qualities

96

4.13 Dead germ percent influenced by 3 different parental body

weight categories in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails

101

4.14 Dead-in shell percent influenced by 3 different Parental body


102

4.15 Infertile egg percent influenced by 3 different parental body


103

4.16 Hatchability percent influenced by 3 different parental body


104

4.17 Final live body weight (g) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese

quails with different body weight categories at 31 week

108

4.18 Dressed weight (g) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails

with different body weight categories at 31 week

108

4.19 Dressing percentage (%) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese


109

4.20 Relative weight (g/100g BW) of liver in 4 close-bred flocks

of Japanese quails with different body weight categories at

31 week

113

4.21 Relative weight (g/100g BW) of heart in 4 close-bred flocks


31 week

113

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viii

4.22 Relative weight (g/100g BW) of gizzard (with contents) in 4

close-bred flocks of Japanese quails with different body

weight categories at 31 week

114

4.23 Relative weight (g/100g BW) of gizzard (without contents) in

4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails with different body


114

4.24 Relative intestinal weight (g/100g BW) in 4 close-bred flocks


31 week

119

4.25 Relative intestinal length (cm/100g BW) in 4 close-bred


categories at 31 week

119

4.26 Relative reproductive tract weight (g/100g BW) in 4 close-

bred flocks of Japanese quails with different body weight


120

4.27 Relative reproductive tract length (cm/100g BW) in 4 close-

bred flocks of Japanese quails with different body weight


120

4.28 Relative mature ovarian follicles numbers (#/100g BW) in 4

close-bred flocks of Japanese quails with different body


120

4.29 Relative testes weight (g/100g BW) in 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails with different body weight categories at 31

week

121

4.30 Crude protein percent (%) in breast meat in 4 close-bred



125

4.31 Ether extract percent (%) in breast meat in 4 close-bred



125

4.32 Dry matter percent (%) in breast meat in 4 close-bred flocks


31 week

126

4.33 Ash percent (%) in breast meat in 4 close-bred flocks of


week

126

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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ix

4.34 Crude protein percent (%) in thigh meat in 4 close-bred



130

4.35 Ether extract percent (%) in thigh meat in 4 close-bred flocks

of Japanese quails having different body weight categories at

31 week

130

4.36 Dry matter percent (%) in thigh meat in 4 close-bred flocks


31 week

131

4.37 Ash percent (%) in thigh meat in 4 close-bred flocks of


week

131

4.38 Serum glucose level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks of


week

136

4.39 Total serum protein level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks of


weeks

136

4.40 Serum albumin level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks of


week

137

4.41 Serum cholesterol level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks of


week

137

4.42 Serum urea level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese


138

4.43 Plasma calcium (Ca) level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks of


week

143

4.44 Plasma phosphorus (P) level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks of


week

143

4.45 Plasma sodium (Na) level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks of


week

144

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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x

4.46 Plasma potassium (K) level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks of


week

144

4.47 Plasma magnesium (Mg) level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks


31 week

145

4.48 Day-old progeny body weight (g) influenced by 3 parental

body weight categories from 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese

quails

150

4.49 1st week progeny body weight (g) influenced by 3 parental


quails

151

4.50 2nd week progeny body weight (g) influenced by 3 parental


quails

152

4.51 3rd week progeny body weight (g) influenced by 3 parental


quails

153

4.52 1st week progeny weight gain (g) influenced by 3 parental


quails

158

4.53 2nd week progeny weight gain (g) influenced by 3 parental


quails

159

4.54 3rd week progeny body weight gain (g) influenced by 3

parental body weight categories from 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails

160

4.55 3-week progeny cumulative body weight gain (g) influenced

by 3 parental body weight categories from 4 close-bred

flocks of Japanese quails

161

4.56 1st week progeny feed intake (g) influenced by 3 parental


quails

166

4.57 2nd week progeny feed intake (g) influenced by 3 parental


quails

167

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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xi

4.58 3rd week progeny feed intake (g) influenced by 3 parental


quails

168

4.59 3-week cumulative progeny feed intake (g) influenced by 3

different parental body weight categories from 4 close-bred


169

4.60 1st week progeny feed conversion ratio (FCR(feed/g gain))

influenced by 3 parental body weight categories from 4

close-bred flocks of Japanese quails

174

4.61 2nd week progeny feed conversion ratio (FCR(feed/g gain))



175

4.62 3rd week progeny feed conversion ratio (FCR(feed/g gain))



176

4.63 3-week cumulative progeny feed conversion ratio

(FCR(feed/g gain)) influenced by 3 different parental body

weight categories from 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails

177

4.64 1st week progeny mortality rate (%) influenced by 3 parental


quails

182

4.65 2nd week progeny mortality rate (%) influenced by 3


Japanese quails

183

4.66 3rd week progeny mortality rate (%) influenced by 3 parental


quails

184

4.67 3-week cumulative progeny mortality rate (%) influenced by

3 different parental body weight categories from 4 close-bred


185

4.68 Progeny slaughter weight (g) influenced by 3 different


male and female Japanese quails at week-3

190

4.69 Progeny dressed weight (g) influenced by 3 different parental

body weight categories in 4 close-bred flocks of male and

female Japanese quails slaughtered at week-3

191

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xii

4.70 Progeny dressing percentage (%) influenced by 3 different

parental body weight categories in 4 close-bred flocks of

male and female Japanese quails slaughtered at week-3

192

4.71 Progeny relative weight (g/100g BW) of liver influenced by

3 different parental body weight categories in 4 close-bred

flocks of male and female Japanese quails slaughtered at

week-3

198

4.72 Progeny relative weight (g/100g BW) of heart influenced by

3 different parental body weight categories in 4 close-bred


week-3

199

4.73 Progeny relative weight (g/100g BW) of empty gizzard

influenced by 3 different parental body weight categories in 4

close-bred flocks of male and female Japanese quails

slaughtered at week-3

200

4.74 Progeny relative intestinal length (cm/100g BW) influenced

by 3 different parental body weight categories in 4 close-bred


week-3

203

4.75 Economics of quail production as influenced by 3 parental


quails in 3 weeks old progenies

206

4.76 Economics of producing quails progenies as influenced by 3

different parental body weight categories at 3 weeks of age

207

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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xiii

LIST OF PLATES

PLATE

NO.

TITLE PAGE

NO.

1.1 Japanese quail 4

1.2 Japanese quail (Left: Female, Right: Male) 4

3.1 Japanese quail houses 66

3.2 French made multi-deck Japanese quail battery cages with

automatic nipple drinkers

66

3.3 Individual replicates in French made multi-deck battery

cages with automatic nipple drinkers

67

3.4 Automatic watering system of Japanese quails 67

3.5 Japanese quail meat 75

3.6 Day-old Japanese quail chicks in French made multi-deck

brooding battery cages

81

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1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Most of the people in developing countries are suffering from starvation or

malnutrition of protein and energy. Due to an ever-increasing global human

population, there is a dire need to produce good quality animal protein in a large

amount to fulfill the daily requirements of these essential items of food. The protein

malnutrition is more acute and wide spread than energy malnutrition. Pakistan, along

with other developing countries, is also facing the problem of acute protein

malnutrition.

The routine diet of an average Pakistani mostly contains cereals and is

deficient in protein especially of animal origin. In Pakistan, per capita availability of

chicken meat and eggs in the year 2008-09 was 3.5 kg and 50-60, respectively,

(Anonymous 2009), which is far lower than the developed countries, of which major

share go to the well off families, whereas, the poor families remain deprived. This has

been mainly due to slow development of poultry and livestock industries for the

production of poultry meat, eggs, milk and beef as compared to population growth

rate of the country.

i. Poultry industry in Pakistan

Before 1960, chickens were maintained in the country as backyard poultry

(Abedullah et al. 2007). Commercial poultry farming in Pakistan was started during

INTRODUCTION

2

1964 with the establishment of breeding farms, hatcheries, broiler and layer farms and

feed mills in the private sector and since then it has shown an extraordinary growth

and tremendous development and now it has acquired the status of a promising

enterprise all over the country. Poultry sector is one of the organized and a vibrant

segment of agriculture industry of Pakistan and has been playing a vital role in

bridging the gap between supply and demand of animal protein foods with its ever

increasing human population (Anonymous 2009). The share of poultry sector in

national GDP is about 1.12 percent and generates employment (direct/indirect) and

income for about 1.5 million people. Its contribution in agriculture value addition is

4.8 percent and livestock value addition is 9.8 percent. Poultry meat contributes about

24.8 percent of the total meat produced in the country. The current investment in

poultry industry is about Rs. 200 billion and it has shown a robust growth of 8-10

percent annually which is likely to increase up to 15-20 percent per annum

(Anonymous 2011). However, there still exists a gap between supply and demand of

animal protein of the nation, which is likely to widen if concerted efforts are not taken

to increase production of animal protein foods. The situation therefore calls for not

only strengthening the existing resources of production of animal protein foods but

also exploiting some suitable efficient alternate cheaper sources of production of

animal protein in the country. In this respect, commercial Quail production seems to

be one of the possible alternate sources possessing bright prospects required to off

load pressure on the already existing meager resources of production of animal

protein foods.

INTRODUCTION

3

ii. Japanese quail

According to American Ornithologists Union (1983) and also reported by

Howard and Moore (1984); Thear (1998); Mizutani (2003), Japanese quail (Coturnix

coturnix japonica) belongs to class Aves, order Galiformes, family Phasianidae and

the Kingdom Animalia like chickens. Quail as a species or sub-species belong to the

genus Coturnix and are native to all the continents. Several interbreeding sub-species

are recognized, the more important being the European quail (Coturnix coturnix

coturnix) and the Asiatic or Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) as shown in

Plate 1.1 and 1.2. Intensive quail production began in Japan in 1920s and the stock

was successfully introduced into North America, Europe and Asia between 1930s and

1950s. Through breeding programs, lines of Japanese quails specific for egg and meat

production have been developed. Japanese quail inhabits Russia and Eastern Asia,

including Japan, Korea, China, (Hoffmann 1988) and India (Finn 1911). It is a

migratory bird, spends winter season in China, Southeast Asia, the extreme

northwestern coast of Africa, and other parts of Africa, the Nile River valley from

Egypt to Kenya, and Angola. It migrates to India, northern Japan and Korea in

summer season (Hoffmann 1988; Alderton 1992). This omnivorous bird was first

kept and bred for song during World War-II (Minvielle 2004). Almost all of the song

quail in Japan became extinct during World War-II. It is believed that only few

domestic birds survived during World War-II in Japan (Howes 1964; Wakasugi

1984).

Plate-1.1. Japanese quail

Plate-1.2. Japanese quail (Left: Female, Right: Male)

INTRODUCTION

4

1.1. Japanese quail

1.2. Japanese quail (Left: Female, Right: Male)

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

5

Quail is efficient converter of feed, with each egg a female deposits an edible

package of 8 percent of her own body weight as compared to 3 percent in case of

chicken (Martin et al. 1998). Broiler quail rearing can be adopted due to the excellent

market potential for its meat which is high in protein (26%) and less in fat (3%).

Quail meat is also known for increasing the sexual instinct in human beings (Jadhav

and Siddiqui 2007). Japanese quails are now kept for the egg and meat production

(Cain and Cawley 2000). The Japanese quails being robust, disease resistant, easy to

maintain with less requirement for feed, space and equipment (Anonymous 1991;

Tikk and Tikk 1993; Baumgartner 1994; Yildirim and Yetisir 1998; Minvielle 2004).

Unrivaled quail are the typical small-farmer’s livestock. They earn the title on the

basis of their unrivaled ability for faster meat and egg production in greater quantity

than anything else on two legs. The ability of the female to reproduce its body weight

in any given year is another measure where the quail is without parallel (Haji and

Wahab 1991).

iii. Japanese quail as research model

Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) was first described as a research

model by Padgett and Ivey (1959). Wilson et al. (1961) suggested this small amazing

bird as a pilot animal for more expensive experiments on chicken and turkeys.

Woodard et al. (1973) stated that Japanese quail is a valuable bird for avian research.

Raising quail for commercial production underwent unequal development across the

world with high egg production in Japan, significant meat production in Spain and

France, but little or no production in Netherlands, Germany and UK (Minivelle

1998). During the same period, research with Japanese quail expanded from avian-

INTRODUCTION

6

science related topics to biology and medicine, as bird could be kept easily relatively

in large number in a small facility and be used as model animal for wide variety of

works, from embryology (Le Douarin and Barq 1969) to space related sciences

(Orban et al. 1999). At the event of World Poultry Congress, 2004, the quail has been

declared as the model avian species for future research (Minvielle 2004). Quails are

now commonly used as an experimental animal for biological research and vaccine

production especially Newcastle disease vaccine to which disease quails are resistant

(Anonymous 1991). A bibliography on Japanese quail research work done at the

Central Avian Research Institute (CARI), Izatnagar, UP, India has been compiled by

Srivastava (1987).

iv. Quail farming in Pakistan

Quail farming was introduced in Pakistan in early 1970, with the introduction

of exotic breeding stock of Japanese quails. However, quail production has remained

as one of the neglected components of poultry sector in the country (Anonymous

1990). Very little research work has been conducted on its breeding, incubation,

housing, nutritional requirements, feeding, management and disease control aspects in

Pakistan. About 4 decades back a breeding stock of hybrid Japanese quails was

imported in Pakistan with good genetic potential having better egg production

performance, egg quality parameters and hatching traits compared to local quail

called “Betair”. But unfortunately, due to continuous inbreeding, genetic potential of

the imported quail might have deteriorated. Simultaneously no serious attempt has

been made to improve the genetic potential of our native quail (Akram et al. 2008).

Although public and private sectors made efforts for the development of quail

INTRODUCTION

7

farming/industry, but the measures were not adequate and fall short of expectations

for producing high yield of quail meat at a reasonable low cost. The private sector

was not given adequate monetary and technical incentives. Even public sector

organizations dealing in quail and allied industries faced enormous hurdles due to

bureaucracy and lack of application of modern quail production technology. These

together with many other problems including poor quail management, low live body

weight, low meat yield, late ready to market age and poor quail processing in

comparison to the other developed countries are some of the important reasons for the

slow development of quail farming in Pakistan. The low live body weight and meat

yield appears to be a great hurdle for the development of commercial quail farming.

The situation therefore calls to take immediate concrete steps to improve genetic

potential of our local quail.

v. Purpose of study

Four close-bred flocks (3 local and one imported) of Japanese quails have

been being maintained at Avian Research and Training (ART) Centre, Department of

Poultry Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore,

Pakistan, with objectives of making attempts to improve their productive and growth

potentials. However, no serious attempt has yet been made to study productive

performance of these close-bred flocks of Japanese quails with different body weight

and its effect on subsequent growth of the progeny. Therefore, the present study has

been planned with the following objectives:

INTRODUCTION

8

To study the effect of different parental body weights on:

1. Productive performance, egg quality characteristics and hatching traits in four

close-bred flocks of adult Japanese quails.

2. Slaughter characteristics, proximate analysis of meat and blood biochemical

profile in four close-bred flocks of adult Japanese quails

3. Growth performance and slaughter characteristics of progenies obtained from

four close-bred flocks of Japanese quails.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1. Parent breeder flock

The review of literature in respect of productive performance of Japanese

quails on different parameters has been incorporated under two different sub-headings

i.e. close bred-flocks and body size.

2.1.1. Productive performance

a. Close-bred flocks

The use of genetic variation in different poultry stocks for improvement in

body weight is one of the strategies in the poultry breeding programs. The

improvement in performance of poultry stocks for body weight is well established

(Cole and Hutt 1973). The variation in body weight of close bred flocks of chickens

has been attributed to difference in genetic makeup of the different flocks (Hafez

1963; Marks 1971; Sefton and Siegel 1974; Shamma 1981; Darden and Marks 1988).

The significant effect of genetic group on body weight of chicken has been indicated

(Mohammed et al. 2005; Devi and Reddy 2005; Chatterjee et al. 2007). Oguz et al.

(1996) studied effect of line and sex on body weight in quails and they reported

significant effect of line on body weight of quails. The strain variation in body weight

of turkeys (Brenoe and Kolstad 2000; Taha and Farran 2009), chickens (Younis and

Abd El-Ghany 2003; El- Kaiaty and Hassan 2004; Habeb 2007; Lariviere et al. 2009)

and quails Vali et al. (2005) has been indicated. Rehman (2006) and Akram et al.

9


10

(2008) reported that the body weight differed significantly among different local and

imported flocks of Japanese quails. The body weight of male and female quails in

imported flocks was significantly higher than those of local quails. The significant

(p<0.01) effects of strains and generations on body weight of Japanese quails at

different ages have been reported (Mohammed et al. 2006). Abdullah et al. (2010)

reported higher (p<0.05) body weight in males of Hubbard classic broiler than

females.

b. Body Size

The variations in body weight of quails at different ages have been reported

by many investigators. The body weight at sexual maturity in quails has been reported

as 132.1g (Wilson et al. 1962), 145.2g (El-Ibiary et al. 1966), and 202.3g (Cerit 1997;

Oruwari and Brady 1988) as 123g at 10 weeks of age. Change in 4 week body weight

in high and low weight quails has been associated with corresponding changes in

mature body weight in Japanese quails (Nestor and Bacon 1982). El-Shafei (1993)

reported that body weight of a control group during consecutive 8 weeks from 12 to

19 weeks of age were 188.33, 189.34, 190.17, 196.16, 195.22, 194.49, 193.49 and

194.43g/bird at 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19 weeks of age, respectively. Shoukry

et al. (1993) recorded body weights of Japanese quail at 11, 12, 13 and 14 weeks of

age as 185.0, 195.3, 193.2 and 193.9g, respectively. The body weight in Japanese

quails has been found to be influenced by age (Yalcin et al. 1995) and strain

differentiation (Hynkov et al. 2008). It has also been observed that body weight from

day-old to 20 weeks of age of selected lines was significantly higher than the control

line (Chaudhary et al. 2009). It has further been indicated that in the last generation,


11

the mean body weights at the age of 28 days in F and C lines of quails were 193 and

166g,respectively (16.4 percent total increase, or 5.5 percent per generation) showing

that selection increased body weight in Japanese quails (Varkoohi et al. 2010). Aseel

had significantly (p<0.001) higher body weight than Kadaknath chickens at adult age

(Haunshi et al. 2011).

ii. Egg production


Different factors such as sexual maturity, fertility, hatchability, egg production

can influence productive performance of poultry birds (Brunson et al. 1956; Gilbreath

et al. 1962; Clayton and Robertson 1966; Merritt 1968; Craig 1969; Vaccaro and Van

Vleck 1972; Zelenka et al. 1986). For enhancement of egg production, genetic

variation has been used as a breeding tool. The improvement in performance of

poultry stocks for egg production is well established (Cole and Hutt 1973). Egg

production efficiency has also been reported to be influenced by the genotype, body

size, laying stage and rate of egg production (Woodard and Abplanalp 1967; Brody et

al. 1980; Krapu 1981; Brody et al. 1984). However, Chahil et al. (1975) reported that

egg yield could be improved by selective or cross breeding as well as by improving

environment and management conditions.

Egg production in Japanese quails has been reported to be affected by non-

genetic factors such as age of maturity and other environmental factors (Shamma

1981). According to Leeson et al. (1997) and Hocking et al. (2003) no detectable

differences were found between breeds within category (traditional and commercial

lines) in egg production (p>0.05). Similar findings indicating influence of many other


12

factors such as breed, mortality, body size, feed, season and breeder age on egg

production have also been reported (North and Bell 1990; Ipek and Sahan 2004).

Rehman (2006) reported non-significant difference in egg production percent among

different local and imported stocks of Japanese quails. El-Sagheer and Hassanein

(2006) reported that the medium and heavy size strains of chicken had significantly

(p<0.05) higher egg production than that of light strains. Higher egg production in

exotic breed (Rhode Island Red) than local breeds has been attributed to their better

genetic potential (Sazzad 1992; Akhtar et al. 2007). It has also been suggested that

heavy growth-selected strain had poorer egg production than all the other strains

(Wolanski et al. 2007). The genetic ability for egg production of the breed

Manchurian gold was reported to be higher as compared to the breed Pharaoh Quail

for the period up to the age of 150 days (Genchev and Kabakchiev 2009). The age of

partridge (Alectoris rufa) breeder can significantly affect onset of egg production

(Mourao et al. 2010).

b. Body Size

Egg production in the older hens was decreased due to physiological changes

leading to slow growth of follicles (Wilson and Cunningham 1984; Palmer and Bahr

1992). Whereas, egg production decreased in heavy size quails and increased in small

size quails of different strains (Nestor and Bacon 1982; Leeson et al. 1997). Renden

and McDaniel (1984) reported significantly (p<0.05) better egg production in the

control and small hens than heavy hens and also indicated that small hens were

significantly (p<0.05) more efficient than control hens during peak egg production.

Breeding stock’s reproductive capabilities resulting in lowered egg production have


13

been associated with increase in obesity (Siegel and Dunnington 1985). The total egg

production in quails is ten times higher than female’s body weight at six months

laying period, whereas, in chickens such a relationship is only attained by 12 months

egg production (Richtrova 1999). Aboul-Hassan et al. (1999) reported average egg

production per bird after 10 weeks of laying as 57.1 and 64.3 eggs for the selected

and control lines, respectively, when selection was made for high body weight at 6

weeks. Egg production was found to be affected by both the age and body weight in

the Japanese quails (Nazligul et al. 2001).

The average egg production in Japanese quail during first 10 weeks of

production after third generations of selection has been observed to be 62.1 and 58.2

eggs for selected and control lines, respectively (Aboul-Hassan 2001a). Kosba et al.

(2002) conducted a study to improve genetic potential of Japanese quails through four

generations of selection by using the independent culling levels technique and

developed two lines (L1 and L2). Egg production ranged between 33.83 to 37.14 eggs

for L2 and 19.35 to 26.04 eggs for L1 over the three generations with highly

significant differences among all sources of variance studied. Egg production has

been recorded as 56.12 eggs in Japanese quail (Abdel-Tawab 2006). Hassan et al.

(2008) observed significant (p<0.05) differences in hen day and hen housed egg

production due to body weight and age in broiler breeders. Lacin et al. (2008)

reported higher egg production and lower feed conversion ratio in light weight groups

than those of medium and heavy weight chickens. Hanan (2010) reported significant

(p<0.01) differences in percent egg production in Japanese quails.


14

iii. Egg weight


Egg weight has been extensively studied in Japanese quails (El-Ibiary et al.

1966; Marks 1979; Afanasiev 1991; Aboul-Hassan et al. 1999 and Gharib et al.

2006). El-Ibiary et al. (1966) reported egg weight per hen as 461.8g after 10 weeks of

egg production. The selection of quails for live body weight influenced egg weight

due to increase in size of ova and increased albumen secretion (Altan et al. 1998).

Aboul-Hassan et al. (1999) reported lower egg weight in selected quail line than

control line when the selection criterion was higher body weight. In Japanese quails,

egg weight was reported to be largely dependent on the type of birds, in the egg type,

it was 8-10g, in the combined type-10-11g, and for the broiler type-12-16g

(Afanasiev 1991). Gharib et al. (2006) observed that light weight Fayoumi chickens

produced significantly heavier eggs than the high weight line. The size and weight of

an egg not only depends upon the breed and strain but also varies to great extent from

one strain to the other and from one individual to another. As a result of these factors,

wide variation in egg weight may exist within a flock (Shoukat et al. 1988). Aboul-

Hassan (2001a) reported egg weight as 485.3 and 463.9g selected and control lines

respectively. El-Fiky et al. (2000) and Aboul-Hassan (2001a) reported that egg

weight in Brown strain of quails was greater than in White strain. Juliank (2002)

stated that egg size often increases with advancement of age in female birds. They

further elaborated that the egg size is generally changed by less than 10 percent and

female body size cannot contribute more than 20 percent for the variation in egg size

within species. Abdel-Tawab (2006) recorded egg weight as 472.32g in a base


15

population of Japanese quail. Singh et al. (2009) observed significant variation in egg

weight among different genetic groups. The highest egg weight was recorded in

Black Australorp (52.05g) than Assel (44.43g), followed by Rhode Island Red x Desi

(42.10g), Kadaknath (39.91g), Black Australorp x Desi (39.65g), Desi (39.57g) and

Assel x Desi (37.56g).

b. Body Size

A positive correlation between body weight and egg weight has been

indicated (Siegel, 1962; Festing and Nordskog 1967; Kinney 1969). A compromise

between body weight reduction and maintenance of acceptable egg weight in

commercial market is needed (Nordskog and Briggs 1968; Hocking et al. 1987).

Marks (1979) reported improvement in body weight and egg weight and decrease in

egg yield in selected lines of Japanese quails. Egg weight was significantly (p<0.05)

different between heavy and small hens and was directly related to body weight

(Renden and McDaniel 1984). The male chickens did not influence egg size of their

mates (Moss and Watson 1999). Kosba et al. (2002) conducted a study to improve

genetic potentials of Japanese quails through selective breeding up to four generations

by developing two lines (L1 and L2). These lines varied highly significantly for egg

weight up to 90 days of age. Egg size was associated with body size of birds (Strong

et al. 1978; Marks 1983; Leeson et al. 1991; Kirikci et al. 2007). It has also been

indicated that egg weight increased by increase in body weight and age in breeders

(North and Bell 1991; Hagger 1994; Leeson et al. 1997; Nazligul et al. 2001; Afifi et

al. 2010). Ipek et al. (2004) studied effect of live weight, male to female ratio and

breeder age on egg weight in Japanese quails. Female quails at the age of 6 weeks


16

divided into three groups, light (170-200g), medium (201-230g) and heavy (>230g),

were mated with males with live weight of 200-220g. Egg weight was significantly

less in the light group as compared to that of medium and heavy groups. Egg weight

increased in accordance with increase in breeder age. El-Fiky (2005) reported a range

of 10 week egg weight as 448.17 and 473.38g in selected line for higher body weight

and 450.51and 462.13g in the unselected control line. Vali et al. (2006) observed egg

weight in Japanese and Range quails as 11.23±0.03g and 11.17±0.05g, respectively,

which varied non-significantly (p>0.05). The highest egg weight in Japanese quails

has been reported as 13.37g (Megeed and Younis 2006). El-Sagheer and Hassanein

(2006) reported that Bovans brown (BV) and Hy-sex brown (HS) pullets of larger

body size exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher egg weight by about 1.8g at 20

weeks of age as compared with that of medium Bovans (MBV) and light Bovans

(LMV), respectively. Similar findings indicating breed variation in egg weight

between exotic Rhode Island Red (larger egg size) and local Lyallpur Silver Black

breeds have been indicated (Akhtar et al. 2007). Egg weight (64.58g) was lower in

low body weight group than in the medium (64.97g) and heavy groups (66.30g) of

chickens. Hanan (2010) reported highly significant differences in egg weight in

Japanese quails with highest values recorded at 14 and 18 weeks of age. Aseel had

significantly (p<0.001) higher egg weight than Kadaknath chickens at adult age

(Haunshi et al. 2011).


17

iv. Egg mass g/bird


The mean egg mass/day in quails during first10 weeks of production cycle has

been reported to be between 9.8 to 11.8g (Sabri et al. 1993; El-Fiky and Aboul-

Hassan 1994) and 8.8 to 9.9g (El-Fiky and Aboul-Hassan 1995). The egg mass/day in

quail line selected for body weight and control unselected line was 8.1 to 9.3g,

respectively, (Aboul-Hassan et al. 1999), 9.5 to 8.3g in lines selected for egg

production and control lines 8.5 to 9.3g, respectively, (Aboul-Hassan 2001a), 8.53 to

9.22g in line selected for body weight and 8.18 to 8.90g in unselected line (El-Fiky

2005), for Brown strain 8.4 to 9.5g and for White strain 9.3 to 8.5g (El-Fiky et al.

2000 and Aboul-Hassan 2001a). The egg weight in a base population of Japanese

quail has been observed to be 9.18g/day by Abdel-Tawab (2006). However, Rehman

(2006) reported non-significant difference in egg mass among different local and

imported flocks of Japanese quails. The total egg mass obtained from an average

layer in the control period of 150 days was higher by 6.1 percent for the Manchurian

gold compared to Pharaoh Quail (Genchev and Kabakchiev 2009).

b. Body Size

Egg mass was significantly (p<0.05) different between heavy and small hens

and was directly related to body weight (Renden and McDaniel 1984). Egg mass is

also influenced by both the age and body weight in quails (Nazligul et al. 2001).

Sahota and Bhatti (2003) reported that black, dark brown and light brown varieties of

Desi chicken differed non-significantly in egg mass. The daily egg mass has been

reported from 8.53 to 9.22g and 8.18 to 8.90g, respectively, in line selected for body


18

weight and unselected control line of quails (El-Fiky 2005). Rehman (2006) reported

that the mean egg mass (g/bird) showed non-significant difference among different

local and imported stocks of Japanese quails, however, egg mass of local and

imported stocks increased with advancement of age from 6 to 12th weeks. Hanan

(2010) noted highly significant differences in egg mass in quails at different ages,

with the highest values at 14 and 18 weeks of age.

v. Feed conversion ratio-FCR (g/egg and g/egg mass)


Growth rate and feed conversion efficiency are the closely related traits of

broilers which have been substantially improved, however, strain variation for these

and other related traits are still present in modern commercial broiler strain

(Emmerson 1997). The smaller birds consistently consumed less feed throughout

laying period, regardless of the strain and this resulted in loss of egg size (Leeson et

al. 1997). Jaroni et al. (1999) observed that Dekalb hens exhibited better feed

efficiency than Hi-sex hens thus indicating strain differences for feed efficiency. Feed

intake is affected by type of bird, energy level in the ration, environmental

temperature and floor space, hygienic conditions and rearing environments. As with

growing pullet, feed conversion is the best when the hen is young, it then gradually

decreases with age (Kingori et al. 2003). Rehman (2006) reported non-significant

difference in FCR (g)/dozen egg and FCR (g/g)/ egg mass between the sexes and

among different local and imported flocks of Japanese quails. Breed variation in feed

intake with higher values in the exotic Fayoumi than local Lyallpur Silver Black has

been indicated (Akhtar et al. 2007). Hassan et al. (2008) observed significant (p<0.05)


19

differences in feed consumption due to body weight and age in broiler breeders.

Lariviere et al. (2009) reported fairly high feed conversion ratio (5.09±0.4) at 84 days

of age in Ardennaise breed of chickens. Varkoohi et al. (2010) showed that selective

breeding can positively influence FCR in Japanese quail .The mean FCR in F and C

lines in the last generation of quails was 2.13 and 2.61, respectively, indicating 18.4

percent cumulative genetic improvement or 6.1 percent improvement per generation.

b. Body size

Breeding for lower body weight has not been successful, but there exists the

possibilities for reduction of feed consumption independent of production and body

weight (residual feed consumption). It is as yet uncertain to what extent animal stress

susceptibility will be affected by changes in residual feed consumption. Production

has resulted mainly in a corresponding increase in feed consumption for production

(Luiting et al. 1994). Feed intake is reported to increase with increase in body weight

because heavy birds consume more feed and lay larger eggs with larger egg yolk than

smaller size hens (Leeson et al. 1997). Feed consumption is reported to be affected by

both the age and body weight in quails (Nazligul et al. 2001). Kosba et al. (2002)

reported that feed conversion ratio ranged from 2.48 to 2.64 (feed/g egg) over the

three generations of quails subjected to selective breeding. Rehman (2006) reported

non-significant difference in FCR (g/dozen egg and FCR g/g egg mass) among

different local and imported flocks of Japanese quails. El-Sagheer and Hassanein

(2006) observed that heavy and medium birds of Hy-sex brown strain (HHS and

MHS, respectively) exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher feed conversion by 2.1

and 1.1 percent, respectively, as compared with that of light birds of Hy-sex brown


20

(LHS). Same findings also reported in Pheasant by Aydin and Bilgehan (2007). Lacin

et al. (2008) observed significant differences in feed intake and feed conversion ratio

among heavy, medium and small size groups of Lohmann hen. Abdullah et al. (2010)

reported higher (p<0.05) feed intake and feed conversion ratio in Hubbard classic

broilers with higher figures for males than females. Renden and McDaniel (1984)

reported significant (p<.05) difference in daily feed intake of heavy and small hens

and it was directly related to their body weight. The feed efficiency was the highest

in the control hens with both the control and small hens significantly more efficient

than the heavy hens.

2.2. Egg quality characteristics

The egg quality traits possess great significance in poultry breeding due to

their influence on production performance in next generations and their performance,

breeding performance and quality and growth of the chicks (Altinel et al. 1996;

McDaniel et al. 1978; Islam et al. 2001). Breed, strain and age of hens, egg storage,

nutrition and diseases directly influence size and composition of eggs (Cook and

Briggs 1997; Juliet and Roberts 2004). The significant variation in weight of egg

solids with non-significant difference in yolk albumen ratio have been indicated (Ahn

et al. 1997). Furthermore, some of the egg quality traits have significant and direct

effects on the market value of commercial flocks. In the egg processing enterprises,

the weight of eggshell, albumen and the yolk that form the egg as well as their rates

affect the amount and price of the product (Altan et al. 1998).


21

i. Egg weight


The internal and external egg quality traits, especially in chicken eggs and

correlation between them have been thoroughly studied (Poggepel 1986; Narahari et

al. 1988). Padhi et al. (1998) reported breed variation in egg quality and egg weight of

chickens. The maximum egg weight in Japanese quails was recorded as 11.28g,

(Selim and Seker 2004), in chickens 52.95±0.59g, (Yadav et al. 2009), Guinea fowl

39.24±0.15g (Singh et al. 2008) and in shank feathered strain of local hill fowl

49.82±0.37g. The corresponding figures for clean shank strain of local hill fowl were

56.77±0.56g. The clean shank strain produced large size eggs than feathered strain

(Kumar et al. 2008). However, in another experiment it was observed that the egg

weight varied non-significantly in the local and imported flocks of Japanese quails

(Rehman 2006). Aseel x Rhode Island Red crossbred had significantly better egg

weight (56.27g) as compared to other three crossbreds, Kadaknath x Brown Cornish,

Aseel x Brown Cornish and Kadaknath x Rhode Island Red (Gupta et al. 2007).

Significant difference between Vanaraja and White Leghorn chicken for egg weight

has also been reported (60.79±0.78g and 54.29±0.73g, respectively) (Haunshi et al.

2006). The variation in egg weight in chickens has been suggested to be associated

with breed, strain and size of birds, rate of egg production, nutrition and

environmental conditions (Baishya et al. 2008; Zita et al. 2009). Onbasilar et al.

(2011) reported that the egg weight influenced shell thickness, yolk and albumen

indices, Haugh unit, yolk and albumen percentage, yolk to albumen ratio and shell

percentage in Pekin ducks.


22

b. Body Size

The egg weight of quails is reported to enhance with advancing age and

increase in body size (Nazligul et al. 2001). El-Fiky (2005) reported 10 weeks egg

weight in line of quail selected for body weight between 448.17g and 473.38g and

between 450.51g and 462.13g in the unselected control line. Vali et al. (2006) Egg

weight in Japanese and Range quails has been recorded as 11.23±0.03g and

11.17±0.05g, respectively, showing non-significant difference (p>0.05), whereas, in

Japanese quails it was 13.37g (Megeed and Younis 2006). El-Sagheer and Hassanein

(2006) reported that Bovans brown (BV) and Hi-sex brown (HS) pullets of higher

body weight exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher egg weight by about 1.8g at 20

weeks of age as compared with that of medium Bovans (MBV) and light Bovans

(LMV), respectively. Similar findings indicating breed variations in egg weight

between exotic Rhode Island Red and local Lyallpur Silver Black have been reported

(Akhtar et al. 2007). Egg weight was found to be lower in low body weight chickens

(64.58g) than those of medium (64.97g) and heavy (66.30g) size (Lacin et al. 2008).

Hanan (2010) reported highly significant differences in egg weight of Japanese quail

at different ages.

ii. Egg shell weight


Non-significant difference was observed for shell thickness amongst the

breeds and varieties of chickens (Padhi et al. 1998). Khurshid et al. (2003) reported

that egg shell weight had positive correlation with egg length and width. Similarly,

the eggs obtained from Aseel x Rhode Island Red crossbred had significantly better


23

egg quality as compared to other three cross-breds, Kadaknath x Brown Cornish,

Aseel x Brown Cornish and Kadaknath x Rhode Island Red (Gupta et al. 2007). The

strain variation for egg weight has been associated to their body size as heavy size

strain produced greater egg shell weight and the lightest strain had a lighter egg shell

weight (Silversides et al. 2006). The greater egg shell weight in heavy size birds has

been suggested to be due to their low egg production resulting in greater calcium

deposition in egg shells (Wolanski et al. 2007). The egg shell weight in shank

feathered and clean shank feathered strains of Local hill fowl was 6.28±0.11g, and

6.48±0.05g, respectively (Kumar et al. 2008).

b. Body Size

Scheinberg et al. (1953) reported that the egg size may be a factor influencing

the shell quality traits. The genotype can influence egg shell weight (Zita et al. 2009).

In heavy body weight chickens maintained under backyard system, egg shell weight

was found to be 6.57±0.15g (Yadav et al. 2009).

iii. Egg shell thickness


Strain variation for egg shell thickness has been reported (Eisen and Bohren

1963; Pandey et al. 1986; Dev and Mahipal 2004). Significant differences in egg shell

thickness between Vanaraja and White Leghorn chicken, 0.427±0.012mm and

0.342±0.015mm, respectively at 40 weeks of age has been reported by Haunshi et al.

(2006). (Rehman 2006) reported significant (p<0.05) differences in egg shell

thickness among local and imported flocks of Japanese quails. The egg shell

thickness in Local-1 strain was significantly higher than those of other local and


24

imported strains. Aseel x Rhode Island Red crossbred had significantly better egg

shell thickness than other crossbred groups (Gupta et al. 2007). Egg shell thickness in

shank feathered and clean feathered strains of Local hill fowl was recorded as

0.405±0.003mm and 0.418±0.005mm, respectively (Kumar et al. 2008). Higher egg

shell thickness was recorded in Giriraja chicken in comparison to Farm chicken,

Market and Indigenous chickens (Baishya et al. 2008). In another study the egg shell

strength of the Manchurian Golden quail eggs was observed to be significantly

(p<0.05) greater by 4.6 percent compared to the Pharaoh quail eggs (Genchev and

Kabakchiev 2009). Onbasilar et al. (2011) reported that shell thickness was

influenced by egg weight.

b. Body Size

Egg shell thickness has been reported to decrease with increase in body

weight and advancement of age in Japanese quails (Nazligul et al. 2001). The egg

shell strength has been associated with its shell thickness (Deketelaere et al. 2002).

Selim and Seker (2004) stated that almost all internal egg quality traits changed at the

significant level depending on the change in the egg weight with respect to the

external quality traits of the egg. As a result, it has been considered that it could be

possible to use the egg weight in determining the egg shell weight, shell thickness and

the shell ratio instead of using these traits that are the determinants of the eggs hell

quality of the quail eggs. Nwachukwu et al. (2006) could not find difference in egg

shell thickness due to genetic variation. This observation is in line with the earlier

reports that larger body size birds had larger egg length, egg width and better internal

qualities than lighter body size birds (Ricklefs 1983). Basmacioglu and Ergul (2005)


25

and Lacin et al. (2008) observed non-significant effect of body weight on egg shell

strength and egg shell thickness. The average value of egg shell thickness was

reported as, 0.38±0.003mm in 38 weeks old Guinea fowl (Singh et al. 2008) and

0.42±0.006mm in backyard chickens (Yadav et al. 2009).

iv. Haugh unit


Strain variation in haugh unit values has been indicated (Dev and Mahipal

2004; Baishya et al. 2008). Selim and Seker (2004) reported haugh unit value as

85.73 percent. Haugh unit was reported to be significantly (p<0.05) higher for the

reciprocal crossbreds (Nwachukwu et al. 2006). Heavy body size birds had better

internal egg qualities than smaller ones (Ricklefs 1983). It has been observed that

albumen height (Wolanski et al. 2007) and haugh unit (Afifi et al. 2010) are

associated with age of the birds. The 46 weeks-old strain 10 had the highest albumen

height (5.22mm) as compared with 57, 54 and 52 weeks-old strains 9, 5, 3 which had

albumen heights of 4.36, 4.38mm, and 4.20mm, respectively. They further indicated

that both age and strain may influence weight of internal contents (yolk and

albumen). Aseel x Rhode Island Red crossbred has been reported to have better haugh

unit values (70.22) and egg quality than other three crossbred groups, Kadaknath x

Brown Cornish, Aseel x Brown Cornish and Kadaknath x Rhode Island Red (Gupta et

al. 2007).

Kumar et al. (2008) reported differences in haugh unit values of shank

feathered strain (80.03±0.92) and clean shank strain (77.72±1.13). Different haugh

unit values have been recorded in different strains of chickens (Baishya et al. 2008).


26

Non-significant differences in haugh unit bwtween Vanaraja and White Leghorn

chicken (80.26±1.44 and 81.85±1.42, respectively), at 40 weeks of age have been

reported (Haunshi et al. 2006). Similarly, non-significant differences in haugh unit

values among local and imported flocks of Japanese quails (Rehman 2006) and in

different strains of chickens (Afifi et al. 2010) have been indicated.

b. Body Size

Renden and McDaniel (1984) reported that haugh unit values were related to

body size of the birds. Haugh unit is reported to decrease with increase in body size

and advancement of age in quails (Nazligul et al. 2001). Lacin et al. (2008) reported

that body weight significantly affected haugh unit values. Haugh unit was reported to

be significantly (p<0.05) influenced by the production cycle and egg weight of the

birds (Onbasilar et al. 2011).

v. Yolk index


Non-significant strain differences among local and imported flocks for yolk

index in Japanese quails have been reported (Rehman 2006). Similarly, non-

significant differences between Vanaraja and White Leghorn breeds of chicken for

yolk index (0.3686±0.006 and 0.365±0.007) have been indicated (Haunshi et al.

2006). Significant difference in yolk index of different cross-breds and other breeds

of chickens have been indicated (Gupta et al. 2007; Baishya et al. 2008; Haunshi et al.

2011). In a similar study Kumar et al. (2008) recorded yolk index in shank feathered

and clean shank strains as 0.451±0.005 and 0.423±0.007, respectively. Similar results

have been reported by Nawar (2009) who indicated significant (p<0.05) differences


27

among genetic groups for yolk index. Tumova et al. (2007) reported that genotype

significantly (p<0.001) influenced yolk index.

b. Body Size

Yolk index was reported to be significantly (p<0.05) higher for the reciprocal

crossbreds (Nwachukwu et al. 2006). This observation is in line with the earlier

reports of Ricklefs (1983) indicating that larger size birds had better internal egg

quality than smaller birds. Selim and Seker (2004) studied internal and external

quality traits of the quail eggs as well as the phenotypic correlation between these

traits. Totally 202 eggs, collected in three sequential days from 90 female quails, 20

weeks-old were used for this study. The average yolk index was found to be 36.70

percent. Yolk and albumen did not differ by strain (Joseph and Moran 2005). Lacin et

al. (2008) reported that yolk index was not influenced by body weight in chickens.

2.4. Hatching traits

i. Dead germ and dead in shell percent

The embryonic mortality during the early period was reported to be non-

significant (Soliman et al. 1994; Reis et al. 1997; Seker et al. 2004). Ahmad et al.

(2000) found that light breeds had less embryonic mortality than the heavy breeds.

Medium size eggs (50-60g) had lower late embryonic mortality (18.82 percent) than

either too small (less than 50g) or too large (>60g) size eggs. Late embryonic

mortality was significantly affected by breed, size and shape of eggs. Joseph and

Moran (2005) reported that different selection strategies affected development of the

chick embryo and distribution of dead germs was similar among hen sources.


28

Rehman (2006) reported that all the parameters of hatching traits were significantly

(p<0.05) different among different local and imported stocks of Japanese quails.

ii. Fertility percent

Many factors such as sex ratio, rate of egg production, age of broiler flock and

other environmental conditions can influence fertility in quails (Kulenkamp et al.

1973). Marks (1979) reported that with increase in body weight fertility percent

decreased in Japanese quails. Several factors can decrease fertility percent in birds

such as increased obesity (Siegel and Dunnington 1985), increased female to male

ratio (Kocak and Ozkan 2000), large breed size and age (Ahmad et al. 2000; Ipek et

al. 2004). Gharib et al. (2006) observed significantly higher fertility percent in

smaller size line of Fayoumi chickens. The fertility was observed to be better in quail

breeders during 10th to 19th weeks of age and male to female ratio of 1:2 to 1:5 gave

better fertility and hatchability (Abdul Mujeer et al. 1988). Continuous selection for

low body weight has been indicated to decrease fertility in birds (Yoshihito and

Okamoto 2003). Improvement in fertility could be achieved by improving

environmental conditions (Magda et al. 2010).

The fertility percent in Japanese quails (Table-2.1) indicated that minimum

figure reported for this trait ranged from 66.40 to 85.80 percent (El-Fiky et al. 1996)

and the maximum was reported as 93.90 percent (Gildersleeve et al. 1987).


29

Table-2.1. Fertility percent in Japanese quails at different ages

S. No. Age (weeks) Fertility percent References

A. 06-week

1. 67 Marks (1980)

2. 72.9 Aboul-Hassan et al. (1999)

B. 13-16 week

1. 80.9 Blohowiaik et al. (1984)

C. 15-week

1. 72-92 Wilson et al. (1961)

D. Mixed-weeks

1. 75.7 El-Ibiary et al. (1966)

2. 84.0 Line (1978)

3. 88.4 Marks (1979)

4. 66.7-85.8 Sachdev et al. (1985)

5. 83.4 Sreenivasaiah and Joshi (1987)

6. 93.9 Gildersleeve et al. (1987)

7. 81.0 El-Fiky and Aboul-Hassan

(1994)

8. 66.4-85.8 El-Fiky et al. (1996)

9. 81.7 El-Fiky (2002)

10. 84.3 (Brown strain)

80.9 (White strain)

El-Fiky et al. (2000a)

iii. Hatchability percent

Hatchability bears a great economic significance in broiler production because

of its relationship with number of chicks produced (Wolc et al. 2009). Many factors

can influence hatchability percent, such as strain, health, nutrition, age of the flock,

egg size, weight, storage duration, conditions and egg quality (Heier et al. 2002;

Kingori 2011) and genetic factors (Meijerhoff 1992; Liptoi and Hidas 2006).

Hatchability is associated with female rather than male (Wolc and Olori 2009).


Many factors such as breeder age, egg production rate and storage conditions

of eggs can influence hatchability in quails (Chahil et al. 1975; Heier and Jarp 2001).


30

Breed variation in hatchability percent with smaller size breeds having better

hatchability results have been indicated (Ahmad et al. 2000; Gharib et al. 2006). It

has been reported that the external and internal egg quality traits in chickens (Hurnik

et al. 1978; Nordstrom and Ousterhout 1982) and quails (Narahari et al. 1988; Peebles

and Marks 1991) had significant effects on the hatchability of incubated and fertile

eggs. Abdul Mujeer et al. (1988) observed better hatchability percent in 10 to 19

weeks-old Japanese quail parents, with highest hatchability recorded at 14 and 12

weeks of age, respectively. The influence on hatchability of various environmental

and management factors in the production period, frequency of egg collection

(Fasenko et al. 1991), time of egg storage (Lapao et al. 1999; Heier and Jarp 2002),

egg storage conditions (Brake et al. 1997), egg shell quality (Peebles and Brake 1987;

Roque and Soares 1994) and mating ratio (Sainsbury 1992). Improvement in

hatchability could be achieved by improving environmental conditions (Magda et al.

(2010).

b. Body Size

The influence of parent body weight of female (Fasenko et al. 1992) and male

(Bramwell et al. 1996) on hatchability has been reported. Ipek et al. (2004) reported

that live weight, male to female ratio and breeder age had a significant effect on

hatchability percent. The effect of male: female ratio on the hatchability of fertile

eggs was found to be non-significant, whereas, the effect of this ratio on the

hatchability of total eggs was significant. Begin and Maclaury (1974) observed

differences in hatchability of fertile quail eggs with an increase in age of breeder

females, hatchability being inversely proportional with age. Woodard et al. (1973)


31

reported that hatchability of fertile eggs declined with advancement of age in quails.

Marks (1979) reported that with the increase in body weight, hatchability percent

decreased in Japanese quails. Continuous selection for low body weight has been

indicated to decrease hatchability in birds (Yoshihito and Okamoto 2003). Tunso

(1996) observed significantly better hatchability and day-old chick weight in Japanese

quails from the larger size eggs.

The hatchability percent in Japanese quails (Table-2.2) show that the

minimum range for this parameter has been reported as 44.50 to 50.8 percent (Marks

1979) and the maximum figures of 81.8 percent have been reported by Blohowiaik et

al. (1984).

Table-2.2. Hatchability percent in Japanese quails at different ages

S. No. Age (weeks) Hatchability percent References

A. 06-week

1. 64.2 Aboul-Hassan et al. (1999)

B. 09-10 weeks

1. 80.2-88.4 Woodard and Abplanalp (1967)

2. 81.8 Blohowiaik et al. (1984)

C. 10-week

65.0-88.9 Chahil et al. (1975)

D. Mixed weeks

1. 63.0 Wilson et al. (1961)

2. 44.5-50.8 Marks (1979)

3. 70.7-84.1 Sachdev et al. (1985)

4. 79.0 Sreenivasaiah and Joshi (1987)

5. 73.2 Narahari et al. (1988)

6. 72.2 Bunaciu et al. (1994)

7. 68.2-78.5 El-Fiky et al. (1996)

8. 62.7 (Brown strain)

57.0 (White strain)

El-Fiky et al. (2000a)

9. 73.9 El-Fiky (2002)


32

2.5. Slaughter characteristics

2.5.1. Carcass characteristics

i. Final live body weight


Effects of breed, sex and body weight on the carcass composition of chickens

have been indicated by (Broadent et al. 1981; Marks 1990; Ahn et al. 1995; Cherian

et al. 1996; Bartov and Plavnik 1998; Smith and Pesti 1998; Wiseman and Lewise

1998; Peebles et al. 1999; Young et al. 2001; Le Bihan et al. 2001; Musa et al. 2006a;

Jaturasitha et al. 2008; Ojedapo et al. 2008 and Zhao et al. 2009).

Om et al. (1984) reported that the heredity among other factors could affect

carcass yield. Significant differences between breeds and strains for carcass traits

have been indicated by many workers (Singh et al. 1983; El-Labban 1999; Habeb

2007). Oguz et al. (1996) observed that body and carcass weights were influenced by

line of quails which had no significant effect on the yields of carcass. However,

carcass contents of male quails were affected by line. Similar findings indicating

significant line effect on slaughter weight, carcass weight and yield of female quails

have been reported by Levent et al. (1999). They further observed that average

slaughter weight and carcass weight over the generations in the female and male

quails were 197.53g, 122.05g and 173.92g, 124.93g, respectively. Minvielle et al.

(2000) observed sex differences in dressed weight of quails with slightly higher

values in females than males. The lines selected for 4-week body weight for 19

generations were heavier than the unselected control line by 10.3 to 45.3 percent at

different ages. Live body-weight and absolute weight of carcass did not show a


33

consistent trend in two growth selected and one control line of Japanese quail

(Dhaliwal et al. 2004). Significant differences for dressing yield in chicken breeds

(Jai et al. 2004; Musa et al. 2006; Munira et al. 2006) and strain variation in quails

(Vali et al. (2005) have been reported. Taha and Farran (2009) reported strain

differences (p<0.05) in breast yield of turkeys with males having higher breast meat

yield than females. Khaldari et al. (2010) reported a significant difference in carcass

weight component between the sexes at 4-weeks of age (p<0.01) with females quails

having higher figures than males. Baiomy and Hassanien (2011) indicated non-

significant effects of breed and sex on carcass traits except for the dressing yield. The

male exhibited higher breast weight and lower carcass yield than female birds (Lopez

et al. 2011).

b. Body Size

The body weight and age have been reported to significantly (p<0.05)

influence dressed carcass weight in broilers (Pandey et al. 1985) and different breeds

(Singh and Essary 1974). Among other factors, heredity has been found to affect the

carcass yield (Om et al. 1984). Tserveni-Gousi and Yannakopoulos (1986) reported

significantly greater carcass yield in male than female quails, although the carcass

weight was similar. Yalcin et al. (1995) conducted a study to evaluate the relationship

between slaughter ages and carcass characteristics of Japanese quail slaughtered at 5,

6, 7, 8 and 9 weeks of age. They found that body weight and eviscerated weight were

affected by age. El-Full et al. (2001) recorded live body weight in Japanese quail as

155.2g, 190.9g when slaughtered at 5 and 7 weeks of age, respectively.


34

ii. Dressing percentage


Dressing percentage represents the carcass yield in relation to live body

weight or edible body parts. This trait is influenced by many factors such as dressing

percentage, breed, body size, slaughtering age, sex, quality of feed and processing

methods (Carlson et al. 1975). Different dressing percentage values in Japanese quails

at different ages have been reported by many researchers (Wilson et al. 1961; Dawson

et al. 1971; Bacon and Nestor 1983; Jones et al. 1979; El-Fiky 1991; Kosba et al.

1992; El-Full et al. 2001) which have been presented in Table-2.3. Variation was

attributed to relatively large body size in Bob White quail than Japanese quails. The

dressing yield of 72 percent in broilers (Hayse and Marion 1973) and 71 percent in

turkeys (Dobson 1969) has been reported. Growth and different carcass traits have

been reported to be positively correlated Jaap et al. (1950); Davis and Hutto (1953);

Bouwkamp et al. (1973). Becker et al. (1981) observed no difference in fat content of

carcass in 5 different broiler strains.

Differences in dressing percentage between different varieties of Desi

chickens have been reported by Sahota et al. (2003a). Dressing percentage was

observed to be significantly (p<0.01) different in Anka and Rugao breeds of chickens

which also significantly (p<0.05) differed between male and female in Anka breed

and non-significantly in Rugao breed (Musa et al. 2006). Etuk et al. (2006) reported

higher dressing percentage in male ducks (72.01-74.90 percent) than the females

(69.09-70.98 percent).


35

b. Body Size

The body weight and age significantly (p<0.05) influenced dressing

percentage (Pandey et al. 1985) between breeds of broilers (Singh and Essary 1974).

Dressing percentage in male was significantly better than female birds (Turgut

Kirmizibayrak 2002). Dressing percentage for the Padovana breed of chicken was

found to be slightly lower than that reported for commercial broilers (Havenstein et

al. 2003; Cortinas et al. 2004). Jai et al. (2004) reported significant differences in

dressing percentage among the three breeds of Black Nicobari compared to Brown

Nicobari and Barred Desi. The maximum dressing percentage was recorded in Aseel

× Brown Cornish followed by that of Rhode Island Red × Aseel and Kadaknath ×

Aseel (Mondal et al. 2007). Dressing percentage in indigenous male chicken

(70.11±0.66 percent) was reported to be significantly different (p<0.01) than that of

female counterpart (Iqbal et al. 2009).

The dressing percentage in Japanese quails reported by many researches has

been presented in Table-2.3. The minimum dressing percentage of 32.5 in 18 week-

old Bob White quails (Dawson et al. 1971) and the maximum dressing percentage of

77.00 in 9 week-old Japanese quails (Jones et al. 1979 and El-Fiky 1991) have been

reported.


36

Table-2.3. Dressing percentage in Japanese quails at different ages

S. No. Age (weeks) Dressing percentage References

Mixed sexes

A 05-week

1. 65.5 El-Full et al. (2001)

B 06-weeks

1. 69.4 Wilson et al. (1961)

2. 59.3-67.3 Bacon and Nestor (1983)

3. 65.3 El-Full et al. (2001)

C 07-weeks

1. 65.2 El-Full et al. (2001)

D 09-weeks

1. 77.00 Jones et al. (1979; El-Fiky 1991)

2. 68.1-69.6 Kosba et al. (1992)

E 10-weeks

1. 39.0 (Bob white quail) Dawson et al. (1971)

F 18-weeks

1. 32.5 (Bob white quail) Dawson et al. (1971)

2.5.2. Giblets

The carcass weight in 9 week-old Japanese quails was recorded as 113.6g

(Jones et al. 1979) which was observed to be affected by body weight (Bacon and

Nestor 1983). In 6 weeks-old quail, meat, bone and giblet percent of 46.9, 11.6 and

6.5 (Mousa 1993) and carcass and giblet weight of 90.4 and 6.43g, respectively

(Sharaf 1994) have been reported. The carcass yield in quail was found to increase

with advancement in age (El-Full 2000).

i. Liver weight

The proportionate yield of liver was observed to be greater in female quails

than in males and liver weight and part yield could be accurately predicted by body

weight (Tserveni-Gousi and Yannakopoulos 1986). Yalcin et al. (1995) reported that

the age had no significant effect on the weight of liver. The liver and liver lipid


37

contents in quails were affected by line (Oguz et al. 1996; Levent et al. 1999). Sklan

et al. (2003) reported higher liver proportions in heavier chicks. Dhaliwal et al. (2004)

observed that weight of liver increased from 68 weeks but their weight expressed as

percent of eviscerated weight did not show a consistent trend. Muammer Tilki (2004)

stated that selection at 4 week body weight was associated with increase in giblets

percentages in Japanese quail. Non-significant breed differences in liver weight

(Munira et al. 2006) and giblet weight (Jai et al. 2004) have been reported, whereas,

Musa et al. (2006) reported breed variation for liver weight.

ii. Heart weight

Oguz et al. (1996) observed that heart weight was affected by line of quails.

Musa et al. (2006) studied Anka and Rugao chicken breeds maintained under the

same environment and management and found that heart weight differed non-

significantly (p>0.05). The black strain of Japanese quails was observed to be

superior to brown for all the slaughter characters except the breast weight, however,

significant effect was observed for the heart weight (Kumari et al. 2008). 296 birds

from 37 lines of commercial broiler, layer, and traditional chickens slaughtered at 6

and 10 weeks of age had moderately high relative heart

weight and greater heart

weight at 10 than at 6 weeks of age. Broiler carcasses had a relatively smaller

proportion of heart weight (Sandercock et al. 2009). Yalcin et al. (1995) conducted a

study to evaluate the relationship between slaughter ages and carcass characteristics

of Japanese quail slaughtered at 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 weeks of age. They reported that the

age had no significant effect on the heart weight. Heart weight increased from 68

weeks of age but heart weight expressed as percent of eviscerated weight did not


38

show a consistent trend. Selection at 4 week body weight was found to be associated

with increase in giblets percentage in Japanese quail (Dhaliwal et al. 2004). Etuk et

al. (2006) reported non-significant sex differences (p>0.05) for heart weight in ducks.

The giblet weight as 40.46±2.46g was recorded in Aseel × Brown Cornish (Mondal et

al. 2007).

iii. Gizzard weight

Yalcin et al. (1995) conducted a study to evaluate the relationship between

slaughter ages and carcass characteristics of Japanese quail slaughtered at 5, 6, 7, 8

and 9 weeks of age and reported that the age could not significantly affect gizzard

weight. Oguz et al. (1996) observed that gizzard weight in quails was affected by line.

In native geese the mean values of gizzard weight in males and females was recorded

as 173.3g 165.5g, respectively (Turgut Kirmizibayrak 2002). Munira et al. (2006)

reported non-significant differences in weight of gizzard between breeds. Black strain

of Japanese quails was found to be superior to brown for all the slaughter characters

except the breast weight. Significant effect was observed for the gizzard weight

(Kumari et al. 2008).

2.5.3. Visceral organs

A negative relationship between body size and different reproductive traits in

Japanese quails similar to chickens and turkeys has been indicated (Marks 1980 a). A

positive correlation between ovarian follicles and body size during the growing

period in Japanese quails has also been reported (Anthony et al. 1996), however, age

of sexual maturity and follicle number was negatively correlated in two lines of quails


39

(Reddish et al. 2003). At the start of sexual maturity ovary weight was observed to be

greater than 1 or 2 weeks before maturity (Yannakopoulos et al. 1995).

In Japanese quails, sex organ weights and yields in both the sexes were found

to be similar between lines. Average ovarian, oviduct and testes weights over the

generations in the female and male quails were recorded as 5.27g, 6.03g and 4.80g,

respectively (Levent et al. 1999). Yalcin et al. (1995) conducted a study to evaluate

the relationship between slaughter ages and carcass characteristics of Japanese quail

slaughtered at 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 weeks of age. Eviscerated weight was found to be

affected by age. Oguz et al. (1996) observed that weight of testes; ovary and yield of

testes were affected by line. Evisceration loss in heavy weight females was higher

than males in Muscovy ducks (Snyder 1962; Varadarajulu and Muralimohan Rao

1976; Ahmed et al. 1980). Punyavee et al. (2000) observed higher testes weight in

Shanghai chickens as compared to Rhode Island Red. Bhatti et al. (2003) reported

breed differences in length of intestine with higher figure in Nick chick layers than

other breeds of chickens which was attributed to higher production in Nick chick.

Jaturasitha (2004) reported higher intestinal percentage in male than female chickens.

Rehman (2006) observed significant difference (p<0.05) in intestinal weight and

length among imported and local stocks of Japanese quails. He further reported non-

significant effect of close-bred flocks on reproductive tract weight and length, ovarian

follicular number and testes weight in imported and local stocks of Japanese quails.

The findings of the study conducted by Iqbal (2011) in Aseel chickens indicate higher

(p<0.05) intestinal weight (68.5±10.9g) in male than female (44.8±2.93g) at 12 weeks

of age, however, differences were non-significant between sexes at 15 weeks of age.


40

The intestinal length was greater (p<0.05) in male birds (162.3±5.5cm) than females

(144.7±3.7cm) at 15 weeks of age, however, non-significant differences were

recorded between sexes at 12 weeks of age and also among the four varieties of Aseel

at both 12 and 15 weeks of age. Non-significant (p>0.05) differences were observed

in ovary and testes weight among four varieties of Aseel at 12 and 15 weeks of age

2.6. Proximate analysis

i. Breast meat


Genetic variation among strains and lines of chicken for dressed and

eviscerated carcasses yields, carcass parts, edible meat, skin, and bone has been

documented in the literature. The positive correlations between growth rate and yield

has been indicated by Jaap et al. (1950); Davis and Hutto (1953); Bouwkamp et al.

(1973). Differences could not be detected in carcass fat in five commercial broiler

strains (Becker et al. 1981). Oguz et al. (1996) conducted an experiment on quails to

evaluate the effects of line and sex on carcass characteristics and reported effect of

line on breast and thigh. Farran et al. (2000) observed significantly higher protein

content in Ross males than in Lohmann and Arbor Acres males (18.8 vs. 18.3 and

18.2 percent, respectively). Similarly, the moisture content of Ross males (67.5

percent) was noted to be significantly higher than that of Arbor Acres (65.9 percent),

but not significantly different from that of Lohmann males (67.0 percent). Female

body composition results, however, did not differ significantly among the three

strains and averaged 18.7, 66.1, and 12.1 percent for protein, moisture, and fat,

respectively. Przywarova et al. (2001) conducted an experiment to evaluate effect of


41

sex on carcass characteristics and body weight of 3 lines of Japanese quails

slaughtered at 68 days of age. Higher weights (p<0.01) of breast meat were obtained

in lines 03 (28.53g) and line 20 (27.97g). Genchev et al. 2005 reported breed

differences in proximate composition of quail meat.

Significant breed variation in protein and moisture in meat and no such

difference in muscles has been observed (Fujimura et al. 1996). Bhatti et al. (2003a)

reported non-significant difference (p>0.05) in crude protein, crude fat, total ash and

moisture contents regardless of sex and strains of chickens. Higher fat content in

breast meat in female chicken was recorded than in male breast. The similar

observations indicating higher percentage of abdominal fat in female than in male

chickens have been reported by Chen et al. (1996). The effect of strain, age and sex

on the composition of carcass revealed that moisture percentage was not significantly

affected by strain and sex. However, it decreased with increase in age. Crude protein

contents generally increased with age in both the sexes of all the four strains of

broilers. Fat contents increased with age in all the four strains. Female broilers of all

strains had significantly greater fat contents than the male broilers (p<0.05). Between

the male and female broilers, Hubbard strain had significantly more fat percentage,

followed by Indian River, Ross and Lohmann. There was no effect on the ash

contents of carcass due to sex and strain, through it decreased with increase in age

(Ahmad 1989).

Vali et al. (2005) reported non-significant differences in breast meat weight in

both the sexes of quails. The carcass weight of male was found to be significantly

higher in all the lines as compared to females. Musa et al. (2006) reported that semi-


42

eviscerated, eviscerated, breast muscle and leg muscle weight were significantly

(p<0.01) different in Anka and Rugao breed. Males compared to females showed

significantly (p<0.01) higher semi-eviscerated, eviscerated and breast muscle weight

within two breeds. However, weight of leg muscle was found to vary non-

significantly. Zaman et al. (2009) reported non-significant difference in the mean

percentage of moisture, crude protein, ether extract and ash content in thigh meat in

both the sexes of Nageswari ducks. Tang et al. (2009) reported higher moisture and

protein and lower lipid contents in breast than thigh muscle. Breed variation in

protein, fat and ash content in breast muscle has been indicated (Pomianowski et al.

2009). Turkey meat contained protein, fat, ash and moisture 20.4, 3.85, 1.0, 74.8

percent, respectively (Paleari et al. 1998). The moisture, crude protein, fat and ash

percentages in breast fillets were recorded as 75.0±0.2, 22.5±0.2, 0.87±0.08, and

1.3±0.00, respectively (Abdullah and Matarneh 2010).

b. Body Size

Tserveni-Gousi and Yannakopoulos (1986) stated that breast is a major

portion of the body in Japanese quails consisting about 34.6 and 32.1 percent of their

body weight in male and female quails, respectively, however, breast weight is not

affected by sex. Yalcin et al. (1995) observed that breast meat composition was

significantly affected in quails by age. Fuzhu Liu and Zhuye Niu (2008) observed that

White Lueyang chicken attained market weight at the later age and had lower breast

meat yield than leg meat yield (p<0.05 r p<0.01). Moisture and lipids (ether extract)

of both the breast and thigh muscle were lower for White Lueyang chicken than

Arbor Acres breeder (p<0.01), but protein and ash components of both breast muscle


43

and thigh muscle were higher for White Lueyang chicken than Arbor Acres breeder.

Lariviere et al. (2009) reported that Ardennaise breed had breast meat yield varying

from 11.02-11.62 percent at 84 days.

ii. Thigh meat


No differences could be detected in carcass fat in five commercial broiler

strains (Becker et al. 1981). Dry matter and protein percentage were similar for the

Padovana breed than the Thai indigenous chicken to those reported for other chicken

breeds (Castellini et al. 1994; Castellini et al. 2002), whereas, percentage protein,

ether extract and ash were higher in these breeds and commercial broilers

(Wattanachant et al. 2004). Oguz et al. (1996) reported that breast and thigh weight

were affected by line of quails. The protein content of meat was reported to be similar

in different strains of chickens (Fujimura et al. 1996).

b. Body Size

Tserveni-Gousi and Yannakopoulos (1986) reported that bigger portion of

body weight in both the sexes of Japanese quail was the thigh and its’ yield was not

affected by sex and weight of leg and parts could be predicted by body weight. Yalcin

et al. (1995) reported that thigh meat composition was affected by age of quails.

DeMarchi et al. (2005) reported no sex differences in proximate composition of

breast meat of chicken except dry matter and ash contents. Breast chemical

composition did not differ at different ages except for protein percent. Musa et al.

(2006) reported that chicken breeds differed non-significantly (p>0.05) in leg muscle

weight.


44

2.7. Blood biochemical profile

2.7.1. Blood chemistry

In poultry blood chemistry was established to some extent for chicken (Ross

et al. 1976; 1978), quail (Faqi et al. 1997), duck (Farhat and Chavez 2000), ostrich

(Verstappen et al. 2002) and turkey (Huff et al. 2008).

i. Glucose


Blood biochemical traits are important indicators in breeding for high

productivity (Obeidah et al. 1978). Bacon et al. (1980) reported that the level of

several blood constituents is quite different in female birds when various reproductive

states are compared. Avian blood glucose values have been reported to range from

110-350mg/dl (Sturkie 1965) and from 200 to 500mg/dl (Coles 1977). The blood

glucose level was reported to be higher in chickens than in mammals (Sermpan and

Achara 2000). Vijay et al. (2010) observed significantly (p<0.01) greater serum

glucose concentration (mg/dl) in female (182.15±0.05g/100ml) than male

(169.45±0.41g/100ml) quails. There is reported to be no significant difference with

regard to serum protein, glucose and phosphorus contents between breeds of broilers

(Saleem et al. 1996). The effect of strain on some blood constituents in local strains

of chickens have been indicated by some investigators (El-Kaiaty and Hassan 2004;

Hassan et al. 2006; Habeb 2007; Farhat et al. 2009). Bhatti et al. (2001) observed

blood glucose in Desi and Naked neck hens as 226.736±15.20, 231.818±31.376mg/dl,

respectively. No difference in blood glucose, total protein and albumin between two


45

breeds was noted suggesting that an identical genetic mechanism might have

regulated blood chemical composition.

b. Body Size

The serum glucose concentration in Rhode Island Red chicken varied between

sexes during all ages (Flora and Sangeetha 2000). Plasma glucose levels are affected

by many factors e.g., body size and age (Cerolini et al. 1990; rate of lay (Suchy et al.

2001; Gyenis et al. 2006; Pavlik et al. 2009). Alm El-Dein et al. (2008) observed that

body weight at 8 and 12 weeks of age, body weight gain during periods from 8-12

and 16-20 weeks and both body weight and age at sexual maturity were positively

correlated with glucose level. Positive and significant correlation was found between

calcium levels with glucose level. It is concluded that laying hens had high calcium

and low glucose levels at early age (8 weeks). Mary and Gomathy (2008) observed

that glucose level in turkeys increased with advancement of age from 0-3 weeks, then

decreased gradually with advancement of age after 12-18 weeks. Bahie El-Deen et al.

(2009) reported that the low body weight quail had significantly higher estimates for

glucose than the medium and high body weight groups (192.47 vs. 190.60 and 187.62

mg/dl). Plasma glucose in chicken was found to range between 190.7-270.7mg/dl

which was on lower side in high and medium than the small size chickens indicating

relationship between glucose requirement and body size (Amira et al. 2009). Higher

(p<0.01) glucose level was observed in male Japanese quails than females (Scholtz et

al. 2009). The physiological parameters possessing higher heritability, genetic and

phenotypic correlations with growth rate could be improved through selection for

body weight in Japanese quail (Farhat et al. 2010).


46

ii. Total protein

Work (1996) reported increase in total protein value with age in pelecaniform

birds. Wolf et al. (1985) found that in brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) total

protein values increased with age. However, in domestic fowls (Brandt et al. 1951)

and Japanese quail (Nirmalan and Robinson 1971) the total protein value decreased

with age. Sykes (1971) indicated that urea/uric acid is the end product of metabolism

of protein/amino acid. Bhatti et al. (2001) reported total proteins in Desi and Naked

neck hens as 5.203±1.078 and 4.533±0.797mg/dl, respectively. Sermpan and Achara

(2000) reported that total protein level was lower in chickens than those of mammals.

Olayemi et al. (2002) observed non-significant differences in total protein values

between young and adult Nigerian ducks. Olayemi et al. (2002) reported total protein

(5.91g/dl) and albumin (2.81gldl) in adult Nigerian ducks which were found higher

than those reported by Makinde and Fatunmbi (1985). In adult White England

turkeys, Olayemi et al. (2002) observed total protein (3.93g/dl) and albumin

(1.55g/dl), however, Oyewale et al. (1988) reported a lower albumin (1.55gldl) and

total protein values (4.95gldl) in Nigerian fowl than those obtained in Nigerian ducks

(Olayemi et al. (2002). Flora and Sangeetha (2000) observed significant difference in

total protein values in growing RIR chickens, which varied non-significantly between

sexes. Habeb (2007) observed non- significant differences in plasma total protein

between two strains of chickens. Malarmathi et al. (2009) observed that plasma

protein in black strain of Japanese quails was 4.10 g/dl.

Bahie El-Deen et al. (2009) observed significantly higher estimates for total

protein (3.96g/dl) in heavy size quails than the medium and low body weight groups


47

(3.69 and 3.75g/dl). Mary and Gomathy (2008) reported that total serum protein in

turkeys increased with age till 26-34 weeks during the period of active growth and

then gradually declined. Total serum protein concentrations in adult female Japanese

quails was found to be higher (p<0.01) than males (Scholtz et al. 2009). Vijay et al.

(2010) reported that male and female quails differed non-significantly in serum

values of total protein, calcium and phosphorus. A positive correlation between total

serum protein and body weight has been reported in Japanese quails (Sato 1985).

iii. Albumin

Work (1996) reported increase in serum albumin values with age in

pelecaniform birds. Wolf et al. (1985) found that in brown pelicans (Pelecanus

occidentalis), albumin decreased with advancement of age. Flora and Sangeetha

(2000) observed highly significant difference in serum albumin in RIR chickens

during different ages, whereas, it differed non-significantly between sexes. Olayemi

et al. (2002) reported albumin level (2.81gldl) in adult Nigerian ducks which were

higher than those reported by Makinde and Fatunmbi (1985). In White England adult

turkeys, Olayemi et al. (2002) observed albumin level (1.55g/dl) whereas, Oyewale et

al. (1988) reported a lower albumin level (1.55gldl) in Nigerian fowl than those

obtained in Nigerian ducks (Olayemi et al. (2002). Olayemi et al. (2002) observed

non-significant differences between young and adult Nigerian ducks (Anas

platyrhynchos) for albumin values. Albumin concentrations in adult female Japanese

quails was found to be higher (p<0.01) than males (Scholtz et al. 2009). The blood

albumin in Desi and Naked neck hens was recorded as 1.624±0.224 and

1.562±0.287mg/dl, respectively (Bhatti et al. 2001).


48

iv. Cholesterol

Serum cholesterol concentration was not influenced by strain variation and

laying conditions (Bhatti et al. 2002) and the lowest values (86.54mg/dl) were

recorded in cross breds and the highest (130.72mg/dl) (p<0.0I) were in RIR and there

was non-significant difference between broiler (107.58mg/dl) and Fayoumi

(123.92mg/dl) birds (Tanzeela et al. 2000). Blood cholesterol was reported to

significantly vary in different birds at different stages (Yeh et al. 1996). The plasma

cholesterol level (150.72 mg/dl) was found to vary significantly between sexes in

quails (Malarmathi et al. 2009). Bahie El-Deen (2009) observed that cholesterol

concentration in quails was reduced at 13 week of age (peak egg production) than

during other production periods. This could be due to depression in serum cholesterol

during high egg production period on account of cholesterol shift from the blood to

the ovarian tissue for egg yolk formation seems to be a metabolic phenomenon for

meeting a continued serum cholesterol demand to replenish losses during egg

formation production (Mady 1990). Mary and Gomathy (2008) reported that

cholesterol values in both the sexes of turkeys were ascending with age from the day

of hatch to 12-18 weeks and it fluctuated from group to group before reaching the

lowest value in above 50 weeks age group. The cholesterol level was found higher

(p<0.01) in adult female Japanese quails than males (Scholtz et al. 2009).

v. Urea

Sykes (1971) indicated that urea/uric acid is the end product of metabolism of

protein/amino acid. Olayemi et al. (2002) reported non-significant differences in urea

values between young and adult Nigerian ducks. The urea concentration (7.20 mg/dl)


49

observed in adult Egyptian duck by Soliman et al. (1966) was lower than the value

observed in adult Nigerian ducks by Olayemi et al. (2002). The high urea value as

well as the high total plasma protein value probably reflected the adequate state of

nutrition in Nigerian ducks (Olayemi et al. 2002).

2.7.2. Plasma macro minerals

Different studies were undertaken to associate performance with some

physical and chemical constituents of blood in chickens (Mady 1990; El-Bogdady et

al. 1993). The mean calcium concentrations in adult Egyptian ducks were reported as

104 mg/dl by Soliman et al. (1966). Bacon et al. (1980) reported that the level of

several blood plasma constituents was quite different in female than male birds.

Significant differences between local strains for serum concentrations of calcium

have been reported by El-Kaiaty and Hassan (2004). Similarly, Hassan et al. (2006)

found significant difference in serum calcium concentrations between SM, MAT and

EL-Salam chicks. Habeb (2007) observed that the female chicks of SM strain

exhibited the highest value for plasma calcium. It was further stated that not

significant differences could not be detected within or between the two strains, in

phosphorus concentration. Positive and significant correlation was found between

calcium levels and glucose levels. Laying hens had high calcium concentrations at 8

weeks of age (Alm El-Dein et al. 2008). Hanan (2010) reported highly significant

increase in calcium and phosphorus levels with advancement of age. Abdelrahim

Ahmed (2009) observed not significant differences in plasma calcium and sodium

levels between three breeds of Sudanese indigenous chickens. The lowest values of

calcium were observed at 8 and 10 weeks of age with non- significant differences in


50

levels of phosphorus up to 18 weeks of age. Increase in the level of calcium with

increased egg production has been attributed to steroid hormones which are

implicated in regulation of calcium metabolism in laying hens throughout several

modes of action as deposition of calcium within the medullar portion of long bones

(Johnson 1986). A considerable increase in plasma calcium levels at the beginning of

laying period of hens and subsequent gradual increase in calcium level has been

observed by Cerolini et al. (1990); Gyenis et al. (2006); Pavlik et al. (2009). Bhatti et

al. (2002) reported increased serum calcium and phosphorus concentration (p<0.05)

during laying. However, Pavlik et al. (2009) reported that plasma phosphorus

concentrations decreased from 22 to 75 weeks of age in laying birds.

Enaiat et al. (2010) found that Silver Montazah chicks had significantly

(p<0.01) higher plasma calcium concentration than Matruoh chicks. On the contrary,

no appreciable differences could be detected between the two strains in plasma

phosphorus concentrations. Balasch et al. (1973) observed that Na and K values in

Galliformes were 153.90-168.17mmol/l and 2.25-3.58mmol/l, respectively. Olayemi

et al. (2002) reported that the adult Nigerian duck had higher sodium 149.40 vs.

133.60mmol/l, potassium 6.00 vs. 3.88mmol/l but lower calcium 8.56 vs. 9.89mg/dl.

Olayemi et al. (2002) reported that Na and K levels in the young (8-10 weeks-old)

Nigerian ducks were not significantly different from those of the adult duck (50-80

week old). Nazifi et al. (2011) reported significant (p<0.05) difference in blood

phosphorus concentration between both the sexes of Iranian chukar partridges

(Alectoris chukar). Bhatti et al. (2002) reported increased serum phosphorus

concentration (p<0.05) during laying. Abdelrahim Ahmed (2009). Potassium is


51

essentially needed for many important functions such as osmotic, acid base and water

balance and also involves in different enzymatic actions and a balance is necessary

between potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium (McDowell 1993). With

increase in pH of the body fluids, potassium concentration and alkalinity in the cells

increase, resulting into more alkalinity in the urine (Donald et al. 1988).

2.2 Progeny flock

2.2.1 Growth performance

The growth and productive performance in birds depends on genetic makeup

and environmental conditions (Ahmad and Singh 2007). Growth is an important

character in animal production which is used to evaluate their production

performance and efficiency of management. Many factors such as genetic makeup,

diet, management and housing conditions, sex ratio and parental age play an

important role in improving growth rate in animals and birds (Parks 1971). Growth

rate is stated to be affected by gene and environment interaction (Hafez 1963). It is

generally assumed that the weight of an egg determines the body weight and quality

of chick at hatching time and affects the post-embryonic growth of birds (Bray and

Iton 1965). Different growth attributes in different species of birds have been

discussed (Ricklefs 1968). The growth is determined by recording body weight gain

during different ages (Cole 1966). Many factors influencing growth rate may be

studied (Bakker 1974). Numerous research workers have studied the growth rate of

Japanese quails under different environments (Marks and Kinney 1964; El-Ibiary et

al. 1966; Lepore and Marks 1971; Sefton and Siegel 1974; Marks 1975; El-Fiky

1991; Shebl et al. 1996; Aboul-Hassan 1997; Bahie El-Deen 1999; Aboul-Hassan


52

2000; Abdel-Fattah 2006; Mahmoud 2006). William and Willey (1950); Kosin et al.

(1952) and Jalal et al. (1972) observed that the egg weight had significant effect on

the day-old chick weight and its subsequent growth performance up to 10 weeks of

age. The relationship between egg weight and day-old chick weights is affected by

both heredity and environment. The egg weight is one of the most important factors

influencing hatchability and performance of birds (Ghani et al. 1985).


The literature available on hatch time of Japanese quail is very scanty on

account of birds being sensitive for handling and their very small body size.

However, salient research findings in this respect are reported here. Different body

weight values in Japanese quails at different ages have been reported by many

researchers (Lepore and Marks 1971; Marks 1975; 1980; 1993; Oguz et al. 1996;

Aboul-Hassan 2000, 2001a; El-Fiky 2005; Abdel-Fatah 2006; Megeed and Younis

2006; Abdel-Tawab 2006) and have been presented in Table-2.4. El-Fiky (2005)

reported improvement in hatching weight consequent to selection breeding for body

weight in quails. Shoukat et al. (1988) and Suarez et al. (1997) observed variation in

day-old chick weight hatched from different egg weight groups. The day-old chick

weight has been reported to be influenced by strain and age. Ahmad et al. (2000)

reported highly positive correlation between egg weight and hatching weights of

chicks. Breed and egg size also had significant effect on hatching weight. Numerous

investigators reported significant differences in body weight and rate of growth at

different ages between some local strains of chickens (Younis and Abd El-Ghany

2003; El-Kaiaty and Hassan 2004; Habeb 2007). Joseph and Moran (2005a)


53

conducted a study by obtaining hatching eggs from 3 maternal strains of broilers

(strains A and B were selected for growth rate and strain C was selected for high

breast-meat yield). The day-old chick weight was significantly higher for strain B due

to better egg weight.

b. Body Size

The Japanese quails have been regarded as a bird possessing an efficient

growth rate (Marks 1971; Sefton and Siegel 1974; Darden and Marks 1988). The

variation in body weight of quails at different ages may be due to variation in their

genetic makeup and also due to different environmental conditions under which they

are maintained, however, females consistently attain greater body weight (Wilson et

al. 1961; El-Ibiary et al. 1966; Marks and Lepore 1968; Narayan 1976). It has been

further observed that selected males produced significantly (p<0.01) heavier body

weight in broilers at 6 weeks of age (Van Wambeke et al. 1981). It has been indicated

that quail chicks with better body weight at hatching time attain higher body weight at

market age due to better skeletal muscle growth (Sklan et al. 2003). In broilers,

increase in body weight has been observed up to 35 days of age (81g/day) and then

after this age, body weight decreased (Abdullah and Matarneh 2010). Kawahara and

Saito (1976) reported higher heritability and larger genetic variance in male quails for

total body and muscle weight than females. Significant effect of hatch weight on 2nd

week body weight in quails have been reported (Saatci et al. 2003; Saatci et al. 2006;

Shokoohmand et al. 2007; Kumari et al. 2009; Alkan et al. 2010).

The previous findings indicated that several factors, including, species, breed,

egg nutrient levels, egg environment, egg size (Wilson 1991, 1991a), weight loss


54

during the incubation period, weight of the shell and other residues at hatch (Tullett

and Burton 1982), shell quality, and incubator conditions (Peebles and Brake 1987)

may influence hatching weight of chicks. In addition, many factors such as seasonal

effects (because of changes in maternal metabolism), genotype, incubation period

(Wilson 1991a), body weight, and hen age (Benoff and Renden 1983; Tserveni-Gousi

1987), as well as correlated responses due to genetic selection (Rodda et al. 1977;

Akbar et al. 1983; Fletcher et al. 1983), may alter egg weight-chick weight

relationships. The earlier findings also indicated that maternal effect on chick weight

was possibly mediated via egg composition of both the genetic and the environmental

origin. Furthermore, no significant genetic correlation of the direct genetic effect on

chick weight and egg composition was found (Hartmann et al. 2003).

The body weight of Japanese quails reported by different research workers

have been presented in Table-2.4. The body weight in day-old quails is reported to

range between 6.0g (Lepore and Marks 1971) to 9.3g (Marks 1993; Oguz et al. 1996).

The body weight in 2 weeks-old quails has been observed to range between 32.5g

(Aboul-Hassan 2000) to 71.89g (Megeed and Younis 2006) with higher body weight

in female than male quails. The lowest and the highest body weight range in male and

female quails was reported as 80.6 and 80.6g (Mousa 1993) and 127.25 and 132.17g

respectively, (Abdel-Fattah 2006) at 4-weeks of age and 92.90 to 108.20g in male and

103.10-132.80g in female (Colins et al. 1970) and 140.40 and 164.50g in male and

female quails, respectively, at 6-weeks of age (Kosba et al. 1996).


55

Table-2.4. Body weight (g) in Japanese quails at different ages

S.

No.

Age

(weeks)

Body weight (g) References

Male Female Mixed

sexes

A. 0-day

1. - - 6.0 Lepore and Marks (1971)

2. - - 6.3-6.6 Marks (1975)

3. - - 8.8 Marks (1980)

4. - - 6.30 Shoukat et al. (1988)

5. - - 9.3 Marks (1993) and Oguz et

al. (1996)

6. - - 8.3-8.6 Aboul-Hassan (2000, 2001a)

7. - - 8.11 El-Fiky (2005)

8. - - 8.38-8.48 Abdel-Tawab (2006

9. - - 8.96 (Megeed and Younis (2006)

10. - - 7.05 Abdel-Fattah

(2006)

B. 02 weeks

1. - - 43.6 Lepore and Marks (1971)

2. 37.8-43.4 38.7-45.1 - Sefton and Siegel (1974)

3. 41.0 45.1 El-Fiky (1991)

4. - - 36.4 Mousa (1993)

5. - - 32.5 Aboul-Hassan (2000)

6. - - 46.4

(Brown

strain)

Aboul-Hassan (2001a)

- - 40.2

(White

strain)

7. 54.06 54.80 - Abdel-Fattah (2006)

8. - - 71.89 Megeed and Younis 2006)

C. 04-weeks

1 82.0-84.2 85.5-88.0 - Sefton and Siegel (1974)

2 87.3-93.5 94.5-108.2 - Chahil et al. (1975)

3 85.3 87.3 - Darden and Marks (1988)

4 80.6 80.6 Mousa (1993)

5 99.5 (Brown

strain)

82.2 (White

strain)

101.6

(Brown

strain)

84.3 (White

strain)

- Aboul-Hassan (2000)

6 - - 108.1

(Brown)

100.9

(White)


7 127.25 132.17 - Abdel-Fattah (2006)

D. 04-06-

weeks

1. - - 116.78-

170.45

(Megeed and Younis 2006)


56

S.

No.

Age

(weeks)

Body weight (g) References

Male Female Mixed

sexes

E. 06-weeks

1 92.9-108.2 103.1-132.8 - Colins et al. (1970)

2 - - 107 Lepore and Marks (1971)

3 100.3-102.7 109.8-113.1 - Sefton and Siegel (1974)

4 126.7 Strong et al. (1978)

5 116.0 135.0 - Blohowiak et al. (1984)

6 - - 108.7 Kadry et al. (1986)

7 128.1 140.8 - El-Fiky (1991)

8 - - 130.5 Mousa (1993)

9 140.4 164.5 - Kosba et al. (1996)

10 132.5 151.4 - Aboul-Hassan (1997)

11 140.2-148.1

(Brown

strain)

140.2-144.1

(White

strain)

154.1-156.0

(Brown

strain)

149.9-156.0

(White

strain)

- Aboul-Hassan (2000 and

2001a)

12 171.40 182.87 - Abdel-Fattah (2006)

ii. Weight gain

Growth rate at different ages are useful selection criteria in most of the

breeding programs in animal production (Bakker 1974). Ricklefs (1985) reported that

the major improvement due to selection for growth occurred during first two weeks

post hatch and expressed as relative or exponential growth rate. Sefton and Siegel

(1974) observed higher rate of growth in female quails (2.578g/day) than males

(2.46g/day) from 0 to 2 weeks of age and 2.41 vs. 2.17g/day from 0-6 weeks,

respectively. Marks (1978) reported higher growth rate in female quails than males

during from day-old to 6 weeks of age. A similar pattern of growth rate in quails was

observed by Aboul-Hassan (2001). It has been reported that Japanese quails attained

adult body size at 10 weeks of age with male and female body weight of 110 and

135g, respectively (Wilson et al. 1961).


57

Shoukat et al. (1988) and (Wilson 1991) indicated a positive correlation

between day-old chick weight and subsequent growth rate in quails. Egg weight had a

major contribution in chick weight, however, a number of other factors such as age,

strain, weight, season, nutrition, micro environment, and disease (Wilson 1991a;

Wilson and Suarez 1993) body weight and hen age (Benoff and Renden 1983;

Tserveni-Gousi 1987) and correlated responses due to genetic selection (Rodda et al.

1977; Akbar et al. 1983; Fletcher et al. 1983) may change egg weight chick weight

relationships. Significant strain variation in weight gain of broilers has been reported

(Joya et al. 1979). Abdullah et al. (2010) reported higher (p<0.05) overall average

daily gain in Hubbard classic broilers with higher figures for males than females.

Yakubu et al. (2006) reported strain variation (p<0.05) in body weight gain in broilers

at the age of 4-week. The similar strain variation in body weight gain in Aseel

chicken at different ages has also been indicated by Iqbal (2011).

The weight gain (g/day) in Japanese quails reported by different workers has

been presented in Table-2.5. The minimum average daily gain of 1.36 g (Lepore and

Marks 1971) has been observed at 2-weeks in quails, whereas, the maximum figure of

5.30 g average daily gain from 2-4 weeks in quails has been reported by Aboul-

Hassan (2001a).


58

Table-2.5. Weight gain (g/day) in Japanese quails at different ages

S. No. Age (weeks) Weight gain (g/day) References

Mixed sexes

A. 0-2 week

1. 2.64 Lepore and Marks (1971)

2. 2.34 Sefton and Siegel (1974)


4. 2.91-3.07 Darden and Marks (1989)

5. 1.66 Aboul-Hassan (1997)

6. 1.91-2.62 (Brown strain)

1.70-2.06 (White strain)

Aboul-Hassan (2000)

7. 2.70 Aboul-Hassan (2001a)

B. 0-3 week

1. 4.8 Jones and Hughes (1978

C. 0-04 week

1. 2.34-2.40 Sefton and Siegel (1974)

D. 0-06 week

1 2.46-2.57 Sefton and Siegel (1974)

E. 02-04 week

1. 2.17-2.41 Sefton and Siegel (1974)





F. 02-06 week



3. 3.17 Marks (1978)

4. 3.57 Darden and Marks (1989)


G. 04-06 week



3. 2.02 Marks (1978)




Aboul-Hassan (2000 and

2001a)


iii. Feed intake and Feed conversion ratio (FCR)

It has been reported that maintenance requirement of feed increased in birds

with increase in their body weight which reduced availability of energy required for


59

their growth (May et al. 1998; Smith et al. 1998; Smith and Pesti 1998; Coetzee and

Hoffman 2001), thus having detrimental effect on feed intake and feed conversion

ratio (Rondelli et al. 2003). Significant strain variation in feed intake has been

reported in chicken (Joya et al. 1979; Proudfoot and Hulan 1987; Leeson et al 1997).

The variation in feed intake and feed conversion ratio due to sex has also been

observed (Balogun et al. 1997; Ajayi and Ejiofor 2009).

Sahota et al. (2003) reported significant (p<0.01) differences in feed

conversion efficiency in progenies of Desi chickens in comparison to their parents.

Khantaprab and Tarachai (1998) reported significant (p>0.05) breed difference in

feed conversion ratio (FCR) in 8 weeks-old ducks. Marks (1980) observed that feed

conversions for two lines (P and T) selected for 4-week high high body weight were

superior to that of a non-selected control line following 42 generations of selection

indicating that selection for increased body weight also resulted in improved feed

utilization. Renden and McDaniel (1984) reported that daily feed intake was

significantly (p<.05) different between heavy and light hens and were directly related

to their body weight. Feed efficiency was greatest in control hens with both control

and light hens significantly more efficient than heavy hens. It has been further

indicated that chicks hatched from larger and medium eggs were heavier at day-old,

gained considerably more weight up to 6-weeks of age (Farooq 1989). Selection to

decrease feed conversion ratio increases body weight and weight gain and decreases

feed intake and residual feed intake as a correlated response (Varkoohi et al. 2010).


60

iv. Mortality percent

Livability in broilers may depend on day-old chick quality and farm

management (Wilson 1991a, 1997; Joseph and Moran 2005a; Tona et al. 2005;

Decuypere and Bruggeman 2007). The ability of a chick to survive during first week

is associated with quality of day-old broiler (Goodhope 1991). Mortality rate during

first week can influence subsequent performance of the flock. A higher mortality rate

is reported in chicks hatched from smaller eggs than those of larger eggs (Among et

al. 1984). However, Vieira and Moran (1999) reported the highest overall mortality in

chicks hatched from heavy eggs (Bokhari and Singiorgi 1977; Constantini and

Panella 1982; Shoukat et al. 1988). Wilson (1991) indicated that weight of the newly

hatched chick was correlated with post-hatch growth and chick mortality. El-Fiky et

al. (1996) and El-Fiky et al. (2000) reported early and late mortality rate between 5.0

to 9.5 percent and 16.50 to 22.2 percent and 5.07 to 5.18 percent and 16.50 to 18.25

percent in Japanese quails. Yassin et al. (2009) reported significant differences in first

week mortality in broilers hatched from different broiler breeders. Awobajo et al.

(2009) observed significant breed differences (p<0.001) in early mortality rate. Heier

et al. (2002) observed mortality rate during 1st week as 1.54 and 0.48 percent.

2.2.2. Slaughter characteristics

2.2.2.1. Carcass characteristics

Besides body weight gain, different carcass attributes play an important role in

determining economics of meat production in broiler quails.


61

i. Slaughter weight and dressing percentage

The carcass components in broilers have been reported to be influenced by the

dietary enzymes besides genetic makeup (Thakur and Kulkarni 1991). Toelle et al.

(1991) has stated that genetic correlations of body weight with carcass measurements

in Japanese quails were positive and tended to be moderate to high. Punyavee et al

(2000) reported differences in dressing percentage between native and imported

breeds of chickens. The carcass weight variation in different quail lines has been

observed (Levent et al. 1999). Jaturasitha et al. (2004) reported lower dressing

percentage in exotic chickens than the native breed. Similar variation in dressing

percent (Zhao et al. 2009; Lopez et al. 2011) and slaughter yield (Yakubu et al. 2006)

in broiler strains have been reported. Higher dressing percent was noted in male than

female quails (Sandip 2010). Sex variation in dressing yield of broilers with male

broilers possessing higher dressing percent than female broilers has been indicated by

Lopez et al. (2006).

2.2.2.2. Giblets

Oguz et al. (1996) reported similar variations in different lines of quails.

Similarly, Punyavee et al (2000) reported higher weight of liver and gizzard in native

breed of chicken than the fast growing breeds. Female quails had higher weight of

liver than male quails. An identical trend of liver weight in quails was reported by

Sandip (2010). Bacon and Nestor (1983); Tserveni-Gousi and Yannakopoulos (1986)

reported that heart weight in Japanese quails were influenced by their live body

weight.


62

2.2.2.3. Visceral organs

The intestinal length in Desi hens was larger than in other three strains of

chicken (Bhatti et al. 2003). Rehman (2006) observed significant difference (p<0.05)

in intestinal length among imported and local stocks of Japanese quails. Greater

intestinal length was observed in female than in male quails (Sandip 2010).

Chapter 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Location and period

The present study was conducted to evaluate the productive performance of

four close-bred flocks of Japanese quails with different body weights and its effect on

subsequent progeny growth at Avian Research and Training (ART) Centre,

Department of Poultry Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences

(UVAS) Lahore, Pakistan. The duration of the proposed study was one year.

3.2. Experimental birds

Four close-bred flocks of Japanese quails namely, Major, Kaleem, Saadat and

Zahid already maintained at Avian Research and Training (ART) Centre, Department

of Poultry Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore,

Pakistan. These strains were used in the present study by designating their name as

Imported (Major), Local-1 (Kaleem) Local-2 (Saadat) and Local-3 (Zahid).

A total of 432 adult (12 weeks old) quails, comprising 108 males and 324

females were used. The birds were randomly picked up from the available stock and

then divided into 108 experimental units (replicates comprising one male and three

females of each). These experimental units were randomly assigned to 12 treatment

groups having 4 close-bred flocks (imported, local 1, local 2, and local 3) x 3 female

body sizes (different ranges for each flock, i.e. Heavy, Medium and Small illustrated

63


64

in Table-3.2) with randomized complete block design in factorial arrangements

having 9 replicates in each treatment as illustrated in Table-3.1.

Table-3.1. Experimental plan

Parental body

weights

Close-bred flocks

in each treatment

Replicates Quails/replicate

♂ ♀

H x H*

H x M

H x S

Imported

Local-1

Local-2

Local-3

3(1, 2, 3)

♂ ♀

04(1+3)

M x H

M x M**

M x S

Imported

Local-1

Local-2

Local-3

3(1, 2, 3) 04 (1+3)

S x H

S x M

S x S***

Imported

Local-1

Local-2

Local-3

3(1, 2, 3) 04 (1+3)

H* = Heavy

M** = Medium

S*** = Small

Table-3.2. Different body weight categories (g)

Body weights ♂ ♀

Heavy 270-315 300-350

Medium 225-270 250-300

Small 180-225 200 -250


65

3.3. Experimental cages and houses

All the experimental units were maintained in specially remodeled individual

compartments (each measuring 30x20x15 cm) providing separate breeding, feeding

and egg collection space in French made multi-deck cages equipped with separate

nipple drinkers. These multi-deck cages were placed in one of the well ventilated

octagonal quail houses measuring (10.05x3.65x2.74 meter) as shown in Plates 3.1,

3.2 and 3.3.

3.4. Quail management

The maximum and minimum temperature of the quail houses was recorded

daily. Natural day light was provided to the birds at start of the experiment and then

light hours were increased by half an hour weekly till 16 hours light per day. Fresh

and clean drinking water was provided at all the times through automatic nipple

drinkers as shown in Plate 3.4.

3.5. Experimental ration

The birds were fed quail breeder ration ad libitum. The ration was prepared

from Hi-Tech Feed industries (Pvt.), Lahore, Pakistan, according to NRC standards

(1994), containing Metabolizable energy (M.E) = 2900 kcal/kg, Crude protein (C.P) =

20%, Calcium (Ca) = 3% and available Phosphorus = 0.4%.

3.6. Experimental data

The following data were recorded to study the response of different male and

female body weights from different close bred flocks on productive performance of

Japanese quails and its subsequent effect on progeny growth through-out the study.


66

Plate-3.1. Japanese quail houses

Plate-3.2. French made multi-deck Japanese quail battery cages with automatic

nipple drinkers


67

Plate-3.3. Individual replicates in French made multi-deck battery cages with

automatic nipple drinkers

Plate-3.4. Automatic watering system of Japanese quails


68

3.6.1. Parent breeder flock

3.6.1.1. Productive performance

i. Body weight (g)

The experimental birds were tagged individually for their proper identification

and average initial body weight of the individual experimental quails at the start of

the experiment and then subsequent body weights at weekly intervals were recorded

for male and female birds separately for each experimental replicate. Final body

weight was also noted at the end of the experiment. The experimental birds were

weighed carefully by using a sophisticated electronic digital balance. Thus by reading

the scale the measured weight was recorded for each of the bird individually.

ii. Egg production

Fresh eggs were collected separately from different replicates and weighed on

daily basis using an electronic digital balance and then stored separately by putting

egg laying date and weight on the individual egg to calculate average weekly egg

weight and total egg mass/week.

iii. Feed intake (g)

At the start of every week, 1000g feed was weighed and kept in individual

feed boxes for each replicate and offered twice at morning and evening to each of the

replicate from their respective box. At the end of each week, feed intake was recorded

by subtracting feed refused at week end from the initial quantity of the feed offered at

start of the week. Feed intake was calculated using the following formula:

Feed intake Feed offered – Feed refused


69

As both the male and female quails were kept together and male body weight

was about 10 percent lesser than the female body weight, therefore male feed intake

was recorded as 90 percent of the feed intake of female quails as per method followed

by Akram et al. (2008).

iv. Feed conversion ratio (FCR)

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) per egg and per gram egg mass was worked out

for individual female using the following formula:

FCR/egg Feed consumed �g�

No. of eggs

FCR/g egg mass Feed consumed �g�Mass of egg �g�

v. Mortality

A complete record of the mortality if any of the experimental birds was

maintained on daily basis.

3.6.1.2. Egg quality characteristics

The egg quality test was performed on freshly collected eggs in the Egg

quality testing laboratory. For this purpose, one fresh egg was picked up randomly

from each replicate (108 eggs) on the last day of each week. Each egg was weighed

carefully on electronic digital balance and then broken into a glass Petri dish to record

the following parameters.


70

i. Egg weight (g)

Each egg was weighed on electronic digital balance and egg weight was

recorded in grams.

ii. Egg shell weight (g)

Each egg shell weight was also weighed on electronic digital balance and

recorded in grams.

iii. Egg shell thickness (mm)

The egg shell thickness was measured by using an electronic digital

micrometer in millimeters (mm). The egg shell was cleaned, washed and air dried at

room temperature until constant weight and then it`s thickness was measured from the

equator lines.

iv. Haugh unit

Albumen height was noted at two different places in centimeters (cm) using

spherometer. The height of the egg albumen was measured between yolk and outer

edge of thick albumen. The quality of albumen was measured in terms of albumen

index by dividing the height of albumen by its average diameter. In order to correct

for difference in egg weight the albumin height was converted into Haugh unit as

reported by Haugh (1937) using the following formula:

HU 100 Log H ! "√G�30W.'( ! 100� ) 1.9+

100


71

Where,

HU = Haugh unit

H = Thick albumen height (mm)

G = (Constant) = 32.2

W = Weight of egg in grams

v. Yolk index

A tripod micrometer was used for measuring the height of yolk. Average

width of yolk was taken by a slide caliper. The quality of yolk was measured in terms

of yolk index by dividing the height of yolk by its average width. Yolk index was

calculated by using the following formula:

Yolk Index Height of the yolkWidth of the yolk

vi. Blood and meat spots

Blood and meat spots were also determined in each egg.

3.6.1.3. Hatching traits

Daily eggs laid were stored properly after fumigation at a storage temperature

of 15°C in egg storage cabinet. After completion of 14 days, eggs stored from

different close-bred flocks were set in 108 separate hatching baskets. The eggs were

incubated for a period of 17 days in Victoria incubators (Italian made) under standard

conditions of incubation as described by North and Bell (1991). At completion of the

hatchings, following hatching parameters were recorded for each setting.


72

i. Dead germ percentage

Dead germ was identified during the break out analysis and its percentage was

calculated by the following formula:

Dead germ % No. of dead germNo. of eggs set

4 100

ii. Dead in shell percentage

Dead in shell were identified through break out analysis. The percentage was

calculated by using the following formula:

Dead in shell % No. of dead in shellNo. of eggs set

4 100

iii. Infertile egg percentage

The clear eggs were identified as infertile eggs. The infertile/clear egg

percentage was calculated by using the following formula:

Infertile egg % No. of clear eggsNo. of eggs set

4 100

iv. Hatchability percentage

Hatchability percentage was calculated by using the following formula:

Hatchability % No. of active chicksNo. of eggs set

4 100

v. Mal-positions

Mal-positioned chicks were also determined in each hatch.


73

3.6.1.4. Slaughter characteristics

At the termination of the experiment, two breeder quails (one male and one

female each from parent breeder flock) from each replicate (total 72 quails) were

picked up at random and were kept off feed for 5-6 hours prior to slaughter, to keep

their intestines and crop free from undigested feed (feed withdrawal period). The

birds were slaughtered by humanely “Halal” Muslim method to ensure complete

bleeding. The birds were individually weighed on sophisticated electronic digital

balance prior to slaughter and all the organs were also weighed separately to record

the following parameters:

A. Carcass characteristics

B. Relative weight/length and number (g, cm, #/100g BW) of visceral organs

C. Proximate analysis

D. Blood biochemical profile


i. Dressing percentage

a. Live weight (g)

b. Dressed weight (g)

ii. Relative weight (g/100g BW) of giblets

a. Liver

b. Heart

c. Gizzard-with contents

d. Gizzard-without contents


74


Two breeder quails (one male and one female each) slaughtered as described

above were dressed with wet scalding method. After removal of feathers, shanks,

head, lungs, giblet and viscera, the weight of carcass was recorded and the dressing

percentage was determined on the basis of dressed meat including skin. It was

calculated by dividing the carcass weight over live weight before slaughter multiplied

by 100, using the following formula:

Dressing % Dressed weightLive weight

4 100


The weight of the giblet i.e., liver, heart and gizzard (with and without

contents) during evisceration of the birds after slaughtering of each breeder quail was

recorded separately.

B. Relative weight, length and number (g, cm, #/100g BW) of visceral organs

i. Intestinal weight

ii. Intestinal length

iii. Reproductive tract weight

iv. Reproductive tract length

v. Mature ovarian follicle numbers

vi. Testes weight


75

C. Proximate analysis

Proximate analysis of the meat samples taken separately from breast and thigh

portion of the slaughtered breeder quails at the termination of the experiment was

carried out following the Official Methods of A.O.A.C (1995) in Nutrition laboratory,

Department of Food and Nutrition of this University. The following parameters were

determined:

i. Crude protein percent

ii. Ether Extract percent

iii. Dry matter percent

iv. Ash percent

Plate-3.5. Japanese quail meat

The method of proximate analysis followed for breeder quail meat is detailed as

under:


76


One gram of dried and ground meat sample was digested in Kjeldahl flask

with 5 gm of catalyst mixture containing K2SO4, CuSO4 and FeSO4 (90:10:1) and 30

ml of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4). The contents of the flasks were heated till

a clear transparent solution was obtained. After cooling, the contents of the flask were

diluted up to 250 ml in a volumetric flask by adding distilled water. 10 ml of diluted

solution was mixed with 10 ml of 40% sodium hydroxide solution and the mixture

was distilled with steam in micro Kjeldahl distillation apparatus. The ammonia so

produced was collected in 10 ml of 2% boric acid solution having 2 drops of methyl

red as indicator. The distillate was titrated against 0.1N sulphuric acid to determine

the volume of NH3 evolved. The percentage of nitrogen was calculated according to

the following formula:

Nitrogen % 0.1N H2SO4 4 0.0014 4 250

W1 4 104 100

The crude protein percentage of the sample was worked out by the following

formula:

Crude Protein % N % 4 6.25

ii. Ether extract percent

A known weight (W1) of the oven dried meat sample was taken in an

extraction thimble. It was plugged with fat free cotton. The sample was extracted with

petroleum ether (40 to 60°C) in Soxhlet’s apparatus by fixing the condensation rate at

80 drops per minute. The process was continued for about six hours. The content of


77

the receiving flask was transferred to a tarred and previously weighed Petri dish.

Ether was evaporated by placing it in an oven at 60°C, till it attained a constant

weight (W2). Percentage of ether extract was calculated with the help of the

following formula;

Ether Extract % W2W1

4 100


The dry matter percentage of meat sample was calculated according to the

following formula:

DM % 100 –Moisture %

iv. Ash Percent

A known amount of meat sample (W1) was taken in tarred and previously

weighed crucible. It was heated on an oxidizing flame till disappearance of smoke.

The crucible was then placed in muffle furnace at about 600°C till complete oxidation

of organic matter. The weight of ash (W2) was recorded and percentage of ash was

calculated by the following formula:

Ash % W1W2

4 100

D. Blood biochemical profile

i. Blood serum chemistry

About 5 ml blood was collected in sterile test tubes from Jugular vein of each

of the 72 randomly selected breeder quails during slaughtering and kept until serum


78

samples were extracted from them and put into vaccutainer tubes then stored at -20°C

for measuring blood glucose, cholesterol, total protein, urea and albumin (mg/dl) in

Chemistry section of Quality Operations Laboratory (QOL), Faculty of Veterinary

Sciences of this University, using the following procedures:

a. Glucose

Determination of serum glucose concentration in all blood samples was

performed by GOD-PAP-Method using available commercial Human cat # 10260 by

measuring absorbance in the chemistry analyzer made by Merck, Micolab-300.

b. Total Protein

Total serum protein was estimated by Biuret Method (Gornall et al. 1949)

using commercial cat # 157004 measuring absorbance in the chemistry analyzer made

by Merck, Micolab-300.

c. Albumin

Determination of albumin concentration in all blood samples was performed

using commercial kit Biocon Germany by measuring absorbance in the chemistry

analyzer made by Merck, Micolab-300.

d. Cholesterol

Determination of Serum cholesterol concentration in all the blood samples

was performed by CHOD-POP-Method using available commercial cat # 10017 by

measuring absorbance in the chemistry analyzer made by Merck, Micolab-300.


79

e. Urea

Determination of urea concentration in all the blood samples was performed

by Berthelot Method using commercial cat # 10505 by measuring absorbance in the

chemistry analyzer made by Merck, Micolab-300.

ii. Plasma macro minerals

2 ml blood samples were collected from Jugular vein of 72 breeder quails

during slaughtering and kept in a Heparin coated vacutainer tubes (Vacutainer,

Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ). The blood samples were kept in refrigerated

condition during transportation to the laboratory and then were centrifuged at 3000

rpm for 10 minutes and plasma was harvested and frozen (-20 ºC) until assay (Awan

et al. 2001). Digestion of the blood samples was made by using 10% Trichloro-acetic

acid (TCA). After digestion and dilution, samples were analyzed for Ca, P, Na, K and

Mg by using spectrophotometer and atomic absorption spectrophotometer,

respectively (Singh et al. 2005; AOAC 1995) in Nutrition laboratory, Department of

Food and Nutrition of this University. The following macro plasma minerals were

determined:

a. Calcium (Ca)

b. Phosphorus (P)

c. Sodium (Na)

d. Potassium (K)

e. Magnesium (Mg)


80

3.6.2. Progeny flock

3.6.2.1. Growth performance

On completion of hatching, day-old quail chicks from each replicate were

weighed individually by using sophisticated digital balance. The chicks in each

replicate were placed in French made brooding batteries under standard management

conditions. The quail chicks were fed a balanced broiler starter feed ad libitum

(broiler starter crumbs feed grinded into mash form). The birds had free access to

clean and fresh drinking water through drinking nipple lines. The inside brooding

temperature in battery cages for first week was maintained between 31ºC and 35ºC

and then weekly reduced by 3ºC up to the age of 3 weeks. The quail brooding battery

cages are shown in Plate 3.6.

Initial body weight at hatching and there after weekly body weight of quail

chicks up to 3 weeks were recorded. The following progeny growth parameters were

recorded up to the age of 3 weeks:

i. Day-old quail chicks weight (g)

ii. Body weight (g)

iii. Weight gain (g)

iv. Feed intake (g/bird)

v. Feed conversion ratio-FCR (feed/g gain)

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was worked out for individual chicks on the

basis of body weight gain using the following formula:

FCR Feed intake �g�Weight gain �g�

vi. Mortality rate (%)


81

Plate-3.6. Day-old Japanese quail chicks in French made multi-deck brooding

battery cages

3.6.2.2. Slaughter characteristics

At the end of the 3rd week, two quails from progeny broiler flock (one male

and female each) from each replicate (total 216 quails) were picked up at random and

were kept off feed for 5-6 hours prior to slaughter to keep their intestines free from

undigested feed. The birds were slaughtered following humanely “Halal” Muslim

method to ensure complete bleeding. The birds were weighed individually on

sophisticated electronic digital balance prior to slaughter and all the organs were also

weighed separately to record the following parameters:


B. Visceral organs


82



a. Live weight (g)

b. Dressed weight (g)


a. Liver

b. Heart

c. Gizzard-empty

B. Relative length (cm/100g BW) of visceral organs

a. Intestinal length

3.6.2.3. Economic impact

The economic impact of the present study was worked out on the basis of live

body weight and the cost of feed per quail in the progeny of four different close-bred

flocks (Imported, local-1, local-2 and local-3) and three different body weight

categories (heavy, medium and small). The return per quail was calculated on the

basis of sale of dressed quail meat keeping also in view the variation in dressing

percentage and mortality rate in the quail progeny secured from different close-bred

flocks and body weight categories of the parent quails. The return per broiler quail

was finally worked out.


83

3.7. Statistical Analysis

The data thus collected were analyzed using ANOVA techniques (Steel et al.

1997) with Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) under factorial

arrangement for further interpretation using general linear model (GLM) procedures

(SAS 9.1, 2002-03) portable software, assuming following mathematical model:

YAB µ ) SA )WB ) εAB

Where,

Y = each observation

µ = Population mean

Si = Number of flocks treated as blocks (i = 4)

Wj = Weight categories treated as treatments (j = 3)

εij = Random error associated with i flocks and j weight categories

The comparison of means was made using Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMR)

test (Duncan 1955).

84

Chapter 4

RESULTS

The results of this study regarding effect of different parental body weights in

4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails on their productive performance, egg quality,

hatching and slaughtering traits, proximate and blood biochemical analyses have been

presented in this chapter. The results in respect of progeny growth performance,

slaughter traits and economics as influenced by different parent body weights of

quails are also given.



The results in respect of productive performance of parent breeder in 4 close-

bred flocks (Imported, Local-1, Local-2 and Local-3) of Japanese quails in terms of

body weight (g), egg production (production percentage/bird, egg number/bird), egg

weight (g), egg mass (g/bird), feed conversion ratio (weekly FCR, (g feed/egg) and

(g feed/g egg mass)) and mortality rate are shown in Tables 4.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 4.7.

4.1.1.1. Body weight (g)

The mean body weight (g) of imported flock of Japanese quails was

significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of all the local flocks for the whole study

period (Table-4.1). The maximum mean body weight (284.28±4.06g) was recorded in

birds from imported flocks and minimum (271.48±2.96g) in local-3. With respect to

RESULTS

85

body size categories, there was significant (p<0.05) difference in their mean body

weight for the whole study period. The maximum mean body weight (305.18±2.74g)

was recorded in heavy weight category and minimum (246.56±1.37g) in small body

size birds. The interaction between flocks and body size was also significant

(p<0.05). The maximum mean body weight (316.75±7.35g) was observed in imported

flock with heavy weight category and minimum (242.23±2.66g) in local-2 flock with

small category (Table-4.1).

The average weekly mean body weight in imported flock remained on the

higher side than of the local flocks. Similarly, heavy weight category birds showed

maximum body weight followed by those of medium and small size groups.

4.1.1.2. Egg production

i. Production percentage/bird

The difference in mean egg production percentage/bird in four close-bred

flocks of Japanese quails was not significant during the whole study period (Table-

4.2). With respect to body size categories, there was significant (p<0.05) difference in

their mean egg production percentage for the whole study period. The maximum

mean egg production percentage (73.47±1.38) was recorded in small weight category

and minimum (63.54±2.40) in heavy body size birds. However, interaction between

flocks and body size exhibited significant (p<0.05) difference. The maximum mean

egg production percentage (75.54±2.14) was observed in the local-1 in small weight

category, whereas, minimum (59.01±6.45) was observed in imported flock with

heavy category during the whole experimental period (Table-4.2).

RESULTS

86

The average weekly egg production percentage/bird in local-3 flock remained

on the higher side than that of imported and local-1 and 2 flocks. The small weight

category birds showed maximum egg production percentage than those from heavy

and medium size groups.

ii. Cumulative egg number/bird (#)

The difference in mean cumulative egg number/bird during 31 weeks of the

experimental study was not significant in all the local and imported flocks (Table-

4.3). With respect to body size categories, a significant (p<0.05) difference was

observed in their mean egg number during the whole study period. The maximum

mean egg number (151.46±2.82) was recorded in small weight category and

minimum (130.82±4.93) in heavy body size birds. The interaction between flocks and

body size was significant (p<0.05) in cumulative egg number. The maximum mean

egg number (155.63±4.30) was recorded in local-1 flock with small weight category,

while, minimum (121.31±13.06) in imported flock with heavy weight category

(Table-4.3).

The average weekly egg number in local-3 flock remained on the higher side

than that of local-1, 2 and imported flocks. The birds in the small weight category

showed maximum egg number than the heavy and medium size groups.

iii. Egg weight (g)

The difference in weekly mean egg weight (g) in imported flock of Japanese

quails was significantly (p<0.05) higher than all the local flocks for the entire study

period (Table-4.4).The maximum mean egg weight (12.36±0.10g) was recorded in

RESULTS

87

imported flock and minimum (12.20±0.09g) in local-3. With respect to body size

categories, there was significant (p<0.05) difference in their mean egg weight for the

whole study period. The maximum mean egg weight (12.82±0.04g) was recorded in

heavy weight category and minimum (11.67±0.02g) in small body size birds.

However, interaction between flocks and body size was not significant. The

maximum mean egg weight (12.96±0.08g) was recorded in the imported flock with

heavy weight category, whereas, minimum (11.63±0.04g) was observed in local-3

flock with small category (Table-4.4).

The weekly mean egg weight (12.36±0.10g) in imported flock was higher

than in local-2 (12.26±0.10g), local-1 (12.22±0.10g) and local-3 (12.20±0.09g)

flocks. The heavy weight category birds showed maximum egg weight (12.82±0.04g)

followed by medium (12.29±0.03g) and small (11.67±0.02g) size groups.

iv. Egg mass (g/bird)

The difference in weekly mean egg mass (g/bird) in all the close-bred flocks

of Japanese quails was not significant (Table-4.5). With respect to body size

categories, a not significant difference was also found in their mean egg mass.

However, interaction between flocks and body size was significant (p<0.05) in their

mean egg mass. The maximum increase in mean egg mass (61.88±3.25) was

observed in local-3 flock in medium weight category and minimum (50.95±5.34) was

recorded in imported flock with heavy category during the entire experimental period

(Table-4.5).

RESULTS

88

The average weekly egg mass in local-3 flock remained on the higher side

than in imported, local-1 and 2 flocks. The small weight category birds showed

maximum egg mass than the birds from heavy and medium size.

4.1.1.3. Feed conversion ratio (FCR)

i. Weekly FCR (g feed/egg)

The difference in mean feed conversion ratio (g feed/egg) in all the four close-

bred flocks of Japanese quails was not significant during the study period (Table-4.6).

With respect to body size categories, significant (p<0.05) difference was observed in

their mean FCR for the entire study period. The higher mean FCR (48.22±1.39) was

recorded in the heavy weight category and lower (42.74±0.84) in the small body size

birds. However, interaction between flocks and body size was significant (p<0.05)

difference. The higher mean FCR (51.00±2.32) was found to be higher in the local-2

with the heavy weight category and the lower (41.13±1.39) was observed in the local-

1 flock with small category (Table-4.6).

The average weekly feed conversion ratio (g feed/egg) in local-1 flock

remained higher than that of the imported, local-2 and 3 flocks. The heavy weight

category birds had maximum FCR (g feed/egg) than those of medium and small size

birds.

ii. Feed conversion ratio-FCR (g feed/g egg mass)

The difference in mean feed conversion ratio (g feed/g egg mass) of imported

and local-3 flocks of Japanese quails was significant (p<0.05) from other local flocks,

whereas, difference between local-1 and local-2 was not significant (Table-4.7). The

higher feed conversion ratio (g feed/g egg mass) (4.85±0.21) was observed in the

RESULTS

89

local-1 and lower (3.73±0.12) in the imported flock. With respect to body size

categories, a significant (p<0.05) difference was found in their mean FCR (g feed/g

egg mass) for the whole study period. The higher mean FCR (g feed/g egg mass)

(4.76±0.17) was recorded in heavy weight category and lower (4.14±0.10) in small

body size birds. Difference in FCR between heavy local-1 and heavy local-3 was

significant (p<0.05). Similarly, difference between medium local-1, imported and

local-3 was significant (p<0.05). The difference between imported small and local-2

small was also significant in respect of interaction between flocks and body size

(Table-4.7).

The average weekly feed conversion ratio (g feed/g egg mass) in the imported

flock was significantly (p<0.05) better than in all other local flocks. The heavy weight

category birds had the poorest FCR (g feed/g egg mass) and then next in order were

medium and small size quails.

4.1.1.4. Mortality

The results of this study indicated that mortality rate remained nil in the

experimental breeder quails during the entire experimental period.

RESULTS

90

Table-4.1. Mean body weight (g) in 4 close-bred breeder flocks of Japanese

quails with different body weight categories during 31 weeks

*CBF

Categories

Imported Local-1 Local-2 Local-3 Mean

------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; g) ---------------------------

Heavy 316.75±7.35a 303.75±5.19

b 300.58±5.25

b 299.64±2.86

b 305.18±2.74

E

Medium 284.55±2.97c 276.55±2.92

cd 275.17±2.78

cd 269.53±2.93

d 276.45±1.52

F

Small 251.53±2.85e 247.22±2.60

e 242.23±2.66

e 245.26±2.68

e 246.56±1.37

G

Mean 284.28±4.06A

275.84±3.35B 272.66±3.42

B 271.48±2.96

B

Different alphabets on means in a row show significant differences at p<0.05

*CBF = Close-bred flocks

**SE = Standard error

Table-4.2. Mean egg production percent/bird (%) in 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails with different body weight categories during 30 weeks

*CBF

Categories


----------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; %) ---------------------------

Heavy 59.01±6.45c 66.28±4.01

abc 61.29±4.77

bc 67.60±3.83

abc 63.54±2.40

F

Medium 67.77±3.93abc

66.23±2.43abc

65.33±3.92abc

74.47±3.98a 68.45±1.83

F

Small 74.60±1.89a 75.54±2.14

a 71.08±3.83

abc 73.20±3.04

ab 73.47±1.38

E

Mean 66.95±2.77 69.35±1.86 65.90±2.45 71.75±2.10




Table-4.3. Mean cumulative egg number/bird (#) in 4 close-bred flocks of


*CBF

Categories


---------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; #) ---------------------------

Heavy 121.31±13.06c 136.67±8.28

abc 126.37±9.90

c 138.94±7.90

abc 130.82±4.93

F


136.61±4.99abc

135.20±7.99abc

153.02±8.23a 141.14±3.76

EF

Small 152.67±3.87a 155.63±4.30

a 146.78±7.86

bc 150.80±6.28

ab 151.46±2.82

E

Mean 137.91±5.67 142.96±3.81 136.11±5.06 147.58±4.34




RESULTS

91

Table-4.4. Weekly mean egg weight (g) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails

with different body weight categories during 30 weeks

*CBF

Categories


---------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; g) ---------------------------

Heavy 12.96±0.08a 12.81±0.07

ab 12.810.07±

ab 12.72±0.10

b 12.82±0.04

E

Medium 12.33±0.04c 12.23±0.12

c 12.35±0.04

c 12.25±0.07

c 12.29±0.03F

Small 11.80±0.06d 11.63±0.05

d 11.61±0.05

d 11.63±0.04

d 11.67±0.02

G

Mean 12.36±0.10A 12.22±0.10

B 12.26±0.10

AB 12.20±0.09

B




Table-4.5. Weekly mean egg mass (g/bird) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese


*CBF

Categories


---------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; g) ---------------------------

Heavy 50.95 ± 5.34b 56.73 ± 3.26

ab 52.44 ± 4.04

ab 57.92 ± 3.10

ab 54.51 ±1.99

Medium 56.20 ± 3.22ab

54.82 ± 1.93ab

54.99 ± 3.28ab

61.88 ± 3.25a 56.97 ±1.50

Small 58.52 ± 1.61ab

59.48 ± 1.87ab

56.08 ± 2.88ab

56.92 ± 2.26ab

57.75 ±1.08

Mean 55.22 ± 2.15 57.01 ± 1.40 54.50 ± 1.93 58.91 ± 1.66




Table-4.6. Feed conversion ratio (g feed/egg) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese


*CBF

Categories


---------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; g) ---------------------------

Heavy 45.94±3.58abc 49.35 ±2.91ab

51.00 ±2.32a 46.61±2.25

abc 48.22 ±1.39

E


47.92±1.57abc

47.63±2.22abc

42.61± 2.85bc

46.12 ±1.18E

Small 41.89 ±1.05c 41.13 ±1.39c 44.01±2.11

abc 43.93±2.03

abc 42.74 ±0.84

F

Mean 44.72 ±1.50 46.13 ±1.34 47.54 ±1.35 44.38 ±1.37




RESULTS

92

Table-4.7. Feed conversion ratio (g feed/g egg mass) in 4 close-bred flocks of


*CBF

Categories


---------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; g) ---------------------------

Heavy 3.66±0.30e 5.63±0.24

a 5.04±0.27

ab 4.70±0.22

bc 4.76±0.17

E

Medium 3.86±0.20de

5.01±0.39ab

4.53±0.34bcd

4.13±0.23cde

4.38±0.16F

Small 3.67±0.09e 3.91±0.16

cde 4.62±0.25

bcd 4.37±0.20

bcde 4.14±0.10

F

Mean 3.73±0.12C 4.85±0.21

A 4.73±0.16

AB 4.40±0.12

B




4.1.2. Egg quality characteristics

The results in respect of egg quality characteristics of parent breeder in 4

close-bred flocks of Japanese quails (Imported, Local-1, Local-2 and Local-3) in

terms of egg weight (g), egg shell weight (g), egg shell thickness (mm), haugh unit,

yolk index and blood and meat spots are shown in Tables 4.8, 9, 10, 11 and 4.12.

i. Egg weight (g)

The mean egg weight (g) in the imported flock of Japanese quails was

significantly (p<0.05) different from local-1 and local-2 flocks, however, difference

between imported and local-3 flocks was not significant. The mean egg weight was

not significantly different in local-1 and local-2 flocks (Table-4.8). The maximum

mean egg weight (12.44±0.08g) was recorded in imported flock and minimum

(12.27±0.09g) in the local-1. With respect to body size categories, a significant

(p<0.05) difference in their mean egg weight was noted for the whole study period.

The maximum mean egg weight (12.85±0.03g) was recorded in heavy weight

RESULTS

93

category and minimum (11.80±0.04g) in small body size birds. The interaction

between flocks and body size was also significant (p<0.05). The maximum mean egg

weight (12.94±0.07g) was observed in the imported flock with heavy weight

category, whereas, minimum (11.71±0.09g) in the local-2 flock with small category

(Table-4.8).

The average egg weight in the imported flock remained higher than in all the

local flocks. Similarly the heavy weight category birds showed maximum egg weight

followed by those in the medium and small size groups.


The difference in mean egg shell weight (g) in the imported flock of Japanese

quails was significant (p<0.05) than those of all the local flocks (Table-4.9). The

maximum mean egg shell weight (1.28±0.015g) was recorded in imported flock and

minimum (1.22±0.011g) in local-1. With respect to body size categories, there was

significant (p<0.05) difference in their mean egg shell weight. The maximum mean

egg shell weight (1.30±0.009g) was recorded in the heavy weight category and the

minimum (1.17±0.006g) in small body size birds. The interaction between flocks and

body size was significant (p<0.05). The maximum mean egg shell weight

(1.35±0.022g) was observed in the imported flock with heavy weight category and

minimum (1.15±0.011g) in local-3 flock with small category (Table-4.9).

The average egg shell weight trend reflected that imported flock remained on

higher side, whereas, all the other local flocks on lower side. Similarly, heavy weight

category birds showed maximum egg shell weight followed by that of medium and

small size birds.

RESULTS

94


The mean egg shell thickness (mm) in imported flock of Japanese quails was

significantly (p<0.05) different from all other local flocks. However, difference

between local-1, local-2 and local-3 flocks was not significant (Table-4.10). The

maximum mean egg shell thickness (0.30±0.005mm) was found in local-2 and

minimum (0.28±0.003mm) in imported flock. With respect to body size categories,

there was significant (p<0.05) difference in their mean egg shell thickness. The

maximum mean egg shell thickness (0.31±0.002mm) was recorded in heavy weight

category and minimum (0.27±0.001mm) in small body size birds. The interaction

between flocks and body size was also significant (p<0.05). The maximum mean egg

shell thickness (0.33±0.005mm) was observed in local-2 flock with heavy weight

category and minimum (0.26±0.002mm) in imported with small category (Table-

4.10).

The highest egg shell thickness was in local-2 flock followed by local-3,

local-1 and imported flocks. Similarly, birds of heavy weight category showed

maximum egg shell thickness followed by that of medium and small size quails.

iv. Haugh unit

The mean haugh unit value was not significantly different among imported

and all local flocks of Japanese quails (Table-4.11). With respect to body size

categories, results were significantly (p<0.05) different in mean haugh unit values.

The maximum mean haugh unit value (86.09±0.33) was recorded in heavy weight

category and minimum (83.25±0.18) in small body size birds. The interaction

RESULTS

95

between flocks and body size was significant (p<0.05). The maximum mean haugh

unit (86.37±0.58) was observed in local-3 flock with heavy weight category and

minimum (82.88±0.51) in imported flock with small category (Table-4.11).

The average haugh unit pattern showed that local-2 flock remained on higher

side, whereas, local-3, imported and local-1 flocks on lower side. Similarly, birds of

heavy weight category showed maximum haugh unit value followed by that of

medium and small size.

v. Yolk index

The mean yolk index of imported flock of Japanese quails was significantly

(p<0.05) different from local-2 and local-3 flocks except local-1 (Table-4.12). The

maximum mean yolk index (0.049±0.001) was recorded in imported flock and

minimum (0.047±0.000) in local-2 and 3. With respect to body size categories, mean

yolk index in heavy group of quails was significantly (p<0.05) different as compared

to medium and small groups which were not significantly different from each other.

The maximum mean yolk index (0.05±0.00) was recorded in heavy weight category

and minimum (0.04±0.00) in medium and small body size birds. The interaction

between flocks and body size was also significant (p<0.05). The maximum mean yolk

index (0.05±0.003) was observed in imported flock with heavy weight category and

minimum (0.04±0.000) in imported flock with medium and small and in local-1, 2

and 3 flocks with heavy, medium and small category (Table-4.12).

The average yolk index trend indicated that imported flock remained on

higher side than the local flocks on lower side. Similarly, birds of heavy weight

category showed maximum yolk index followed by that of medium and small size.

RESULTS

96

vi. Blood and meat spots

Blood and meat spots were not observed during the course of this study.

Table-4.8. Mean egg weight (g) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails with

different body weight categories studied during egg qualities

*CBF

Categories


----------------------- (Mean ± **SE; g) -----------------------

Heavy 12.94±0.07a 12.75±0.07

a 12.84±0.09

a 12.86±0.05

a 12.85±0.03

E

Medium 12.44±0.06b 12.31±0.06

b 12.36±0.07

b 12.41±0.07

b 12.38±0.03

F

Small 11.94±0.05c 11.76±0.08

c 11.71±0.09

c 11.78±0.08

c 11.80±0.04

G

Mean 12.44±0.08A 12.27±0.09

B 12.30±0.10

B 12.35±0.09

AB




Table-4.9. Mean egg shell weight (g) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails

with different body weight categories during egg qualities

*CBF

Categories


---------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; g) ---------------------------

Heavy 1.35±0.022a 1.28±0.013

b 1.28±0.015

b 1.31±0.010

b 1.30±0.009

E

Medium 1.29±0.018b 1.23±0.014

c 1.21±0.009

c 1.20±0.009

c 1.23±0.008

F

Small 1.20±0.009c 1.16±0.009

d 1.16±0.010

d 1.15±0.011

d 1.17±0.006

G

Mean 1.28±0.015A 1.22±0.011

B 1.22±0.012

B 1.22±0.013

B




RESULTS

97

Table-4.10. Mean egg shell thickness (mm) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese

quails with different body weight categories during egg qualities

*CBF

Categories


---------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; mm) ---------------------------

Heavy 0.30±0.003cd

0.31±0.002bc

0.33±0.005a 0.32±0.004

ab 0.31±0.002

E

Medium 0.28±0.004fg

0.30±0.006cde

0.29±0.003de

0.29±0.004ef 0.29±0.002

F

Small 0.26±0.002h 0.27±0.002

gh 0.27±0.002

gh 0.27±0.004

gh 0.27±0.001

G

Mean 0.28±0.003B 0.29±0.003

A 0.30±0.005

A 0.29±0.004

A




Table-4.11. Mean haugh unit in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails with

different body weight categories during egg qualities

*CBF

Categories


---------------------------- (Mean ± **SE) ---------------------------

Heavy 86.30±0.77a 85.36±0.70

ab 86.35±0.67

a 86.37±0.58

a 86.09±0.33

E

Medium 84.87±0.53bc

84.29±0.42bcd

84.70±0.45abc

84.18±0.55bcd

84.51±0.24F

Small 82.88±0.51d 83.32±0.30

dc 83.28±0.28

dc 83.52±0.36

dc 83.25±0.18

G

Mean 84.68±0.44 84.32±0.32 84.78±0.36 84.69±0.37




Table-4.12. Mean yolk index value in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails with

different body weight categories during egg qualities

*CBF

Categories


---------------------------- (Mean ± **SE) ---------------------------

Heavy 0.05±0.003a 0.04±0.000

b 0.04±0.000

b 0.04±0.000

b 0.05±0.00

E

Medium 0.04±0.000b 0.04±0.000

b 0.04±0.000

b 0.04±0.000

b 0.04±0.00

F

Small 0.04±0.000b 0.04±0.000

b 0.04±0.000

b 0.04±0.000

b 0.04±0.00

F

Mean 0.049±0.001A 0.048±0.000

AB 0.047±0.000

B 0.047±0.000

B




RESULTS

98

4.1.3. Hatching traits

The results regarding the effect of different parental body weights of male and

female Japanese quails on the hatching traits (dead germ percentage, dead in shell

percentage, infertile egg percentage, hatchability percentage and mal-positions) in

four close-bred flocks (Imported, Local-1, Local-2 and Local-3) recorded during the

study is shown in Tables 4.13, 14, 15 and 4.16.

i. Dead germ percentage

In the present study, dead germ percentage was significantly (p<0.05)

influenced by different parental body weight in different close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails (Table-4.13). The minimum dead germ percentage (2.68±0.34) was

recorded in local-3 flock in the S male x H female parental group which did not

significantly differ from that of all the other parental groups in the same flock. The

second lowest dead germ percentage (3.74±0.93) was recorded in imported flock in S

male x H female which was not significantly different from all the other parental

groups in the same flock except H male x H female (10.42±0.89). In local-2 flock,

dead germ percentage (4.52±0.54%) was observed in H male x S female which was

not significantly different from that of all the parental groups in the same flock. In

local-1 flock, the lower dead germ percentage (4.22±0.87) was noted in S male x S

female flock which differed non-significantly from all of the other parental groups in

the same flock. The dead germ percentage among different close-bred flocks was

significantly (p<0.05) differed. The interaction between parental body weight and

close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05).

RESULTS

99

ii. Dead in shell percentage

The results of the present study show significant (p<0.05) effect of parental body

weight on dead in shell percentage in H male x M female (in imported, local-1 and

local-2 flocks), H male x S female (in imported and local-1 flocks), M male x M

female (imported and local-1 flocks), M male x S female (imported and local-1

flocks), S male x H female (imported and local-1 flocks) (Table-4.14). The lowest

dead in shell percentage (2.25±0.83) was recorded in S male x H female in local-2

flock followed by that of H male x M female (2.93±1.78) in the same flock and M

male x M female (2.95±1.50) in imported flock, M male x H female (3.08±1.28), H

male x S female (3.66±0.12), H male x H female(3.70±0.87), M male x M female

(3.71±0.78) and S male x S female(3.76±1.42) in local-2 flock, H male x M

female(3.93±0.85) and S male x M female(4.00±0.66) in imported flock, S male x M

female(4.05±0.98) in local-2 flock, S male x H female(4.12±2.11) in imported flock

and S male x M female(4.28±1.48) in local-3 flock. In local-1 flock the highest dead

in shell percentage (12.36±2.72) was noted in M male x M female which was

significantly (p<0.05) different from that of H male x H female (6.32±2.59), M male

x H female (6.83±0.87), M male x M female (5.44±0.77), S male x M female

(6.88±2.04) and S male x S female (7.03±0.36) in the same flock. The dead in shell

percentage in different close-bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different in all the

parental groups except in H male x H female, M male x H female, S male x M female

and S male x S female. The interaction between parental size and close-bred flocks

was significant (p<0.05).

RESULTS

100

iii. Infertile egg percentage

In the present study, different parental body size significantly (p<0.05)

influenced infertility percentage in Japanese quails (Table-4.15). The minimum

infertility percentage (6.95±1.09) was noted in S male x S female parent of imported

flock which was significantly (p<0.05) different from that of M male x H female

(29.19±2.07) and H male x H female (28.59±6.74) in the same flock. In the local-1

and 2 flocks, lower infertility percentage was recorded in H male x S female

(12.30±1.28, 10.92±2.53 and 10.67±2.84 respectively) which was not significantly

different in all the other parental groups in their respective flocks. In local-3 flock, the

lower infertility percentage (9.97±1.68) was noted in M male x M female which was

significantly (p<0.05) different from that of H male x H female (26.34±3.45) and S

male x M female (34.06±16.62) in the same flock. The infertile egg percentage in all

the close-bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different from each other. The

interaction between parental body size and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05).

iv. Hatchability percentage

In the present study, different parental body weights significantly (p<0.05)

influenced hatchability percentage in Japanese quails (Table-4.16). The highest

hatchability percentage (71.25±13.47) was recorded in M male x S female parent of

local-3 flock which was significantly (p<0.05) different from that of S male x M

female (43.77±15.99) in the same flock. In local-1 and local 2 flocks, the higher

hatchability percentage was recorded in H male x H female (65.88±4.21) and M male

x H female (65.23±6.19), respectively. Hatchability in local-1 and local-2 flocks was

not significantly different. The higher hatchability percentage (65.24±4.41) was noted

RESULTS

101

in S male x S female in imported flock which differed significantly (p<0.05) from

that of M male x H female (42.39±4.14) and H male x H female (45.30±3.73) in the

same flock. The hatchability percentage in H male x H female in imported flock was

only significantly (p<0.05) different from H male x H female local-1 flock, however,

it was not significantly different in H male x H female imported flock from that of

local-2 and local-3 flocks in the same parental group. Hatchability percentage in H

male x M female, H male x S female groups was not significantly different among the

entire parental groups. The interaction between parental body size and close-bred

flocks was significant (p<0.05).

v. Mal-positions

During the course of this study no mal-positions were noted.

RESULTS

102

Table-4.13. Dead germ percentage influenced by 3 different parental body weight categories in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese

quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small

Heavy Medium Small Heavy Medium Small Heavy Medium Small

--------------------------- (Mean ± SE**; %) ---------------------------

Imported 10.42

±0.89abcA

6.99

±1.26abcdeA

5.49

±1.71abcdeA

6.69

±1.78abcdeA

5.71

±0.83abcdeA

8.95

±0.35abcdeA

8.06

±1.80bacdeA

3.74

±0.93deA

5.48

±1.32abcdeA

Local-1 5.26

±0.42abcdeB

9.06

±4.81abcdeA

8.30

±1.69abcdeA

10.95

±1.56abB

9.17

±0.92abcAB

11.14

±1.25aB

10.56

±4.56abcA

7.36

±0.76abcdeB

4.22

±0.87cdeB

Local-2 4.99

±1.94abcdeAB

4.52

±0.54bcdeB

5.49

±1.32abcdeA

5.96

±1.08abcdeAB

7.88

±1.82abcdeAB

5.95

±2.31abcdeAB

4.82

±1.35abcdeAB

5.63

±0.75abcdeAB

8.79

±1.04abcdeAB

Local-3 5.37

±0.82abcdeAB

8.95

±3.45abcdeA

7.63

±0.77abcdAe

5.70

±3.59abcdeAB

4.90

±0.69abcdeA

8.49

±1.04abcdeAB

2.68

±0.34eAB

7.03

±1.52abcdeAB

5.97

±1.57abcdeA

Different small alphabets on means in a row show significant differences at p<0.05

Different capital alphabets on means in a column show significant differences at p<0.05


RESULTS

103

Table-4.14. Dead in shell percentage influenced by 3 different Parental body weight categories in 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE**; %) ---------------------------

Imported 4.97

±1.56bcdA

3.93

±0.85bcdA

6.47

±0.45bcdA

4.39

±1.07bcdA

2.95

±1.50cdA

5.51

±1.96bcdA

4.12

±2.11bcdA

4.00

±0.66bcdA

5.09

±0.58bcdA

Local-1 6.32

±2.59bcdA

7.94

±1.18acB

8.70

±1.47abB

6.83

±0.87bcdA

5.44

±0.77bcdB

8.81

±1.32abB

12.36

±2.72aB

6.88

±2.04bcdA

7.03

±0.36bcdA

Local-2 3.70

±0.87bcdA

2.93

±1.78cdC

3.66

±0.12bcdAB

3.08

±1.28bcdA

3.71

±0.78bcdAB

6.06

±2.54bcdAB

2.25

±0.83dAB

4.05

±0.98bcdA

3.76

±1.42bcdA

Local-3 6.03

±1.92bcdA

7.00

±0.83bcdABC

6.84

±1.88bcdAB

5.40

±1.22bcdA

5.19

±1.26bcdAB

6.46

±0.94bcdAB

7.37

±1.75bcdAB

4.28

±1.48bcdA

7.51

±1.47bcdA




RESULTS

104

Table-4.15. Infertile egg percentage influenced by 3 different parental body weight categories in 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE**; %) ---------------------------

Imported 28.59

±6.74abcA

16.34

±4.10bcdeA

13.97

±5.45bcdeA

29.19

±2.07abA

13.17

±5.04cdeA

14.29

±5.52bcdeA

17.95

±3.21bcdeA

15.20

±0.78bcdeA

6.95

±1.09eA

Local-1 14.19

±6.36bcdeB

17.45

±3.36bcdeA

12.30

±1.28deA

13.04

±6.81deB

16.41

±3.72bcdeA

13.54

±3.72cdeA

14.82

±1.83bcdeA

12.34

±2.18deB

13.37

±2.45cdeB

Local-2 21.97

±3.10abcdeAB

16.29

±4.37bcdeA

10.92

±2.53deA

15.29

±0.78bcdeAB

11.70

±1.96deB

12.11

±2.25deB

14.27

±0.66bcdeA

12.62

±0.89deB

15.10

±3.57bcdeB

Local-3 26.34

±3.45abcdAB

16.46

±0.20bcdeA

10.67

±2.84eA

18.05

±3.39bcdeAB

9.97

±1.68eAB

19.04

±4.53bcdeAB

13.09

±1.03deB

34.06

±16.62aC

14.38

±2.92bcdeB




RESULTS

105

Table-4.16. Hatchability percentage influenced by 3 different parental body weight categories in 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE**; %) ---------------------------

Imported 45.30

±3.73cdeA

58.42

±3.41abcdeA

58.55

±3.89abcdeA

42.39

±4.14eA

60.81

±3.35abcdeA

51.67

±6.93abcdeA

49.37

±6.57bcdeA

59.72

±2.46abcdeA

65.24

±4.41abA

Local-1 65.88

±4.21abB

57.80

±3.96abcdeA

58.28

±5.47abcdeA

61.54

±9.33abcdB

52.16

±6.92abcdeA

59.03

±5.64abcdeA

60.70

±9.54abcdeB

59.46

±4.16abcdeA

63.08

±2.11abcdB

Local-2 53.68

±1.55abcdeAB

50.45

±2.61bcdeA

62.77

±3.14abcdA

65.23

±6.19abB

59.27

±1.42abcdeA

57.56

±5.57abcdeA

64.87

±2.66abcB

63.34

±1.40abcdB

56.62

±1.34abcdeAB

Local-3 52.13

±2.27abcdeAB

58.58

±6.22abcdeA

60.12

±3.28abcdeA

55.80

±3.82abcdeAB

63.22

±0.33abcdB

71.25

±13.47aB

60.75

±1.23abcdeAB

43.77

±15.99deAB

60.38

±2.24abcdeAB




RESULTS

106


The results in respect of slaughter characteristics in male and female breeder

quail parents of 4 close-bred flocks (Imported, Local-1, Local-2 and Local-3)

recorded at the termination of the experiment have been presented as under:


The mean final live body weight (g), dressed weight (g) and dressing

percentage of the quails are shown in Tables 4.17, 4.18 and 4.19.

i. Final live body weight (g)

The difference in mean live body weight (g) of imported and local flocks of

male and female Japanese quails was not significant (Table-4.17). However, with

respect to body size categories a significant (p<0.05) difference was found in their

mean live body weight in both the sexes. The maximum mean live body weight

(281.50±8.03g) was recorded in heavy weight category males and minimum

(168.17±7.59g) in small body size birds. However, the maximum mean live body

weight (332.00±9.49g) was recorded in female with heavy weight category and

minimum (274.17±5.07g) in small body size birds (Table-4.17). The interaction

between flocks and body size was not significant in male, whereas, significant

(p<0.05) effect was recorded in female quails. The maximum mean live body weight

(350.67±20.17g) was observed in imported flock with heavy weight category and

minimum (260.67±12.73g) was found in imported flock with small category (Table-

4.17).

RESULTS

107

The mean live body weight trend showed that male birds of local-1 flock

remained on higher side than that of imported and other local flocks. Similarly, heavy

weight category male birds had maximum live body weight followed by that of

medium and small size categories. However, the mean live body weight trend showed

that female birds of imported flock remained on higher side than that of local flocks.

Similarly, heavy weight category female birds had maximum body weight followed

by that of medium and small size.

ii. Dressed (carcass) weight (g)

The difference in dressed (carcass) weight (g) of imported and local flocks of

Japanese quails was significant (p<0.05) in female quails, while, male exhibited non-

significant difference when slaughtered at 31 week of age (Table-4.18). The

maximum dressed weight (176.44±15.07g) in female was recorded in birds from

imported flock and minimum (143.77±7.65g) in local-2 (Table-4.18). With respect to

body size categories, a significant (p<0.05) difference was found in both the sexes.

The maximum dressed weight (148.00±3.60g) was observed in male with heavy

weight category, whereas, minimum (128.16±4.49g) in small weight category. In

female, maximum dressed weight (178.58±10.46g) was observed also with heavy

weight category, whereas, minimum (141.83±3.53g) in small weight category (Table-

4.18). The interaction between flocks and body size was also significant (p<0.05) in

both the sexes. The maximum dressed weight (155.00±5.77g) was observed in male

quails of imported flock with heavy weight category, while, minimum

(127.33±2.33g) in local-1 flock with small weight category. In female, maximum

dressed weight (255.00±13.22g) was observed in imported flock with heavy weight

RESULTS

108

category, while, minimum (132.00±6.80g) in local-2 flock with small weight category

(Table-4.18).

The dressed weight trend in both the sexes showed that imported flock

remained on higher side than those of local flocks. Heavy weight category birds

showed maximum dressed weight followed by that of medium and small size.

iii. Dressing percentage

The difference in dressing percentage in imported and local flocks of male

Japanese quails was not significant, while, difference in female birds of imported

flock was significant (p<0.05) from all local flocks (Table-4.19). The maximum

dressing percentage (57.27±2.30) was recorded in birds from imported flocks and

minimum (48.03±1.51) in local-2 flock (Table-4.19). With respect to body size

categories, not significant difference was found in dressing percentage in both the

sexes (Table-4.19). The interaction between flocks and body size was not significant

in male quails, whereas, it was significant (p<0.05) in females. The maximum

dressing percentage (64.15±0.17) was observed in imported flock with heavy weight

category, and minimum (47.52±0.64) in local-2 flock with medium category (Table-

4.19).

The trend in respect of dressing percentage showed that birds of both the

sexes of imported flock remained on higher side than that of local flocks. Similarly,

heavy weight category birds had maximum dressing percentage followed by that of

medium and small size in male and small and medium size in female.

RESULTS

109

Table-4.17. Final live body weight (g) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails


*CBF

Category

Sex Imported Local-1 Local-2 Local-3 Mean

-------------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; g) --------------------------------

Heavy Male 281.00±11.78 289.33±14.33 268.33±25.18 287.33±17.57 281.50±8.03E

Female 350.67±20.17a 310.00±30.35

abc 333.67±11.34

ab 333.67±10.26

ab 332.00±9.49

E

Medium Male 257.00±15.39 275.00±25.16 279.00±12.12 261.67±9.27 168.17±7.59EF

Female 302.00±18.90bc

274.33±16.74c 290.33±2.33

bc 280.67±12.12

c 286.83±6.77

F

Small Male 241.67±6.00 264.67±14.94 264.67±14.83 235.00±32.78 250.75±9.23F

Female 260.67±12.73c 281.00±6.00

c 272.67±13.61

c 282.33±5.78

c 274.17±5.07

F

Mean Male 259.89±8.19 276.33±10.06 269.67±9.47 261.33±13.39

Female 304.44±15.69 288.44±11.53 298.89±10.42 298.89±9.97




Table-4.18. Dressed weight (g) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails with

different body weight categories at 31 week

CBF

Category


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE; g) -------------------------

Heavy Male 155.00±5.77a

154.33±5.36a 132.67±7.26

ab 150.00±2.51

a 148.00±3.60

E

Female 255.00±13.22a 160.67±18.49

b 161.33±20.21

b 167.33±5.89

b 178.58±10.46

E

Medium Male 136.00±11.37ab

131.67±4.37ab

148.33±14.65a 142.67±7.31

ab 139.66±4.75

EF

Female 167.67±22.55b 143.67±6.98

b 138.00±3.00

b 138.67±9.69

b 147.00±6.58

F

Small Male 127.67±3.28ab

127.33±2.33ab

140.00±9.86ab

117.67±14.3b 128.16±4.49

F

Female 136.67±5.84b 148.00±4.72

b 132.00±6.80

b 150.67±7.21

b 141.83±3.53

F

Mean Male 139..55±5.55 137.77±4.68 140.33±5.96 136.77±6.78

Female 176.44±15.07A 150.77±6.39

B 143.77±7.65

B 152.22±5.68

B

Different alphabets on means in a row show significant differences at P<0.05



RESULTS

110

Table-4.19. Dressing percentage (%) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails


*CBF

Category


------------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; %) --------------------------------

Heavy Male 55.19±0.71 53.41±0.79 49.97±3.20 52.53±2.84 52.77±1.09

Female 64.15±0.17a 51.64±1.10

b 48.08±4.68

b 50.31±3.05

b 53.55±2.24

Medium Male 52.85±2.29 48.49±3.74 53.02±4.09 54.46±0.84 52.21±1.45

Female 55.04±4.18b 52.45±1.00

b 47.52±0.64

b 49.34±1.93

b 51.09±1.33

Small Male 52.85±1.27 48.41±2.86 53.420.74 50.38±1.41 51.26±0.96

Female 52.62±3.04b 52.70±1.84

b 48.51±2.23

b 53.51±3.68

b 51.83±1.32

Mean Male 53.63±0.87 50.10±1.60 52.14±1.61 52.45±1.11

Female 57.27±2.30A 52.26±0.70

B 48.03±1.51

B 51.05±1.61

B




4.1.4.2. Relative weight (g/100g BW) of giblets

The results in respect of mean relative weights (g/100g BW) of liver, heart,

and gizzard (with and without contents) of both the sexes of breeder quails recorded

at the end of the experiment are presented in Tables 4.20, 21, 22 and 4.23.

i. Liver

Imported and all the local male and female breeder flocks of Japanese quails

were not significantly different in mean relative weight of liver during this study

(Table-4.20). The body size categories and the interaction between flocks and body

size were non-significant effect on the mean relative weight of liver in both the sexes

of quails (Table-4.20).

The trend in respect of mean liver weight showed that local-3 male flock

remained on higher side than that of imported and other local flocks; however local-2

RESULTS

111

female flock remained on higher side than that of imported and other local flocks.

Similarly, medium weight category quails had maximum relative weight of liver

followed by that of heavy and small size birds in both the sexes.

ii. Heart

The difference in relative weight of heart of male quails in local-3 flock was

significantly (p<0.05) higher than in local-1 flock, however, it was not significantly

different from local-2 and imported flocks (Table-4.21). The maximum relative mean

weight of heart (0.96 ±0.08) was recorded in birds from Local-3 flock and minimum

(0.73±0.07) in local-1. In female birds, the relative mean heart weight of imported

and all local flocks was not significantly different (Table-4.21). With respect to body

size categories, there was non-significant difference in their relative mean weight of

heart in both the sexes. However, the interaction between flocks and body size in

male quails was significant (p<0.05). The maximum relative mean weight of heart

(1.17±0.11) was observed in local-3 flock with heavy weight category and minimum

(0.63±0.09) in local-2 flock with small category. However, female birds showed non-

significant difference in their mean liver weight (Table-4.21).

The relative mean heart weight trend showed that local-3 male flock remained

on the higher side than that of other local and imported flocks. Similarly, heavy

weight category male birds had maximum heart weight followed by that of small and

medium size birds. The local-2 female flock remained on higher side in heart weight

than that of imported and other local flocks. Similarly, small weight category female

birds had maximum heart weight followed by heavy and medium size.

RESULTS

112

iii. Gizzard weight-with contents

The relative weight of gizzard (with contents) in local-1 male flock was

significantly (p<0.05) different from imported and other local flocks. The difference

among other groups was not significant (Table-4.22). The maximum relative mean

weight of gizzard (with contents) (2.28±0.16) was recorded in birds from imported

flock and minimum (1.78±0.11) in local-1. However, female birds exhibited not

significant difference in different flocks for this parameter (Table-4.22). With respect

to body size categories, there was non-significant difference in their relative mean

weight of gizzard in both the sexes (Table-4.22). The interaction between flocks and

body size in male birds was significant (p<0.05). The maximum relative mean weight

of gizzard (2.59±0.19) was observed in local-3 flock with medium weight category

and minimum (1.65±0.27) in local-1 flock with medium category, whereas, female

birds showed non-significant difference (Table-4.22).

The trend in respect of mean gizzard weight (with contents) showed that

imported male flock remained on the higher side than that of local flocks. Similarly,

heavy weight category male birds had maximum gizzard weight followed by that of

medium and small size. However, in female birds, the mean gizzard weight (with

contents) trend showed that local-3 flock remained on higher side and imported and

other local flocks remained low. Similarly, small weight category female birds had

maximum gizzard weight followed by heavy and medium size.

iv. Gizzard weight-without contents

The difference in mean relative weight of gizzard (without contents) in local-2

male flock was significantly (p<0.05) higher only than local-1 male flock. The

RESULTS

113

difference from imported and local-3 flocks was not significant (Table-4.23). The

maximum mean gizzard weight (1.80±0.11) was recorded in local-2 flock and

minimum (1.38±0.10) in local-1. However, female birds showed non-significant

difference in the relative mean weight of gizzard (Table-4.23). With respect to body

size categories, there was non-significant difference in their relative mean gizzard

weight in both the sexes (Table-4.23). The interaction between flocks and body size

also was significant (p<0.05) in both the sexes. The maximum mean gizzard weight

(2.11±0.13) in male birds was observed in local-2 flock with medium weight category

and minimum (1.16±0.24) in local-1 flock with medium category, whereas, in female

birds the maximum mean gizzard weight (2.52±0.78) was recorded in imported flock

with small weight category and minimum (1.48±0.19) in imported flock with medium

size (Table-4.23).

The trend in respect of mean gizzard weight (without contents) indicated that

local-3 female flock was the highest than imported and other local flocks. Similarly,

medium weight male birds had maximum gizzard weight, followed by heavy and

small size birds. In female birds the mean gizzard weight trend showed that local-3

flock remained on higher side and imported and other local flocks remained low.

Similarly, small weight female birds had maximum gizzard weight followed by that

of heavy and medium size birds.

RESULTS

114

Table-4.20. Relative weight (g/100g BW) of liver in 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails with different body weight categories at 31 week

*CBF

Category


------------------------ (Mean ± **SE; g/100g BW) -----------------------

Heavy Male 1.66±0.24 1.45±0.07 1.93±0.64 1.93±0.15 1.74±0.16

Female 2.38±0.56 2.42±0.23 3.26±1.01 2.90±0.07 2.74±0.27

Medium Male 1.78±0.30 1.86±0.48 1.84±0.25 1.93±0.24 1.85±0.14

Female 2.29±0.45 2.65±0.04 3.04±0.55 3.17±0.36 2.79±0.20

Small Male 1.96±0.17 1.60±0.19 1.29±0.28 1.64±0.23 1.62±0.11

Female 2.66±0.16 2.67±0.39 2.37±0.14 2.15±0.70 2.46±0.18

Mean Male 1.80±0.12 1.63±0.16 1.69±0.23 1.84±0.11

Female 2.45±0.22 2.58±0.13 2.89±0.36 2.74±0.27



Table-4.21. Relative weight (g/100g BW) of heart in 4 close-bred flocks of


*CBF

Category


----------------------------(Mean ± **SE; g/100g BW) -------------------------

Heavy Male 0.84±0.08ab

0.73±0.04b 0.74±0.09

b 1.17±0.11

a 0.87±0.06

Female 0.84±0.03 0.81±0.06 1.02±0.22 0.75±0.04 0.85±0.06


0.70±0.17b 0.90±0.14

ab 0.71±0.08

b 0.82±0.06

Female 0.89±0.05 0.76±0.01 0.92±0.07 1.12±0.14 0.92±0.05


0.76±0.18b 0.63±0.09

b 0.99±0.12

ab 0.83±0.07

Female 0.80±0.05 0.89±0.08 1.01±0.17 0.94±0.14 0.91±0.05

Mean Male 0.92±0.05AB

0.73±0.07B 0.76±0.06

AB 0.96±0.08

A

Female 0.84±0.02 0.82±0.03 0.98±0.08 0.93±0.08




RESULTS

115

Table-4.22. Relative weight (g/100g BW) of gizzard (with contents) in 4 close-

bred flocks of Japanese quails with different body weight categories at 31

week

*CBF

Category


------------------------ (Mean ± **SE; g/100g BW) -------------------------


2.03±0.11ab

1.96±0.28ab

2.12±0.32ab

2.04±0.09

Female 2.04±0.17 1.92±0.18 2.82±0.42 2.87±0.39 2.41±0.18


1.65±0.27b 2.58±0.22

a 2.59±0.19

a 2.32±0.17

Female 1.96±0.28 2.18±0.16 2.52±0.21 2.90±0.07 2.39±0.13


1.66±0.18b 2.12±0.13

ab 1.95±0.15

ab 2.02±0.11

Female 2.94±0.66 2.41±0.21 2.30±0.13 2.31±0.28 2.49±0.18

Mean Male 2.28±0.16A 1.78±0.11

B 2.22±0.14

A 2.22±0.15

A

Female 2.31±0.26 2.17±0.11 2.55±0.16 2.69±0.17




Table-4.23. Relative weight (g/100g BW) of gizzard (without contents) in 4 close-

bred flocks of Japanese quails with different body weight categories at 31

week

*CBF

Category


------------------------ (Mean ± **SE; g/100g BW) -------------------------


1.50±0.10ab

1.63±0.24ab

1.75±0.23ab

1.61±0.09

Female 1.49±0.11b 1.68±0.13

ab 2.04±0.20

ab 1.59±0.22

b 1.70±0.09


1.16±0.24b 2.11±0.13

a 1.58±0.18

ab 1.67±0.15

Female 1.48±0.19b 1.61±0.08

b 1.68±0.08

ab 2.31±0.11

ab 1.77±0.10


1.41±0.19ab

1.66±0.09ab

1.44±0.15ab

1.54±0.06

Female 2.52±0.78a 1.84±0.15

ab 1.87±0.13

ab 1.87±0.11

ab 2.02±0.19


1.38±0.10B 1.80±0.11

A 1.59±0.10

AB

Female 1.83±0.29 1.71±0.07 1.86±0.09 1.92±0.13




RESULTS

116

4.1.4.3. Relative weight, length and number (g, cm, #/100g BW) of visceral

organs

The results in respect of mean relative weight of intestine, intestinal length,

reproductive tract weight and length, number of mature follicles and testes weight in

breeder quails recorded at the end of the experiment are presented in Tables 4.24, 25,

26, 27, 28 and 4.29.

i. Intestinal weight (g)

The local-1 and local-2 male flocks were significantly (p<0.05) different in

mean relative weight of intestine than local-3 male flock. Mean relative weight of

intestine in imported flock was not significantly different from local-3 flock (Table-

4.24). The maximum intestinal weight (3.37±0.21g) was recorded in birds from local-

3 flock and minimum (2.47±0.36g) in local-2. However, in female birds the mean

intestinal weight of imported and all the local flocks was not significantly different

(Table-4.24). With respect to body size categories, a non-significant difference was

found in their mean intestinal weight in both the sexes. The interaction between

flocks and body size was also significant (p<0.05) in male birds. The maximum mean

intestinal weight (3.58±0.33) was recorded in local-3 flock with medium weight

category and minimum (1.77±0.70) in local-2 flock with heavy size. Female birds

showed non-significant difference in their mean intestinal weight (Table-4.24).

The intestinal weight trend showed that local-3 flock remained on higher side

than that of imported and other local flocks in both the sexes. Similarly, male birds of

medium weight category had maximum intestinal weight followed by those of small

RESULTS

117

and heavy size, whereas, female birds of heavy weight category had maximum

intestinal weight followed by small and medium size.

ii. Intestinal length (cm)

The mean relative intestinal length was not significantly different among male

quails of imported and all local flocks, however, female quails were significantly

(p<0.05) different (Table-4.25). The maximum mean intestinal length

(24.06±0.95cm) in female birds was recorded in local-1 and minimum

(21.02±1.12cm) was observed in local-2 flock (Table-4.25). With respect to body size

categories, male quails were not significantly different in their mean intestinal length,

whereas, female quails had significant (p<0.05) difference in their mean intestinal

length. The maximum mean intestinal length (23.41±0.84cm) was recorded in quails

of medium weight category and minimum (20.49±1.08cm) in heavy body size birds.

The interaction between flocks and body size in female quails showed significant

(p<0.05) difference, whereas, male found to be not significant in this respect. The

maximum mean intestinal length (25.85±0.42cm) was found in local-3 flock with

medium weight category and minimum (17.43±0.53cm) in local-2 flock with heavy

category (Table-4.25).

The trend in respect of mean intestinal length indicated that local-3 male flock

remained on the higher side than that of imported and other local flocks. Similarly,

heavy weight category quails had maximum intestinal length followed by those of

small and medium size. However, in female birds, the mean intestinal length was

greater in local-1 flock than that of imported and other local flocks. The medium

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118

weight female category birds had maximum intestinal length followed by those of

small and heavy size.

iii. Reproductive tract weight (g)

The mean relative weight of reproductive tract in imported quail flock was not

significantly different from that of all local flocks (Table-4.26). In respect of body

size categories, it was found to have non-significant effect on the mean weight of

reproductive tract. The interaction of flocks and body size was also not significant

(Table-4.26).

The imported flock had greater weight of reproductive tract than those of all

the local flocks. However, birds of small weight category had maximum reproductive

tract weight followed by those of heavy and medium size.

iv. Reproductive tract length (cm)

The difference in relative reproductive tract length between local-1 and

imported groups were not-significant. Imported and local-1 flocks were significantly

(p<0.05) different than local-2 and local-3 flocks (Table-4.27). The maximum length

(12.18±0.58cm) of mean reproductive tract was recorded in birds from local-1 flock

and minimum (9.71±0.65cm) in local-3. With respect to body size categories,

significant (p<0.05) difference in reproductive tract length was noted between small

and heavy groups (Table-4.27). The maximum length of mean reproductive tract

(11.67±0.85cm) was recorded in small weight category quails and minimum

(9.99±0.49cm) in heavy body size birds. The interaction between flocks and body

size was also significant (p<0.05). The maximum mean reproductive tract length

RESULTS

119

(15.70±0.83cm) was observed in imported flock with small weight category and

minimum (8.89±0.59cm) in local-3 flock with heavy category (Table-4.27).

The greater length of reproductive tract was observed in local-1 flock and

lesser in imported and other local flocks. Similarly, small weight category birds had

maximum length of reproductive tract followed by those of medium and heavy size.

v. Mature ovarian follicle numbers (#)

The mean relative numbers of mature ovarian follicles in imported and all

other local flocks of Japanese quails was not significantly different (Table-4.28).

Body size categories also had not significant effect on the mean number of mature

ovarian follicles. However, the interaction between flocks and body size was

significant (p<0.05). The maximum mean number of mature ovarian follicles

(1.65±0.05) was observed in imported flock with small weight category and

minimum (0.88±0.49) in local-3 flock with heavy category (Table-4.28).

The local-2 flock was found to be on the higher side and imported and other

local flocks remained low in respect of mature ovarian follicles number. Similarly,

birds of small weight category had maximum follicle numbers followed by those of

medium and heavy size birds.

vi. Testes weight (g)

The mean relative weight of testes in imported flock of Japanese quails was

not significantly different from all local flocks (Table-4.29). Body size categories had

non-significant effect on weight of testes in quails. The interaction between flocks

and body size was also not significant (Table-4.29).

RESULTS

120

The imported flock had greater weight of testes than that of other local flocks.

Similarly, small weight birds had maximum weight of testes followed by medium and

heavy size quails.

Table-4.24. Relative intestinal weight (g/100g BW) in 4 close-bred flocks of


*CBF

Category


------------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; g/100g BW) --------------------------------


2.64±0.16ab

1.77±0.70b 3.35±0.30

a 2.64±0.24

Female 4.54±0.27 3.76±1.05 4.04±0.14 5.01±0.55 4.34±0.30


2.59±0.11ab

2.80±0.32ab

3.58±0.33a 2.97±0.18

Female 3.50±0.18 3.75±0.34 3.65±0.68 4.75±0.46 3.91±0.24


2.58±0.18ab

2.85±0.78ab

3.19±0.54a 2.87±0.21

Female 5.29±1.00 4.17±0.43 3.63±0.62 3.75±0.89 4.21±0.38


2.60±0.07B 2.47±0.36

B 3.37±0.21

A

Female 4.44±0.39 3.89±0.35 3.77±0.27 4.50±0.38




Table-4.25. Relative intestinal length (cm/100g BW) in 4 close-bred flocks of


*CBF

Category


------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; cm/100g BW) -------------------------

Heavy Male 20.62±3.04 20.12±3.17 21.91±2.58 21.44±4.08 21.02±1.40

Female 19.66±2.15cd

24.31±2.72abc

17.43±0.53d 20.58±1.12

abc 20.49±1.08

F

Medium Male 22.91±1.79 18.53±2.28 18.74±2.07 21.78±0.98 20.49±0.97

Female 20.31±1.40bcd

24.23±1.48abc

23.26±1.77abc

25.85±0.42a 23.41±0.84

E

Small Male 18.26±1.35 21.91±2.94 22.08±0.84 21.56±1.92 20.95±0.94

Female 25.34±1.84ab

23.64±1.04abc

22.37±1.36abcd

21.90±0.74abcd

23.31±0.68E

Mean Male 20.63±1.28 20.18±1.49 20.91±1.12 21.60±1.33

Female 21.77±1.28AB

24.06±0.95A 21.02±1.12

B 22.78±0.89

AB




RESULTS

121

Table-4.26. Relative reproductive tract weight (g/100g BW) in 4 close-bred flocks

of Japanese quails with different body weight categories at 31 week

*CBF

Categories


-------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; g/100g BW) -------------------------

Heavy 3.08±0.59 3.57±0.79 3.41±0.38 3.48±0.87 3.38±0.29

Medium 4.02±0.93 3.14±0.71 3.03±0.15 2.50±0.79 3.17±0.34

Small 5.01±1.43 3.04±0.73 3.37±0.90 3.26±0.51 3.67±0.47

Mean 4.03±0.59 3.25±0.38 3.27±0.29 3.08±0.39



Table-4.27. Relative reproductive tract length (cm/100g BW) in 4 close-bred

flocks of Japanese quails with different body weight categories at 31 week

*CBF

Categories


---------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; cm/100g BW) --------------------------

Heavy 9.06±0.28d 12.30±0.94

bc 9.71±0.53

cd 8.89±0.59

d 9.99±0.49

F

Medium 10.29±0.73bcd

13.21±1.34ab

10.89±0.48bcd

9.34±1.58cd

10.93±0.64EF

Small 15.70±0.83a 11.04±0.51

bcd 9.02±1.38

d 10.90±1.04

bcd 11.67±0.85

E

Mean 11.68±1.07A 12.18±0.58

A 9.88±0.52

B 9.71±0.65

B




Table-4.28. Relative mature ovarian follicles numbers (#/100g BW) in 4 close-bred

flocks of Japanese quails with different body weight categories at 31 week

*CBF

Categories


----------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; #/100g BW) -------------------------

Heavy 0.94±0.06ab

1.28±0.11ab

1.51±0.22ab

0.88±0.49b 1.15±0.14

Medium 1.29±0.12ab

1.23±0.19ab

1.37±0.01ab

1.09±0.38ab

1.25±0.10

Small 1.65±0.05a 1.30±0.10

ab 1.25±0.18

ab 1.29±0.09

ab 1.37±0.07

Mean 1.30±0.11 1.27±0.07 1.37±0.09 1.09±0.19




RESULTS

122

Table-4.29. Relative testes weight (g/100g BW) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese


*CBF

Categories


----------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; g/100g BW) ---------------------------

Heavy 2.89±0.45 2.45±0.28 1.82±0.79 2.45±0.68 2.40±0.27

Medium 3.67±0.83 2.78±0.38 2.66±0.69 3.01±0.19 3.03±0.27

Small 3.53±0.90 2.69±0.26 2.64±0.58 3.67±0.89 3.13±0.33

Mean 3.36±0.39 2.64±0.16 2.38±0.37 3.05±0.37



4.1.4.4. Proximate analysis

The proximate composition of breast and thigh meat samples in 4 close-bred

parental flocks of both the sexes of quails determined at the termination of the

experiment have been presented as under:

4.1.4.4.1. Breast meat composition

The results in respect of proximate composition of breast meat of both the

sexes of Japanese quails have been given in Tables 4.30, 31, 32 and 4.33.


The difference in mean crude protein percent in breast meat of female

Japanese quails was not significant from that of male quails (Table-4.30). Body size

categories had not significant effect on percent crude protein in breast meat of both

the sexes. The interaction between flocks and body size was also not significant in

both the sexes of quails (Table-4.30).

RESULTS

123

The crude protein percent in breast meat of imported male flock was found to

be higher than that in other local flocks. The small male birds had maximum percent

crude protein followed by that of medium and heavy size birds. However, percent

crude protein in breast meat of female was higher in local-1 flock than that of

imported and other local flocks. Similarly, heavy weight female birds had maximum

crude protein percent followed by those of medium and small size.


The difference in ether extract percent in breast meat of both the male and

female Japanese quails was not significant (Table-4.31). Body size categories had

significant (p<0.05) effect on the percent ether extract in male quails only. The

maximum ether extract percent (4.42±0.2) in breast meat of male was observed in

medium weight birds and minimum (4.10±0.18) in heavy weight category (Table-

4.31). The interaction between flocks and body size was found to be significant

(p<0.05) in male and female quails. The maximum ether extract percent (4.96±0.39)

in breast meat of male quails was noted in local-2 flock with medium weight

category, whereas, minimum (3.12±0.73) in imported flock with small weight.

However, in female quails maximum ether extract percent (5.32±0.65) in breast meat

was observed in imported flock with heavy weight category and minimum (3.48±0.5)

in imported flock with medium weight birds (Table-4.31).

The higher ether extract percent in breast meat was found in local-1 flock of

male quails and lesser values were observed in imported and other local flocks.

Medium weight category male birds had maximum ether extract percent followed by

those of heavy and small size quails. However, local-1 female flock was found to

RESULTS

124

remain on higher side in ether extract percent in breast meat than that of imported and

other local flocks. Similarly, heavy weight female birds had maximum ether extract

percent in breast meat followed by that of small and medium size.


The difference in dry matter percent in breast meat of male Japanese quails

was significant (p<0.05) whereas, female was not significantly different in this

respect (Table-4.32). The maximum dry matter percent (95.63±0.17) in breast meat of

male quails was observed in local-3 flock and minimum (94.79±0.12) in the imported

flock (Table-4.32). Body size categories had not significant effect on the dry matter

percent in breast meat of both the sexes (Table-4.32). The interaction between flocks

and body size was significant (p<0.05) in both the male and female quails. The

maximum dry matter percent (95.85±0.20) was observed in breast meat of male

quails in local-3 flock with heavy weight category and minimum (94.23±0.39) in

local-2 flock with heavy weight category, whereas, in female, maximum dry matter

percent (95.18±0.26) in breast meat was observed in imported flock with small

weight category and minimum (94.00±0.11) also in the imported flock with heavy

weight category birds (Table-4.32).

The dry matter percent in breast meat of male birds in local-3 flock was higher

than that of imported and other local flocks. The medium weight male quails had

maximum dry matter percent in their breast meat followed by that of small and heavy

size quails. However, the dry matter percent in breast meat of female local-3 flock

remained on higher side than that of imported and other local flocks. Similarly,

RESULTS

125

medium weight category female birds had maximum dry matter percent in their breast

meat followed by those of small and heavy size.

iv. Ash percent

The ash percent in breast meat of male quails was not significantly different,

however, it was significantly (p<0.05) different in female quails (Table-4.33). The

maximum ash percent (1.53±0.05) in female quails was in local-2 flock and minimum

(1.30±0.02) in local-1. However, maximum ash percent (1.53±0.05) was found in

local-2 female flock and minimum (1.30±0.07) in imported (Table-4.33). Body size

categories had significant (p<0.05) effect on the ash percent in female, whereas, not

significant difference was noted in breast meat ash percent of male quails. The

maximum ash percent (1.54±0.06) was found in breast meat of female quails of small

weight category and minimum (1.31±0.05) in medium body size birds (Table-4.33).

The interaction between flocks and body size was significant (p<0.05) in female

quails, whereas, not significant in male quails. The maximum ash percent (1.70±0.17)

in female quails was observed in local-3 flock with small weight category and

minimum (1.16±0.12) in breast meat of imported flock with medium weight category

(Table-4.33).

The mean ash percent in breast meat of male birds was higher in local-3 flock

and lower in imported and other local flocks. The medium weight male birds had

maximum ash percent in breast meat followed by small and heavy size birds.

However, the average mean ash percent in female was found to be higher in local-2

flock than that of imported and other local flocks. Similarly, small weight female

RESULTS

126

quails had maximum ash percent in the breast meat followed by those of heavy and

medium size.

Table-4.30. Crude protein percent (%) in breast meat in 4 close-bred flocks of


*CBF

Category


------------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; %) -----------------------------

Heavy Male 20.35±1.03 18.81±0.75 19.74±1.12 21.34±0.91 20.06±0.49

Female 21.72±0.77 21.72±1.02 20.79±1.77 20.62±0.95 21.21±0.53

Medium Male 21.75±1.69 20.21±0.58 19.85±0.79 20.56±1.26 20.59±0.54

Female 20.76±0.79 21.58±1.62 18.80±1.08 19.59±1.71 20.18±0.66

Small Male 20.91±1.71 21.72±0.72 20.35±0.80 20.12±0.25 20.77±0.47

Female 18.75±0.64 18.37±0.96 18.92±0.55 19.45±1.03 18.87±0.37

Mean Male 21.00±0.78 20.24±0.54 19.98±0.47 20.67±0.49

Female 20.41±0.57 20.55±0.82 19.50±0.70 19.88±0.66



Table-4.31. Ether extract percent (%) in breast meat in 4 close-bred flocks of


*CBF

Category


---------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; %) --------------------------


4.27±0.32ab

3.63±0.31ab

4.57±0.49ab

4.10±0.18EF

Female 5.32±0.65a 4.08±0.51

ab 4.35±0.17

ab 5.03±0.32

ab 4.69±0.24


4.67±0.35a 4.96±0.39

a 3.57±0.27

ab 4.42±0.20

E

Female 3.48±0.51b 4.87±0.30

ab 4.77±0.59

ab 4.11±1.15

ab 4.31±0.34

Small Male 3.12±0.73b 3.72±0.69

ab 3.81±0.49

ab 3.73±0.53

ab 3.59±0.27

F

Female 4.31±0.28ab

4.79±0.37ab

4.51±0.37ab

4.01±0.30ab

4.40±0.14

Mean Male 3.85±0.29 4.22±0.27 4.13±0.29 3.95±0.27

Female 4.37±0.36 4.58±0.21 4.54±0.21 4.38±0.39

Different alphabets on means show significant differences at p<0.05



RESULTS

127

Table-4.32. Dry matter percent (%) in breast meat in 4 close-bred flocks of


*CBF

Category


---------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; %) --------------------------

Heavy Male 94.55±0.24c 94.88±0.22

abc 94.23±0.39

c 95.85±0.20

a 94.88±0.21

Female 94.00±0.11b 94.15±0.09

ab 94.56±0.51

ab 94.89±0.27

ab 94.40±0.16

Medium Male 94.82±0.14bc

94.82±0.49bc

95.76±0.38ab

95.22±0.41abc

95.15±0.20


95.18±0.51a 94.59±0.45

ab 94.89±0.27

ab 94.87±0.17

Small Male 95.01±0.22abc

95.01±0.06abc

94.52±0.35c 95.81±0.19

ab 95.09±0.17

Female 95.18±0.26a 94.71±0.48

ab 94.56±0.23

ab 94.70±0.05

ab 94.79±0.14

Mean Male 94.79±0.12A 94.90±0.16

B 94.84±0.30

B 95.63±0.17

A

Female 94.66±0.19 94.68±0.25 94.57±0.20 94.83±0.11

Different alphabets on means show significant differences at p<0.05



Table-4.33. Ash percent (%) in breast meat in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese


*CBF

Category


---------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; %) --------------------------

Heavy Male 1.33±0.06 1.40±0.17 1.33±0.14a 1.56±0.14 1.40±0.06

Female 1.23±0.12c 1.26±0.06

c 1.46±0.08

abc 1.46±0.20

abc 1.35±0.06

F

Medium Male 1.33±0.16 1.63±0.18 1.40±0.00 1.66±0.20 1.50±0.08

Female 1.16±0.12c 1.30±0

c 1.50±0.10

abc 1.30±0.05

bc 1.31±0.05

F

Small Male 1.23±0.03 1.63±0.23 1.33±0.12 1.50±0.05 1.42±0.07

Female 1.50±0.05abc

1.33±0.03bc

1.63±0.08ab

1.70±0.17a 1.54±0.06

E


1.55±0.10A 1.35±0.05

AB 1.57±0.07

A

Female 1.30±0.07B 1.30±0.02

B 1.53±0.05

A 1.48±0.09

AB




RESULTS

128

4.1.4.4.2. Thigh meat composition

The results in respect of thigh meat composition of 4 close-bred parental

flocks of the Japanese quails determined at the end of the experiment has been

presented in Tables 4.34, 35, 36 and 4.37.


The difference in crude protein percent in thigh meat of male and female

quails of imported and local flocks was not significant (Table-4.34). Body size

categories were not significant effect on crude protein percent in thigh meat of both

the sexes. The interaction between flocks and body size was also not significant

(Table-4.34).

Crude protein percent in thigh meat of male, imported flock was found to be

on the higher side than that of other local flocks. The small birds had maximum crude

protein percent in thigh meat followed by that of heavy and medium size quails.

Crude protein percent in female local-2 flock was higher than that of imported and

other local flocks. However, heavy weight birds had maximum crude protein percent

followed by that of medium and small size birds.


The difference in ether extract percent in thigh meat of male and female quails

was significant (p<0.05) (Table-4.35). The maximum ether extract percent

(4.79±0.25) in thigh meat was found in male quails of local-1 flock and minimum

(3.86±0.31) in male local-2 flock. In female quails, maximum ether extract percent

(4.59±0.21) was noted in local-1 flock and minimum (3.77±0.28) in local-3 (Table-

4.35). Body size categories were not significant effect on ether extract percent in

RESULTS

129

thigh meat of both the sexes. The interaction between flocks and body size was

significant (p<0.05) in respect of ether extract percent in thigh meat of both the sexes.

The maximum ether extract percent (4.86±0.30) in thigh meat in male quails was

noted in local-1 flock with medium weight category and minimum (3.16±0.61) in

local-3 flock with small category (Table-4.35).

Ether extract percent in thigh meat of male local-1 flock remained higher than those

of imported and other local flocks. Similarly, medium weight male birds had

maximum ether extract percent followed by heavy and small size birds. However, the

ether extract percent in female local-1 flock was higher than that of imported and

other local flocks. Similarly, small weight female birds had maximum ether extract

percent in thigh meat followed by that of heavy and medium size quails.


The difference in dry matter percent in thigh meat of local -1 male flock was

significant (p<0.05) from local-2 and local-3 flocks, whereas, female quails were not

significantly different in this respect (Table-4.36). Body size categories had

significant (p<0.05) effect on dry matter percent in thigh meat of male quails. The

maximum dry matter percent (95.14±0.17) was recorded in thigh meat of male quails

of small weight category and minimum (94.51±0.18) in medium body size birds.

However, female quails were not significantly different (Table-4.36). The interaction

between flocks and body size was significant (p<0.05) in both the sexes. The

maximum dry matter percent (95.33±0.45) in thigh meat of male quails was observed

in local-3 flock with heavy weight category and minimum (93.66±0.25) in local-1

flock with heavy category, whereas, in female birds, the maximum dry matter percent

RESULTS

130

(95.09 ±0.27) was observed in imported flock with small weight category and

minimum (94.07±0.26) also found in imported flock with heavy category (Table-

4.36).

The dry matter percent in thigh meat of local-2 male flock was found to be

higher than that of imported and other local flocks. The small weight male birds had

maximum dry matter percent in their thigh meat followed by that of heavy and

medium size birds. However, the dry matter percent in thigh meat of female imported

flock was higher than that of local flocks. Similarly, small weight female birds had

maximum dry matter percent in thigh meat followed by medium and heavy weight

quails.

iv. Ash percent

The difference in ash percent in thigh meat of imported and all local flocks of

quails was not significant in male as well as in female quails (Table-4.37). The body

size categories were not significant effect on ash percent in thigh meat of both the

sexes. The interaction between flocks and body sizes was not significant (Table-4.37).

The ash percent in thigh meat in imported male flock remained higher than

that of other local flocks. The small weight male birds had maximum ash percent in

thigh meat followed by that of heavy and small size categories. However, ash percent

content in female quails showed that local-3 flock remained on higher side than that

of imported and other local flocks. Medium weight female birds contained maximum

ash percent in thigh meat followed by that of heavy and small size quails.

RESULTS

131

Table-4.34. Crude protein percent (%) in thigh meat in 4 close-bred flocks of


*CBF

Category


---------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; %) --------------------------

Heavy Male 19.54±0.77 19.30±0.84 19.24±0.50 19.77±0.65 19.46±0.30

Female 19.97±0.95 20.21±1.26 20.41±1.45 18.57±0.55 19.79±0.52

Medium Male 20.41±0.77 19.27±0.90 18.39±1.03 17.64±1.06 18.93±0.51

Female 18.85±1.57 18.87±1.29 19.89±0.55 14.67±6.05 18.07±1.49

Small Male 19.97±0.81 19.17±1.50 19.80±1.15 19.19±0.15 19.53±0.45

Female 18.66±0.77 20.88±0.82 19.47±0.78 19.07±0.46 19.64±0.40

Mean Male 19.97±0.41 19.25±0.56 19.14±0.51 18.86±0.48

Female 19.16±0.61 19.98±0.64 20.08±0.51 17.44±1.89



Table-4.35. Ether extract percent (%) in thigh meat in 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails having different body weight categories at 31 week

*CBF

Category


---------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; %) --------------------------


4.43±0.27ab

3.65±0.45ab

4.53±0.37ab

4.13±0.20

Female 4.47±0.13a 4.20±0.61

ab 4.15±0.41

ab 4.02±0.43

ab 4.21±0.19


4.86±0.30a 3.67±0.21

ab 4.33±0.25

ab 4.30±0.16

Female 4.57±0.19a 4.75±0.27

a 5.02±0.47

a 2.92±0.35

b 4.31±0.28


3.91±0.70ab

4.27±0.88ab

3.16±0.61b 4.10±0.34

Female 4.38±0.80ab

4.83±0.09a 4.36±0.62

ab 4.37±0.32

ab 4.48±0.23

Mean Male 4.05±0.15AB 4.79±0.25

A 3.86±0.31

B 4.00±0.30

AB

Female 4.47±0.24AB

4.59±0.21A 4.51±0.28A

B 3.77±0.28

B




RESULTS

132

Table-4.36. Dry matter percent (%) in thigh meat in 4 close-bred flocks of


*CBF

Category


---------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; %) --------------------------


93.66±0.25b 94.89±0.57

ab 95.33±0.45

a 94.52±0.25

F

Female 94.07±0.26c 94.48±0.13

abc 94.56±0.19

abc 94.88±0.18

ab 94.50±0.12


94.04±0.29ab

95.04±0.19a 94.41±0.10

ab 94.51±0.18

F

Female 95.07±0.30a 94.75±0.21

abc 94.27±0.28

bc 94.49±0.13

abc 94.64±0.13

Small Male 95.26±0.47a 95.03±0.42

a 95.15±0.41

a 95.11±0.27

a 95.14±0.17

E

Female 95.09±0.27a 94.66±0.33

abc 94.69±0.22

abc 94.82±0.13

abc 94.81±0.11


94.24±0.26B 95.02±0.21

A 94.95±0.20

A

Female 94.74±0.21 94.63±0.12 94.50±0.13 94.73±0.09




Table-4.37. Ash percent (%) in thigh meat in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese


*CBF

Category


---------------------------- (Mean ± **SE; %) --------------------------

Heavy Male 1.30±0.25 1.16±0.08 1.23±0.12 1.33±0.08 1.25±0.06

Female 1.23±0.14 1.13±0.13 1.20±0.05 1.46±0.26 1.25±0.08

Medium Male 1.26±0.03 1.23±0.14 1.23±0.18 1.23±0.14 1.24±0.05

Female 1.36±0.12 1.36±0.12 1.20±0.11 1.33±0.17 1.31±0.06

Small Male 1.36±0.06 1.20±0.11 1.36±0.03 1.30±0.05 1.30±0.03

Female 1.23±0.08 1.26±0.03 1.16±0.03 1.16±0.12 1.20±0.03

Mean Male 1.31±0.07 1.20±0.06 1.27±0.06 1.28±0.05

Female 1.27±0.06 1.25±0.06 1.18±0.03 1.32±0.10



RESULTS

133

4.1.4.5. Blood biochemical profile

The blood biochemical profile of 4 close-bred breeder flocks of male and

female Japanese quails (Imported, Local-1, Local-2 and Local-3) determined at the

termination of the experiment is presented as under:

4.1.4.5.1. Blood serum chemistry

The results in respect of blood serum chemistry (glucose, total protein,

albumen, cholesterol and urea (mg/dl)) of the quails are shown in Tables 4.38, 4.39,

4.40, 4.41 and 4.42.

i. Serum glucose

The difference in mean serum glucose (mg/dl) in male and female quails of

imported and local flocks was not significant from each other (Table-4.38). Body size

categories were not significant effect on mean serum glucose in both the sexes. The

interaction between flocks and body size was also not significant (Table-4.38).

The mean serum glucose in male quails of local-1 flock was higher than that

of other local and imported flocks. Small weight male quails had maximum serum

glucose concentration followed by those of medium and heavy size quails. However,

female quails of local-1 flock remained higher in glucose concentration than imported

and other local flocks. Whereas, medium weight female birds contained maximum

serum glucose levels followed by those of small and heavy size birds.

ii. Total serum protein

The difference in mean total serum protein concentration of imported and

local flocks of Japanese quails was significant (p<0.05) in both male and female

quails (Table-4.39). The maximum total serum protein (4.38±0.36mg/dl) was

RESULTS

134

recorded in male quails of imported flock and minimum (3.31±0.25mg/dl) in the

local-1, whereas, maximum (6.50±0.49mg/dl) was recorded in female imported flock

and minimum (4.57±0.54mg/dl) in local-3. Body size categories were not significant

effect on serum protein in male and female birds (Table-4.39). The interaction

between flocks and body size was significant (p<0.05) in both the sexes. The

maximum mean total serum protein (4.70±0.86mg/dl) was observed in male quails of

imported flock with heavy weight category and minimum (2.88±0.34mg/dl) in local-1

flock with small category, whereas, maximum total serum protein (7.28±1.27mg/dl)

was also observed in female imported flock with heavy weight category and

minimum total protein (3.40±0.56mg/dl) was noted in local-2 flock with heavy

weight category (Table-4.39).

The mean total serum protein in male imported flock remained on higher side

than that of other local flocks. The medium weight category male birds had maximum

total serum protein followed by those of heavy and small size categories. However,

female imported flock had higher total serum protein than that of other local flocks.

Similarly, female birds of small weight category had maximum total serum protein

followed by that of heavy and medium size quails.

iii. Serum albumin

The difference in mean serum albumin (mg/dl) in imported and local female

flocks of Japanese quails was significant (p<0.05), whereas, it was not significant in

male quails (Table-4.40). The maximum serum albumin level (1.46±0.13mg/dl) was

recorded in imported female flock and minimum (0.96±0.14mg/dl) in local-1 flock.

Body size categories had non-significant effect on serum albumin in quails of both

RESULTS

135

the sexes (Table-4.40). The interaction between flocks and body size was significant

(p<0.05) in female, whereas, it was not significant in male quails. The maximum

serum albumin level (1.68±0.29 mg/dl) was observed in female imported flock with

heavy weight category, while, minimum (0.80±0.21 mg/dl) in local-1 flock with

heavy category (Table-4.40).

The mean serum albumin level in local-3 male flock was higher than that of

imported and other local flocks. Similarly, small weight category male birds had

maximum serum albumin level followed by that of heavy and medium size

categories. However, imported female flock had higher serum albumin than that of

other local flocks. Similarly, heavy weight category female quails had maximum

serum albumin level followed by that of medium and small size.

iv. Serum cholesterol

The difference in mean serum cholesterol concentration (mg/dl) in imported

and local female flocks of Japanese quails was significant (p<0.05), whereas, male

flocks were not significantly different in this respect (Table-4.41). The maximum

serum cholesterol concentration (235.67±25.70mg/dl) was recorded in imported

female flock and minimum (141.13±8.61mg/dl) in local-3 flock. However, body size

categories of both the sexes were not significantly different in serum cholesterol

(Table-4.41). The interaction between flocks and body size for serum cholesterol was

significant (p<0.05) in male birds, while, it was not significant in female quails. The

maximum mean serum cholesterol (243.35±19.26mg/dl) was observed in local-2

male flock with small weight category, while, minimum (131.77±7.63mg/dl) was also

found in local-2 flock with heavy category (Table-4.41).

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136

The mean serum cholesterol level in male local-1 flock remained lower than

in imported and other local flocks. Similarly, small weight category male birds had

maximum serum cholesterol level followed by that of heavy and medium size

categories. However, female imported flock had higher serum cholesterol than that of

other local flocks. Similarly, small weight category female birds had maximum serum

cholesterol level followed by that of heavy and medium size categories.

v. Serum urea

The difference in mean serum urea (mg/dl) in imported and local flocks of

Japanese quails was significant (p<0.05) in male quails, whereas, it was not

significant in female quails (Table-4.42). The maximum mean serum urea level

(24.92±6.84mg/dl) was recorded in male birds from local-3 flock and minimum

(8.71±1.41mg/dl) in imported flock. The body size categories had not significant

effect on serum urea in both the sexes (Table-4.42). The interaction between flocks

and body size was significant (p<0.05) in both the sexes. The maximum serum urea

concentration (36.35±20.27mg/dl) was observed in male birds of local-3 flock with

small weight category and minimum (4.01±0.24mg/dl) in local-1 flock with small

category. The maximum serum urea (62.84±48.58mg/dl) was observed in female

quails of local-2 female flock with medium weight category and minimum

(8.16±1.64mg/dl) in local-1 flock also with medium weight category (Table-4.42).

The mean serum urea in local-3 male flock remained higher than that of

imported and other local flocks. Similarly, small weight category male birds had

maximum serum urea level followed by that of heavy and medium size categories.

However, mean serum urea in local-2 female flock remained higher than that of

RESULTS

137

imported and other local flocks. Similarly, medium weight category female birds had

maximum serum urea levels followed by those of small and heavy size quails.

Table-4.38. Serum glucose level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails


*CBF

Category


--------------------- (Mean ± **SE; mg/dl) ---------------------

Heavy Male 123.54±27.95 172.63±52.06 142.70±4.29 116.10±29.46 138.74±15.56

Female 114.63±3.07 152.41±84.46 103.94±6.69 104.90±5.82 118.97±19.07

Medium Male 147.66±44.67 174.32±81.87 147.66±44.67 108.74±10.85 144.60±23.26

Female 189.48±43.44 223.25±62.86 126.16±8.21 122.42±18.40 165.33±21.21

Small Male 155.88±46.89 221.05±88.89 116.10±29.46 121.76±10.64 153.69±25.73

Female 163.6741.41 141.11±46.98 119.31±6.46 123.55±23.78 136.91±15.28

Mean Male 142.36±20.93 189.33±38.80 135.49±16.25 115.53±9.75

Female 155.93±20.52 172.26±35.67 116.47±4.86 116.96±9.34



Table-4.39. Total serum protein level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese

quails with different body weight categories at 31 weeks

*CBF

Category

Sex


--------------------- (Mean ± **SE; mg/dl) ---------------------

Heavy Male 4.70±0.86a 3.03±0.18

b 3.36±0.23

ab 3.80±0.48

ab 3.72±0.29

Female 7.28±1.27a 3.98±0.58

b 3.40±0.56

b 4.23±0.93

ab 4.72±0.59


4.02±0.51ab

4.39±0.05ab

4.17±0.59ab

4.24±0.17

Female 6.00±0.66ab

5.07±0.37ab

5.35±0.93ab

4.41±1.14ab

5.21±0.39


2.88±0.34b 3.80±0.48

ab 3.50±0.20

ab 3.55±0.25

Female 6.21±0.63ab

5.62±1.42ab

6.38±0.65ab

5.06±1.06ab

5.82±0.45

Mean Male 4.38±0.36A 3.31±0.25

B 3.85±0.21

AB 3.83±0.24

AB

Female 6.50±0.49A 4.89±0.51

AB 5.04±0.57

AB 4.57±0.54

B




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Table-4.40. Serum albumin level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails


*CBF

Category


--------------------- (Mean ± **SE; mg/dl) ---------------------

Heavy Male 1.48±0.11 0.84±0.02 0.94±0.02 1.83±0.62 1.27±0.18

Female 1.68±0.29a 0.80±0.21

b 1.30±0.28

ab 1.62±0.10

a 1.35±0.14

Medium Male 1.02±0.27 1.03±0.19 1.02±0.27 1.28±0.15 1.08±0.10

Female 1.17±0.17ab

0.96±0.18ab

1.47±0.22ab

1.11±0.06ab

1.17±0.09

Small Male 1.10±0.15 1.20±0.44 1.83±0.62 1.29±0.17 1.35±0.19

Female 1.55±0.21a 1.12±0.36

ab 1.41±0.05

ab 1.30±0.04

ab 1.34±0.10

Mean Male 1.20±0.11 1.02±0.14 1.26±0.24 1.46±0.21

Female 1.46±0.13A 0.96±0.14

B 1.39±0.10

A 1.34±0.08

A




Table-4.41. Serum cholesterol level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese


*CBF

Category


--------------------- (Mean ± **SE; mg/dl) ---------------------


162.28±17.84ab

131.77±7.63b 243.35±19.26

a 183.99±18.33

Female 225.57±34.16 145.44±6.56 142.90±31.56 138.48±14.30 163.10±15.11


152.14±30.77ab

171.96±25.17ab

141.99±17.00ab

159.51±11.36

Female 232.43±64.35 165.88±21.04 174.33±25.94 135.86±17.87 177.12±19.09


211.23±60.85ab

243.35±19.26a 163.28±24.43

ab 201.39±17.46

Female 249.01±49.73 147.31±41.01 192.25±28.37 149.05±17.84 184.41±19.89

Mean Male 185.89±18.92 175.39±22.28 182.36±18.83 182.8718.51

Female 235.67±25.70A 152.88±±13.83

B 169.83±16.06

B 141.13±8.61

B




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Table-4.42. Serum urea level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails


*CBF

Category


--------------------- (Mean ± **SE; mg/dl) ---------------------

Heavy Male 13.59±1.15b 13.99±4.91

b 13.03±4.10

b 16.91±5.12

ab 14.38±1.82

Female 11.84±3.69b 15.22±3.96

ab 16.03±1.09

ab 18.46±3.10

ab 15.39±1.52

Medium Male 5.18±0.96b 8.58±4.31

b 5.18±0.96

b 21.51±4.61

ab 10.11±2.45

Female 10.49±0.71b 8.16±1.64

b 62.84±48.58

a 24.86±9.67

ab 26.59±12.46

Small Male 7.35±1.63b 4.01±0.24

b 16.91±5.12

ab 36.35±20.27

a 16.15±5.86


10.47±2.51b 14.12±3.10

ab 19.08±1.49

ab 15.77±2.86

Mean Male 8.71±1.41B 8.86±2.37

B 11.71±2.57

B 24.92±6.84

A

Female 13.91±3.88 11.28±1.77 31.00±16.13 20.80±3.13




4.1.4.6. Plasma macro minerals

The results in respect of plasma macro mineral contents (Ca, P, Na, K and Mg

(mg/dl)) of the breeder quails are shown in Tables 4.43, 4.44, 4.45, 4.46 and 4.47.

i. Plasma calcium (Ca)

The difference in mean plasma calcium (Ca) concentration (mg/dl) in male

and female quails of imported and local flocks of Japanese quails was not significant

(Table-4.43). Body size categories had not significant effect on mean plasma Ca

levels in both the sexes. The interaction between flocks and body size was also not

significant (Table-4.43).

The mean plasma calcium in male birds of local-2 flock remained higher than

in other local and imported flocks. The heavy weight male birds had maximum

plasma Ca levels followed by that of medium and small size birds. However, female

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140

birds of local-3 flock remained higher in plasma Ca concentration than that of

imported and other local flocks, whereas, heavy weight female birds had maximum

plasma Ca concentration followed by that of medium and small size quails.

ii. Plasma phosphorus (P)

The difference in mean plasma phosphorus (P) concentration (mg/dl) in

imported and local flocks was significant (p<0.05) difference in female quails,

whereas, it was found to be non-significant in male quails (Table-4.44). The

maximum mean plasma Phosphorus (5.66±0.10mg/dl) was recorded in female birds

of local-2 flock and minimum (5.24±0.13mg/dl) in local-1 flock. However, with

respect to body size categories, a significant (p<0.05) difference was observed in

female quails, whereas, not significant differences was noted in male quails (Table-

4.44). The maximum mean plasma Phosphorus (5.66±0.08mg/dl) in female quails

was recorded in heavy weight category and minimum (5.34±0.07mg/dl) in small

category. The interaction between flocks and body size was significant (p<0.05) in

female quails and it was not significant in male quails. The maximum mean plasma

Phosphorus (5.96±0.14mg/dl) was observed in female local-2 flock with heavy

weight category and minimum (4.85±0.24mg/dl) in local-1 flock with medium weight

category (Table-4.44).

The mean plasma phosphorus concentration in local-3 male flock remained

higher than that of imported and other local flocks. Similarly, medium weight

category male birds had maximum plasma P concentration followed by that of heavy

and small size quails. However, the mean plasma P level in local-2 female flock was

RESULTS

141

higher than that of imported and other local flocks. Similarly, heavy weight female

birds had maximum plasma P level followed by that of medium and small size birds.

iii. Plasma sodium (Na)

The difference in mean plasma sodium (Na) concentration (mg/dl) of

imported and local flocks was not significant in both male and female quails (Table-

4.45). However, body size categories were significantly (p<0.05) different in plasma

Na in female quails, whereas, not significant differences was found in male quails

(Table-4.45). The maximum mean plasma Na (177.04±0.85mg/dl) was recorded in

female quails from medium weight category and minimum (173.61±0.52mg/dl) in

small size category. The interaction between flocks and body size was significant

(p<0.05) in female, whereas, not significant difference was found in plasma Na levels

of male. The maximum mean plasma Na (178.37±1.68mg/dl) was observed in local-1

female flock with medium weight category and minimum (172.14±1.67mg/dl) in

local-2 flock with small weight category (Table- 4.45).

The mean plasma sodium in local-1 male flock remained higher than that of

imported and other local flocks. The small weight category male birds had maximum

plasma Na levels followed by those of medium and heavy size categories. However,

the average mean plasma Na in local-1 female flock remained higher than that of

imported and other local flocks. The medium weight category female birds had

maximum plasma Na concentration followed by that of heavy and small size.

RESULTS

142

iv. Plasma potassium (K)

The difference in mean plasma potassium (K) concentration (mg/dl) in

imported and local flocks of Japanese quails was significantly (p<0.05) different in

female, whereas, not significant difference was found in male quails (Table-4.46).

The maximum mean plasma K (4.58±0.11mg/dl) level was recorded in female quails

from local-2 flock and minimum (4.01±0.20mg/dl) in local-1 flock. However, body

size categories were significantly (p<0.05) different in plasma K in female, whereas,

not significant differences was found in male quails (Table-4.46). The maximum

mean plasma K (4.49±0.10mg/dl) was recorded in female quails from medium weight

category and minimum (3.80±0.16mg/dl) in small size category. The interaction

between flocks and body size was significant (p<0.05) in female, whereas, a non-

significant differences was found for male birds. The maximum mean plasma

potassium (4.81±0.12mg/dl) was found in female birds of local-2 flock with heavy

weight category, while, minimum (3.35±0.30mg/dl) in local-1 flock with small

weight category (Table-4.46).

The mean plasma potassium in male quails of local-3 flock was higher than

that of imported and other local flocks. The heavy weight category male birds had

maximum plasma K then followed by that of medium and small size categories.

However, the average mean plasma K concentration in local-2 female flock remained

higher than that of imported and other local flocks. The medium weight category

female birds had maximum plasma K levels followed by those of heavy and small

size.

RESULTS

143

v. Plasma magnesium (Mg)

The difference in mean plasma magnesium (Mg) concentration (mg/dl) in

imported and local flocks of Japanese quails was significantly (p<0.05) different in

male quails, whereas, it was not significantly different in female quails (Table-4.47).

The maximum plasma Mg (22.77±0.79mg/dl) was recorded in male birds from

imported flock and minimum (19.88±0.77mg/dl) in local-1. However, body size

categories were significantly (p<0.05) different in plasma Mg in female, whereas,

male birds was not significantly different (Table-4.47). The maximum plasma Mg

(22.50±0.67mg/dl) in female birds was found in heavy weight category and minimum

(19.83±0.92mg/dl) in small size category. The interaction between flocks and body

size was significant (p<0.05) in both the sexes for plasma Mg. The maximum mean

plasma Mg (25.00±1.00mg/dl) level in male quails was observed in imported flock

with heavy weight category and minimum (19.33±0.66mg/dl) in local-1 flock with

small weight category, whereas, in female, maximum plasma Mg (23.33±2.96mg/dl)

was observed in imported flock with heavy weight category and minimum

(18.00±0.57mg/dl) in local-3 flock with small weight category (Table-4.47).

The mean plasma magnesium concentration in imported male and female

flocks remained higher than that of other local flocks. The heavy weight category

birds had maximum plasma Mg concentration followed by that of small and medium

for males and medium and small size for female birds.

RESULTS

144

Table-4.43. Plasma calcium (Ca) level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese


*CBF

Category


--------------------- (Mean ± **SE; mg/dl) ---------------------

Heavy Male 13.73±0.73 12.30±0.25 13.18±0.30 12.58±0.21 12.94±0.24

Female 13.29±0.48 12.68±0.45 13.09±0.60 12.88±0.23 12.98±0.20

Medium Male 12.63±0.97 12.22±0.67 12.88±0.10 12.22±0.13 12.49±0.27

Female 13.29±0.03 12.50±0.25 12.45±0.06 13.21±0.55 12.86±0.17

Small Male 12.41±0.54 13.29±0.38 12.81±0.18 12.06±0.44 12.64±0.22

Female 12.70±0.37 12.82±0.56 12.37±0.08 13.40±0.60 12.82±0.22

Mean Male 12.92±0.43 12.60±0.29 12.96±0.12 12.28±0.16

Female 13.09±0.20 12.66±0.22 12.64±0.21 13.16±0.25



Table-4.44. Plasma phosphorus (P) level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks of


*CBF

Category


--------------------- (Mean ± **SE; mg/dl) ---------------------

Heavy Male 5.74±0.54 5.37±0.03 5.39±0.06 5.74±0.29 5.56±0.14

Female 5.66±0.18ab

5.45±0.13abc

5.96±0.14a 5.57±0.16

abc 5.66±0.08

E

Medium Male 5.59±0.07 5.82±0.15 5.65±0.22 5.56±0.10 5.65±0.07

Female 5.32±0.00bcd

4.85±0.24d 5.45±0.16

abc 5.73±0.25

ab 5.34±0.12

F

Small Male 5.32±0.29 5.50±0.23 5.26±0.07 5.68±0.22 5.44±0.10

Female 5.11±0.19cd

5.43±0.11abc

5.58±0.06abc

5.26±0.09bcd

5.34±0.07F

Mean Male 5.55±0.19 5.56±0.10 5.43±0.09 5.66±0.11

Female 5.36±0.11B 5.24±0.13

B 5.66±0.10

A 5.52±0.11

AB




RESULTS

145

Table-4.45. Plasma sodium (Na) level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese


*CBF

Category


--------------------- (Mean ± **SE; mg/dl) ---------------------

Heavy Male 171.92±1.19 173.89±2.23 174.44±1.22 173.36±1.12 173.40±0.70


176.15±1.81ab

175.88±0.61ab

174.54±1.86ab

175.84±0.65E

Medium Male 172.59±1.88 174.80±0.71 174.14±0.74 172.33±1.57 173.46±0.64


178.37±1.68a 175.83±1.69

ab 178.33±1.45

a 177.04±0.85

E

Small Male 173.96±2.58 174.15±3.04 171.10±1.61 176.70±1.61 173.98±1.14


174.75±0.54ab

172.14±1.67b 173.85±0.71

ab 173.61±0.52

F

Mean Male 172.82±1.02 174.28±1.11 173.22±0.82 174.13±0.98

Female 175.37±0.85 176.42±0.90 174.61±0.94 175.57±0.99




Table-4.46. Plasma potassium (K) level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese


*CBF

Category


--------------------- (Mean ± **SE; mg/dl) ---------------------

Heavy Male 3.73±0.32 3.71±0.30 3.73±0.20 3.70±0.15 3.71±0.10

Female 4.26±0.16a 4.25±0.03

a 4.81±0.12

a 4.26±0.16

a 4.39±0.09

E

Medium Male 3.35±0.28 3.43±0.13 3.91±0.29 3.81±0.24 3.63±0.12

Female 4.33±0.22a 4.44±0.27

a 4.62±0.12

a 4.57±0.29

a 4.49±0.10

E

Small Male 3.24±0.33 3.39±0.22 3.36±0.31 3.73±0.26 3.43±0.13

Female 3.48±0.37bc

3.35±0.30c 4.32±0.27

a 4.06±0.07

ab 3.80±0.16

F

Mean Male 3.44±0.17 3.51±0.12 3.67±0.15 3.74±0.11

Female 4.02±0.19B 4.01±0.20

B 4.58±0.11

A 4.30±0.12

AB




RESULTS

146

Table-4.47. Plasma magnesium (Mg) level (mg/dl) in 4 close-bred flocks of


*CBF

Category


--------------------- (Mean ± **SE; mg/dl) ---------------------

Heavy Male 25.00±1.00a 20.33±1.45

b 21.00±0.57

b 22.66±0.88

ab 22.25±0.69

Female 23.33±2.96a 22.33±0.66

ab 22.33±0.33

ab 22.00±0.57

ab 22.50±0.67

E

Medium Male 21.00±1.52b 20.00±2.08

b 21.66±1.85

ab 19.33±0.88

b 20.50±0.75

Female 23.33±0.33a 20.33±1.20

ab 21.66±0.66

ab 20.66±0.33

ab 21.50±0.46

EF


19.33±0.66b 22.00±1.00

ab 20.33±0.33

b 21.00±0.46


20.00±1.15ab

19.33±0.33ab

18.00±0.57b 19.83±0.92

F

Mean Male 22.77±0.79A 19.88±0.77

B 21.55±0.64

AB 20.77±0.61

AB

Female 22.88±1.36 20.88±0.63 21.11±0.51 20.22±0.64




4.2. Progeny flock

4.2.1. Growth performance

4.2.1.1. Body weight (g)

The results regarding effect of different parental body weights on the progeny

day-old, week-1, 2 and 3 body weight (g) in four close-bred flocks (Imported, Local-

1, Local-2 and Local-3) of male and female Japanese quails recorded during the study

are shown in Tables 4.48, 4.49, 4.50 and 4.51.

i. Day-old body weight (g)

In the present study different parental body weight categories significantly

(p<0.05) affected day-old progeny body weight of Japanese quails (Table-4.48). The

heavy male parents had apparently more pronounced effect on the day-old progeny

body weight, however, the results were not significant in all close-bred flocks

(imported, local-1, 2 and 3 flocks). The highest day-old chick weight (8.14±0.23g)

RESULTS

147

was recorded in local-3 flock from H male x S female parents which was significantly

(p<0.05) better than that of other parent groups. The lowest day-old chick weight

(6.98±0.20g) was also recorded in local-3 flock from S male x M female parents

which was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that from H male x S female

(8.14±0.23g) parents and M male x H female (7.83±0.26g) parents. The interaction

between parental body weight and close-bred flocks was not significant. The progeny

day-old body weight in different close-bred flocks was not significantly different

from each other.

ii. 1st week body weight (g)


influenced 1st week body weight of the progeny (Table-4.49). The male parent had

apparently more pronounced effect on the 1st week body weight in quails. In

imported flock, the highest 1st week progeny body weight (28.49±1.66g) was

recorded from M male x M female parents was not significantly different from that of

all other parental groups in the same flock. In local-1 flock, the highest progeny body

weight (26.90±0.35g) at 1st week was observed from M male x S female parents was

also not significantly different from that of all other parental groups in the same flock.

The highest progeny body weight (27.54±0.53g) in local-2 and local 3 flocks was

recorded from H male x H female parents and H male x S female (27.41±0.33g)

parents, respectively also not significantly different from that of all other parental

groups in the same flock. The interaction between parental body weights and close-

bred flocks was significant (p<0.05). The 1st week progeny body weight in different

close-bred flocks was not significantly different from each other except in local-2

RESULTS

148

flock in which 1st week progeny body weight from H male x S female parent was

significantly (p<0.05) different from that of imported and other local flocks.

Similarly, progeny body weight at 1st week in local-2 flock from S male x M female

parent was significantly (p<0.05) different from that of imported and local-1 flock.

iii. 2nd week body weight (g)


influenced 2nd week body weight of Japanese quails (Table-4.50). The highest

progeny body weight (65.51±0.89g) was recorded in local-1 flock in M male x S

female parents and the lowest was in local-2 flock with S male x M female

(52.62±0.77g) parent. The 2nd week progeny body weight (65.51±0.89g) in local-1

flock from M male x S female parent was found to be significantly (p<0.05) better

than that from H male x H female (55.58±1.64g) and S male x S female

(54.56±0.93g) parents. The 2nd week progeny body weight in different close-bred

flocks was found to vary significantly (p<0.05). The 2nd week progeny body weight

(52.92±5.49g) in local-2 flock from H male x M female parent was significantly

lower than imported and local-1 flock of the same parental groups, whereas, 2nd

week progeny body weight (53.85±2.85g) from M male x M female parent of local-3

flock and M male x S female parent (54.57±1.92g) of local-3 flock was significantly

(p<0.05) different from the same parental groups of imported and local-1 and 2

flocks. Similarly, the 2nd week progeny body weight (54.02±3.06g) from S male x S

female parent of imported flock was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of other

local flocks of the same parental weight groups. The interaction between parent body

size x close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05).

RESULTS

149

iv. 3rd week body weight (g)

In the present study, 3rd week progeny body weight was significantly

(p<0.05) influenced by parental body size (Table-4.51). The highest progeny body

weight (113.52±3.96g) at week-3 was from S male x H female parent in imported

flock and the lowest was in S male x S female (92.68±3.76g) parent of local-2 flock.

The 3rd week progeny body weight (95.15±4.26g) in imported flock from S male x S

female parent was lower but not significant from the parental group S male x M

female (103.61±3.60g), S male x H female (113.52±3.96g) and M male x H female

(111.91±4.26g) in the same flock. The 3rd week progeny body weight (94.48±3.59g)

in local-1 flock from S male x S female parent was significantly (p<0.05) lower than

that of M male x S female (106.68±4.24g) parent in the same flock. The 3rd week

progeny body weight (92.68±3.76g) in local-2 flock recorded from S male x S female

parent was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of S male x H female

(100.46±0.44g) parent and M male x H female (106.99±4.79g) parent in the same

flock. The 3rd week progeny body weight (94.88d±1.74g) in local-3 flock from M

male x M female parent was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of S male x H

female (107.13±2.90g) parent and H male x H female (104.53±2.45g) parent from the

same flock. The 3rd week progeny body weight was significantly (p<0.05) different

among different close-bred flocks of H male x S female, M male x M female, M male

x S female, S male x H female, S male x M female and S male x S female parents.

The interaction between parental body weight and close-bred flocks was significant

(p<0.05).

RESULTS

150

Table-4.48. Day-old progeny body weight (g) influenced by 3 parental body weight categories from 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE*; g) ---------------------------

Imported 8.00

±0.11abA

7.71

±0.18abcdA

7.91

±0.15abcA

7.60

±0.14abcdA

7.33

±0.12abcdA

7.49

±0.16abcdA

7.55

±0.18abcdA

7.46

±0.10abcdA

7.30

±0.25bcdA

Local-1 7.66

±0.34abcdA

7.43

±0.23abcdA

7.64

±0.27abcdA

7.74

±0.12abcdA

7.35

±0.49abcdA

7.58

±0.04abcdA

7.51

±0.16abcdA

7.50

±0.17abcdA

7.61

±0.10abcdA

Local-2 7.98

±0.19abcA

7.41

±0.64abcdA

7.68

±0.25abcdA

7.85

±0.06abcA

7.50

±0.18abcdA

7.64

±0.16abcdA

7.40

±0.10abcdA

7.19

±0.07bcdA

7.25

±0.34bcdA

Local-3 7.70

±0.21abcdA

7.15

±0.44cdA

8.14

±0.23Aa

7.83

±0.26abcA

7.74

±0.23abcdA

7.28

±0.13bcdA

7.69

±0.03abcdA

6.98

±0.20dA

7.24

±0.09bcdA


Similar capital alphabets on means in a column show non-significant differences

*SE = Standard error

RESULTS

151

Table-4.49. 1st week progeny body weight (g) influenced by 3 parental body weight categories from 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE*; g) ---------------------------

Imported 27.77

±0.99abcdA

27.96

±1.19abcA

27.64

±0.52abcdeA

25.92

±1.58abcdeA

28.49

±1.66aA

25.38

±0.85abcdeA

27.78

±1.26abcdA

28.04

±2.98abA

26.72

±0.62abcdeA

Local-1 26.23

±1.55abcdeA

24.89

±1.12abcdeA

26.55

±0.50abcdeA

26.37

±0.23abcdeA

26.27

±1.17abcdeA

26.90

±0.35abcdeA

25.50

±0.58abcdeA

26.57

±0.65abcdeA

25.09

±0.21abcdeA

Local-2 27.54

±0.53abcdeA

23.85

±1.80eB

23.96

±1.50deB

27.01

±0.58abcdeA

25.69

±0.15abcdeA

26.26

±0.19abcdeA

24.10

±0.37deB

23.81

±0.45eB

24.02

±1.35deA

Local-3 25.69

±1.18abcdeA

24.18

±2.15cdeAB

27.41

±0.33abcde

A

25.98

±0.63abcdeA

25.25

±0.59abcdeA

24.83

±1.18abcdeA

24.55

±0.60bcdeAB

24.02

±0.29deAB

24.35

±0.21bcdeA




RESULTS

152

Table-4.50. 2nd week progeny body weight (g) influenced by 3 parental body weight categories from 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE*; g) ---------------------------

Imported 58.80

±1.23abcdeA

62.10

±1.73abcdeA

60.04

±1.63abcdeA

60.01

±4.06abcdeA

58.92

±0.68abcdeA

55.88

±3.09bcdeA

60.69

±3.55abcdeA

59.21

±3.59abcdeA

54.02

±3.06cdeA

Local-1 55.58

±1.64bcdeA

57.28

±2.13abcdeA

61.09

±1.52abcdA

60.79

±2.29abcdeA

55.09

±3.18bcdeA

65.51

±0.89aA

57.59

±0.82abcdeA

59.26

±1.81abcdeA

54.56

±0.93bcdeB

Local-2 62.71

±1.20abcA

52.92

±5.49deB

56.05

±2.62bcdeA

61.39

±1.38abcA

58.38

±2.20abcdeA

58.97

±1.55abcdeA

55.79

±0.76bcdeA

52.62

±0.77eB

54.05

±2.99cdeB

Local-3 60.20

±a2.36bcdeA

55.80

±4.56bcdeAB

60.40

±1.02abcdeA

57.91

±1.06abcdeA

53.85

±2.85cdeB

54.57

±1.92bcdeB

61.21

±1.70abcdA

54.59

±0.74bcdeAB

56.86

±0.85bcdeB




RESULTS

153

Table-4.51. 3rd week progeny body weight (g) influenced by 3 parental body weight categories from 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE*; g) ---------------------------

Imported 105.53

±2.83abcdA

102.13

±2.07bcdefA

104.53

±3.07abcdA

111.91

±4.26abA

104.69

±5.11abcdA

99.18

±3.66cdefA

113.52

±3.96aA

103.61

±3.60abcdefA

95.15

±4.26defA

Local-1 99.58

±1.23cdefB

103.61

±1.35abcdefA

101.79

±2.48bcdefA

103.85

±2.49abcdefB

97.09

±4.60cdefB

106.68

±4.24abcB

101.72

±2.20bcdefB

102.42

±1.62abcdefA

94.48

±3.59defA

Local-2 105.51

±3.65abcdA

96.65

±5.44cdefA

97.02

±3.78cdefB

106.99

±4.79abcAB

101.18

±2.17bcdefAB

101.90

±2.61bcdefAB

100.46

±0.44cdefB

93.05

±3.57efB

92.68

±3.76fB

Local-3 104.53

±2.45abcdA

98.40

±4.78cdefA

103.13

±0.50bcdefAB

104.47

±3.36abcdeA

94.88d

±1.74efB

96.34

±2.53cdefAB

107.13

±2.90abcAB

97.03

±1.43cdefAB

98.22

±1.88cdefAB




RESULTS

154

4.2.1.2. Weight gain (g)

The results regarding effect of different parental body weights on the progeny

1-3 weeks and cumulative weight gain in four close-bred flocks (Imported, Local-1,

Local-2 and Local-3) of male and female Japanese quails recorded during the study

are shown in Tables 4.52, 4.53, 4.54 and 4.55.

i. 1st week weight gain (g)

In the present study, effect of different parental body size on 1st week progeny

body weight gain was significant (p<0.05) (Table-4.52). The highest progeny weight

gain (21.16±1.58g) during 1st week in Japanese quails was recorded in M male x M

female parents in imported flock, whereas, the lowest progeny body weight gain

(16.28±1.75g) during this period was in H male x S female parent in local-2 flock.

The effect of male body size was apparently found to be more pronounced on 1st

week progeny weight than female body size as the highest body weight gain

(21.16±1.58g) in imported flock, local-1 flock (19.32±0.40g), local-2 flock

(19.55±0.69g) and local-3 flock (19.27±0.25g) was recorded in M male x M female,

M male x S female, H male x H female and H male x S female parents respectively,

however, statistically not significant differences were observed in progeny body

weight gain from different parental groups. The interaction between parental body

size and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05). The results further showed

significant differences in 1st week progeny body weight gain among imported and

local-close-bred flocks except in H male x H female, M male x H female, M male x S

female, M male x M female and S male x S female parents.

RESULTS

155

ii. 2nd week weight gain (g)

In the present study, 2nd week progeny body weight gain (g) was significantly

(p<0.05) influenced by parental body size (Table-4.53). The highest 2nd week

progeny weight gain (38.60±1.20g) was noted in M male x S female parent of local-1

flock and in H male x H female (38.60±1.20g) parent of imported flock, whereas, the

lowest (27.30±3.60g) was in S male x S female parent in imported flock. The highest

2nd week progeny body weight gain (36.66±1.47g) in local-3 flock was observed

from S male x H female parent which was higher but not significantly different in all

the parent flocks except M male x S female (29.74±2.46g) and M male x M female

(28.59±2.25g). The 2nd week progeny body weight gain (38.60±1.20g) in local-1

flock from M male x S female parent was higher than (29.35±0.87g), (28.82±2.46g),

(32.08±0.28g) and (29.47±0.89g) in local-1 flock from H male x H female, M male x

M female, S male x H female and S male x S female parents, respectively. The higher

2nd week progeny weight gain in local-2 flock was recorded from H male x H female

parent differing non-significantly from that of other different parental groups. The

higher 2nd week progeny weight gain (36.66±1.47g) was noted from S male x H

female parents which did not significantly (p<0.05) different from that of other

parental groups except in M male x M female (28.59±2.25g) and M male x S female

parents. The interaction between parental body size and close-bred flocks was

significant (p<0.05). The 2nd week progeny body weight gain among different close-

bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different from each other except in H male x S

female parents.

RESULTS

156

iii. 3rd week body weight gain (g)

In the present study, 3rd week progeny body weight gain (g) was significantly

(p<0.05) influenced by different parental body weight categories of Japanese quails

(Table-4.54). The highest 3rd week progeny weight gain (52.83±2.42g) was recorded

in imported flock from S male x H female parent which was significantly (p<0.05)

higher than those in H male x M female (40.03±3.11g), H male x S female

(44.49±2.94g), M male x S female (43.30±0.85g), S male x M female (44.40±1.30g)

and S male x S female (41.13±1.62g) parents. The 3rd week progeny weight gain

from different parental groups in all the local flocks was not significantly different

from each other. The interaction between parental body size and close-bred flocks

was significant (p<0.05). The 3rd week progeny body weight gain in imported and

local flocks of different parental groups was significantly (p<0.05) different except in

H male x H female, H male x S female, M male x S female, S male x M female

parental groups.

iv. 3-week cumulative body weight gain (g)

In the present study, different progeny body size significantly (p<0.05)

influenced 3rd week cumulative progeny body weight gain (g) in all the close-bred

flocks of Japanese quails (Table-4.55). The highest 3rd week cumulative progeny

body weight gain (109.54±1.09g) was recorded in imported flock of H male x H

female parent followed by M male x M female (104.76±2.61g) in local-2, M male x

H female (103.00±7.14g) in imported flock and H male x M female (100.58±1.68g)

also in imported flock. The progeny body weight gain (109.54±1.09g) in imported

flock of H male x H female was significantly (p<0.05) different from that of M male

RESULTS

157

x M female (92.02±6.46g), M male x S female (88.18±3.81g), S male x H female

(97.95±1.81g), H male x S female (94.85±4.48g), S male x M female (98.14±3.31g)

and S male x S female (89.12±4.85g) in the same flocks. The highest progeny body

weight gain (104.76±2.61g) in local-2 flock in M male x M female was significantly

(p<0.05) different from that of M male x H female (82.88±1.78g), M male x S female

(85.74±4.59g) and S male x H female (79.76±0.72g) in the same flock. The progeny

body weight gain (90.82±3.54g) in local-3 flock of S male x H female was

significantly (p<0.05) different from M male x S female (76.20±3.40g) in the same

flock. The progeny body weight gain (g) in different close-bred flocks was

significantly (p<0.05) different from each other. The interaction between parental

body size and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05).

RESULTS

158

Table-4.52. 1st week progeny weight gain (g) influenced by 3 parental body weight categories from 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE*; g) ---------------------------

Imported 19.76

±0.90abcdA

20.24

±1.03abcA

19.73

±0.40abcdA

18.32

±1.44abcdA

21.16

±1.58aA

17.89

±0.74abcdA

20.22

±1.14abcA

20.57

±2.99abA

19.41

±0.81abcdA

Local-1 18.57

±1.36abcdA

17.36

±0.89bcdB

18.91

±0.77abcdA

18.63

±0.22abcdA

18.92

±0.74abcdA

19.32

±0.40abcdA

17.99

±0.48abcdA

19.07

±0.40abcdA

17.47

±0.29bcdA

Local-2 19.55

±0.69abcdA

16.44

±1.45dB

16.28

±1.75dB

19.16

±0.51abcdA

18.19

±0.05abcdA

18.62

±0.24abcdA

16.69

±0.33cdB

16.61

±0.39dB

16.77

±1.05cdAB

Local-3 17.99

±1.27abcdA

17.03

±1.73bcdAB

19.27

±0.25abcdAB

18.14

±0.49abcdA

17.51

±0.58bcdA

17.54

±1.07bcdA

16.86

±0.58cdAB

17.03

±0.10bcdB

17.10

±0.12bcdAB




RESULTS

159

Table-4.53. 2nd week progeny weight gain (g) influenced by 3 parental body weight categories from 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE*; g) ---------------------------

Imported 38.60

±1.20bcdA

34.13

±0.58abcA

32.40

±1.15abcdA

34.09

±3.12abcA

30.43

±2.31bcdA

30.50

±2.44bcdA

32.90

±3.31abcdA

31.16

±0.88bcdA

27.30

±3.60Da

Local-1 29.35

±0.87cdA

32.48

±1.47abcdA

34.53

±1.96abcA

34.41

±2.06abcA

28.82

±2.46cdA

38.60

±1.20aB

32.08

±0.28bcdA

32.68

±1.84abcdA

29.47

±0.89cdA

Local-2 35.17

±1.11abcB

29.07

±3.71cdB

32.09

±1.99bcdA

34.37

±0.80abcA

32.69

±2.32abcdA

32.70

±1.37abcdAB

31.69

±0.40bcdA

28.80

±0.97cdB

30.02

±1.66cdAB

Local-3 34.50

±1.22abcAB

31.61

±2.41bcdA

32.98

±1.09abcdA

31.92

±1.69bcdB

28.59

±2.25cdB

29.74

±2.46cdAB

36.66

±1.47abAB

30.57

±0.73bcdAB

32.50

±0.64abcdAB




RESULTS

160

Table-4.54. 3rd week progeny body weight gain (g) influenced by 3 parental body weight categories from 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE*; g) ---------------------------

Imported 46.73

±1.82abcA

40.03

±3.11cdA

44.49

±2.94bcdA

51.90

±4.45abA

45.76

±5.28abcdA

43.30

±0.85cdA

52.83

±2.42aA

44.40

±1.30bcdA

41.13

±1.62cdA

Local-1 44.00

±0.57cdA

46.33

±0.83abcdB

40.70

±0.97cdA

43.06

±1.43cdB

42.00

±1.52cdB

41.16

±3.34cdA

44.13

±2.29cdB

43.16

±0.52cdA

39.92

±2.70cdA

Local-2 42.80

±2.50cdA

43.73

±0.13cdAB

40.96

±1.22cdA

45.60

±4.32abcdAB

42.80

±1.67cdAB

42.93

±2.05cdA

44.66

±0.65bcdAB

40.43

±2.91cdA

38.63

±1.27dB

Local-3 44.33

±0.92bcdA

42.60

±1.51cdAB

42.73

±1.49cdA

46.56

±4.08abcdAB

41.03

±1.18cdAB

41.76

±1.49cdA

45.91

±1.58abcdAB

42.43

±0.72cdA

41.36

±1.02cdAB




RESULTS

161

Table-4.55. 3-week progeny cumulative body weight gain (g) influenced by 3 parental body weight categories from 4 close-

bred flocks of Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE*; g) ---------------------------

Imported 109.54

±1.09Aa

100.58

±1.68abcdA

94.85

±4.48cdefgA

103.00

±7.14abcA

92.02

±6.46cdefghijA

88.18

±3.81defghijA

97.95

±1.81bcdeA

98.14

±3.31bcdeA

89.12

±4.85defghijA

Local-1 96.99

±5.44bcdefB

91.49

±8.13cdefghijB

95.07

±1.82bcdefgA

92.80

±3.71bcdefghiB

97.34

±1.04bcdeB

93.10

±1.09bcdefghiB

94.17

±4.50bcdefghB

89.66

±2.92defghijAB

89.38

±3.19defghijA

Local-2 92.60

±2.05bcdefghiBC

96.73

±0.78bcdefAB

93.92

±2.94bcdefghB

82.88

±1.78ghijkBC

104.76

±2.61abBC

85.74

±4.59efghijkABC

79.76

±0.72jkC

96.83

±2.87bcdefAB

94.44

±2.10bcdefghB

Local-3 87.12

±2.60efghijkD

84.46

±1.51fghijkBC

83.42

±2.32ghijkBC

81.03

±4.51ijkBC

81.94

±4.13hijkAD

76.20

±3.40kC

90.82

±3.54cdefghijABC

86.61

±3.98efghijkABC

83.60

±0.84ghijkABC




RESULTS

162

4.2.1.3. Feed intake (g)

The results showing effect of different parental body weights on the progeny

1-3 weeks and 3rd week cumulative feed intake in four close-bred flocks (Imported,

Local-1, Local-2 and Local-3) of male and female Japanese quails recorded during

the study are presented in Tables 4.56, 4.57, 4.58 and 4.59.

i. 1st week feed intake (g)

In the present study, 1st week progeny feed intake was significantly (p<0.05)

influenced by parental body size of Japanese quails (Table-4.56). The highest 1st

week progeny feed intake (56.46±5.67g) was recorded from H male x M female

parent in local-2 flock which was significantly (p<0.05) from that of H male x S

female (36.40±1.40g), M male x H female (34.30±4.60g), S male x H female

(35.00±4.04g), S male x M female (37.10±3.59g) parental groups. The lowest 1st

week progeny feed intake (32.43±2.86g) was noted in local-1 flock from S male x M

female parents which significantly (p<0.05) differed from that of H male x H female

and S male x S female parents. The progeny feed intake from different parental

groups of local-3 and imported flocks of quails was not significantly different from

each other. The interaction between parental body weight and close-bred flocks was

significant (p<0.05). The 1st week progeny feed intake in different close-bred flocks

was significantly (p<0.05) different from each other in all the parental groups except

in H male x H female, H male x M female and S male x H female.

RESULTS

163

ii. 2nd week feed intake (g)

In the present study, 2nd week progeny feed intake was significantly (p<0.05)

influenced by different parental body size of Japanese quails (Table-4.57). The

highest 2nd week progeny feed intake (149.33±4.66g) was recorded from M male x H

female parents which was significantly (p<0.05) different from that of all other

parental groups. The lowest 2nd week progeny feed intake (67.66±6.17g) in local-2

flock was observed from S male x H female which was significantly (p<0.05)

different from that of H male x S female (107.33±10.17g), M male x M female

(121.33±6.17g), S male x S female (112.00±4.04g), M male x S female

(93.33±10.17g) and S male x M female (98.00±4.04g) in the same flock. The

minimum progeny feed intake (74.66±6.17g) in local-1 flock was in S male x M

female which significantly (p<0.05) differed from that of H male x H female

(107.33±4.66g), H male x M female (105.00±4.04g), M male x M female

(107.33±6.17g), S male x H female (107.33±10.17g) parents. The interaction between

parental body weight and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05). The 2nd week

progeny feed intake in all the close-bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different in

all the parental groups.

iii. 3rd week feed intake (g)


influenced 3rd week progeny feed intake (Table-4.58). The highest 3rd week progeny

feed intake (196.00±20.20g) was recorded in imported flock from the parental group

of M male x H female, which was significantly different (p<0.05) than rest of the

imported group except that of H male x H female (171.67±10.10g), M male x M

RESULTS

164

female (156.33±16.33g) and S male x H female (158.67±8.41g) parents. The

minimum progeny feed intake (81.67±2.33g) was in S male x H female parent in

local-2 flock which was significantly (p<0.05) different from all other parental groups

in the same flock. In local-1 flock, the maximum progeny feed intake (151.67±6.17g)

was from S male x H female parent which was significantly (p<0.05) different from S

male x M female (109.67±8.41g) in the same parent group. The progeny feed intake

(105.00±7.00g) in M male x H female was found to be the lowest in local-3 flock

which was significantly (p<0.05) different from all other parental groups in the same

flock. The interaction between parental body size and close-bred flocks was

significant (p<0.05). The progeny body weight in all the four close-bred flocks in

different parental groups was significantly (p<0.05) different.

iv. 3-week cumulative feed intake (g)

In the present study, effect of parental body size on 3rd week cumulative feed

intake (g) was significant (p<0.05) in Japanese quails (Table-4.59). The higher

progeny cumulative feed intake in local-1 flock was recorded from H male x H

female (301.00±18.52) parent which was only significantly different from S male x M

female (216.77±17.05) in the same flock. The highest progeny cumulative feed intake

(338.57±12.71g) in local-2 flock was recorded in M male x M female parent group

which was significantly (p<0.05) different from that of M male x H female

(241.97±15.99g), S male x H female (184.33±11.66g) and H male x H female

(269.73±16.19g) in the same flock. The 2nd highest progeny cumulative feed intake

(337.40±25.21g) was noted from H male x H female in imported flock which was

significantly (p<0.05) different from that of M male x H female (393.17±30.66g) and S

RESULTS

165

male x S female (251.07±15.47g) parents. The highest progeny cumulative feed intake

(301.00±18.52g) in local-1 flock was recorded from H male x H female parent which

was not significantly different from all the other parental groups except S male x M

female (216.77±17.05g) in the same flock. In local-3 flock, the highest feed intake

(269.73±13.91g) was observed from S male x H female and difference within the

same flock were not significant. The progeny feed intake in imported and local flocks

was significantly (p<0.05) different. The interaction between parental body size and

close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05).

RESULTS

166

Table-4.56. 1st week progeny feed intake (g) influenced by 3 parental body weight categories from 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE*; g) ---------------------------

Imported 55.06

±4.87abA

50.40

±2.91abcA

50.63

±2.75abcA

47.83

±6.49abcdA

38.50

±2.02bcdA

48.30

±7.37abcA

50.16

±7.09abcA

42.93

±7.51abcdA

45.73

±7.06abcdA

Local-1 51.33

±8.41abcA

42.00

±4.04abcdA

44.80

±8.60abcdB

46.66

±8.41abcdA

38.50

±2.02bcdA

47.83

±5.08abcdB

39.66

±2.33abcdA

32.43

±2.86dB

50.16

±5.83abcB

Local-2 41.06

±4.14abcdA

56.46

±5.67aA

36.40

±1.40cdAB

34.30

±4.60cdB

42.23

±3.38abcdA

41.52

±1.99abcdAB

35.00

±4.04cdA

37.10

±3.59cdAB

45.26

±6.06abcdAB

Local-3 42.00

±4.04abcdA

37.10

±3.05cdAB

39.90

±6.72abcdAB

35.93

±2.91cdAB

35.93

±0.93cdB

38.96

±3.03bcdAB

41.06

±0.93abcdAB

37.80

±5.61bcdAB

34.76

±2.22cdAB




RESULTS

167

Table-4.57. 2nd week progeny feed intake (g) influenced by 3 parental body weight categories from 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE*; g) ---------------------------

Imported 110.83

±10.36bcA

109.66

±6.17bcdA

102.66

±6.17bcdefA

149.33

±4.66aA

109.66

±10.17bcdA

100.33

±9.33bcdefgA

114.33

±10.17bcA

95.66

±4.66cdefghA

86.33

±4.66defghijA

Local-1 107.33

±4.66bcdeA

105.00

±4.04bcdeA

86.33

±9.33defghijA

93.33

±2.33cdefghiB

107.33

±6.17bcdeA

91.00

±4.04cdefghijA

107.33

±10.17bcdeA

74.66

±6.17hijB

91.00

±7.00cdefghijA

Local-2 84.00

±4.04efghijB

91.00

±4.04cdefghijB

107.33

±6.17bcdeB

84.00

±7.00efghijAB

121.33

±6.17bB

93.33

±10.17cdefghiA

67.66

±6.17jB

98.00

±4.04bcdefghAB

112.00

±4.04bcB

Local-3 91.00

±8.08cdefghijAB

77.00

±4.04ghijAB

79.33

±4.66fghijAB

77.00

±8.08ghijAB

79.33

±10.17fghijB

70.00

±7.00ijB

84.00

±4.04efghijAB

77.00

±8.08ghijAB

86.33

±8.41defghijA




RESULTS

168

Table-4.58. 3rd week progeny feed intake (g) influenced by 3 parental body weight categories from 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE*; g) ---------------------------

Imported 171.67

±10.10abcA

151.67

±6.17bcdefgA

140.00

±10.69cdefghijkA

196.00

±20.20aA

156.33

±16.33abcdeA

144.67

±11.66bcdefghiA

158.67

±8.41abcdeA

154.00

±10.69bcdeA

119.00

±4.04hijklA

Local-1 142.33

±6.17cdefghijkB

144.67

±10.17bcdefghiB

135.33

±8.41defghijkA

149.33

±2.33bcdefgB

130.67

±6.17efghijklB

137.67

±4.66defghijkA

151.67

±6.17bcdefgB

109.67

±8.41klB

133.00

±10.69efghijklB

Local-2 144.67

±12.34bcdefghiAB

142.33

±2.33cdefghijB

165.67

±4.66bcdB

123.67

±10.17fghijklC

175.00

±4.04abA

149.33

±12.99bcdefghA

81.67

±2.33mC

151.67

±9.33bcdefgA

154.00

±4.04bcdefB

Local-3 133.00

±10.69efghijklAB

121.33

±6.17ghijklAB

121.33

±8.41ghijklAB

105.00

±7.00lmCD

128.33

±10.17efghijklAB

112.00

± 8.08jklB

144.67

±9.33bcdefghiAB

140.00

±10.69cdefghijkAB

116.67

±6.17ijklAB




RESULTS

169

Table-4.59. 3-week cumulative progeny feed intake (g) influenced by 3 different parental body weight categories from 4 close-

bred flocks of Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE*; g) ---------------------------

Imported 337.40

±25.21bA

311.73

±8.71bcdA

293.30

±18.31bcdefgA

393.17

±30.66a A

304.50

±27.33bcdeA

293.30

±28.35bcdefghA

323.17

±25.58bcA

292.60

±21.20bcdefghA

251.07

±15.47efghijA

Local-1 301.00

±18.52bcdefB

291.67

±16.82bcdefgB

266.47

±24.93cdefghiB

289.33

±8.41bcdefghB

276.50

±10.10bcdefghiB

276.50

±11.25bcdefghA

298.67

±18.22bcdefghB

216.77

±17.05ijB

274.17

±20.6cdefghiAB

Local-2 269.73

±16.19cdefghiBC

289.80

±0.80bcdefghABC

309.40

±9.83bcdAB

241.97

±15.99efghijBC

338.57

±12.71bAB

284.20

±21.76bcdefghA

184.33

±11.66jC

286.77

±9.41bcdefghA

311.27

±6.06bcdABC

Local-3 266.00

±21.38cdefghiBC

235.43

±9.73hijCD

240.57

±17.38fghijABC

218.40

±17.10ijBC

243.60

±20.25efghijBC

220.97

±15.58ijB

269.73

±13.91cdefghiABC

254.80

±23.26defghijAB

237.77

±14.06ghijAB




RESULTS

170

4.2.1.4. Feed conversion ratio (FCR (feed/g gain))

The results indicating effect of different parental body weights on the

progeny, 1-3 weeks and 3-week cumulative FCR (feed/g gain) in four close-bred

flocks (Imported, Local-1, Local-2 and Local-3) of male and female Japanese quails

recorded during the study are shown in Tables 4.60, 4.61, 4.62 and 4.63.

i. 1st week FCR (feed/g gain)

The results of this study show that 1st week progeny FCR (feed/g gain) was

significantly (p<0.05) influenced by different parental body size in imported and local

flocks of Japanese quails (Table-4.60). The best 1st week progeny FCR (feed/g gain)

was observed in local-1 flock from S male x M female (1.69±0.10) parent group

which did not significantly differ from that of other parental groups in the same flock.

The poorest progeny FCR (feed/g gain) was recorded in local-2 flock from H male x

M female parent (3.54±0.63) group which was significantly (p<0.05) different from

that of other parental groups except in S male x S female (2.74±0.47). The better

progeny FCR in imported flock was found from M male x M female (1.83±0.15)

parents differing not significantly from all the other parental groups. In local-3 flock,

better progeny FCR (feed/g gain) was noted from M male x H female (2.00±0.11)

parent differing non-significantly from that of all the other parental groups in the

same flock. The interaction between parental body size and close-bred flocks was

significant (p<0.05). The 1st week progeny FCR (feed/g gain) in different close-bred

flocks differed significantly in H male x M female, H male x S female and M male x

H female parental groups.

RESULTS

171

ii. 2nd week FCR (feed/g gain)

In the present study, different parent body size significantly (p<0.05)

influenced 2nd week progeny FCR (feed/g gain) in different close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails (Table-4.61). The best 2nd week progeny FCR (feed/g gain) was

recorded in local-2 flock from S male x H female (2.13±0.20) parents which

significantly (p<0.05) varied from that of H male x M female (3.19±0.25), H male x S

female (3.34±), M male x M female (3.72±0.07), S male x M female (3.41±0.22) and

S male x S female (3.76±0.32) in the same flock. The poorest FCR (feed/g gain) was

recorded from the progeny of imported flock of M male x H female (4.46±0.50)

parent which was not significantly different from that of other parental groups in the

same flock. In local-1 flock the better progeny FCR (feed/g gain) was recorded from

S male x M female (2.28±0.17) parent group which was not significantly different

from that of all parental groups. The better progeny FCR (feed/g gain) (2.30±0.16) in

local-3 flock was noted in S male x H female which not significantly different from

that of other parental groups in the same flock. The progeny FCR in imported and

other local close-bred flocks were significantly (p<0.05) different in all the parental

groups. The interaction between parent size and close-bred flocks was significant

(p<0.05).

iii. 3rd week FCR (feed/g gain)

The results of this study revealed that 3rd week progeny FCR (feed/g gain)

was significantly (p<0.05) affected by the parental body weight in different close-

bred flocks of Japanese quails (Table-4.62). The best 3rd week progeny FCR (feed/g

gain) was noted from S male x S female (1.82±0.06) in local-2 flock which was

RESULTS

172

significantly (p<0.05) different from all the other parental groups in the same flock.

The best progeny FCR (feed/g gain) in imported flock was recorded from parental

group S male x S female (2.89±0.03), which was not significantly different from all

the other parental groups except H male x M female (3.85±0.45) and M male x H

female (3.77±0.16) parents. The better progeny FCR (feed/g gain) in local-1 flock

from S male x M female (2.53±0.17) was recorded which was significantly (p<0.05)

different from that of M male x H female (3.47±0.17), M male x S female

(3.41±0.42), S male x H female (3.46±0.31) and S male x S female (3.34±0.25)

parent groups in the same flock. In local-3 progeny flock, the best FCR (feed/g gain)

was observed in M male x H female (2.26±0.09) which was significantly (p<0.05)

better than that of M male x M female (3.14±0.32), S male x H female (3.14±0.14)

and S male x M female (3.29±0.20) parental groups in the same flock. The 3rd week

progeny FCR (feed/g gain) in imported and other local flocks were significantly

(p<0.05) different in different parental groups except in H male x H female, H male x

S female, M male x M female and M male x S female parents. The interaction

between parental body weight and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05).

iv. 3-week cumulative FCR (feed/g gain)

In the present study, the 3rd week progeny cumulative FCR (feed/g gain) was

significantly (p<0.05) influenced by different parental body size of Japanese quails

(Table-4.63). The best 3rd week progeny cumulative FCR (feed/g gain) was recorded

from S male x H female(2.30±0.13) parents in local-2 flock followed by that from S

male x M female in local-1 (2.41±0.11), M male x H female in local-3 (2.69±0.10)

and S male x S female in imported flock (2.81±0.02). The 3rd week cumulative

RESULTS

173

progeny FCR (feed/g gain) in M male x H female (3.81±0.05) in imported flock was

significantly better from all the other parental groups in the same flock. The better

cumulative FCR (feed/g gain) in local-1 flock was observed from S male x M female

(2.41±0.11) parent which was significantly (p<0.05) different from that of H male x

H female (3.10±0.11), H male x M female (3.20±0.12), M male x H female

(3.13±0.21), M male x S female (2.97±0.12), S male x H female (3.16±0.05) and S

male x S female (3.06±0.17) parent in the same flock. The better cumulative FCR

(feed/g gain) in local-2 flock was recorded from S male x H female (2.30±0.13)

parent which was significantly (p<0.05) different from all other parental groups in the

same flock. In local-3 flock, the best progeny 3rd week cumulative FCR (feed/g gain)

(2.69±0.10) was observed in M male x H female parental group which differed non-

significantly from all the parental groups in the same flock. The progeny 3rd week

cumulative FCR (feed/g gain) was significantly (p<0.05) different among different

close-bred flocks in all the parental groups except in H male x H female and H male x

M female parent. The interaction between parental body size and close-bred flocks

was significant (p<0.05).

RESULTS

174

Table-4.60. 1st week progeny feed conversion ratio (FCR*(feed/g gain)) influenced by 3 parental body weight categories from

4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE**) ---------------------------

Imported 2.77

±0.12abA

2.48

±0.02abA

2.57

±0.18abA

2.68

±0.51abA

1.83

±0.15bA

2.74

±0.54abA

2.50

±0.39abA

2.26

±0.60bA

2.39

±0.49bA

Local-1 2.85

±0.64abA

2.42

±0.21abA

2.39

±0.50bB

2.49

±0.43abA

2.04

±0.18bA

2.48

±0.30abA

2.20

±0.07bA

1.69

±0.10bA

2.86

±0.29abA

Local-2 2.11

±0.27Ba

3.54

±0.63aB

2.31

±0.36bB

1.77

±0.20bB

2.32

±0.18bA

2.22

±0.07bA

2.10

±0.28bA

2.24

±0.26bA

2.74

±0.47abA

Local-3 2.34

±0.19bA

2.21

±0.27bAB

2.06

±0.31bB

2.00

±0.11bAB

2.05

±0.09bA

2.22

±0.12bA

2.44

±0.13abA

2.22

±0.34bA

2.03

±0.11bA



*FCR = Feed conversion ratio


RESULTS

175

Table-4.61. 2nd week progeny feed conversion ratio (FCR*(feed/g gain)) influenced by 3 parental body weight categories from


♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE**) ---------------------------

Imported 3.56

±0.31abcdA

3.21

±0.15bcdefgA

3.18

±0.27bcdefgA

4.46

±0.50bA

3.69

±0.60abcA

3.38

±0.59bcdeA

3.62

±0.72abcdA

3.07

±0.12bcdefghA

3.24

±0.29bcdefgA

Local-1 3.65

±0.14abcdA

3.25

±0.26bcdefgA

2.49

±0.19efghB

2.73

±0.18bcdefghB

3.76

±0.31abA

2.36

±0.16efghB

3.34

±0.32bcdefgB

2.28

±0.17bcdefghA

3.08

±0.14bcdefghA

Local-2 2.39

±0.18efghB

3.19

±0.25bcdefgA

3.34

±0.08bcdefAB

2.45

±0.23efghAB

3.72

±0.07abA

2.89

±0.43bcdefghB

2.13

±0.20hC

3.41

±0.22bcdeA

3.76

±0.32abB

Local-3 2.62

±d0.14efghB

2.44

±0.07efghB

2.41

±0.16efghAB

2.41

±0.27efghAB

2.76

±0.21bcdefghB

2.40

±0.36efghAB

2.30

±0.16ghAC

2.51

±0.22efghA

2.65

±0.27cdefghAB





RESULTS

176

Table-4.62. 3rd week progeny feed conversion ratio (FCR*(feed/g gain)) influenced by 3 parental body weight categories from


♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE**) ---------------------------

Imported 3.66

±0.09abcdefA

3.85

±0.45abcdA

3.16

±0.25defghA

3.77

±0.16abcdeA

3.45

±0.31abcdefgA

3.35

±0.32abcdefgA

3.01

±0.17efghiA

3.46

±0.14abcdefgA

2.89

±0.03fghiA

Local-1 3.23

±0.11cdefghA

3.12

±0.22defghB

3.31

±0.12bcdefghAB

3.47

±0.17abcdefgAB

3.10

±0.03defghAB

3.41

±0.42abcdefgA

3.46

±0.31abcdefgAB

2.53

±0.17hiB

3.34

±0.25abcdefB

Local-2 3.40

±0.31abcdefgA

3.25

±0.05bcdefghAB

4.04

±0.01abABC

2.78

±0.42ghiBC

4.09

±0.12aA

3.48

±0.30abcdefgA

1.82

±0.06jC

3.75

±0.09abcdeA

3.99

±0.17abcB

Local-3 3.00

±0.23efghiA

2.85

±0.18ghiABC

2.84

±0.21ghiABCD

2.26

±0.09iBC

3.14

±0.32defghAB

2.70

±0.28ghiAB

3.14

±0.14defghAB

3.29

±0.20bcdefghAB

2.82

±0.13ghiAB





RESULTS

177

Table-4.63. 3-week cumulative progeny feed conversion ratio (FCR*(feed/g gain)) influenced by 3 different parental body

weight categories from 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE**) ---------------------------

Imported 3.07

±0.20bcdA

3.10

±0.10bcdA

3.08

±0.06bcdA

3.81

±0.05aA

3.31

±0.20bA

3.32

±0.1bA

3.30

±0.26bcA

2.97

±0.12bcdA

2.81

±0.02bcdeA

Local-1 3.10

±0.11bcdA

3.20

±0.12bcA

2.80

±0.28bcdeB

3.13

±0.21bcdB

2.83

±0.08bcdeB

2.97

±0.12bcdB

3.16

±0.05bcdB

2.41

±0.11efB

3.06

±0.17bcdB

Local-2 2.90

±0.11bcdA

2.99

±0.02bcdA

3.29

±0.02bcAB

2.91

±0.17bcdB

3.23

±0.04bcAB

3.32

±0.21bA

2.30

±0.13fC

2.96

±0.01bcdA

3.30

±0.13bcAB

Local-3 3.04

±0.15bcdA

2.78

±0.07cdeAB

2.87

±0.12bcdeB

2.69

±0.10defBC

2.96

±0.13bcdAB

2.90

±0.18bcdB

2.96

±0.13bcdAB

2.93

±0.21bcdA

2.84

±0.18bcdeAB





RESULTS

178

4.2.1.5. Mortality rate (%)

The results on effect of different parental body weights on the progeny, 1-3

weeks and 3-week cumulative mortality percent in four close-bred flocks (Imported,

Local-1, Local-2 and Local-3) of male and female Japanese quails recorded during

the study are shown in Tables 4.64, 4.65, 4.66 and 4.67.

i. 1st week mortality rate (%)

In the present study, a significant (p<0.05) effect of different parental groups

on 1st week progeny mortality rate (%) was recorded (Table-4.64). The maximum 1st

week mortality rate (36.40±2.65) was noted in the progeny obtained from M male x S

female parent in local-1 flock and minimum (6.96±2.43) was from M male x H

female parent in local-2 flock. The progeny mortality rate in local-1 flock in M male

x S female parents (36.40±2.65) was significantly (p<0.05) different from S male x M

female (19.85±5.14), M male x M female (19.38±2.13), H male x H female

(16.76±3.69) and H male x M female parents (18.28±3.73). In local-2 flock, 1st week

progeny mortality rate was maximum from H male x H female (35.14±9.51) parent

which was found to be significantly (p<0.05) different from the progeny of H male x

S female (13.90±1.83), M male x H female (6.96±2.43), S male x H female

(12.03±3.12) and S male x S female parents (16.10±7.64). In local-3 flock, the

maximum mortality rate (36.48±0.26) was from M male x S female parent which was

significantly (p<0.05) different from that of M male x H female parent (20.53±2.72)

except in all the other parent groups in the same flock. The interaction between

parental body weight and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05). The 1st week

progeny mortality rate in different close-bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05)

RESULTS

179

different from H male x H female, H male x S female and M male x H female

parents.

ii. 2nd week mortality rate (%)

In the present study, 2nd week progeny mortality rate (%) was significantly

(p<0.05) influenced by different parental body weights (Table-4.65). The maximum

2nd week mortality rate (12.57±2.88) was noted in the progeny from S male x S

female in imported flock and minimum (0.44±0.01) from M male x M female in

local-1flock. In local-1 flock, the progeny mortality rate (10.67±2.54) in parental

groups M male x H female was significantly (p<0.05) higher than in M male x M

female (0.44±0.01), M male x H female (0.83±0.61), S male x S female (1.11±0.37)

and H male x S female (1.78±1.38). The 2nd week mortality rate (12.57±2.88) in

imported flock in S male x S female was significantly (p<0.05) different only from M

male x S female (3.74±3.54) and S male x M female (3.97±0.33) in the same flock. In

local-2 flock the 2nd week mortality rate (1.45±0.80) in S male x S female was only

significantly (p<0.05) different from H male x H female (10.39±1.52) in the same

parent group. In local-3 flock the 2nd week mortality rate (1.32±1.15) in H male x S

female was only significantly (p<0.05) different from H male x H female (9.63±2.07)

in the same group. The interaction between parental groups and close-bred flocks was

significant (p<0.05). The progeny mortality rate during 2nd week in different close-

bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different in all the parental groups.

RESULTS

180

iii. 3rd week mortality rate (%)

In the present study, different parental body size did not influence progeny

mortality rate (%) during 3rd week (Table-4.66). The maximum 3rd week mortality

rate (12.34±4.25) was recorded from S male x M female parents and minimum

(0.77±0.77) from S male x H female parents. The interaction between parental body

size and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05). The progeny mortality rate during

3rd week in local-3 flock in M male x S female (12.34±4.25) parent group was

significantly (p<0.05) higher than imported (6.06±0.87), local-1 (2.83±0.27) and

local-2 (0.92±0.92) flocks in the same parent group.

iv. 3-week cumulative mortality rate (%)

In the present study, the cumulative progeny mortality rate (%) was

significantly (p<0.05) influenced by different parental body weight categories (Table-

4.67). The lowest 3rd week cumulative progeny mortality rate (15.81±3.17) was

noted in local-2 flock from S male x H female parent followed by M male x H female

(16.54±5.25) and S male x S female (19.44±8.30) in the same parent flock. The

lowest mortality rate (20.13±2.80) in imported flock was observed in quail progeny

from S male x H female parent was not significantly different from all the other

parent groups in the same flock. In local-1 flock, the lowest mortality rate

(22.49±0.83) was recorded in quail progeny from M male x M female flock which

was not significantly different from all the other parent groups except from M male x

S female (42.22±2.55) parent in the same flock. The lowest mortality rate

(15.81±3.17) in local-2 flock was recorded in progeny from S male x H female parent

RESULTS

181

which was not significantly different from all other parental groups except from H

male x H female (46.92±7.11) and H male x M female (36.10±2.75) in the same

flock. The lowest mortality rate (31.96±1.20) in quail progeny local-3 flock was from

S male x S female parent which differed non-significantly in all the parent groups

except from M male x S female (57.65±10.83) in the same flock.

RESULTS

182

Table-4.64. 1st week progeny mortality rate (%) influenced by 3 parental body weight categories from 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE*; %) ---------------------------

Imported 27.47

±5.88abcdefghA

19.82

±3.10cdefghiA

26.05

±2.33abcdefghA

21.18

±2.76abcdefghiA

12.42

±1.05hiA

28.40

±1.14abcdefgA

13.76

±2.14ghiA

24.91

±6.71abcdefghA

21.55

±2.92abcdefghiA

Local-1 16.76

±3.69efghiA

18.28

±3.73defghiA

31.73

±6.08abcdeA

22.77

±4.23abcdefghA

19.38

±2.13defghiA

36.40

±2.65aA

24.82

±3.89abcdefghAB

19.85

±5.14cdefghiA

31.53

±5.83abcdefA

Local-2 35.14

±9.51abcdB

33.35

±3.69abcdA

13.90

±1.83ghiB

6.96

±2.43iB

21.71

±2.67abcdefghiA

21.58

±2.09abcdefghiA

12.03

±3.12iA

23.10

±0.89abcdefghA

16.10

±7.64fghiA

Local-3 31.02

±10.13abcdefA

23.29

±4.12abcdefghA

29.91

±4.70abcdeAC

20.53

±2.72bcdefghiA

25.69

±4.22abcdefghA

36.48

±0.26aA

27.16

±2.09abcdefghAB

35.69

±6.21abA

23.83

±3.44abcdefghA




RESULTS

183

Table-4.65. 2nd week progeny mortality rate (%) influenced by 3 parental body weight categories from 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE*; %) ---------------------------

Imported 8.34

±0.65abcdeA

6.74

±3.31abcdeA

6.62

±2.05abcdeA

6.87

±0.29abcdeA

6.27

±1.71abcdeA

3.74

±3.54bcdeA

5.36

±1.09abcdeA

3.97

±3.33bcdeA

12.57

±2.88aA

Local-1 5.70

±3.18abcdeA

4.29

±1.34bcdeA

1.78

±1.38cdeB

10.67

±2.54abB

0.44

±0.01eB

2.98

±2.76bcdeA

0.83

±0.61deB

8.47

±1.93abcdeA

1.11

±0.37deB

Local-2 10.39

±1.52abB

1.68

±0.88cdeB

3.00

±1.10bcdeA

5.87

±2.48abcdeA

4.84

±2.51abcdeA

1.53

±0.42cdeB

3.00

±0.27bcdeA

2.95

±1.06bcdeB

1.45

±0.80deB

Local-3 9.63

±2.07abcAB

3.71

±3.60bcdeAB

1.32

±1.15deAB

7.07

±3.36abcdeA

3.17

±1.36bcdeAB

8.82

±6.49abcdAB

2.68

±0.56bcdeA

4.03

±0.66bcdeB

5.34

±4.06abcdeAB




RESULTS

184

Table-4.66. 3rd week progeny mortality rate (%) influenced by 3 parental body weight categories from 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE*; %) ---------------------------

Imported 2.11

±1.08bA

2.04

±0.72aA

0.86

±0.48aA

0.86

±0.43bA

3.45

±0.93bA

6.06

±0.87bA

1.00

±0.56aA

3.36

±1.36bA

4.98

±1.44bA

Local-1 4.02

±1.18bA

2.77

±2.00Bb

2.80

±0.66bB

1.81

±0.40bA

2.67

±1.33bA

2.83

±0.27bA

1.62

±1.14bB

6.36

±0.95bA

1.28

±0.74bA

Local-2 1.38

±1.38bA

1.06

±0.60bB

2.88

±1.19bB

3.69

±2.07bA

2.54

±1.62bA

0.92

±0.92bA

0.77

±0.77bB

1.45

±1.45bA

1.88

±0.77bA

Local-3 3.62

±2.75bA

5.13

±2.85bB

2.40

±1.29bB

5.33

±3.21bA

5.42

±3.17bA

12.34

±4.25aB

2.11

±1.30bB

3.87

±0.56bA

4.48

±3.19bA




RESULTS

185

Table-4.67. 3-week cumulative progeny mortality rate (%) influenced by 3 different parental body weight categories from 4


♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


--------------------------- (Mean ± SE*; %) ---------------------------

Imported 37.93

±6.43bcdefgA

28.60

±6.51bcdefghijA

33.54

±1.78bcdefghijA

28.92

±2.92bcdefghijA

22.14

±0.50fghijA

38.21

±3.77bcdefgA

20.13

±2.80ghijA

32.26

±5.06bcdefghiA

39.11

±1.91bcdefA

Local-1 26.49

±7.05defghijA

25.35

±0.38defghijB

36.32

±8.06bcdefgA

35.25

±3.66bcdefghB

22.49

±0.83fghijA

42.22

±2.55abcdeA

27.28

±2.68cdefghijB

34.70

±8.00bcdefghiA

33.93

±6.80bcdefghijA

Local-2 46.92

±7.11abB

36.10

±2.75bcdefghB

19.80

±2.56ghijB

16.54

±5.25ijC

29.10

±2.30bcdefghijB

24.05

±2.82efghijB

15.81

±3.17jC

27.51

±2.72cdefghijB

19.44

±8.30hijB

Local-3 44.29

±7.06abcAB

32.15

±8.86bcdefghijAB

33.64

±2.57bcdefghijAB

32.94

±7.87bcdefghijABC

34.30

±2.70bcdefghiB

57.65

±10.83aAB

31.96

±1.20bcdefghijBC

43.60

±7.22abcdAB

33.66

±5.12bcdefghijAB




RESULTS

186


The results in respect of slaughter characteristics in progenies from 4 close-

bred (Imported, Local-1, Local-2 and Local-3) flocks of male and female Japanese

quails recorded at 3 weeks of age are presented as under:


The carcass characteristics (mean slaughter weight, dressed weight (g) and

dressing percentage) of the quail progenies are shown in Tables 4.68, 4.69 and 4.70.

i. Slaughter weight (g) at week-3


influenced progeny slaughter weight (g) at week-3 in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese

quails (Table-4.68). In male progeny, the maximum slaughter weight (121.66±1.66g)

was recorded from H male x H female parents in imported flock, which was not

significantly different from all other parental groups in the same flock except that of S

male x S female (98.33±6.66g) parents. The slaughter weight (g) in male progeny in

local-1 flock was not significantly different from other parent groups in the same

flock. A similar trend was recorded in male progeny of local-3 flock. In the local-2

flock, higher progeny slaughter weight (113.33±1.66g) was recorded from H male x

M female parent which was not significantly different from that of all other parental

groups in the same flock except from S male x H female (71.66±4.40g) parents. The

maximum slaughter weight (128.33±3.33g) in female progeny was recorded from M

male x H female from imported flock followed by that of H male x M female

(121.66±9.27g) in local-1 flock and H male x S female (110.00±10.40g) in local-3

RESULTS

187

flock which was not significantly different from each other. In local-2 flock, the

higher slaughter weight (120.00±5.77g) was observed in S male x M female which

was not significantly different from that of all the other parental groups in the same

flock except M male x H female (91.66±9.27g). The slaughter weight (g) in different

close-bred flocks in male progeny quails from all the parental groups differed

significantly (p<0.05) except in M male x M female, M male x S female and S male x

M female parents. The slaughter weight (g) in different close-bred flocks in female

progeny in all the parental groups was significantly (p<0.05) different except in H

male x H female, M male x H female and M male x S female. The interaction

between parental body size and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05) in both the

sexes.

ii. Dressed weight (g) at week-3

In the present study, progeny dressed weight (g) was influenced (p<0.05) by

different parental body weight in both the sexes of different close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails (Table-4.69). In male quails, the maximum progeny dressed weight

(70.00±0.00g) was recorded from H male x H female parent in imported flock which

was significantly (p<0.05) different from that of H male x M female (53.33±6.00g)

and S male x S female (51.55±3.33g). In male quails of local-1 and 3 flocks, progeny

dressed weight was observed to be (63.33±4.40g) and (58.33±4.40g) from S male x H

female parent group which was not significantly different from all the other parental

groups in the same flock. The progeny dressed weight (63.33±1.66g) in local-2 male

flock was significantly (p<0.05) different from that of all the other parental groups

except from S male x H female (36.66±1.66g) parents. In female quails, the

RESULTS

188

maximum dressed weight (58.05±0.90g) was recorded in M male x H female parent

in local-2 flock which was not significantly different from all other parent groups

except that of S male x H female (51.58±0.79g) and H male x S female (50.79±1.48g)

in the same flock. The dressed weight in female quails of local-1 flock from M male x

M female (57.72±2.48g) parent, in imported quails from M male x S female

(56.51±1.74g) parents and in local-3 flock from S male x M female (54.92±1.30g)

parent was found higher which was not significantly differed from other parental

groups in their respective flocks. The dressed weight (g) in all the close-bred flocks

differed significantly in male and female quails. The interaction between parental


iii. Dressing percentage at week-3

In the present study, the progeny dressing percentage was significantly

(p<0.05) influenced by different parental body size in different close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails (Table-4.70). The maximum progeny dressing percentage

(57.90±2.66) was recorded in male quails from H male x S female parent in imported

flock followed by that of H male x M female (57.49±0.63) in local-3 flock, M male x

S female (57.57±1.51) in local-2 flock and S male x H female (55.82±1.93) in local-1

flock. In local-2 male flock, the progeny dressing percentage (57.57±1.51) from M

male x S female parent was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of H male x M

female (51.44±0.72) and S male x H female (51.28±1.28) parental group in the same

flock. Differences from other parental groups were not significant in the same flock.

The progeny dressing percentage in imported, local-1 and local-3 flocks differed non-

significantly from all the other parental groups. In male quails, the progeny dressing

RESULTS

189

percentage in imported and local flocks differed non-significantly among M male x H

female, M male x M female, S male x M female and S male x S female except other

parental groups.

In female quails, the maximum progeny dressing percentage (58.05±0.90) was

observed from M male x H female in local-2 flock followed by that of M male x S

female (56.51±1.74) in imported flock, S male x M female (55.95±1.81) in local-1

flock and S male x M female (54.92±1.30) in local-3 flock. In local-2 flock, the

progeny dressing percentage from M male x M female was not significantly different

from all the other parental flocks except from H male x S female (50.79±1.48) parent,

whereas, progeny dressing percentage in imported, local-1 and local-3 flocks from

different parental groups was not significantly different from each other in their

respective flocks. The dressing percentage between different close-bred flocks was

significantly (p<0.05) different in female progeny group. The dressing percentage

between different close-bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different in the male

progeny group, whereas, M male x H female, M male x M female, S male x M female

and S male x S female were not significantly different. The interaction between

parental body size and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05).

RESULTS

190

Table-4.68. Progeny slaughter weight (g) influenced by 3 different parental body weight categories from 4 close-bred flocks of

male and female Japanese quails at week-3

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


-------------------- (Mean ± *SE; g) -----------------------

Male

Imported 121.66±1.66aA

101.66±12.01abcA 110.00±8.66abcA 108.33±1.66abcA 110.00±5.00abcA 106.66±4.40abcA 115.00±0.00abcA 118.66±7.26abA 98.33±6.66bcA

Local-1 106.66±1.66abcAB

108.33±10.92abcA 95.00±2.88bcB 93.33±10.92cB 111.66±3.33abcA 110.00±10.40abcA 113.33±6.00abcA 110.00±2.88abcA 105±2.88abcB

Local-2 108.33±4.40abcAB

113.33±1.66abcA 98.33±6.00bcB 96.66±4.40bcAB 110.00±2.88abcA 110.00±0.00abcA 71.66±4.40dB 108.33±9.27abcA 98.33±6.66bcAB

Local-3 98.33±1.66bcB 98.33±11.00bcB 95.00±8.66cAB 96.66±6.66bcAB 105.00±2.88abcA 96.66±4.40bcAB 106.66±8.18abcA 101.66±8.81abcA 106.66±8.33abcAB

Female

Imported 125.00±8.66abA

120.00±7.63abcdeA 116.66±4.40abcdeA 128.33±3.33aA 108.33±3.33abcdefA 111.66±7.26abcdefA 123.33±7.26abcA 123.33±4.40abcA 110.00±2.88abcdefA

Local-1 108.33±10.13abcdefAB

121.66±9.27abcdB 108.33±6.00abcdefB 111.66±7.26abcdef AB 118.33±1.66abcdeB 110.00±0.00abcdefA 115.00±2.88abcdefB 110.00±5.00abcdefB 110.00±10.00abcdefA

Local-2 113.33±6.66abcdefAB

115.00±5.77abcdeB 111.66±3.33abcdefB 91.66±9.27fAB 116.66±8.33abcdeB 101.66±4.40cdefAB 103.33±1.66bcdefAB 120.00±5.77abcdeAB 108.33±6.00abcdefA

Local-3 108.33±4.40abcdefAB 106.66±10.92abcdefABC 110.00±10.40abcdefB 105.00±7.63bcdefAB 106.66±3.33abcdefAB 98.33±8.18efAB 110.00±0.00abcdefAB 100.00±2.88defBC 101.66±7.26cdefB




RESULTS

191

Table-4.69. Progeny dressed weight (g) influenced by 3 different parental body weight categories in 4 close-bred flocks of male

and female Japanese quails slaughtered at week-3

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


-------------------- (Mean ± *SE; g) -----------------------

Male


53.33±6.00bA 63.33±3.33abA 60.00±0.00abA 58.33±3.33abA 58.33±4.40abA 63.33±1.66abA 63.33±4.40abA 51.55±3.33bA

Local-1 58.33±1.66abB

60.00±7.63abB 50.00±0.00bB 51.66±9.27bB 61.66±3.33abA 56.66±4.40abA 63.33±4.40abA 61.66±1.66abA 56.66±3.33abB

Local-2 60.00±5.77abB

58.33±1.66abB 51.66±4.40bB 55.00±5.00bB 61.66±1.66abA 63.33±1.66abA 36.66±1.66cB 56.66±3.33abA 53.33±4.40bAB

Local-3 51.66±1.66bAB 56.66±7.26abB 51.66±4.40bB 53.33±3.33bB 58.33±1.66abA 53.33±3.33bB 58.33±4.40abA 53.33±1.66bAB 56.66±6.00abAB

Female

Imported 54.70±0.70abcdA

52.74±0.56abcdA 52.79±2.51abcdA 54.51±1.26abcdA 52.31±0.06bcdA 56.51±1.74abcA 52.79±0.87abcdA 52.67±0.58abcdA 51.51±0.76cdA

Local-1 54.03±1.05abcdA

53.43±0.68abcdA 53.84±0.77abcdA 55.18±0.42abcdA 57.72±2.48abB 53.03±1.51abcdB 53.68±1.93abcdA 55.95±1.81abcdA 52.94±1.51abcdB


56.55±0.33abcB 50.79±1.48dB 58.05±0.90aB 55.66±2.33abcdAB 53.99±4.51abcdB 51.58±0.79cdB 56.98±1.46abcB 55.43±0.88abcdAB

Local-3 52.39±1.44bcdB 53.09±0.58abcdAB 52.95±0.45abcdAB 53.68±1.93abcdAB 54.54±2.62abcdAB 54.03±1.24abcdB 54.54±0.00abcdAB 54.92±1.30abcdAB 54.24±1.04abcdAB




RESULTS

192

Table-4.70. Progeny dressing percentage (%) influenced by 3 different parental body weight categories in 4 close-bred flocks

of male and female Japanese quails slaughtered at week-3

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


-------------------- (Mean ± *SE; %) -----------------------

Male


52.52±0.27abA

57.90±2.66aA

55.41±0.86abA

52.97±0.59abA

54.55±2.28abA

55.07±1.44abA

53.46±0.54abA

52.56±0.18abA

Local-1 54.69±1.37abB

55.10±1.46abA

52.72±1.60abB

54.60±3.24abA

55.14±1.38abA

51.79±2.23abA

55.82±1.93abA

56.07±0.78abA

53.89±2.08abA

Local-2 55.13±3.15abB

51.44±0.72bB

52.39±1.31abB

56.69±2.73abA

56.07±0.78abA

57.57±1.51aB

51.28±1.28bB

52.57±1.61abA

54.15±1.50abA

Local-3 52.54±1.44abB

57.49±0.63aAB

54.47±1.04abB

55.21±0.33abA

55.56±0.80abA

55.11±1.32abAB

54.75±0.41abAB

52.46±0.08abA

52.89±1.91abA

Female

Imported 54.70±0.70abcdA

52.74±0.56abcdA

52.79±2.51abcdA

54.51±1.26abcdA

52.31±0.06bcdA

56.51±1.74abcA

52.79±0.87abcdA

52.67±0.58abcdA

51.51±0.75cdA


53.43±0.68abcdA

53.84±0.77abcdA

55.18±0.42abcdA

57.72±2.48abB

53.03±1.51abcdB

53.68±1.93abcdA

55.95±1.81abcdA

52.94±1.51abcdB


56.55±0.33abcB

50.79±1.48dB

58.05±0.90aB

55.66±2.33abcC

53.99±4.51abcdB

51.58±0.79cdB

56.98±1.46abcB

55.43±0.88abcdAB

Local-3 52.39±1.44bdB

53.09±0.58abcdA

52.95±0.45abcdAB

53.68±1.93abcdAB

54.54±2.62abdAC

54.03±1.24abcdAB

54.54±0.00abcdAB

54.92±1.30abcdAB

54.24±1.04abcdAB




RESULTS

193


The results in respect of mean relative weight (g/100g body weight) of liver,

heart and empty gizzard of the quail progenies are shown in Tables 4.71, 4.72 and

4.73.

i. Liver

In the present study, the progeny relative liver weight (g/100g BW) was

significantly (p<0.05) influenced by parental body size in different close-bred flocks

of Japanese quails (Table-4.71). The highest progeny relative weight of liver in male

quails was recorded from S male x H female (3.47±0.23) parents in local-3 flock

which was not significantly different from all the other parental groups except from

M male x H female (3.47±0.19) and S male x S female (2.58±0.15) parent in the same

flock. In local-2 flock, the higher progeny liver weight (2.88±0.33) was recorded

from S male x M female parent which differed non-significantly from all the other

parental groups except that of M male x H female (2.13±0.02) parents in the same

flock. The highest relative weight of liver in imported flock was recorded in S male x

S female (3.01±0.20) flock which was significantly (p<0.05) different from all other

parent groups except S male x M female (2.57±0.09), M male x S female (2.79±0.11)

and H male x S female (2.66±0.15) in the same flock. In local-1 flock, the higher

progeny liver weight was recorded from H male x S female (3.16±0.03) which was

not significantly different from all the other parental groups except that of M male x

M female (2.44±0.01), M male x S female (2.56±0.28), S male x H female

(2.44±0.06), H male x S female (3.16±0.03) and S male x S female (2.19±0.06)

RESULTS

194

parents in the same flock. The progeny relative liver weight in male quails in different

close-bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different from all the parental groups

except that of S male x M female parents only.

In female quails, the highest progeny relative liver weight (3.02±0.09) was

recorded from H male x H female in local-3 flock which was not significantly

different from all the other parental groups in the same flock except in S male x H

female (2.42±0.03) parents. In local-1 flock, the progeny liver weight from H male x

S female (2.84±0.18) parent was found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher than that

from M male x H female (2.29±0.3) and S male x S female (2.20±0.10), whereas, it

differed non- significantly from all the other parental groups in the same flock. The

progeny liver weight in female quails from S male x S female (2.73±0.07) parents in

imported flock was not significantly different from that of all the other parental

groups except from that of H male x H female (1.55±0.08), H male x M female

(1.64±0.08), S male x H female (1.63±0.09) and M male x M female (1.81±0.04)

parents in the same flock. In local-2 female flock the highest relative weight of liver

was observed in M male x S female (2.63±0.11) which was not significantly different

from all the other parent groups in the same flock. The progeny relative liver weight

in female quails in different close-bred flocks from all the parental groups was

significantly (p<0.05) different except that of H male x S female, M male x S female

and S male x M female parental groups. The interaction between parental body size

and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05).

RESULTS

195

ii. Heart

In the present study, the progeny relative heart weight (g/100g BW) was

significantly (p<0.05) influenced by the weight of different parent groups (Table-

4.72). The highest progeny relative heart weight (0.98±0.05) in male quails was

recorded from S male x H female parent in local-2 flock which was significantly

(p<0.05) different from that of H male x H female (0.80±0.01), H male x S female

(0.81±0.04), M male x H female (0.75±0.01), M male x M female (0.72±0.01) and M

male x S female (0.78±0.03) and S male x S female (0.82±0.05) parents in the same

parental group. In male quails of local-3 flock, the highest progeny heart weight

(0.91±0.04) was observed from H male x H female parent which was significantly

(p<0.05) different from that of H male x H female (0.67±0.02), H male x M female

(0.77±0.03), M male x H female (0.69±0.04) and S male x S female (0.68±0.00) and

S male x M female (0.75±0.00) parent in the same flock. In local-1 flock, the progeny

heart weight in male quails (0.87±0.01) was the highest and not significantly different

from all the other parental groups in the same flock. In imported flock, the progeny

heart weight in male quails (0.87±0.06) was significantly (p<0.05) different from that

of H male x H female (0.65±0.00), M male x H female (0.70±0.02) parents in the

same flock. The progeny heart weight in male quails was significantly (p<0.05)

different in different close-bred flocks in all the parental groups.

In female progeny quails, relative heart weight was significantly (p<0.05)

influenced by parental body weight. The maximum progeny heart weight (0.96±0.01)

in local-3 flock from H male x S female parent was recorded which was significantly

(p<0.05) different from that of all the other parental groups except from M male x S

RESULTS

196

female (0.88±0.02) parent in the same flock. The progeny heart weight (0.87±0.02) in

local-1 flock from M male x M female parent not significantly different from that of

all the other parental groups except that of H male x H female (0.71±0.04) and M

male x H female (0.74±0.02) parents in the same flock. In local-2 flock of female

quails, the progeny heart weight from H male x M female (0.87±0.04) parent differed

non-significantly from that of all the other parental groups except that of H male x H

female (0.73±0.03) and M male x M female (0.74±0.02) parents in the same flock. In

imported flock, the heart weight from M male x M female (0.86±0.05) parent was not

significantly different from all the other parental groups except that of H male x H

female (0.66±0.02) and M male x H female (0.70±0.03) parent in the same flock. The

progeny heart weight in female quail, in different close-bred flocks in all the parental

groups was significantly (p<0.05) different except that of H male x H female. The

interaction between parental body size and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05).

iii. Gizzard (empty)

In the male progeny, relative empty gizzard weight in imported flock was not

significantly different in all the parent groups. Whereas, in local-1 flock, this

difference was significant (p<0.05) in different parent groups except from M male x

H female (3.79±0.28) and H male x S female (3.32±0.19) in the same flock. In male

progeny of local-2 flock, relative empty gizzard weight was significantly (p<0.05)

different among different parent groups except from S male x H female (3.92±0.12)

and S male x M female (3.83±0.48) in the same flock. In local-3 male progeny flock,

relative empty gizzard weight from S male x M female (3.54±0.01) was significantly

(p<0.05) different from S male x S female (2.87±0.17) and S male x H female

RESULTS

197

(2.58±0.15) except all the other parent groups in the same flock (Table-4.73). The

maximum relative gizzard weight (3.66±0.20) was recorded in female quails of local-

1 flock from S male x S female parent followed by that in local-3 flock from S male x

M female (3.47±0.10), in local-2 flock from S male x M female (3.36±0.11) and in

imported flock from S male x S female (2.82±0.15) parents.

In local-1 flock, female quail had higher gizzard weight (3.66±0.20) from S

male x S female which was not significantly different from all the other parental

groups except in M male x H female (3.29±0.43) parents. In local-2 female quails,

higher gizzard weight (3.36±0.11) was recorded in the progeny from S male x M

female parent which was significantly (p<0.05) different from that of all the other

parental groups except H male x H female (2.75±0.17), H male x M female

(2.70±0.11), M male x M female (2.62±0.14) parents. The relative gizzard weight in

female quails in imported flock from S male x S female (2.82±0.15) and M male x S

female (2.82±0.15) and in local-3 flock from S male x M female (3.47±0.10) parents

was not significantly different from all the other parental groups. The relative gizzard

weight in different close-bred male and female progeny of quails was significantly

(p<0.05) different from all the parental groups. The interaction between parental body

size and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05).

RESULTS

198

Table-4.71. Progeny relative weight (g/100g BW) of liver influenced by 3 different parental body weight categories in 4 close-

bred flocks of male and female Japanese quails slaughtered at week-3

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


-------------------- (Mean ± *SE; g/100g BW) -----------------------

Male

Imported 1.58

±0.00kA

1.87

±0.14jkA

2.66

±0.15defghiA

1.81

±0.05jkA

1.79

±0.06jkA

2.79

±0.11bcdefgA

1.71

±0.02jkA

2.57

±0.09efghiA

3.01

±0.20abcdeA

Local-1 2.62

±0.04defghiB

2.65

±0.18defghiB

3.16

±0.03abcdB

2.63

±0.43defghiB

2.44

±0.01fghiB

2.56

±0.28efghiB

2.44

±0.06fghiB

2.60

±0.04defghiA

2.19

±0.06hijB

Local-2 2.65

±0.07defghiB

2.47

±0.02efghiB

2.39

±0.15ghiA

2.13

±0.02ijB

2.58

±0.09efghiB

2.39

±0.08ghiAB

2.72

±0.20cdefghC

2.88

±0.33bcdefgA

2.48

±0.10efghiB

Local-3 3.28

±0.04abC

3.20

±0.30abcC

2.94

±0.10abcdefgAB

3.47

±0.19aC

2.99

±0.25abcdefC

2.73

±0.09cdefghAB

3.47

±0.23aD

2.98

±0.03abcdefA

2.58

±0.15efghiB

Female

Imported 1.55

±0.08jA

1.64

±0.08jA

2.54

±0.07abcdefghA

1.58

±0.01jA

1.81

±0.04ijA

2.70

±0.17abcdefgA

1.63

±0.09jA

2.41

±0.10defghA

2.73

±0.07abcdefgA

Local-1 2.62

±0.19abcdefghB

2.48

±0.12cdefghB

2.84

±0.18abcdA

2.29

±0.31fghB

2.50

±0.00bcdefghB

2.42

±0.16defghA

2.46

±0.03cdefghB

2.66

±1.81abcdefghA

2.20

±0.10hiB

Local-2 2.44

±0.05cdefghB

2.50

±0.10bcdefghB

2.33

±0.12efghA

2.26

±0.23ghB

2.50

±0.14bcdefghB

2.63

±0.11abcdefghA

2.25

±0.02ghB

2.56

±0.08abcdefghA

2.40

±0.04defghAB

Local-3 3.0

±0.09aC

2.72

±0.22abcdefgB

2.83

±0.08abcdeA

2.99

±0.28abC

2.86

±0.32abcdB

2.73

±0.15abcdefgA

2.42

±0.03defghB

2.93

±0.05abcA

2.77

±0.17abcdefAC




RESULTS

199

Table-4.72. Progeny relative weight (g/100g BW) of heart influenced by 3 different parental body weight categories in 4 close-

bred flocks of male and female Japanese quails slaughtered at week-3

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


-------------------- (Mean ± *SE; g/100g BW) -----------------------

Male

Imported 0.65

±0.00iA

0.78

±0.02cdefghiA

0.75

±0.02defghiA

0.70

±0.02fghiA

0.84

±0.05bcdeA

0.87

±0.06abcdA

0.75

±0.02defghiA

0.78

±0.03cdefghiA

0.82

±0.05cdefgA

Local-1 0.75

±0.01defghiA

0.81

±0.06cdefghB

0.87

±0.01abcdB

0.79

±0.05cdefghB

0.80

±0.03cdefghB

0.87

±0.00abcdA

0.82

±0.01cdefgB

0.78

±0.01cdefghiA

0.76

±0.02defghiB

Local-2 0.80

±0.01cdefghB

0.85

±0.01abcdeC

0.81

±0.04cdefgAB

0.75

±0.01defghiAB

0.72

±0.01efghiB

0.78

±0.03cdefghiB

0.98

±0.05aC

0.97

±0.12abB

0.82

±0.05bcdefgB

Local-3 0.67

±0.02hiAB

0.77

±0.03defghiABC

0.91

±0.04abcBC

0.69

±0.04fghiAB

0.85

±0.03abcdeAB

0.82

±0.04cdefAB

0.80

±0.01cdefghAB

0.75

±0.00defghiA

0.68

±0.00ghiAB

Female

Imported 0.66

±0.02kA

0.77

±0.03bcdefghijkA

0.77

±0.04bcdefghijkA

0.70

±0.03jkA

0.86

±0.05abcdefA

0.83

±0.02bcdefghA

0.75

±0.02cdefghijkA

0.83

±0.02bcdefgA

0.75

±0.01cdefghijkA

Local-1 0.71

±0.04hijkA

0.82

±0.02bcdefghiB

0.86

±0.01abcdeB

0.74

±0.02defghijkA

0.87

±0.02abcB

0.81

±0.05bcdefghijB

0.81

±0.03bcdefghB

0.81

±0.05bcdefghijB

0.83

±0.06bcdefghB

Local-2 0.73

±0.03fghijkA

0.87

±0.04abcdC

0.77

±0.04bcdefghijkA

0.80

±0.04bcdefghijB

0.74

±0.02efghijkC

0.78

±0.03bcdefghijB

0.77

±0.01bcdefghijkAB

0.86

±0.02abcdefAB

0.77

±0.01bcdefghijkAB

Local-3 0.70

±0.00ijkA

0.84

±0.03bcdefgBC

0.96

±0.01aBC

0.79

±0.01bcdefghijB

0.81

±0.05bcdefghijABC

0.88

±0.02abC

0.81

±0.00bcdefghijAB

0.73

±0.03ghijkABC

0.72

±0.02ghijkAB




RESULTS

200

Table-4.73. Progeny relative weight (g/100g BW) of empty gizzard influenced by 3 different parental body weight categories in

4 close-bred flocks of male and female Japanese quails slaughtered at week-3

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


-------------------- (Mean ± *SE; g/100g BW) -----------------------

Male

Imported 2.49±0.00iA

2.91±0.26defghiA

2.75±0.16efghiA

2.77±0.09efghiA

2.70±0.10ghiA

2.91±0.09defghiA

2.57±0.02hiA

2.93±0.01defghiA

3.08±0.22cdefghiA

Local-1 2.78±0.03efghiB

2.81±0.21efghiB

3.32±0.19bcdefB

3.79±0.28abB

2.63±0.07hiB

2.94±0.19defghiA

2.66±0.13ghiB

2.67±0.07ghiB

3.12±0.30cdefghB

Local-2 2.77±0.11efghiB

2.67±0.06ghiC

3.17±0.15cdefghC

3.08±0.22cdefghiC

2.73±0.07fghiC

2.75±0.03efghiB

3.92±0.12aC

3.83±0.48abC

3.04±0.18cdefghiAB

Local-3 3.42±0.09abcdC

3.00±0.13cdefghiABC

3.34±0.14bcdeBC

3.24±0.25cdefBC

3.11±0.14cdefghABCD

3.11±0.17cdefghC

2.58±0.15hiAB

3.54±0.01abcCD

2.87±0.17defghiAB

Female

Imported 2.44±0.14ijA

2.51±0.12hijA

2.63±0.07ghijA

2.39±0.05jA

2.80±0.07efghijA

2.82±0.15efghijA

2.47±0.12ijA

2.54±0.11ghijA

2.82±0.15efghijA

Local-1 2.80±0.21efghiBj

2.62±0.13ghijA

2.94±0.27bcdefghiB

3.29±0.43abcdeB

2.64±0.06ghijB

2.81±0.10efghijA

2.63±0.04ghijB

2.75±0.05efghijB

3.66±0.20aB

Local-2 2.75±0.17efghijC

2.70±0.11fghijB

2.83±0.05defghijC

2.93±0.11cdefghijC

2.62±0.14ghijB

2.95±0.07bcdefghiB

2.93±0.08cdefghijC

3.36±0.11abcdC

2.84±0.14defghijC

Local-3 3.39±0.11abcC

3.24±0.04abcdefC

3.36±0.21abcdABC

3.37±0.31abcABC

3.03±0.03bcdefghABC

3.25±0.22abcdeBC

3.45±0.05abD

3.47±0.10abcC

3.07±0.15bcdefgAC




RESULTS

201

4.2.2.3. Relative length (cm/100g BW) of visceral organ

i. Intestine

The results of this study show that progeny relative intestinal length was

significantly (p<0.05) influenced by different parental groups in close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails (Table-4.74). In male Japanese quails, maximum progeny relative

intestinal length (48.15±6.25) was noted from S male x H female parent in local-2

flock which was followed by that in M male x H female parent in local-1 flock

(43.13±4.25), S male x S female in imported flock (40.87±2.97) and in H male x S

female parent in local-3 flock (40.41±3.25). In male quails, in local-2 flock the

progeny intestinal length (48.15±6.25) from S male x H female parent was

significantly (p<0.05) higher than in all the other parental groups in the same flock. In

imported local-1 and local-3 male flocks, progeny intestinal length from S male x S

female (40.87±2.97), M male x H female (43.13±4.25) and in H male x S female

(40.41±3.25) parents was not significantly different from all the other parental groups

in their respective flocks. The progeny intestinal length in male quails of different

close-bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different from each other in different

parental groups except from H male x M female and M male x S female parents.

In female quails, the maximum progeny relative intestinal length (40.46±1.62)

was recorded from M male x S female parents in local-2 flock followed by that from

S male x M female (39.11±1.41) in local-3 flock, H male x H female (38.29±3.37) in

local-1 flock and M male x M female (37.53±0.99) parents in imported flock which

was not significantly different from all the other parental groups in their respective

flocks except in local-2 flock. Intestinal length in female quails in local-2 flock from

RESULTS

202

M male x S female (40.46±1.62) parent differed not significantly from all the other

parental groups except in H male x H female (31.52±1.77) and S male x S female

(31.54±1.20) parent in the same flock. The intestinal length in female quails in

different close-bred flocks differed significantly (p<0.05) in all the parental groups

except in H male x M female and H male x S female parental groups. The interaction

between parental body weight and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05).

RESULTS

203

Table-4.74. Progeny relative intestinal length (cm/100g BW) influenced by 3 different parental body weight categories in 4

close-bred flocks of male and female Japanese quails slaughtered at week-3

♂

♀

Heavy Medium Small


-------------------- (Mean ± *SE; cm**/100g BW) -----------------------

Male

Imported 33.36

±0.12cdeA

39.99±3.74bcdeA

36.84

±2.68bcdeA

35.70

±0.57bcdeA

36.52

±1.47bcdeA

38.09

±1.93bcdeA

34.78

±0.00bcdeA

34.32

±1.95cdeA

40.87

±2.97bcA

Local-1 37.45

±o.54bcdeB

37.36±3.40bcdeA

38.47

±4.12bcdeA

43.13

±4.25abB

35.77

±1.16bcdeA

36.76

±3.57bcdeA

35.71

±1.70bcdeA

36.42

±1.24bcdeB

37.24

±0.74bcdeB

Local-2 31.59

±1.80eC

35.77±0.36bcdeA

39.27

±2.38bcdeA

31.92

±1.49deC

37.32

±0.98bcdeA

36.12

±0.13bcdeA

48.15

±6.25aB

37.15

±3.11bcdeB

32.29

±1.20deBC

Local-3 35.25

±0.07bcdeABC

37.58±3.03bcdeA

40.41

±3.25bcdAB

35.32

±1.85bcdeABC

33.66

±1.45cdeAB

37.58

±1.46bcdeA

36.91

±2.31bcdeA

38.86

±1.15bcdeB

34.40

±3.01cdeABC

Female

Imported 33.61

±2.88abcA

34.55

±2.01abcA

34.88

±1.11abcA

32.23

±0.56cA

37.53

±0.99abcA

36.67

±1.74abcA

33.17

±1.74bcA

33.42

±0.67abcA

36.74

±0.99abcA

Local-1 38.29

±3.37abcA

33.93

±2.09abcA

34.02

±2.12abcA

37.29

±2.13abcB

34.73

±0.20abcA

35.93

±0.48abcA

36.26

±0.66abcB

36.82

±0.90abcA

35.74

±2.43abcA

Local-2 31.52

±1.77cB

36.00

±1.80abcA

36.20

±1.42abcA

35.99

±3.60abcB

36.66

±2.66abcA

40.46

±1.62aB

39.43

±0.38abC

34.58

±1.44abcA

31.54

±1.20cB

Local-3 33.30

±1.33bcAB

36.36

±2.60abcA

36.39

±2.88abcA

34.15

±3.00abcB

33.06

±2.50bcB

37.94

±2.76abcAB

36.39

±0.13abcABC

39.11

±1.41abB

35.83

±2.29abcAB




**cm = Centimeter

RESULTS

204

4.2.3. Economics

The results regarding economic impact of the quail progenies are shown in

Tables 4.75 and 4.76.

i. Close-bred flocks

The economic appraisal of quail production in four different close-bred flocks

influenced by 3 body weight categories up to 3 weeks indicate that the total cost of

feed per quail in imported, local-1, local-2 and local-3 flocks was Rs. 10.57, 9.41,

9.50 and 8.26, respectively, which varied on account of variation in quantity of feed

consumed by the birds. This effect is also reflected in total cost of production per

quail as of Rs. 19.21, 17.76, 17.88 and 16.33 in imported, local-1, local-2 and local-3

flocks, respectively. The return from sale of one quail of Rs. 27.08, 26.00, 24.83 and

24.67, respectively in above mentioned close-bred flocks varied on account of

variation in live body weight and dressed weight of the quails. The final return per

bird of Rs. 5.64 in local-1 flock was observed to be the highest than in other close-

bred flocks having final return of Rs. 5.41, 5.15 and 5.14 in imported, local-3 and

local-2 flocks, respectively (Table-4.75).

ii. Body size

The economic appraisal of quail production in four close-bred flocks

influenced by 3 body weight categories up to 3 weeks indicate that the total cost of

feed in heavy, medium and small body weight categories was Rs. 9.61, 9.47 and 9.23,

respectively, which varied on account of variation in quantity of feed consumed. This

effect is also reflected in total cost of production of quails of Rs. 18.02, 17.84 and

RESULTS

205

17.54 in heavy, medium and small body weight categories, respectively. The return

from sale of birds valuing Rs. 25.56, 26.38 and 25.00, respectively in heavy, medium

and small weight categories varied on account of variation in live body weight and

dressed weight of quails in these parent flocks. The final return per bird of Rs. 5.92 in

quails from medium weight parent was higher than that from quail progenies of heavy

and small parents having final return of Rs. 5.25 and 4.90, respectively (Table-4.76).

RESULTS

206

Table-4.75. Economics of quail production as influenced by 3 parental body weight categories from 4 close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails in 3 weeks old progenies

S. No. Particulars Close-bred flocks

Imported Local-1 Local-2 Local-3

1. Cost of day-old quail chicks (*Rs.) 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00

2. Average feed intake/bird (g) 311.13 276.78 279.55 243.03

3. Total cost of feed/bird @ *Rs.3.40/100g 10.57 9.41 9.5 8.26

4. Miscellaneous expenses/bird (*Rs.) 2.64 2.35 2.37 2.06

5. Total cost of production/bird (**Col.1+3+4) *Rs. 19.21

17.76

17.88

16.33

6. Average dressed weight/bird (g) 60.18 57.77 55.18 54.81

7. Return from sale of bird @ Rs. 450.00/Kg dressed weight

(**Col. 6x*Rs. 450/1000) 27.08 26.00 24.83 24.67

8. Initial return/bird ( **Col.7-5) *Rs. 7.87

8.24

6.96

8.34

9. Average mortality rate (%) 31.2

31.5 26.14 38.24

10. Decrease in return through mortality (**Col.7x9/100) (*Rs.) 2.46 2.60 1.82 3.19

11. Final return/bird (**Col.8-10) (*Rs.) 5.41 5.64 5.14 5.15

*Rs. = Pakistani rupee

**Col. = Column

RESULTS

207

Table-4.76. Economics of producing quails progenies as influenced by 3 different parental body weight categories at 3 weeks of

age

S. No. Particulars Body sizes

Heavy Medium Small

1. Cost of day-old quail chicks (*Rs.) 6 6 6

2. Average feed intake/bird (g) 282.74 278.56 271.58

3. Total cost of feed/bird @ *Rs.3.40/100g 9.61 9.47 9.23

4. Miscellaneous expenses/bird (*Rs.) 2.40 2.37 2.31

5. Total cost of production/bird (**Col. 1+3+4) *Rs. 18.02 17.84 17.54

6. Average dressed weight/bird (g) 56.81 58.61 55.56

7. Return from sale of bird @ Rs. 450.00/Kg dressed weight

(**Col. 6x*Rs. 450/1000)

25.56 26.38 25.00

8. Initial return/bird ( **Col.7-5) *Rs. 7.55 8.54 7.46

9. Average mortality rate (%) 30.38 30.70 34.30

10. Decrease in return through mortality (**Col. 7x9/100) (*Rs.) 2.29 2.62 2.56

11. Final return/bird (**Col. 8-10) (*Rs.) 5.25 5.92 4.90

*Rs. = Pakistani rupee

**Col. = Column

208

Chapter 5

DISCUSSION

The results of this study regarding effect of different parental body weights in

4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails on their productive performance, egg quality,

hatching and slaughtering traits, proximate and blood biochemical analyses have been

discussed in light of the available literature. Progeny growth performance and

slaughter traits as influenced by different parent body weights of quails have also

been discussed. The detail is presented as under:



5.1.1.1. Body weight

In the present study, the imported flock of Japanese quails attained

significantly (p<0.05) higher body weight than all local flocks. These findings are in

line with those of Vali et al. (2005) who reported significant body weight variation in

two quail strains at 35, 42 and 49 days of age. The variation in body weight of

different close-bred flocks of Japanese quails recorded during this study could be

attributed to difference in genetic makeup of these flocks. The variation in body

weight of close bred flocks of chickens has been attributed to difference in genetic

makeup of flocks maintained in different areas and ecological regions (Hafez 1963;

Marks 1971; Sefton and Siegel 1974; Shamma 1981; Darden and Marks 1988).

Similarly many other workers also described the significant effect of genetic group on

DISCUSSION

209

body weight of chicken (Mohammed et al. 2005; Devi and Reddy 2005; Chatterjee et

al. 2007). In the previous studies it has been reported that the mean body weight

differed significantly among different local and imported flocks of Japanese quails.

The body weight of male and female quails in imported flock was significantly

(p<0.05) higher than those of local quails (Rehman 2006 and Akram et al. 2008). It

has also been observed that body weight from day-old to 20 weeks of age was

significantly higher in selected lines than the control un-selected line (Chaudhary et

al. 2009). The significant (p<0.01) effects of strains and generations on body weight

of Japanese quails at different ages have been reported (Mohammed et al. 2006)

indicating that selection could increase body weight in Japanese quails (Varkoohi et

al. 2010).

The results of the present study with respect to body size categories indicated

that heavy weight quails had significantly (p<0.05) higher mean body weight than the

small body weight category. Interaction between different flocks and body size was

significant (p<0.05). The change in 4 week body weight in heavy and small weight

has already been reported to be associated with corresponding changes in mature

body weight of quails (Nestor and Bacon 1982).

5.1.1.2. Egg production

i. Egg number

In the present study, the mean cumulative egg number/bird was not

significantly different among all the local and imported flocks of Japanese quails.

These results are in agreement with those of Leeson et al. (1997) and Hocking et al.

(2003) who could not detect difference (p>0.05) in egg production between different

DISCUSSION

210

strains of chicken. Similarly, Rehman (2006) reported non-significant difference in

egg production among different local and imported stocks of Japanese quails. On the

contrary some workers indicated that egg production has been shown to be affected

by breed, body size, feed, season and breeder age (North and Bell 1990; Ipek and

Sahan 2004). The higher growth-selected strain of broiler breeder exhibited poorer

egg production than all the other strains (Wolanski et al. 2007). The higher egg

production in exotic Rhode Island Red breed than the local breeds was attributed to

its better genetic potential (Sazzad 1992; Akhtar et al. 2007). The genetic ability for

egg production of the Manchurian gold breed was higher as compared to the Pharaoh

Quail breed up to the age of 150 days (Genchev and Kabakchiev 2009). Contrary to

the findings of the present study Hanan (2010) reported highly significant differences

in egg number and egg production percent in Japanese quails. Variation in the results

of both the studies could be attributed to difference in strains used in both the studies.

The results of the present study indicated significant (p<0.05) difference in the

mean egg production of different body size quails during the entire experimental

period. The maximum egg production was recorded in the small weight category and

minimum in the heavy size birds. Similar findings have also been observed (North

and Bell 1990; Ipek and Sahan 2004) in poultry birds. The interaction between flocks

and body size was not significant. These findings are in quite agreement with those of

Nestor and Bacon (1982) indicating that egg production decreased in heavy size and

increased in low body weight strains of Japanese quail. The similar findings have

been reported in chickens by Renden and McDaniel (1984); Leeson et al. (1997); in

Lohmann hens Lacin et al. (2008); in selected strains of broiler breeders Wolanski et

DISCUSSION

211

al. (2007) and in quails Aboul-Hassan (2001a). On the contrary El-Sagheer and

Hassanein (2006) reported that the medium and heavy size strains of chicken had

significantly (p<0.05) higher egg production than those of light strains.

The low egg production in heavy quails in comparison to small quails

recorded in this study could be due to less number of mature ovarian follicles in

heavy quails. Similar view point has been held by Wilson and Cunningham (1984);

Palmer and Bahr (1992) who attributed that difference in heavy and older chicken in

egg production than the lighter and younger birds has been due to physiological

changes leading to slow growth of ovarian follicles.

ii. Egg weight (g)

In the present study, the weekly mean egg weight in the imported flock of

Japanese quails was significantly (p<0.05) higher than all the local flocks during the

entire experimental period. The maximum mean egg weight was recorded in imported

quail and minimum in local-3 flock. The similar findings indicating the highest egg

weight in exotic Rhode Island Red than in local Lyallpur Silver Black breed have

been reported (Akhtar et al. 2007). The size and weight of an egg not only depends

upon the breed and strain but also it varied to great extent from one individual to

another as a result of these factors wide variation in egg weight may be present within

a flock (Shoukat et al. 1988). The similar findings have been reported by El-Fiky et

al. (2000a); Aboul-Hassan (2001a). Juliank and Christians (2002) stated that egg size

increases with advancement of age in birds. With reference to contribution of male on

the egg weight, no detectable effect of male on the egg weight of their mates has been

observed (Moss and Watson 1999). Altan et al. (1998) stated that selection of quails

DISCUSSION

212

for live body weight influenced egg weight due to increase in size of ova produced in

the ovaries of females.

The results of this study indicated significant (p<0.05) difference in the mean

egg weight in quails of different weight categories. The maximum mean egg weight

was recorded in the heavy weight category quails and minimum in the small size

birds. The similar findings have been reported by Hagger (1994) and Leeson et al.

(1997) indicating that egg weight increase was associated with increase in body

weight and age of the breeder. These findings are also in quite conformity with those

of El-Sagheer and Hassanein (2006); Kirikci et al. (2007) who observed that heavy

eggs were obtained from the heavy birds and the light eggs were produced by the

small size birds. It has further been indicated that a positive correlation exists between

body weight and egg weight (Siegel 1962; Festing and Nordskog 1967; Kinney

(1969). Therefore a compromise between body weight reduction and maintenance of

acceptable egg weight is needed (Nordskog and Briggs 1968; Hocking et al. 1987).

These results are fully substantiated by those of Afanasiev (1991) who observed that

egg weight in Japanese quails is largely dependent on the type of birds, being 8-10g

in the egg type (small size), 10-11g in the combined type (medium size) and-12-16g

for the broiler type (heavy size). Hanan (2010) reported highly significant (p<0.05)

differences in egg weight in Japanese quails at different ages. Lacin et al. (2008) also

pointed out that egg weight was lower in the group with low body weight than those

of medium and heavy hens, respectively.

DISCUSSION

213

iii. Egg mass (g/bird)

In the present study, the mean egg mass (g/bird) in all the close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails was not significantly different which appeared to be due to not

significant difference in egg production among these flocks. These results are in line

with those of Sahota and Bhatti (2003) who reported that black, dark brown and light

brown varieties of Desi chicken differed non-significantly in egg mass. Similarly, in

another study conducted by Rehman (2006) who reported that the mean egg mass

(g/bird) showed non-significant difference among different local and imported stocks

of Japanese quails, however, egg mass of local and imported stocks increased with

advancement of age from 6th to 12th weeks. In the present study, with respect to

body size categories, a not significant difference in mean egg mass was also noted,

however, interaction between flocks and body size showed significant (p<0.05)

difference. On the contrary, Nazligul et al. (2001) reported that egg mass was affected

by both age and body weight in quails.

5.1.1.3. Feed conversion ratio-FCR (g feed/egg)

The results of this study show that the mean feed conversion ratio (g feed/egg)

in all the four close-bred flocks of Japanese quails was not significantly different.

These results are in agreement with those of Rehman (2006) who indicated non-

significant difference in FCR (g feed/egg) between different local and imported

flocks of Japanese quails. Feed consumption is a variable phenomenon influenced by

several factors such as strain of the bird, energy content of the diet, ambient

temperature, floor density, hygienic conditions and rearing environments. As with

growing pullet, feed conversion is the best when the hen is young, it then gradually

DISCUSSION

214

decreases with age (Kingori et al. 2003). The findings of the present study did not

agree with those of Varkoohi et al. (2010) who reported 18.4 percent cumulative

genetic improvement in FCR or 6.1 percent improvement per generation of quails

through selection. Similarly, Jaroni et al. (1999) observed strain difference in feed

efficiency. Feed consumption was reported to be higher in the exotic Fayoumi birds

than that of local Lyallpur Silver Black (Akhtar et al. 2007).

In the present study, a significant (p<0.05) difference was observed in the

mean FCR (g feed/egg) in quail parents with different body weight. The maximum

mean FCR (g feed/egg) was recorded in the heavy weight category and minimum in

the small size birds. The interaction between flocks and body size was also

significant. The better FCR (g feed/egg) in small size quails during this study could

be attributed to less feed requirement of these birds. These findings are in line with

those of Leeson et al. (1997) who observed that the smaller birds consistently ate less

feed throughout laying regardless of the strain. Feed consumption increased as body

weight increased because heavy birds consume more feed. Similar findings reported

in Hi-sex brown strain of chicken by El-Sagheer and Hassanein (2006); in Pheasant

(Aydin and Bilgehan 2007) and in Lohmann laying hens (Lacin et al. 2008).

5.1.1.4. FCR (g feed/g egg mass)

In the present study, the mean feed conversion ratio (g feed/g egg mass) of

imported and local-3 flocks of Japanese quails was significantly (p<0.05) different

from other local flocks and difference between local-1 and local-2 was not

significant. With respect to body size categories, a significant (p<0.05) difference was

found in their mean FCR for the whole study period. The better FCR was recorded in

DISCUSSION

215

small weight category and poorer in heavy weight category quails. The results of the

present study are in close conformity with the findings of Leeson et al. (1997) who

reported that the smaller birds consistently consumed less feed throughout laying

period, regardless of the strain and this resulted in loss of egg size. Similarly, Jaroni et

al. (1999) observed that Dekalb hens exhibited better feed efficiency than Hi-sex hens

thus indicating strain differences for feed efficiency. Feed intake is reported to

increase with increase in body weight because heavy birds consume more feed and

lay larger eggs with larger egg yolk than smaller size hens (Leeson et al. 1997). The

findings of this study showing better FCR (g/egg mass) in small quails than in the

heavy and medium birds could be attributed to less feed intake by the small birds.

Feed consumption is reported to be affected by both the age and body weight in

quails (Nazligul et al. 2001). Kosba et al. (2002) reported that feed conversion ratio

ranged from 2.48 to 2.64 (feed/g egg) over the three generations of quails subjected to

selective breeding. Renden and McDaniel (1984) reported that daily feed intake was

significantly (p<.05) different between heavy and light hens and were directly related

to body weight. El-Sagheer and Hassanein (2006) observed that heavy and medium

birds of Hy-sex brown strain (HHS and MHS, respectively) exhibited significantly

(p<0.05) higher feed conversion by 2.1 and 1.1 percent, respectively, as compared

with that of light birds of Hy-sex brown (LHS). Lacin et al. (2008) observed

significant differences in feed conversion ratio among heavy, medium and small size

groups of Lohmann hen.

DISCUSSION

216

5.1.2. Egg quality characteristics

i. Egg weight (g)

The results of the present study reveal that the mean egg weight (g) in the

imported flock of Japanese quails was significantly (p<0.05) different from local-1

and local-2 flocks, however, difference between imported and local-3 flock was not

significant. The mean egg weight was also not significantly different in local-1 and

local-2 flocks. The similar findings indicating significant effect of strain on the egg

solids have been reported (Ahn et al. 1997; Gupta et al. 2007). Padhi et al. (1998)

reported breed variation in egg weight of chickens. The maximum egg weight was

recorded in Japanese quails as 11.28g (Selim and Seker 2004), 60.79±0.78g and

54.29±0.73g in Vanaraja and White Leghorn chickens at 40 weeks of age (Haunshi et

al. 2006), 60.08g in Farm chickens followed by Giriraja and indigenous chickens

(Baishya et al. 2008), 39.24±0.15g in guinea fowls (Singh et al. 2008) and

52.95±0.59g (Yadav et al. 2009) in chickens. The variation in egg weight between

imported and other local flocks recorded in this study could be attributed to strain

differences. The variation in egg weight of chickens has been suggested to be

associated with breed, strain, size of the bird, rate of egg production, nutrition and

other environmental conditions (Baishya et al. 2008; Zita et al. 2009).

In the present study heavy weight category birds had maximum egg weight

followed by medium and small size. These results are in line with those of Nazligul et

al. (2001) who stated that egg weight in Japanese quails increased with advancement

of age and with increase in body size. Similarly, egg weight in birds has been

reported to be related with their body size (Lacin et al. 2008).

DISCUSSION

217

The results of the present study indicating statistically significant (p<0.05)

difference between imported and different local close-bred flocks of Japanese quails

disagree with the findings of Rehman (2006) who could not find significant

differences in egg weight in the local and imported flocks of quails. The variation in

these results could be attributed to difference in body size of quails used in both the

studies. The quails of different weight categories were used in the present study,

whereas, quails of uniform size were maintained under the study conducted by

Rehman (2006).


In the present study, the difference in mean egg shell weight (g) in the

imported flock of Japanese quails was significant (p<0.05) than those of all the local

flocks. These results are fully substantiated with those of Silversides et al. (2006) who

reported strain variation in egg shell weight of chickens, the largest strain producing

higher egg shell weight than the lighter strains. Khurshid et al. (2003) reported that

egg shell weigh were positively correlated with egg length and width. The findings of

the present study are also in line with those of Gupta et al. (2007) who observed

significant differences in egg shell weight in different cross-bred chickens. It has been

further indicated that genotype can influence egg shell weight (Zita et al. 2009).

In the present study in respect to body size categories, there was significant

(p<0.05) difference in their mean egg shell weight. Heavy weight category birds

showed maximum egg shell weight followed by that of medium and small size birds.

The interaction between flocks and body size was significant (p<0.05). The variation

in egg shell weight in different close-bred flocks and in different size of quails

DISCUSSION

218

recorded in the present study could be attributed to variation in egg weight and shell

thickness in these birds. The egg weight has been reported to be an indicator of egg

shell weight and shell thickness (Selim and Seker 2004). The greater egg shell weight

in heavy size birds has also been suggested to be due to their low egg production

resulting in greater calcium deposition in egg shells (Wolanski et al. 2007).


The results of the present study showed that the mean egg shell thickness

(mm) in imported flock of Japanese quails was significantly (p<0.05) different from

all other local flocks. However, difference between local-1, local-2 and local-3 flocks

was not significant. The similar findings indicating significant variation in egg shell

thickness between strains (Eisen and Bohren 1963; Pandey et al. 1986; Dev and

Mahipal 2004) and breeds (Haunshi et al. 2006) have been reported. Rehman (2006)

also observed significant (p<0.05) differences in egg shell thickness among local and

imported flocks of Japanese quails. The egg shell strength in Manchurian Golden

quail was observed to be 4.6 percent greater than in Pharaoh Quail (Genchev and

Kabakchiev 2009). The egg shell strength has been associated with its shell thickness

(Deketelaere et al. 2002).

In the present study, the maximum mean egg shell thickness (0.31±0.002) was

recorded in the heavy weight quails and minimum (0.27±0.001) in the small quails.

Egg shell thickness significantly (p<0.05) differed in different size of quails. These

observations are in line with those of Ricklefs (1983) who indicated that larger body

size birds had larger egg length, width and better internal egg qualities than in smaller

body size birds. The greater egg shell thickness in heavy size quails observed in this

DISCUSSION

219

study might be due to higher egg size and egg shell weight. Scheinberg et al. (1953)

reported that the egg size may be a factor influencing the shell quality traits. The egg

weight has been reported to be an indicator of egg shell weight and shell thickness

(Selim and Seker 2004). Almost all internal egg quality traits changed at the

significant levels depending on the change in the egg weight with respect to the

external quality traits of the egg. As a result, it has been considered that it could be

possible to use the egg weight in determining the egg shell weight, shell thickness and

the shell ratio instead of using these traits that are the determinants of the egg shell

quality of the quail eggs (Selim and Seker 2004). Onbasilar et al. (2011) reported that

shell thickness was influenced by egg weight. However, the findings of the present

study are not in line with those of Nazligul et al. (2001) who observed that egg shell

thickness decreased in quails with increase in body weight and age. Lacin et al.

(2008) could not find significant effect of body weight on shell strength and shell

thickness.

iv. Haugh unit

In the present study, the mean haugh unit value in imported and all local

flocks of Japanese quails was not significantly different. These findings are quite in

agreement with the earlier findings of Rehman (2006) who observed not significant

differences in haugh unit values among local and imported flocks of Japanese quails.

Similar findings indicating non-significant differences in haugh unit values between

different breeds (Haunshi et al. 2006) and strains (Baishya et al. 2008; Afifi et al.

2010) have been reported.

DISCUSSION

220

In the present study, body size of quails significantly (p<0.05) influenced

mean haugh unit value. The interaction between flocks and body size also showed

significant (p<0.05) difference. The maximum mean haugh unit value was observed

in local-3 flock with heavy weight category, while minimum in imported flock with

small weight category. These results are in line with those of Lacin et al. (2008) who

reported significant effect of body weight on haugh unit values in chickens. Heavy

body size birds had better internal egg quality than smaller ones (Ricklefs 1983).

Haugh unit values have been reported to be related to body size (Renden and

McDaniel 1984), production cycle and egg weight (Onbasilar et al. 2011) of the birds.

However, the results of the present study did not agree with the findings of Nazligul

et al. (2001) who observed decrease in haugh unit with increase in body size of

quails. The variation in results of both the studies could be due to variation in size of

quails used in both the studies.

v. Yolk index

The findings of the present study showed that the mean yolk index of

imported flock of Japanese quails was significantly (p<0.05) different from local-2

and local-3 flocks except local-1. The similar results have been reported by Haunshi

et al. (2006); Baishya et al. (2008); Nawar (2009) indicating significant (p<0.05)

differences in yolk index among different genetic groups. Significant (p<0.05)

difference in yolk index between different breeds (Baishya et al. 2008) and cross-bred

chickens (Gupta et al. 2007) have also been reported. Tumova et al. (2007) reported

significant (p<0.05) effect of genotype on yolk index. However, contrary to the

findings of the present study, non-significant differences in yolk index for different

DISCUSSION

221

close-bred flocks of Japanese quails have been reported by Rehman (2006) which

could be due to variation in the size of quails used in both the studies. The quails of

different body weight categories were maintained during the present study, whereas,

Rehman (2006) maintained quails of uniform size. The yolk index was also reported

to be significantly (p<0.05) higher in the reciprocal crossbreds (Nwachukwu et al.

2006). During the present study, body size of quails significantly (p<0.05) influenced

yolk index. These observations are in line with those of Ricklefs (1983) who

indicated that large birds had better internal egg quality than small birds.

5.1.3. Hatching traits

i. Dead germ, dead in shell and infertile egg percent

The results of the present study show significant (p<0.05) effect of parental

body weight on dead in shell percent in H male x M female (in imported, local-1 and

local-2 flocks), H male x S female (in imported and local-1 flocks), M male x M

female (imported and local-1 flocks), M male x S female (imported and local-1

flocks), S male x H female (imported and local-1 flocks). The dead germ and infertile

egg percent were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by different parental body weight

in different close-bred flocks of Japanese quails. The results of the present study are

fully in line with those of Rehman (2006) who reported significant (p<0.05)

differences in all the hatching parameters among different local and imported stocks

of Japanese quails. The dead germ and infertile egg percent were significantly

(p<0.05) different among different close-bred flocks, whereas, dead in shell percent

was significantly (p<0.05) different in different close-bred flocks in all the parental

groups except in H male x H female, M male x M female, S male x M female and S

DISCUSSION

222

male x S female parents. These results are in line with those of Gharib et al. (2006)

who reported significantly higher fertility percent in the smaller line of Fayoumi

chickens than that of heavier line. The embryonic mortality during the early period

was reported to be non-significant (Soliman et al. 1994; Reis et al. 1997; Seker et al.

2004). Ahmad et al. (2000) found that light breeds had less embryonic mortality than

the heavy breeds. Late embryonic mortality was significantly affected by breed, size

and shape of eggs. Joseph and Moran (2005) reported that different selection

strategies affected development of the chick embryo and distribution of dead germs

was similar among hen sources.

Fertility in Japanese quails can be affected by different factors such as: mating

ratio, parental age, rate of laying, climatic and management conditions (Kulenkamp et

al. 1973). Fertility in Japanese quail has been reported to range between 72 and 92

percent (Wilson et al. 1961), 75.7 and 81.0 percent (El-Ibiary et al. 1966 and El-Fiky

1994), 66.4 and 85.8 percent (El-Fiky et al. 1996) and 66.7-85.8 percent (Sachdev et

al. 1985) Furthermore, El-Fiky et al. (1996) reported estimates between 66.4 and 85.8

percent for the same trait during 3 consecutive generations. (Marks 1979) reported

fertility estimate of 88.4 percent in a random bred population of Japanese quail.

Furthermore, Blohowiak et al. (1984) estimated 80.9 percent fertility during 13 to 16

weeks of age. Higher estimates of fertility percent as 81.7 (El-Fiky 2002), 83.4

(Sreenivasaiah and Joshi 1987), 84.0 (Line 1978) and 93.9 (Gildersleeve et al.1987)

has been indicated in quails. Marks (1979) reported decreased in fertility percent with

increase in body weight of Japanese quails. Improvement in fertility could be

achieved by improving environmental conditions (Magda et al. 2010).

DISCUSSION

223

ii. Hatchability percent

In the present study, hatchability percent was significantly (p<0.05)

influenced by parental body weight in different close-bred flocks of Japanese quails.

The highest hatchability percent was recorded in M male x S female (71.25±13.47)

parent of local-3 flock which differed significantly (p<0.05) from that of S male x M

female (43.77±15.99) in the same flock. The higher hatchability percentage

(65.24±4.41) was noted in S male x S female in imported flock which was

significantly (p<0.05) different from that of M male x H female (42.39±4.14) and H

male x H female (45.30±3.73) in the same flock. These results are in line with those

of Gharib et al. (2006) who reported significantly higher hatchability percent in the

smaller line of Fayoumi chickens than that of the heavier line. The influence of parent

body weight of female (Fasenko et al. 1992) and male (Bramwell et al. 1996) on

hatchability has been reported. Woodard et al. (1973) and Begin and Maclaury (1974)

reported that hatchability and age in quails were inversely proportional. Marks (1979)

reported that hatchability percent decreased with increase in body weight in Japanese

quails. Reduced hatchability due to higher body weight on account of obesity in

breeding flocks has been indicated (Siegel and Dunnington 1985). Hatchability of

fertile eggs in all the avian species including Japanese quails is influenced by many

factors such as, parent age, rate of lay and pre incubation storage conditions (Chahil

et al. 1975). The influence on hatchability of various environmental and management

factors in the production period, frequency of egg collection (Fasenko et al. 1991),

time of egg storage (Lapao et al. 1999; Heier et al. 2001), egg storage conditions

(Brake et al. 1997), egg shell quality (Peebles and Brake 1987; Roque and Soares

DISCUSSION

224

1994) and mating ratio (Sainsbury 1992) improving environmental conditions

(Magda et al. 2010) have also been reported from several studies. Hatchability

percent ranging between 80.2 and 88.4 percent (Woodard and Abplanalp 1967), 65.0-

88.9 percent (Chahil et al. 1975), 68.2-78.5 percent (El-Fiky et al. 1996), 63.0 to 79.0

percent (Wilson et al. 1961; Sreenivasaiah and Joshi 1987), 70.7-84.1 percent

(Sachdev et al. 1985) and 73.9 percent (El-Fiky 2002) in Japanese quails have been

reported. Lower ranges of hatchability estimates as 44.5 and 50.8 percent,

respectively, for selected and control lines of Japanese quails have been indicated

(Marks 1979). El-Fiky et al. (2000a) estimated hatchability percent as 62.7 and 57

percent for Brown and White strains of Japanese quails, respectively. Mean while,

Aboul-Hassan et al. (1999) reported an estimate of 64.2 and 70.2 percent for

hatchability of fertile eggs in the selected and the control lines subsequent to selection

for increased 6 weeks body weight in 3 successive generations of quails.



Many researchers have studied carcass traits in Japanese quails and their

findings in this respect have been discussed in the forthcoming paragraphs.

i. Dressed (carcass) weight (g)

In the present study, dressed weight was significantly (p<0.05) different in

female quails only, whereas, male quails showed not significant differences. With

respect to body size categories, significant (p<0.05) difference was observed in

dressed weight of both the sexes. The interaction between flocks and body size also

showed significant (p<0.05) difference in both sexes. The similar findings have been

DISCUSSION

225

reported indicating a significant difference in carcass weight component between the

sexes at 4-weeks of age (p<0.01) with females quails having higher figures than

males (Khaldari et al. 2010). A marginally higher carcass weight in females and a

similar parts and carcass yield ratio of empty carcass (without head, neck and feet

over live body weight) in both the sexes of quails in pure line K with 68 percent

carcass yield has been reported (Minvielle et al. 2000).

The findings of this study indicate that dressed weight in imported flock was

higher than that of local flocks. Similarly, heavy weight male quails had maximum

dressed weight followed by that of medium and small quails. These results are in line

with those of Bacon and Nestor (1983) who reported that carcass weight was

influenced by live body weight in Japanese quails. Vali et al. (2005) observed

significantly higher carcass weight in male than females in all the lines with

significant (p<0.1) strain variation.

ii. Dressing percentage

In the present study, the difference in dressing percentage in imported and

local flocks of male Japanese quails was not significant, while, difference in female

birds of imported flock was significant (p<0.05) from all local flocks. These findings

are in quite agreement with those of Khaldari et al. (2010) who observed a significant

difference in body weight and carcass weights in quails but not for carcass percentage

components between the sexes (p<0.01), females had higher figures than males at 4

week of age. The similar findings indicating significant variations in dressing

percentage among cross-bred chickens have been reported by Mondal et al. (2007).

DISCUSSION

226

The findings of this study with respect to body size categories were not

significant difference in dressing percentage between both the sexes. The interaction

between flocks and body size was not significant in male quails only. The dressing

yield can be influenced by breed, body size, slaughtering age, sex, feed quality and

the processing techniques (Carlson et al. 1975). During the present study, the heavy

weight male quails had maximum dressing percentage followed by medium and small

size, whereas small and medium female quails had higher dressing percentage. These

results are in line with those of Iqbal et al. (2009) who indicated significantly

(p<0.01) higher dressing percentage in indigenous male than female chicken. Growth

and different carcass traits have been reported to be positively correlated Jaap et al.

(1950); Davis and Hutto (1953); Bouwkamp et al. (1973). Dressing percentage in

Japanese quail has been reported as 69.4 percent (Wilson et al. 1961); 59.3 to 67.3

percent (Bacon and Nestor 1983; El-Fiky 1991 and 69.6 to 68.1 percent (Kosba et al.

1992) at 6 weeks of age.


i. Liver

In the present study, both the sexes of imported and all the local flocks of

Japanese quails were not significantly different in mean relative weight of liver.

Similar findings indicating not significant differences in liver weight have been

reported among three chicken breeds, Black Nicobari, Brown Nicobari and Barred

birds (Jai et al. 2004). Liver weights were found to be influenced by lines in both the

sexes of Japanese quails (Levent et al. 1999). With respect to body size categories,

not significant difference in relative weight of liver was observed in both the sexes

DISCUSSION

227

during this study. The interaction between flocks and body size was also not

significant. Similar findings indicating heavier liver weight in male than female

native geese have been indicated (Turgut Kirmiziba Yrak 2002). The results of this

study further showed that medium weight category birds had maximum liver weight

followed by that of heavy and small size quails in both the sexes. The similar findings

indicating that liver weight in Japanese quails was influenced by their live body

weight have been reported by Bacon and Nestor (1983). Przywarova et al. (2001)

observed higher (p<0.01) liver weight in female Japanese quails. The liver weight

was associated with increase in giblet percentage in Japanese quails (Dhaliwal et al.

2004).

ii. Heart

In the present study, relative weight of heart in male quails from local-3 flock

was significantly (p<0.05) higher than in local-1, however, it was not significantly

different from other local and imported flocks. With respect to body size categories, a

non-significant difference was found in the mean relative weight of heart in both the

sexes. However, interaction between flocks and body size had significant (p<0.05)

effect only in male quails. These findings indicating variation in heart weight between

different close-bred flocks of quails are in close agreement with those of Kumari et al.

(2008) who reported significant difference in heart weight between black and brown

strains of Japanese quails. Breed differences in heart weight of chickens have also

been indicated (Mondal et al. 2007). Selection in Japanese quails for body weight at 4

weeks was associated with increase in giblets percentage (Dhaliwal et al. 2004).

Statistically significant (p<0.001) difference in heart weight in geese of different

DISCUSSION

228

origins have been pointed out (Muammer Tilki 2004). Age related differences in heart

weight of chickens with higher heart weight at 10 weeks than at 6 weeks of age have

also been indicated (Sandercock et al. 2009).

iii. Gizzard (with and without contents)

In the present study, the relative weight of gizzard (with contents) in local-1

male flock was significantly (p<0.05) different from imported and other local flocks.

The difference among other groups was not significant, however, the relative weight

of gizzard (without contents) in local-2 male flock was significantly (p<0.05) higher

only from local-1 flock. The difference in imported and local-3 was not significant.

With respect to body size categories, a non-significant difference in the weight of

gizzard (with and without contents) in both the male and female quails was observed.

The interaction between flocks and body size was significant (p<0.05) only in male

birds and this interaction was also significant (p<0.05) for gizzard weight without

contents in both the sexes. The mean gizzard weight in imported male flock remained

higher than of the local flocks. These results indicating difference in gizzard weight

among different close-bred flocks are in conformity with those of Kumari et al.

(2008) who reported that black strain of Japanese quails was superior to brown quails

for all the slaughter characters including gizzard weight. Selection at 4 weeks body

weight in Japanese quails has been associated with increase in giblet percentage

(Dhaliwal et al. 2004). Turgut Kirmizibayrak (2002) observed that male native geese

had significantly better gizzard weight than the females. The gizzard weight was

found to have significant (p<0.01) association with body weight in Japanese quails

(Bacon and Nestor 1983) and geese (Muammer Tilki 2004).

DISCUSSION

229

5.1.4.3. Relative weight and length (g, cm/100g BW) of visceral organs

i. Intestinal weight and length

The local-1 and local-2 male quail flocks were significantly (p<0.05) different

from local-3 male flock in mean relative intestinal weight. Mean relative intestinal

weight of imported flock was not significantly different from local-3 flock. With

respect to body size categories, a non-significant difference in the mean intestinal

weight in both the sexes and in the mean intestinal length in male quails was

observed. The interaction between flocks and body size was found to be significant

(p<0.05) in male quails only. The mean intestinal length (cm) in imported and all the

local flocks of male Japanese quails showed non-significant difference, whereas, in

female quails it was significantly (p<0.05) different. In a similar study, Rehman

(2006) observed significant difference (p<0.05) in intestinal weight and length among

imported and local stocks of Japanese quails. Bhatti et al. (2003) reported breed

differences in length of intestine with higher figure in Nick chick layers than other

breeds of chickens which was attributed to higher production in Nick chick.

Jaturasitha (2004) reported higher intestinal percentage in male than female chickens.

The findings of the study conducted by Iqbal (2011) in Aseel chickens indicate higher

(p<0.05) intestinal weight (68.5±10.9g) in male than female (44.8±2.93g) at 12 weeks

of age, however, differences were not significant between sexes at 15 weeks of age.

The intestinal length was greater (p<0.05) in male birds (162.3±5.5cm) than females

(144.7±3.7cm) at 15 weeks of age, however, non-significant differences were

recorded between sexes at 12 weeks of age and also among the four varieties of Aseel

at both 12 and 15 weeks of age.

DISCUSSION

230

ii. Reproductive tract weight, length and mature ovarian follicle numbers

Difference in relative reproductive tract length between local-1 and imported

groups were not significant. Imported and local-1 flocks were significantly (p<0.05)

different than local-2 and local-3 flocks. The mean relative number of mature ovarian

follicles in imported and all other local flocks of Japanese quails was not significantly

different. These findings are quite in agreement with those of Rehman (2006) who

reported non-significant effect of close-bred flocks on reproductive tract weight,

length and ovarian follicular numbers in imported and local stocks of Japanese quails.

Levent et al. (1999) observed that sex organ weights and yields in both the sexes were

similar between different quail lines. Non-significant (p>0.05) differences were

observed in ovary weight among four varieties of Aseel at 12 and 15 weeks of age

(Iqbal 2011).

With respect to body size categories, not significant difference was found in

reproductive tract weight and mature ovarian follicle numbers, whereas, significant

(p<0.05) difference in reproductive tract length between small and heavy groups

during this study was observed. The evidence derived from the available literature

suggests that a negative relationship between body weight and different reproductive

traits in Japanese quails exists similar to chickens and turkeys (Marks 1980). A

positive correlation between ovarian follicles and body weight during the growth

period in Japanese quails has been indicated (Anthony et al. 1996), however, age at

sexual maturity and follicle number was reported to be negatively correlated in two

lines of quails (Reddish et al. 2003). A higher ovary weight was observed following

the onset of sexual maturity than 1 or 2 weeks before at the age of 35 and 28 days,

respectively (Yannakopoulos et al. 1995).

DISCUSSION

231

iii. Testes weight

The mean testes weight (g) in imported and all the local flocks of Japanese

quails was not significantly different during this study. With respect to body size

categories, not significant difference was observed in their mean weight of testes.

These findings are in line with those of Rehman (2006) who reported non-significant

difference in testes weight of imported and local stocks of Japanese quails. Levent et

al. (1999) observed similar weights of sex organs and yields in both the sexes

between different quail lines. Similarly, non-significant (p>0.05) differences were

observed in testes weight among the four varieties of Aseel at 12 and 15 weeks of age

(Iqbal 2011).

5.1.4.4. Proximate analysis

i. Breast meat

The results of the present study showed non-significant differences in percent

crude protein and ether extract in breast meat in both the sexes of Japanese quails

except in dry matter. The ash percent in breast meat in male quails was not

significantly different, however, it was significantly (p<0.05) different in female

quails. With respect to body size categories, a significant (p<0.05) difference was

observed in crude protein percent only in female quails. Significant (p<0.05)

difference in percent ash was recorded in female quails only, whereas, non-significant

difference was observed in dry matter percent in both the sexes. The interaction

between flocks and body size showed non-significant differences in both sexes of

quails in crude protein, ether extract and dry matter percent except ash percent. The

results of this study are in line with the findings of Zaman et al. (2009) who reported

DISCUSSION

232

non-significant differences in crude protein, ether extract, dry matter and ash percent

in breast meat in both the sexes of Nageswari ducks. Significant breed variation in

protein and moisture in meat and no such difference in muscles has been observed

(Fujimura et al. 1996). Chen et al. (1996); Bhatti et al. (2003a) reported non-

significant difference (p>0.05) in crude protein, crude fat, total ash and moisture

contents regardless of sex and strains of chickens. Higher fat content in breast meat in

female chicken was recorded than in male breast. The effect of strain, age and sex on

the composition of carcass revealed that moisture percentage was not significantly

affected by strain and sex. However, it decreased with increase in age. Crude protein

contents generally increased with age in both the sexes of all the four strains broiler

chickens. Fat contents increased with age in the all four strains. Female broilers of all

strains had significantly greater fat contents than the male broilers (p<0.05). Between

the male and female broilers Hubbard strain had significantly more fat percentage,

followed by Indian River, Ross and Lohmann. There was no effect on the ash

contents of carcass due to sex and strain, through it decreased with increase in age

(Ahmad 1989).

ii. Thigh meat

In the present study, the difference in mean crude protein and ether extract in

thigh meat in both the sexes of imported and local flocks of Japanese quails was not

significant. However ash percent in both the sexes of quails were not significantly

different. The results further showed that dry matter percent in thigh meat of local -1

male flock was significantly (p<0.05) different from local-2 and local-3 flocks. With

respect to body size categories, not significant difference in the mean crude protein,

DISCUSSION

233

ether extract and ash percent was found except for dry matter in both the sexes of

quails. The interaction between flocks and body size showed significant (p<0.05)

difference in ether extract and dry matter percent except for crude protein and ash

percent in both the sexes of quails. The results of this study are in agreement with

those of Zaman et al. (2009) who reported non-significant difference in the mean

percentage of moisture, crude protein, ether extract and ash content in thigh meat in

both the sexes of Nageswari ducks. Similarly, no differences could be detected in

carcass fat in five commercial broiler strains (Becker et al. 1981). The protein content

of meat was reported to be similar in different strains of chickens (Fujimura et al.

1996). The results of the present study indicating non-significant difference in crude

protein and fat contents of breast and thigh meat in quails of different body size and

close-bred flocks could be attributed to feeding of the same feed to these birds thus

not influencing composition of meat for these parameters. Similar findings in

chickens have also been reported (Bhatti et al. 2003a).

5.1.4.5. Blood biochemical profile

i. Blood serum chemistry

In the present study, imported and local flocks of male and female Japanese

quails was significantly (p<0.05) different in mean serum total protein, cholesterol

and urea (mg/dl) concentration except in serum glucose, whereas, serum albumin

concentration were significantly (p<0.05) different only in female quail flocks. With

respect to body size categories, not significant difference was found in mean serum

glucose, total protein, albumin, cholesterol and urea (mg/dl) concentrations during

DISCUSSION

234

this study. The interaction between flocks and body size was also not significant in

serum glucose and urea levels in both the sexes of quails.

The results of the present study indicating variation in total protein and

cholesterol levels between male and female quails are in line with those of Scholtz et

al. (2009) who reported variation in total protein and cholesterol levels in both the

sexes in adult quails. Blood cholesterol was reported to significantly vary in different

birds at different stages (Yeh et al. 1996). The plasma cholesterol level (150.72

mg/dl) was found to vary significantly between sexes in quails (Malarmathi et al.

2009). Bahie El-Deen (2009) observed that cholesterol concentration in quails was

reduced at 13 week of age (peak egg production) than during other production

periods. This could be due to depression in serum cholesterol during high egg

production period on account of cholesterol shift from the blood to the ovarian tissue

for egg yolk formation which seems to be a metabolic phenomenon for meeting a

continued serum cholesterol demand to replenish losses during egg formation

production (Mady 1990). Flora and Sangeetha (2000) observed significant differences

in total protein and serum albumin concentration between both the sexes of RIR

chickens during different age periods. Breed differences in total blood protein

concentration in ducks have also been reported (Makinde and Fatunmbi 1985). The

variation in serum urea concentration between different close-bred flocks during this

study might be due to variation in metabolism of protein/amino acid in these flocks as

Sykes (1971) indicated that urea/uric acid is the end product of metabolism of

protein/amino acid.

DISCUSSION

235

The results of the present study indicate not significant difference in serum

glucose concentration of different close-bred flocks of quails which could be due to

their identical potential to metabolize carbohydrate. Similar explanation was made by

Saleem et al. (1996) in case of three different strains of broiler chickens.

In the present study, serum protein concentration in different close-bred flocks

of quails was found to range between 3.31 to 6.50mg/dl which is quite similar to the

values recorded by (Malarmathi et al. 2009) in Black strain of Japanese quails.

There is reported to be not significant difference with regard to serum protein,

glucose and phosphorus contents between breeds of broilers (Saleem et al. 1996)

whereas, protein and water contents are reported to differ significantly between breed

types but there was no difference in muscles (Fujimura et al. 1996).

ii. Plasma macro minerals

During the present study, the mean plasma calcium and sodium (mg/dl) in

imported and local flocks of Japanese quails was not significantly different from each

other in both the sexes of. The mean plasma phosphorus and potassium in imported

and local flocks varied significantly (p<0.05) only in female flocks. The plasma

magnesium in imported and local flocks of Japanese quails showed significant

(p<0.05) difference only in male quails. With respect to body size categories, a

significant (p<0.05) difference was observed for plasma P, Na, K and Mg levels only

in female quails, whereas, not significant difference was found in mean plasma Ca

levels in both the sexes of quails. The interaction between flocks and body size was

not significant for plasma Ca level in both the sexes. However, it was significant

DISCUSSION

236

(p<0.05) for plasma P, Na and K in female quails and for Mg in both the sexes of

quails.

The level of several blood plasma constituents has been reported to vary in

female birds during different reproductive stages (Bacon et al. 1980). Therefore,

plasma mineral concentrations during laying period can be influenced by many

factors such as laying rate (Suchy et al. 2001), body weight and age of hens (Cerolini

et al. 1990; Gyenis et al. 2006; Pavlik et al. 2009). The results of the present study

indicating not significant difference in plasma calcium and sodium concentration in

imported and local flocks of quails are in quite agreement with those of (Abdelrahim

Ahmed 2009) who observed not significant differences in plasma calcium and sodium

levels between three breeds of Sudanese indigenous chickens. However, the results of

this study are not in line with those of El-Kaiaty and Hassan (2004), who reported

significant differences between local strains of chickens for serum calcium. Enaiat et

al. (2010) observed strain variation in plasma calcium level in chickens. Hanan

(2010) observed highly significant increase in Ca with advancement of age. The exact

reasons for variation in findings of the present and of other studies in respect of

plasma calcium levels could not be precisely explained, however, it seems that,

similar blood plasma levels in different close-bred flocks of quails in this study might

be due to an identical genetic mechanism controlling calcium metabolism in these

birds. The concentration of various plasma blood components may vary in female

birds during different productive stages (Bacon et al. 1980). Different studies were

undertaken to associate performance with some physical and chemical constituents of

blood in chickens (Mady 1990; El-Bogdady et al. 1993). The results of these

DISCUSSION

237

investigations, however, are conflicting. Increase in Ca level with increase in egg

production has been due to release of steroid hormones in laying hens through several

modes of action involving deposition of calcium within the medullar portion of long

bones (Johnson 1986) and also increased protein bound serum calcium (Urist et al.

1958). A considerable increase in plasma calcium levels at the beginning of laying

period of hens and its subsequent gradual increase has been observed (Cerolini et al.

1990; Gyenis et al. 2006; Pavlik et al. 2009).

The results of the present study showed not significantly difference in plasma

phosphorus concentration between male quails and in plasma sodium levels in both

the sexes of imported and local flocks. These results are in agreement with those of

Hassan et al. (2006) who observed not significant difference in serum phosphorus

levels between different strains of chickens. Enaiat et al. (2010) could not detect an

appreciable difference in plasma phosphorus levels between two different strains of

chickens. Enaiat et al. (2010) reported not significant strain differences in serum

phosphorus. Olayemi et al. (2002) reported that sodium levels in the young Nigerian

ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) were not significantly different from those of the adult

ducks. The variation in plasma phosphorus concentration between male and female

quails recorded during this study agree with the findings of Nazifi et al. (2011) who

reported significant (p<0.05) difference in blood phosphorus concentration between

both the sexes of Iranian chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar). Bhatti et al. (2002)

reported increased serum phosphorus concentration (p<0.05) during laying. Hanan

(2010) reported significant increase in plasma phosphorus with advancement of age

DISCUSSION

238

with lowest values at 18 weeks. Pavlik et al. (2009) reported that plasma phosphorus

concentrations decreased from 22 to75 weeks of age in laying hens.

In the present study, mean plasma potassium concentration in imported and

local flocks was significant (p<0.05) only in female quails. Similar findings

indicating breed variation in plasma potassium concentration in Sudanese indigenous

chickens have been reported by Abdelrahim Ahmed (2009). Potassium is essentially

needed for many important functions such as osmotic, acid base and water balance

and also involves in different enzymatic actions and a balance is necessary between

potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium (McDowell 1993). With increase in pH

of the body fluids, potassium concentration and alkalinity in the cells increase,

resulting into more alkalinity in the urine (Donald et al. 1988).

5.2. Progeny flock

5.2.1. Growth performance

During the present study, effect of different body weights in 4 close-bred

flocks (1 imported and 3 local) of Japanese quails on the growth performance and

other related parameters of the progeny have been discussed as under:

i. Body weight (g)

In the present study, different parental body weight categories significantly

(p<0.05) affected day-old progeny body weight and also 1st, 2nd and 3rd week body

weight of Japanese quail. The heavy male parents had apparently more pronounced

effect on day-old and 1st week progeny body weights, however, the results were not

significant in all the close-bred flocks. However, pronounced effect of male parent

body weight on progeny 1st week was recorded. The progeny body weight of quails

DISCUSSION

239

in different close- bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different in all the parental

groups. The interaction between parental body size and close-bred flocks was

significant (p<0.05) for 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks progeny body weight except for day-

old body weight. The findings of this study indicating greater effect of male parent on

progeny body weight in Japanese quails could be due to higher heritability of this trait

in male quail parents than the female. Kawahara and Saito (1976) reported higher

heritability and larger genetic variance for total body weight and muscle weight in

male quails than females. The results of this study indicating effect of parent body

weight on progeny body weight could be due to higher egg weight and day-old chick

weight from heavy parents which subsequently lead to higher final body weight at 3rd

week in the progeny. The similar findings indicating significant effect of hatch weight

on 2nd week body weight in quails have been reported (Saatci et al. 2003; Saatci et al.

2006; Shokoohmand et al. 2007; Kumari et al. 2009; Alkan et al. 2010).

The results of the present study showing significant (p<0.05) difference in

body weight of quails in different close-bred flocks are in line with those of Leeson et

al. (1997) who reported significant (p<0.01) strain effect on body weight in chickens.

It has been further observed that selected males produced significantly (p<0.01)

heavier body weight in broilers at 6 weeks of age (Van Wambeke et al. 1981).

The previous findings indicated that several factors, including, species, breed,

egg nutrient levels, egg environment, egg size (Wilson 1991a, b), weight loss during

the incubation period, weight of the shell and other residues at hatch (Tullett and

Burton 1982), shell quality, and incubator conditions (Peebles and Brake 1987) may

influence hatching weight of chicks. In addition, many factors such as seasonal

DISCUSSION

240

effects (because of changes in maternal metabolism), genotype, incubation period

(Wilson 1991b), body weight, and hen age (Benoff and Renden 1983; Tserveni-Gousi

1987), as well as correlated responses due to genetic selection (Rodda et al. 1977;

Akbar et al. 1983; Fletcher et al. 1983), may alter egg weight-chick weight

relationships. The earlier findings also indicated that maternal effect on chick weight

was possibly mediated via egg composition of both the genetic and the environmental

origin. Furthermore, no significant genetic correlation of the direct genetic effect on

chick weight and on egg composition was found (Hartmann et al. 2003).

In the present study, the body weight at hatching in different quail progenies

secured from heavy, medium and small size quail parents was 8.14±0.23g,

7.85±0.06g, 7.69±0.03g, respectively. However, in other studies, body weight of

Japanese quail at week-0 has been recorded as 6g for both the sexes by Lepore and

Marks (1971). For 2nd weeks body weight in Japanese quail, Sefton and Siegel

(1974) reported a range from 37.8 to 43.4g for males and from 38.7 to 45.1g for

females, whereas, Lepore and Marks (1971), Mousa (1993) and Aboul-Hassan (2000)

reported body weight of quails at 2nd week as 43.6, 36.4 and 35.2g, respectively.

Similarly, 2nd weeks body weight as 41.0 and 45.1g for males and females,

respectively (El-Fiky 1991), 46.4g for the Brown strain of Japanese quail and 40.2g

for the White strain (Aboul-Hassan 2001a) and 71.89g (Megeed and Younis 2006)

have been reported. Abdel-Fattah (2006) reported higher estimate for this trait as

54.06 and 54.80g for males and females, respectively for 3rd week. Contrary to the

above findings, the higher body weight in quails at 2nd and 3rd week has been

DISCUSSION

241

observed during this study. This variation in body weights could be due to genetic

variation in quail strains used in these studies.

ii. Weight gain (g)

In the present study, effect of different parental body size on 1st, 2nd and 3rd

week and cumulative progeny body weight gain was significant (p<0.05). The

interaction between parental body size and close-bred flocks was also significant.

The highest progeny weight gain during 1st week in Japanese quails was recorded in

M male x M female parents in imported flock (21.16±1.58), whereas, the lowest

progeny body weight gain during this period was in H male x S female (16.28±1.75)

parent in local-2 flock. The results further showed significant (p<0.05) differences in

1st week progeny body weight gain among imported and local-close-bred flocks

except in H male x H female, M male x H female and M male x S female parents.

The highest 2nd week progeny weight gain was noted in M male x S female

(38.60±1.20) parent of local-1 flock and in H male x H female (38.60±1.20) parent of

imported flock, whereas, the lowest was in S male x S female (27.30±3.60) parent in

imported flock. The 2nd week progeny body weight gain among different close-bred

flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different from each other except from H male x S

female parents. The 3rd week progeny body weight gain in imported and local flocks

of different parental groups was significantly (p<0.05) different except from H male x

H female, H male x S female, M male x S female, S male x M female parental

groups. The results of this study showing variation in body weight gain among

different close-bred flocks are in agreement with those of Yakubu et al. (2006) who

reported strain variation (p<0.05) in body weight gain in broilers at the age of 4-

DISCUSSION

242

week. The similar strain variation in body weight gain in Aseel chicken at different

ages has also been indicated by Iqbal (2011). The effect of egg size was highly

significant in case of body weight gain in Japanese quails (Shoukat 1989).

iii. Feed intake (g) and FCR (feed/g gain)

In the present study, 1st, 2nd and 3rd week and cumulative feed intake (g) and

feed conversion ratio-FCR (feed/g gain) of the progeny were significantly (p<0.05)

influenced by parental body size of Japanese quails. The 1st week progeny feed

intake in different close-bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different from each

other in all the parental groups except in H male x H female, H male x M female and

S male x H female. The 2nd and 3rd week progeny feed intake and 2nd week progeny

FCR (feed/g gain) in different close-bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different

from each other. The highest progeny cumulative feed intake was recorded in M male

x H female (393.17±30.66) parent group in imported flock which was significantly

(p<0.05) different from rest of the parent groups in imported flock. The interaction

between parental body weight and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05) for

weekly and cumulative feed intake and FCR (feed/g gain) in the progeny. These

results indicating variation in FCR in quail progenies from different close-bred flocks

agree with those of Sahota et al. (2003) who reported significant (p<0.01) differences

in feed conversion efficiency in progenies of Desi chickens in comparison to their

parents. Khantaprab and Tarachai (1998) reported that feed conversion ratio (FCR) in

8 weeks-old ducks were significantly (p>0.05) different between breeds. Marks

(1980) observed that feed conversions for two lines (P and T) selected for high 4-

week body weight were superior to that of a non-selected control line following 42

DISCUSSION

243

generations of selection indicating that selection for increased body weight also

resulted in improved feed utilization. The FCR in four varieties of Aseel was

significantly (p<0.05) different at 1st, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th,

14th and 15th weeks of age (Iqbal 2011). Significant strain variation in feed intake

has been reported (Joya et al. 1979; Proudfoot and Hulan 1987; Leeson et al 1997).

The variation in feed intake and feed conversion ratio due to sex has also been

observed (Balogun et al. 1997; Ajayi and Ejiofor 2009).

The findings of the present study showing effect of parental body weight on

progeny feed intake in quails are fully supported by those of Renden and McDaniel

(1984) who reported that daily feed intake was significantly (p<0.05) different

between heavy and light hens and were directly related to their body weight. Feed

efficiency was greatest in control hens with both control and light hens significantly

more efficient than heavy hens. It has been further indicated that chicks hatched from

larger and medium eggs were heavier at day-old, gained considerably more weight up

to 6-weeks of age (Farooq 1989). The maintenance requirement of feed has been

reported to be increased with increase in body weight of birds which reduced

availability of energy required for their growth (May et al. 1998; Smith et al. 1998;

Smith and Pesti 1998; Coetzee and Hoffman 2001), thus having detrimental effect

on feed intake and feed conversion ratio (Rondelli et al. 2003). Selection to decrease

feed conversion ratio increases body weight and weight gain and decreases feed

intake and residual feed intake as a correlated response (Varkoohi et al. 2010).

DISCUSSION

244

iv. Mortality rate (%)

In the present study, a significant (p<0.05) effect of different parental body

weights on progeny mortality rate (%) during 1st, 2nd and 3rd week and cumulative

progeny mortality rate was recorded. The mortality rate in quail progenies secured

from small size parents was higher than those hatched from heavy and medium

parents. This high mortality could be attributed to small egg and chick size from

small parents. These results agree with those of Among et al. (1984) who reported

higher mortality rate in chicks hatched from smaller eggs than of larger eggs. Wilson

(1991) indicated that weight of the newly hatched chick was correlated with post-

hatch growth and chick mortality.

During the present study, the first week progeny mortality rate in different

close-bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different from H male x H female, H

male x S female, M male x H female, S male x H female, S male x M female and S

male x S female parents. The progeny mortality rate during 2nd week and cumulative

mortality rate in different close-bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different in all

the parental groups. The progeny mortality rate during 3rd week in local-2 flock was

significantly (p<0.05) different from imported and other local flocks from M male x S

female parental group. The interaction between parental body weight and close-bred

flocks was significant (p<0.05). These results are in line with those of Awobajo et al.

(2009) who reported significant (p<0.001) difference in mortality rate in various

broiler strains during brooding stage with Ross having the lowest mortality rate. The

chicks hatched from larger and medium eggs showed a lower percentage of mortality

as compared to chicks hatched from smaller eggs (Farooq 1989). Yassin et al. (2009)

DISCUSSION

245

reported significant differences in first week mortality in broilers hatched from

different broiler breeders. Livability in broilers may depend on day-old chick quality

and farm management (Wilson 1991a, 1997; Joseph and Moran 2005a; Tona et al.

2005; Decuypere and Bruggeman 2007). The ability of a chick to survive during 1st

week is associated with the quality of the day-old broiler (Goodhope 1991). Mortality

rate during 1st week can influence subsequent performance of the flock. In the

present study, the mortality rate in quail progenies hatched from heavy, medium and

small parents ranged from 11.5±1.11, 10.36±3.67 and 15.41±2.56 percent,

respectively. This mortality range is in line with those of El-Fiky et al. (1996) and El-

Fiky et al. (2000) who reported early and late mortality rate between 5.0 to 9.5

percent and 16.50 to 22.2 percent and 5.07 to 5.18 percent and 16.50 to 18.25 percent

in Japanese quails.



i. Slaughter weight, dressed weight and dressing percentage at week-3


influenced progeny slaughter weight, dressed weight and dressing percentage in

Japanese quails at 3rd week. The slaughter weight (g) in male progeny in different

close-bred flocks of quails from all the parental groups was significantly (p<0.05)

different except from M male x M female and S male x H female parents. The

slaughter weight (g) in different close-bred flocks in female progeny in all the

parental groups was significantly (p<0.05) different. The interaction between parental

body size and close-bred flocks for above parameters was significant (p<0.05) both in

DISCUSSION

246

male and female quails. The dressed weight (g) in all the close-bred flocks differed

significantly in male and female quails. The dressing percentage in the quail

progenies from different close-bred flocks in H male x S female parental groups were

not significantly different, whereas, in other parental groups, quail progenies from all

the close-bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different.

The results of the present study showing variation in dressing percent in quail

progenies from different close-bred flocks are in agreement with those of Punyavee et

al. (2000) who reported differences in dressing percentage between native and

imported breeds of chickens. The carcass weight variation in different quail lines has

been observed (Levent et al. 1999). Jaturasitha et al. (2004) reported lower dressing

percentage in exotic chickens than the native breed. Similar variation in dressing

percentage (Lopez et al. 2006; Zhao et al. 2009; Lopez et al. 2011) and slaughter

yield (Yakubu et al. 2006) in broiler strains has been reported. The carcass

components in broilers have been reported to be influenced by the dietary enzymes

besides genetic makeup (Thakur and Kulkarni 1991).

The findings of the present study indicating higher dressing percent in male

than female quails are in line with those of Sandip (2010) who obtained similar

results in quails. Similar sex variation in dressing yield of broilers with male broilers

possessing higher dressing percent than female broilers has been indicated by Lopez

et al. (2006). The results of this study indicating significant effect of parental body

weight on progeny carcass characteristics could be attributed to a positive correlation

between body weight and carcass traits in the quails. Toelle et al. (1991) has stated

DISCUSSION

247

that genetic correlations of body weight with carcass measurements in Japanese

quails were positive and tended to be moderate to high.


i. Liver, heart and gizzard

In the present study, relative weight of liver, heart and gizzard (g/100g BW) in

the progeny was significantly (p<0.05) influenced by parental body size in different

close-bred flocks of Japanese quails. The liver weight in female progeny in different

close-bred flocks from all the parental groups was significantly (p<0.05) different

except from H male x S female, M male x S female and S male x M female parental

groups. The heart weight in female quail progeny in different close-bred flocks from

all the parental groups was significantly (p<0.05) different. The gizzard weight in

male and female progeny of quails from different close-bred flocks in all the parental

groups was significant (p<0.05). The interaction between parental body size and

close-bred flocks for different organ weights was significant (p<0.05). These results

indicating significant variation in weight of liver, heart and gizzard in different close-

bred flocks of quails are in close agreement with the findings of Oguz et al. (1996)

who reported similar variations in different lines of quails. Similarly, Punyavee et al.

(2000) reported higher weight of liver and gizzard in native breed of chicken than the

fast growing breeds. During this study, female quails had higher weight of liver than

male quails. An identical trend of liver weight in quails was reported by Sandip

(2010). The higher weight of heart in female quails than male recorded in this study

could be attributed to higher body weight in female quails. Bacon and Nestor (1983);

DISCUSSION

248

Tserveni-Gousi and Yannakopoulos (1986) reported that heart weight in Japanese

quails were influenced by their live body weight.

5.2.2.3. Relative length (cm/100g BW) of visceral organ

i. Intestinal length

The results of this study show that intestinal length in the quail progeny was

influenced (p<0.05) by different parent body weights in different close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails. The intestinal length in female quail progeny in different close-bred

flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different from all the parental groups except from H

male x M female and H male x S female parents. The interaction between parental

body weight and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05). The findings of this

study indicating variation in intestinal length between different close-bred flocks of

Japanese quails are in line with earlier findings of Rehman (2006) who observed

significant (p<0.05) difference in intestinal length among imported and local stocks of

Japanese quails. The intestinal length in Desi hens was larger than in other three

strains of chicken (Bhatti et al. 2003). The results of this study showing greater

intestinal length in female than male quails are in agreement with those of Sandip

(2010) who reported similar observations in quails.

249

Chapter 6

SUMMARY

In Pakistan, the low live and dressed market weights in Japanese quails has

been one of the significant problems badly influencing future development in quail

production. No serious attempts have yet been made in the country to improve body

weight and meat yield in local quails. The present study of one year duration was

therefore, planned at Avian Research and Training (ART) Centre, Department of

Poultry Production, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of

Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. The main objectives of the study were to

evaluate productive performance, egg quality, hatching performance, slaughter

characteristics and blood biochemical profile in four close-bred flocks of Japanese

quails with different body weights and examine its effect on the subsequent progeny

growth. For this purpose, a total of 432 (108 males and 324 females) adult quails

were randomly picked up from 4 close-bred flocks maintained at ART Centre and

then were divided into 108 experimental units/ replicates (comprising 1 male and 3

females each). These experimental units were randomly assigned to 12 treatment

groups, having 4 close-bred flocks (imported, local 1, local 2, and local 3) x 3 female

body size (heavy, medium and small) with randomized complete block design

(RCBD) in factorial arrangements having 9 replicates in each treatment.

The experimental quails were maintained under standard management

conditions in individual compartments in multi-deck cages equipped with separate

SUMMARY

250

nipple drinkers and were fed ad-libitum with a quail breeder ration prepared

according to NRC standards. The weekly data on productive performance (body

weight, egg production and feed intake) were recorded. Feed conversion ratio (g

feed/egg and g feed/g egg mass) was worked out. Egg quality characteristics (egg

weight, shell weight, shell thickness, haugh unit, yolk index, and blood and meat

spots) and hatching traits (dead germ percent, dead in shell percent, infertile egg

percent, hatchability percent and mal-positions) were recorded. At the termination of

the experiment, two breeder quails from each experimental unit (one male and one

female each) were randomly picked up and were slaughtered to record the

slaughtering traits (live and dressed weight, dressing percentage, weight of giblets

and other visceral organs). Proximate composition (crude protein, ether extract, dry

matter and ash contents) of thigh and breast meat was determined. Blood samples

from each group were analyzed for blood serum glucose, total protein, albumin,

cholesterol and urea. Blood macro mineral profile for plasma calcium (Ca),

phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) was determined.

The eggs from each replicate were collected and separately incubated on

fortnightly basis to study 3 weeks progeny growth performance (average weight of

day-old quail chicks, weekly body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion

ratio (feed/g gain) and mortality rate). At the end of 3rd week, 2 quails (one male and

one female each) from each experimental unit were picked up randomly and were

slaughtered to record slaughtering traits (slaughter and dressed weight, dressing

percentage, weight of giblets and visceral organs). Economics of quail production up

to 3 weeks was worked out.

SUMMARY

251

The data thus collected were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA)

technique with randomized complete block design (RCBD) under factorial

arrangement for further interpretation using general linear model (GLM) procedures

(SAS, 9.1 version). The comparison of means was made using Duncan’s Multiple

Range (DMR) test.


In the present study of 31 weeks duration, imported flock of Japanese quails

gained significantly higher body weight than local flocks. With respect to body size

categories, there was a significant (p<0.05) difference in their mean body weight. The

interaction between flocks and body size was also observed to be significant (p<0.05).

The heavy weight quails had maximum body weight followed by that of medium and

small size quails.

The difference in mean egg production percentage, egg number and feed

conversion ratio (g feed/egg) were not significant, whereas, egg weight was

significantly (p<0.05) higher in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails. Mean feed

conversion ratio (g feed/g egg mass) in imported and local-3 flocks of Japanese quails

was significantly (p<0.05) different from other local flocks. The body weight

categories had significant (p<0.05) effect on egg production percentage, egg number,

feed conversion ratio (g feed/egg) and egg weight, however, their effect was not

significant on egg mass. The interaction between flocks and body size showed a

similar trend. The mortality remained nil in the experimental breeder quails during

this study.

SUMMARY

252

The significant (p<0.05) differences were noted in egg weight, shell weight,

shell thickness, yolk index, dead germ, infertile egg and hatchability percent,

whereas, haugh unit value was not significantly different in all the close-bred flocks

of Japanese quails. The dead in shell percent in different close-bred flocks was

significantly (p<0.05) different in all the parental groups except in H male x H

female, M male x H female, S male x M female and S male x S female. With respect

to body size categories, differences for egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, yolk

index, haugh unit value, dead germ, infertile egg and hatchability percent were

significant (p<0.05). The interaction between flocks and body size was significant in

respect of all the above egg quality and hatching traits. Blood and meat spots were

found nil and no mal-positions were noted.

The minimum dead germ percent was recorded in local-2 and local-3 flocks in

S male x H female, however, the highest hatchability percent was recorded in M male

x S female parent of local-3 flock. The significant (p<0.05) effect of parental body

weight on dead in shell percent was recorded in H male x M female (in imported,

local-1 and local-2 flocks), H male x S female (in imported and local-1 flocks), M

male x M female (imported and local-1 flocks), M male x S female (imported and

local-1 flocks), S male x H female (imported and local-1 flocks).

The dressed weight (g) in imported and local flocks of Japanese quails was

significantly (p<0.05) different in female quails, whereas, dressing percentage in

imported and local flocks of male Japanese quails was not significantly different.

With respect to body size categories, there was a significant (p<0.05) difference for

dressed weight and dressing percentage in both the sexes.

SUMMARY

253

The imported flock of male Japanese quails was significantly (p<0.05)

different from all the other local flocks in relative weight of gizzard (with and without

contents) .Imported and all the local flocks of Japanese quails were not significantly

different in their relative weight of liver in both the sexes. The relative weight of heart

and mean weight of intestine in local-3 flock of male Japanese quails were

significantly (p<0.05) different, whereas, female birds were not significantly different

in this respect from all the local and imported flocks. With respect to body size

categories, relative weight of heart, liver, gizzard and intestines in both the sexes were

not significantly different. The interaction between flocks and body size was not

significant for liver weight, whereas, it was significant (p<0.05) for heart, gizzard and

intestinal weight only in male quails.

The intestinal length and testes weight in male and mature ovarian follicle

number and reproductive tract weight in female quails were not significantly different

in imported and local flocks. With respect to body size categories, differences in

mean length of intestine and mean weight of testes were not significant in male

quails. The similar non-significant difference in reproductive tract weight and number

of mature ovarian follicles was recorded in female quails. The interaction between

flocks and body size for intestinal length, reproductive tract and testes weight was not

significant, whereas, it was significant (p<0.05) for reproductive tract length.

The crude protein and ether extract percent in breast meat of male and female

Japanese quails were not significant. With respect to body size categories, there was a

significant (p<0.05) difference in percent crude protein in female quails, whereas,

similar trend for ether extract was observed only in male quails. The dry matter

SUMMARY

254

percent in breast meat of Japanese quails was significantly (p<0.05) different only in

male quails. With respect to body size categories, mean dry matter percent was not

significantly different in both the sexes. The interaction between flocks and body size

was not significant for crude protein and ether extract, whereas, it was significant

(p<0.05) for dry matter percent in both the sexes of quails.

Ash percent in breast meat was not significantly different in male quails,

whereas, it was significantly (p<0.05) different in female quails. The ash percent in

breast meat and ash and crude protein percent in thigh meat in male and female quails

were significantly different among imported and local flocks With respect to body

size categories, there was a significant (p<0.05) difference in ash percent in breast

meat in female, whereas, difference was noted in ash and crude protein percent in

thigh meat in both the sexes of quails was not significant. The interaction between

flocks and body size was also non-significant for these components in thigh meat.

The difference in dry matter percent in thigh meat of local -1 male flock was

significant (p<0.05) from local-2 and local-3 flocks, whereas, female quails were not

significantly different in this respect. With respect to body size categories, there was a

significant (p<0.05) difference in mean dry matter percent in male quails. Ether

extract percent in thigh meat was significantly different between male and female

quails. With respect to initial body size categories, ether extract percent was not

significantly different in both the sexes. The interaction between flocks and body size

was significant (p<0.05) in both sexes of quails for dry matter and ether extract

percent.

SUMMARY

255

The mean serum glucose level in male and female quails was not significantly

different among imported and local flocks. With respect to body size categories, a

non-significant difference was noted in serum glucose levels. The interaction between

flocks and body sizes was also not significant. The total serum protein level was

significantly different in both the sexes of imported and local flocks, whereas, serum

cholesterol and serum albumin levels were significantly different only in female

quails of imported and local flocks. Serum urea concentration was significantly

(p<0.05) different only in male quails of imported and local flocks. However, with

respect to body size categories, serum protein, cholesterol, albumin and urea levels

were not significantly different in both the sexes of quails. The interaction between

flocks and body size was significant for serum protein and urea in both the sexes of

quails. However, this interaction in respect of serum cholesterol was significant only

in male quails, whereas, it was significant for serum albumin only in females.

The difference in mean plasma calcium and sodium levels in male and female

quails of imported and local flocks of Japanese quails was not significant. With

respect to body size categories, mean plasma calcium level in both the sexes of quails

was not significantly different, however, plasma sodium concentration was

significantly (p<0.05) different only in female quails. The interaction between flocks

and body size for plasma calcium levels was significant (p<0.05) in both the sexes of

quails, whereas, for plasma sodium it was significant (p<0.05) only in female quails.

The mean plasma phosphorus and potassium levels in imported and local flocks of

Japanese quails were significantly (p<0.05) different only in female quails, whereas,

plasma magnesium was significantly (p<0.05) different only in male quails. However,

SUMMARY

256

with respect to body size categories, plasma phosphorus, potassium and magnesium

were significantly (p<0.05) different in female quails only. The interaction between

flocks and body size was significant for potassium and phosphorus in female quails

only, whereas, it was also significant for plasma magnesium levels in both the sexes

of quails

6.2. Progeny flock

In the present study different parental body weight categories significantly

(p<0.05) affected day-old, 1st, 2nd and 3rd week progeny body weight in Japanese

quails. The heavy male parents had apparently more pronounced effect on day-old

and 1st week progeny body weight, however, the results were not significant in all

close-bred flocks. The results indicated significant (p<0.05) effect of male parent

body weight on 1st week progeny body weight in Japanese quails. The progeny day-

old and 1st week progeny body weights in different close-bred flocks were not

significantly different from each other. The interaction between parental body weight

and close-bred flocks was not significant for day-old body weight.

The cumulative body weight gain in quail progenies from different close-bred

flocks were significantly (p<0.05) different in all the parental groups. The interaction

between parental body size and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05). Effect of

different parental body size on 1st, 2nd, 3rd week and cumulative progeny body

weight gain was significant (p<0.05). The interaction between parental body size and

close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05) for progeny cumulative weight gain.

SUMMARY

257

In the present study, 1st, 2nd, 3rd week and cumulative progeny feed intake

and feed conversion ratio-FCR (feed/g gain) were significantly (p<0.05) influenced

by parental body size of Japanese quails. The interaction between parental body

weight and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05) for weekly and cumulative feed

intake and feed conversion ratio-FCR (feed/g gain) in the progeny. A significant

(p<0.05) effect of different parental groups on 1st, 2nd, 3rd and cumulative progeny

mortality rate (%) was recorded with significant (p<0.05) interaction between

parental body weight and close-bred flocks.

Different parental body size significantly (p<0.05) influenced progeny

slaughter weight, dressed weight and dressing percentage at 3rd week in 4 close-bred

flocks of Japanese quails. The slaughter weight (g) in different close-bred flocks in

male progeny quails from all the parental groups differed significantly (p<0.05)

except in M male x M female and S male x H female, M male x S female and S male

x M female parents. The slaughter weight (g) in different close-bred flocks in female

progeny in all the parental groups was significantly (P<0.05) different except in H

male x H female, M male x H female and M male x S female. The interaction

between parental body size and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05) in both the

sexes. The dressing percentage between different close-bred flocks was significantly

(p<0.05) different in female progeny group. The dressing percentage between

different close-bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different in the male progeny

group, whereas, M male x H female, M male x M female, S male x M female and S

male x S female were not significantly different. The interaction between parental


SUMMARY

258

The relative weights (g/100g BW) of liver, heart and gizzard in the progeny

was found to be significantly (p<0.05) influenced by parental body size in different

close-bred flocks of Japanese quails. The liver weight in female progeny of different

close-bred flocks in all the parental groups differed significantly (p<0.05) except from

H male x S female, M male x S female and S male x M female parent groups. The

interaction between parental body size and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05)

for different organ weights. The heart weight in female progeny in different close-

bred flocks in all the parent groups was significantly (p<0.05) different. The relative

weight of gizzard in different close-bred male and female progenies of quails were

significantly (p<0.05) different from all the parental groups. The interaction between

parental body size and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05). The intestinal

length in the progeny was influenced (p<0.05) by different parental groups in close-

bred flocks of Japanese quails. The intestinal length in female quails in different

close-bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different in all the parental groups except

from H male x M female, H male x S female parent groups. The interaction between

parental body weight and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05). A higher profit

margin was recorded in progeny quails hatched from heavy imported parent flock.

SUMMARY

259

6.3. CONCLUSION

Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions have been

formulated.

i. Parent breeder flock

a. Effect of close-bred flocks

i. Imported flock of quails had significantly (p<0.05) better egg production

percentage, egg weight, yolk index, feed conversion ratio-FCR (g feed/g egg mass),

shell weight and dressing yield. Feed conversion ratio (g feed/egg) and egg mass were

significantly (p<0.05) better in local-1 and local-3 flocks, respectively. Egg shell

thickness and haugh unit were better in local-2 flock.

ii. Final live body weight was higher in female than male quails and it was also better

in local-1 male quails than in other close-bred flocks.

iii. Reproductive tract weight and length and mature ovarian follicle numbers were

higher in imported flock. Significant variation was recorded in relative weight of

giblets, testes and intestines and intestinal length among different close-bred flocks.

iv. The imported male flock had significantly (p<0.05) higher crude protein, dry

matter and ash contents in breast and thigh meat.

v. The mean serum glucose and cholesterol concentrations in local-1 male flock and

mean serum albumin and urea levels in local-3 male flock were higher; however, total

serum protein was also higher in male imported flock than in other local flocks.

vi. Plasma phosphorus and potassium concentrations were not significantly different

in male parents, whereas, plasma magnesium concentration was not significantly

SUMMARY

260

different in female parents. Plasma calcium was significantly (p<0.05) different in

both the sexes.

b. Effect of body size

i. Egg production percentage, feed conversion ratio (FCR), fertility and hatchability

percent, reproductive tract weight and length, mature ovarian follicle number and

gizzard weight were better in small parents in comparison to medium and heavy

parents, whereas, better egg weight and egg quality traits were recorded in heavy

quail parents. Dressed weight and dressing percentage were higher in heavy female

parents than in medium and small quails.

ii. Crude protein and ether extract contents in breast and thigh meat were higher in

heavy female parents, whereas, ash content was higher in thigh meat of heavy female

parents.

iii. The higher concentrations of serum glucose, total protein, albumin and cholesterol

in heavy male quails were detected, whereas, serum urea was higher in medium

female parents.

iv. Plasma macro minerals profile for all the parameters studied was not significantly

different in male parents, whereas, plasma calcium (Ca) was not significantly

different in both the sexes.

6.3.2. Progeny flock

a. Effect of close-bred flocks

i. The day-old and subsequent weekly body weights/weight gain and feed intake were

higher in imported than in local flocks. The lower feed intake and better feed

SUMMARY

261

conversion ratio-FCR (feed/g gain) and higher mortality rate were recorded in local-3

as compared to other flocks.

ii. Dressed weight and dressing percentage were higher in male progeny of imported

flock. The liver, heart and gizzard weights were higher in local-2 and local 3 male

flocks, whereas, higher weight of intestine was recorded in local-1 male flock.

Significant variation in carcass traits between different close-bred flocks was

observed.

iii. The highest final return per bird of Rs. 5.64 was observed in local-1 flock

followed by imported, local-3 and local-2 flocks (Rs. 5.41, 5.15 and 5.14,

respectively).

b. Effect of parent body size

i. The progeny secured from heavy male parent had higher hatch weight, body

weight, weight gain, feed intake, dressed weight and dressing percentage than those

hatched from medium and small male parents, showing more pronounced effect of

male parent on progeny growth and on almost all the other parameters.

ii. The liver and gizzard weight and intestinal length were higher in quail progenies

secured from small parents than from heavy and medium parents.

iii. The highest final return per quail (Rs. 5.92) was recorded in medium weight

parent followed by heavy and small parents (Rs. 5.25 and 4.90, respectively).

SUMMARY

262

SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Research

The findings of the present study may be helpful in setting up production

standards in local quails to be further used as base line data by the research workers

and quail breeders for formulating viable future strategy of quail breeding at national

level.

Extension

For the future national quail breeding programs, use of heavy male parents for

crossing with medium or small female parents may be considered for better progeny

meat yield and higher egg production in the female quail parents.

Considerable variations in body weight and other carcass characters in our

local quail flocks recorded during the course of this study indicate possibility of

further improving their genetic potential.

Further research work is needed for improving genetic potential of our local

quail stocks.

263

Chapter 7

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