?Slovensko sa nachádza v pásme listnatých a zmiešaných lesov severného mierneho podnebného pásma, v ktorom žije preň typické živočíšstvo. Na našom území vzniklo v závislosti od nadmorskej výšky päť vegetačných (rastlinných) stupňov a lužné lesy pozdĺž vodných tokov, ktoré nezávisia od nadmorskej výšky.

Dubové lesy rastú prevažne na úrodnejších hnedozemiach v teplých nížinách a v pohoriach do 550 m n. m. Popri duboch sú v nich aj hraby. V minulosti dubové lesy zaberali oveľa väčšie územia (najmä na veľmi úrodných černozemiach), ktoré človek odlesnil a  v  súčasnosti sa poľnohospodársky využívajú (kultúrne stepi). V odlesnených oblastiach žije asi jedna desatina z celkového počtu druhov živo-číšstva na Slovensku (napr. zajace, jarabice a hraboše).

Bukovým lesom vyhovuje mierne teplá a vlhká klíma od 550 do 1 100 m n. m. a menej úrodné hnedé lesné pôdy (kambizeme). V porastoch bučín rastú aj javory a jedle. Listnaté lesy (dubové a bukové) pre vhodné podmienky sú domovom početného živočíšstva. Žijú v nich približne tri štvrtiny u  nás sa vyskytujúcich živočíšnych druhov (napr. srny, diviaky, jastraby, ďatle a i.).

Smrekové lesy rastú prevažne od 1 100 do 1 600 m n. m. v chladnejšej klíme na menej úrodných pôdach (podzoly). Svoju potravu v nich nachádza približne jedna desatina druhov živočíchov, napr. veverice, medvede, rysy, hlucháne. Mnohé živočíchy žijú aj v listnatých, aj v ihličnatých lesoch, napr. líšky, jelene, vlky. Smrekové porasty tvoria u nás hornú hranicu lesa.

Na Slovensku zaberá kosodrevina najväčšie plochy v Tatrách a v Nízkych Tatrách. Rastie v nadmorskej výške od 1 600 do 1 800 m n. m. Pokrýva ešte aj vrcholové časti Malej a Veľkej Fatry.

Alpínske lúky sú typické pre najvyššie časti Tatier a Nízkych Tatier nad 1 800 m n. m., kde sú už drsné podnebné podmienky. V niektorých pohoriach (Veľká Fatra, Malá Fatra) vznikli aj na mieste kosodreviny v dôsledku činnosti človeka (chov oviec). V  pásme alpínskych lúk žije asi 1 % našich živočíšnych druhov (napr. kamzíky či  svište). Nad pásmom alpínskych lúk sú už iba holé skaly s občasnými porastmi lišajníkov a machov (vysokohorské púšte).

Lužné lesy rastú nezávisle od nadmorskej výšky, ale vyskytujú sa len na miestach s vysokou hladinou podzemnej vody. Najviac lužných lesov je pri riekach Dunaj, Mo rava a Latorica. Najtypickejšie pre lužné lesy sú vŕby, topole a jelše. Vo vyšších polohách rastú pri riekach často aj smreky. Na brehoch riek a jazier žije živočíšne spoločenstvo vôd a  močiarov, napr. divé kačice, bociany, žaby. Vo vodách riek a vodných nádrží žije a chová sa veľa druhov rýb, napr. kaprov, pstruhov a sumcov.

Pre krajinu a spoločnosť je ochrana rastlín a živočíchov nevyhnutná a zákonmi garantovaná. Rastliny a živočíchy, ktoré sú zriedkavé alebo sa vyskytujú len na ma-lom území, treba osobitne chrániť. Medzi najprísnejšie chránené rastliny na Slo-vensku patria napr. hlaváčik jarný, horec Clusiov, plesnivec alpínsky a i.

Rastlinstvo, živočíšstvo a pôdy

http://www.sopsr.sk http://www.sopsr.sk/natura http://www.minzp.sk/postupy-ziadosti/ochrana-prirody-krajiny/druhova-ochrana-prirody/chranene-rastliny/

ABCDKtorý druh stromu je na Slovensku najpočetnejší?A) hrab B) dub C) smrek D) buk

Horná hranica lesa vo Vysokých Tatrách

Slovensko patrí k štátom s vysokým podielom lesov na celkovej rozlohe krajiny. Porovnajte ho s inými štátmi (podľa vlastného výberu).

Druhové zloženie lesov na Slovensku je veľmi pestré, mierne prevažujú listnaté lesy nad ihličnatými.

orná pôda28,9 %

vinicea chmeľnice

0,6 %záhrady 1,6 %

ovocné sady0,3 %

trvalé trávne porasty17,9 %lesné pozemky

41,0 %

vodné plochy1,9 %

zastavané plochy4,7 %

ostatné plochy3,1 %

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ochrana rastlín a živočíchovochrana rastlín a živočíchov nevyhnutná a záknevyhnutná a zákv

sú vyhradené, akékoľvekyy

číchy, ktoré sú zriedkavé alebo sa vyskytujú len na ma-číchy, ktoré sú zriedkavé alebo sa vyskytujú len na ma-chrániť Medzi najprísnejšie chránené rastliny na Slochrániť Medzi najprísnejšie chránené rastliny na Slopoužitie bez súhlasu

jp jed ajp s ejš e c á ejarný, horec Clusiov, plesnivec alpínsky a i.jarný, horec Clusiov, plesnivec alpínsky a i.

nositeľa právje protizákonné.je protizákonné.

Pomenujte tri vegetačné stupne rastlinstva, ktoré možno rozlíšiť na obrázku.

Lužné lesy sa vyskytujú najmä v nížinách, no i tak sú ťažko dostupné. Prečo?

Ktoré slovenské pohoria sú porastené prevažne smrekovými lesmi?

Listnaté lesy sú oproti ihličnatým s výnimkou leta výrazne svetlejšie. 13

ÚLOHY

1. Porovnajte mapy povrchu (s. 7), podnebia (s. 9) a mapy lesov (s. 13). Vyzdvihnite ich spoločné zákonitosti a črty.

2. Povedzte, v čom je jedinečnosť a odlišnosť v zastúpení lužných lesov v porovnaní s ostatnými lesmi.

3. Charakterizujte a porovnajte lesné porasty a živočíšstvo v Podunajskej nížine, v Štiavnických vrchoch a v Tatrách. 4. Človek svojou činnosťou do značnej miery pozmenil naše nížiny, doliny a kotliny. Ako sa to prejavilo v ich rastlinstve a živočíšstve?

5. Vyhľadajte (v knihách a na internete) ďalšie 4 druhy našich chránených rastlín a živočíchov. Ukážte na mape, kde sa vyskytujú. Prečo ste si vybrali práve tieto?

Svišť vrchovský, rovnako ako kamzík tatranský, obľubuje skalné stráne vysokohorského prostredia s drsným podnebím.

Mapa lesov Slovenska

vysokohorské púštealpínske lúky

kosodrevina

smrečiny

bučiny

dúbravy

Zmeny zastúpenia rastlinných druhov (výšková stupňovitosť) odo dna doliny po vrcholy pohoria na Slovensku. Nadmorské výšky uvedené vo výkladovom texte, v ktorých sa nachádzajú jednotlivé rastlinné stupne, sú len orientačné.

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© Orbis Pictus Istropolitannacs Pictus Istro© Orbis Pictus IstropolitanaMapa lesov Slovenska

rsské právanížiny, doliny a kotAko sa to prejavilo 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é, akékoľvek alinstve a živočíšstve?

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