PSGuard Applications Insert Wide Area Monitoring, imag … · 2018. 5. 10. · PSGuard applications • Line thermal monitoring • Voltage stability monitoring • Phase angle monitoring

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ApplicationsPSGuard

Wide Area Monitoring,Protection and Control

Dr. Joachim Bertsch &C.Carnal

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PSGuard system & applications

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Connectivity

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Features:

• Wide area measurement and phase data viewing

• Acquisition of phasor data from new and already installed PMU

• Processing and central data display

• Checking the validity of the acquired data

• Monitoring of the communication links to the PMU

Connectivity

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Benefits:

• Proper and secure data acquisition as the base for real-time processing

• Base for short term system reaction

• High system security by data quality verification

• Integration according common standards (IEEE1344)

Connectivity

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Basic monitoring

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Features & benefits:

• Process oriented navigation

• Historical data and trending facility

• Integrated system base for advanced applications

• Precise system data information in real-time

Basic monitoring

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Basic monitoring

provided views for monitoring

History view

Easy navigation

Phasor information

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Basic monitoring: Customer specific view

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Basic monitoring: Customer specific view

PSGuard applications• Line thermal monitoring

• Voltage stability monitoring• Phase angle monitoring

System abnormal status, early warning and emergency alarm

Application button showing the monitored value and an alarm (red) on phase angle

Component values (e.g. phase angle,

voltage)

Power values (P, Q, S) and direction

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US - NERC recommendations : Basic monitoring

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US - NERC recommendations : Basic monitoring

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Data storage and export

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• Data processing and storage

• Navigation through historical data

• Trending facility

• Power system analyses independent from PSGuard

• Proper base for investment planning

Data storage and export

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US - NERC recommendations: Data storage and export

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Advanced monitoring & State calculator

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• Topology detection• Islanding recognition

Precondition for:• Dynamic network parameter calculation• State calculation


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• Voltage and current phasor measurements by PMUs• Goal – computation of all remaining unknown voltages

and branch currents

PMU

PMU

PMU

PMU

PMU

PMU

PMU

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US – NERC recommendations: Advanced monitoring & SC

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US – NERC recommendations: Advanced monitoring & SC

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Event driven data archiving

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Event driven data archiving

Benefits:

• Automatic recording and storing of the grid disturbance data based on the specified triggering conditions

• Valuable for root cause analysis as it enables the user to have a clear view of activities preceding and following an event.

• Improve network planning

• Input data for calibration and verification of the dynamic models of the network

• Improve network behavior analysis and identification of the specific network properties for the network reinforcements and extensions

• To comply with future UCTE requirements for studying UCTE-wide disturbances

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Phase angle monitoring

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Benefits:

• Providing operators with a real-time information about the voltage phase angle deviations

• Improve voltage control

• Improve system stability, security and reliability

• Operate safely power carrying components closer to their limits

• Provide improved power system observability

• Provides crucial information for the successful reclosing of the transmission lines in important corridors

Phase angle monitoring

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UCTE - Final Blackout Report Italy - key findings

Source: UCTE

. . .

. . .

. . .

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Swiss grid utility : PSGuard project

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Swiss grid utility : Phase Angle monitoring

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• Strong relation of load of line and phase angle difference between the voltage at the ends

• 100 MW approximately corresponds to 1 degree• Supervision of n-1 criteria

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200500

600

700

800

900

1000

Line

flow

[MW

]

0 200 400 600 800 1000 120010

12

14

16

time [s]

Ang

le d

iff. [

degr

ees]

Line 1Line 2

Corridor 1Corridor 2

Swiss grid utility - Phase angle monitoring results

Angle-diff.

Line flow

time

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Swiss grid utility – Reference statements on system performance

1.) The concept of the ABB PMUs RES521 is very user-friendly. It is easy to set the parameters from remote using our central PSGuard workplace in Laufenburg, This means low installation costs, especially when it comes to extensions. Additionally, the accuracy of the frequency measurement is with 1 mHz 10 times higher as indicated in the product specification. Using ABB's PSGuard system we can better and faster trace the dynamic changes in the Swiss high voltage transmission grid. This is of utmost importance , as grid operators win time to take the right decisions under critical operating conditions .

2.) The ABB PSGuard Phase Angle Monitoring module supervises the loading of the Swiss transmission corridor to Italy. There is a direct correlation between the voltage phase angle and the transmitted power.The voltage phase angle difference between the northern and the southern border of Switzerland reflects directly the loading of the corridor. Therefore it provides an useful additional information for our operators as well as for the protection engineers.

Dr. Walter Sattinger, Project Manager PSGuard WAMS IntroductionETRANS / Swiss Grid Coordinator

3.) The results of the Line Thermal Monitoring provide additional accuracy in determining the mean current line temperatures if PMUs are installed on both ends of a line. This opens interesting new possibilities to verify the average line temperature during operation.

Mr. George BossertHead of DispatchingETRANS / Swiss Grid Coordinator

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Line thermal monitoring

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• Conductor average temperature calculation

• Real-time assessment of thermal limits based on measured and design parameter of the line

• Assessment of transmission line loadability

• Safe temporal enhancement of transmission capacity

• Dynamic thermal limit adaptation

• Collapse prevention: early warning in case of overload

• Usage of existing transducers / (PMUs)

• Indirect estimation of line sagging


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DetermineActive and Reactive power losses on the monitored Line

PSGuard - Line Thermal Monitoring – Measurement of Line Losses

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The changes in the average line temperature are estimated using only the electrical quantities measured by PMUIncrease of power transfer 950 MW to 1150 MW ->temperature increase from 46 degrees to 49 degrees in 30 min

Swiss grid utility - Line thermal monitoring

time

Temperature

Line flow

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• Transfer limit of a line could also be a matter of thermal limit

• Thermal limit usually assumed very conservativei. e. high air temperature, no wind

• Often weather conditions are much better and therefore more transmission will be possible

• Precondition: installation of on-line temperature monitoring!

• PSGuard offers this application, without additional hardware investments

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Dynamic calculation of actual line-parameter:i.E. ∆T = -30 °C -> I∆RI > 10% (400-kV-line)

Electrical limit: ∆Pmax > 6,5 %

Grid BGrid A

PMUPMU

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Grid BGrid A

Measurement of:• Current• Voltage

As Phasors (magnitude & phase) synchronized with the Global Positioning System (GPS)

PMUPMU

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Dynamic calculation of actual line-parameter:i.E. ∆T = -30 °C -> I∆RI > 10% (400-kV-line)

i1 i2

u1= const u2

R+jXL

jXC jXC

s= p +jq

Electrical limit: ∆Pmax > 6,5 %

Grid BGrid A

PMU PMU

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V1V2

Y

Ys Ys

I1 I2

( )( ) YVVYVI

YVVYVI

s

s

⋅−+⋅=⋅−+⋅=

1222

2111

V1 phasor of the voltage (V1real + j*V1imag) at the line end 1V2 phasor of the voltage (V2real + j*V2imag) at the line end 2I1 phasor of the current (I1real + j*I1imag) injected into end 1I2 phasor of the current (I2real + j*I2imag) injected into end 2

Y line admittanceYs line shunt admittance

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( )00 TTRR −⋅+= α

( )0

0 TRRT +−

=α

T Line Temperature

R0, T0, α Constants of the line

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US – NERC recommendations : Line thermal monitoring

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Voltage stability monitoring

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• Features & benefits:

• Contingency detection

• Early warning against voltage collapses

• Prediction of power system status after each contingency

• Early fault recognition

• Avoid spreading of failures

• Immediate stop of cascading effects

• Preserves transmission capacity

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• Online calculation of power margin towards voltage stability limit

• Online & real-time calculation of available transmission capacity

• Secure operation of the transmission system even under congested conditions

• Safe temporal enhancement of line transmission capacity

• Dynamic thermal limit adaptation

• Protection against uprising voltage instabilities

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Transient Voltage Stability Indicator


Power-margin

Active Power

10 %

20 %

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

time [s]

Detection Time Contingency, ie. line trips

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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

ActivePower

Detection Time

140 sec to new stable status

10 %

20 %

Power-margin

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

time [s]

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Voltage stability monitoring: Prediction of stable status

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Power-margin

ActivePower

10 %

20 %


20 s PSGuard predictionDetection Time

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

time [s]

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Voltage stability monitoring: benefit for operation

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Power-margin

ActivePower

10 %

20 %

20 s PSGuard : 120 sec security gain


Detection Time

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

time [s]

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ObjectivesAssess distance to Point of Maximum Loadability, PML (in MWs)Stay on top section of PV Curve !Trigger emergency actions when Power Margin too small

ApproachesUnder voltage load shedding (classical)Voltage Stability Monitoring of corridor using PSGuard

3 transmissioncorridor V

olta

ge

Power Transfer

*PML

Power Margin

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Conventional solution: Under voltage load shedding

*Level of Load-Shedding

unnecessary load shedding

*

late load shedding=>collapse

*

3

Vtransmission

corridor

Vol

tage

Shed load when V < Vshed

Power TransferLocal measurements

but

Difficult to tune shedding voltage

Does not give information about distance to Point of Maximum Load ability PML

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Voltage stability monitoring by PSGuard

3 2i2v

⇒gE

1i1v

−

+

2v−

+

1v

2i1i

transmissioncorridor

gZ

Parameters calculated from a single set of PMU measurements at two sites

T-equivalent of corridor determined directlyThevenin source calculated from assumption Zg = knownReliable parameter calculation

Rapid response in real-timeDynamic power margin analytically determinedPrecondition: Wide Area Monitoring system like PSGuard

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Voltage stability monitoring by PSGuard

Volta

ge

Line Power Transfer

Line transfer limit adapted to real-time load characteristic!

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Area to assess is enclosed by two transfer cuts

Measurements at either side„Representative voltage“ and sum of currents

Calculated QuantitiesApproximate Power Margin (MW)

Feeding equivalent voltage source

Impedance margin

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cut 1

cut 2

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PSGuard - Voltage Stability Monitoring

Early warning

Emergency alarm

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PSGuard - Voltage Stability Monitoring

Configurable early warning threshold

Configurable emergency alarm threshold

Point of maximal loadability

•

Actual load

Continuous calculation of P/V curve caracteristics

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US – NERC recommendations : Voltage stability monitoring

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US – NERC recommendations : Voltage stability monitoring

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Power oscillation monitoring

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• Detection of oscillation

• Assessment of power system damping

• Oscillation monitoring

• Increased power transfer at defined security

• Early warning to avoid power system collapse


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Surat Than

voltage measurement

current measurement

230 kV

115 kV

Bottleneck in transmission corridor

Limit due to concerns about power oscillations,

The origin, amplitude, frequency, usual duration and damping of oscillations are not known.-> PSGuard provides this information

-> Oscillations are known and generation settings can be adapted exactly according current situation


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Frequency stability monitoring

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• Based on real-time snapshots of phasors(dynamic values)

• Prediction of power system status (frequency) after each contingency, enabling to recognize collapses at earlystage and initiating countermeasures

• Detection of disproportion between consumed and generated power in real-time

• Fast reactions to sudden power shortage helping to stabilize the power system and avoid blackouts

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US – NERC recommendations: Frequency stability monitoring

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Advanced control

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Advanced control

Features:

• Evaluating and performing the most suitable actions based on information from stability assessment applications

• Automatic actions for system protection

• Automatic action for transmission corridor optimization

• Dynamic set point determination for FACTS / Wide Area control

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Features & benefits

• Continuous display of relevant information

• Operator warning & alarm generation

• Suggestion of most suitable operation to come out ofprevailing emergency cases

• Operator guidance by suggesting control actions tokeep power system in safe and stable position

• Fast and appropriate reactions to disturbances bythe operator

Advanced control

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US – NERC recommendations: Advanced control

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PSGuard: Ready to protect your transmission capacity

Contact us: [email protected]

Documents

PSGuard Applications Insert Wide Area Monitoring, imag … · 2018. 5. 10. · PSGuard applications • Line thermal monitoring • Voltage stability monitoring • Phase angle monitoring