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ORNL is managed by UT-Battelle for the US Department of Energy
Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging
A review
Claus Daniel, [email protected]
2 Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging – A review, APEC 2018
David Howell, DOE, AMR 2017
3 Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging – A review, APEC 2018
David Howell, DOE, AMR 2017
4 Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging – A review, APEC 2018
Lithium ion progress in last few years
David Howell, DOE, AMR 2017
5 Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging – A review, APEC 2018
Lithium ion battery principle
Li+ + e- + MeO2 → LiMeO2 LiC6 → Li+ + e- + C6Dischargereaction:
Cathode Anode
6 Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging – A review, APEC 2018
Discharge behavior greatly dependent on cathode material
Don Tuite , Understanding The Factors In The Lithium-Battery Equation, Electronic Design Jun. 22, 2012
Layered oxides
Spinel oxides
Olivine phosphates
7 Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging – A review, APEC 2018
David Howell, DOE, AMR 2017
8 Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging – A review, APEC 2018
David Howell, DOE, AMR 2017
Fast charging technology gaps
10 Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging – A review, APEC 2018
Fast charge availability increases utilization of EVs
Lutsey, N., S. Searle, S. Chambliss, and A. Bandivadekar, 2015, “Assessment of Leading Electric, Vehicle Promotion activities in United States Cities,” International Council for Clean Transportation, July 2015.McCarthy, Michael, 2017, “California ZEV Policy Update,” SAE 2017 Government/Industry Meeting, Society of Automotive Engineers, January 25, 2017, Walter E. Washington Convention Center, Washington, DC, conference presentation.
11 Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging – A review, APEC 2018
Refueling time opportunity
Ahmed et al., Journal of Power Sources 367 (2017) 250-262
12 Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging – A review, APEC 2018
Why fast charge?
Meintz et al., Journal of Power Sources 367 (2017) 216-227
13 Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging – A review, APEC 2018
Barriers associated with fast charging• Battery
– Energy density and cost– Electrode thickness increases charge time– Lithium plating– Heat generation
• Vehicles– Higher current increases power electronics cost– Higher voltage designs– BEV/EVSE interoperability
• Infrastructure– Investment– Stakeholder diversity– Lack of codes and standards– Demand charges– Distributed energy resource question
With input from Enabling Fast Charging: A Technology Gap Assessment, DOE, October 2017, INL/EXT-17-41638https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f38/XFC%20Technology%20Gap%20Assessment%20Report_FINAL_10202017.pdf
14 Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging – A review, APEC 2018
Fast charging limits available discharge capacity
Ahmed et al., Journal of Power Sources 367 (2017) 250-262
15 Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging – A review, APEC 2018
Performance severely hampered by high current
Ahmed et al., Journal of Power Sources 367 (2017) 250-262
16 Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging – A review, APEC 2018
Degradation mechanisms include lithium plating
Ahmed et al., Journal of Power Sources 367 (2017) 250-262
17 Claus Daniel, Lithium Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Needs for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging – A review, APEC 2018
Heat generation severely reduces the calendar life
M. Keyser et al. / Journal of Power Sources 367 (2017) 228e236
ORNL is managed by UT-Battelle for the US Department of Energy
AcknowledgementsContributions from a team of 20+
researchers and financial support from
This research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725, was sponsored by the Vehicle Technologies Program for the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Parts of this research were performed at the High Temperature Materials Laboratory, a National User Facility sponsored by the same office and at the Shared Research Equipment Collaborative Research Center sponsored by the Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences Program.
