Classical Conditioning

Interactive Presentation SlidesFor Introductory PsychologyRoots and Early HistoryWhat is Psychology?ScientificBehaviorMental ProcessesObservable actions

Answering questions objectively based on observable facts, data, and established methods

Thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, motivations, dreams, subjective experiences

Todays definition:The scientific study of behavior and mental processesAutomatic animation for top part of slide.The working definition of psychology today is a result of an evolving view of psychology and its proper study.Click to reveal Scientific sequence.Click to reveal Behavior sequence.Click to reveal Mental Processes sequence.Questions that have contributed to our definition of psychology:What is the proper subject matter of psychology?Which areas of human experience should be studied?What methods should be used to investigate psychological issues?APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology5

Roots of Psychology:In the 1600s, physiologists begin to study the workings of the brain and its relation to behavior.By the 1700s, physiologists find that specific bodily functions can be traced to specific brain areas.Some early ideas, such as phrenology, did not stand the test of time.PhysiologyThe branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organismsClick to reveal bullet points.The work of the early physiologists laid the groundwork for the idea that scientific methods can be used to investigate questions about behavior and mental processes.Responding to the work of the 19th century physiologists, William James said, It seems to me that perhaps the time has come for psychology to begin to be a science.APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology7Psychology: A Discipline Is FoundedUses scientific methods to study psychological processesWrites first psychology textbook (1874)Establishes first psychology research laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany (1879)

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)Leipzig, GermanyClick to reveal bullet points.Although Wundt is considered the founder of psychology as a separate scientific discipline, his initial work was as a research assistant to physiologist Hermann von Helmholtz, who was studying the reaction time to stimuli.In time, some two hundred students traveled to Leipzig to study with Wundt. Over the years, nearly 20,000 students attended his lectures on general psychology.APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology8Roots of Psychology PhilosophyAncient philosophers asked questions about human existence.

Aristotle Philosophical empiricism, or the idea that all knowledge is acquired through experiencePlatoNativism, or the idea that certain kinds of knowledge are inborn or innateRene DescartesDualism, or the idea that the mind and body are separate entities that interactClick to reveal Plato sequence.Click to reveal Aristotle sequence.Click to reveal Descartes sequence.The divide between Plato and his student Aristotle is the basis for the contemporary nature-nurture debate. Descartes ideas informed the work of the early physiologists, the focus of the next slide.APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology6Early Schools of PsychologyWhat are the structures of conscious experiences?

StructuralismEdward Titchener, a student of Wundt, held that complex conscious experiences could be broken down into elemental parts or structures.

Edward Titchener(1867-1927)The Science of PsychologyWilhelm Wundt promotes the belief that experimental methods should be used to study mental processes.What is the best way to measure mental processes?

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)Automatic animation for Wilhelm Wundt sequence.

Click for Edward Titchener sequence.

Edward Titchener, a student of Wundts, became a psychology professor at Cornell University in 1892. James had already established psychology as a field of study in the United States at Harvard.Other American pioneers in the field of psychology include G. Stanley Hall and Mary Whiton Calkins. Hall established the first psychology laboratory in the United States and founded the American Psychological Association (APA). Calkins, a student of James, became the first woman president of the APA.APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology

9Early Schools of PsychologyFunctionalismAdvocated by William James and influenced by Darwin, functionalism focuses on how behaviors function to allow people and animals adapt to their environment. As a professor and philosopher, William James was influential in establishing psychology in the United States.What are the functions of behavior and mental experiences?How can psychology be applied to life?

William James(1842-1910)Although Darwin was a naturalist, his 1859 book On the Origin of Species influenced psychologists to investigate how behavior allows animals to adapt to their environments.

Charles Darwin(1809-1882)Click to reveal two discussion questions.

Click to reveal William James description.

Click to reveal Charles Darwin description.10New Schools Develop:PsychoanalysisThe Unconscious is the part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awarenessUnconscious conflicts determine behavior and personalityPsychoanalytic TheoryUnconscious mental processes shape feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

Sigmund Freud 1856-1939Automatic animation.Freuds theory emphasized unconscious conflicts that were predominantly sexual and aggressive in nature. While the conflicts are revealed in almost every aspect of everyday life, when extreme, they result in psychological disorder. Freuds framework led to a theory of personality and a distinct form of psychotherapy.APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology11Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)discovers conditioned reflexes.New Schools Develop:BehaviorismPsychology redefined as the scientific study of observable behavior

John Watson (1878-1958) Extends approach to human behavior.B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)Further experiments on behavior, learning, and conditioning.

Click for Ivan Pavlov description.

Click for John Watson description.

Click for B.F. Skinner description.

APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology12New Schools Develop:Humanistic PsychologyPositive potential of human beings is assumedEmphasis on self-determination, free will, and the importance of choiceA reaction to negative implications of Freudian and emphasis on external influences of the behaviorist schoolAbraham Maslow(1908-1970)

Carl Rogers(1902-1987)Automatic animation.Largely founded by American psychologist Carl Rogers and championed by Abraham Maslow, humanistic psychology took hold in the 1950s and 1960s. APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology13New Schools DevelopA return to an emphasis on mental processes and how they influence behaviorBrain activityCognitive PsychologyThe scientific study of how perception, thought, memory, and reasoning are processedMental activity

Automatic animation for first part of slide.The cognitive revolution that took place in the 1960s was influenced and strengthened by the emergence of the computer.

Click to reveal graphics.As psychologists began to make use of the computer in their studies, they also made analogies between how both the human mind and the computer process information.APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology14SLIDEDESCRIPTIONCREDITSlide 1Brain graphicNLshop/Fotolia.comSlide 2Tree on hill screened under TOCBrand X Slide 4Boy writing on a chalkboardCorbisWoman playing with two childrenBanana StockWoman touching her templeGetty ImagesSlide 5Bust of PlatoGianni Dagli Orti/ CorbisStatue of Aristotle (cropped)Mansell/ Time Life Pictures/ Getty ImagesPicture of Rene Descartes (cropped)Leonard de Selva/ CorbisSlide 6Phrenology map "A Picture of Good Health"Mary Evans Picture Library / The Image WorksSlide 7Picture of Wilhelm WundtCorbisSlide 8

Picture of Wilhelm WundtCorbisPicture of Edward TitchenerArchives of the History of American Psychology, The University of AkronSlide 9Picture of William JamesCorbisPicture of Charles DarwinVintage Images/AlamySlide 10Picture of Sigmund Freud (cropped)Freud MuseumSlide 11Picture of Ivan Pavlov (also in Deck 7 figure 7108_7.1.8aCulver Pictures/ The Art ArchivePicture of John WatsonUnderwood & Underwood/ CorbisPicture of BF SkinnerArchives of the History of American Psychology, The University of AkronSlide 12Picture of Carl RogersSpecial Collections, Donald C. Davidson Library/University of California, Santa BarbaraPicture of Abraham MaslowCourtesy of Robert D. Farber University Archives at Brandeis UniversitySlide 13

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