PSY2403 Man Machine Interaction: Method I Aim …...1 PSY2403 Man Machine Interaction: Method I Cato A. Bjørkli Psychologist CatoABjørkli PSY2403ManMachineInteraction MethodI 050217

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PSY2403 Man Machine Interaction:Method I

Cato A. BjørkliPsychologist

Cato A Bjørkli PSY2403 Man M achine Interaction M ethod I 05 02 17

Aim of the lecture(Or: What you should know)

• How method is a choice that must be argued for.

• Method reflects how you ask questions

• Know something about method and design

• Ask impressing questions at the end of the lecture.


Background for the lecture

• S.G.Charlton (1996) Mental Workload Test ...

• B.Nardi (1997) The Use of Ethnography Methods...

• Flach and Warren (1995) Active Psychophysics ...

• (X.Faulkner (2000) Usability Engineering ...)

• Examples from real life projects

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Art is ‘I’

Science is ‘we’

Claude Bernard

(why method?)


-- method --

a way of doing something,especially a systematic way;implies anorderly logical arrangement(usually in fixed steps)

-- science --

ability to produce solutionsin some problem domain

approximate d(f)


The Science ofMan-Machine Interaction

(MMI)

What characterizes a good product?

What characterizes a safe system?

What characterizes a efficient system?

How do we know that somethingis what we designed it to be?

(examples?)

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Field of Study

Product

Social

IndividualSystems


The Design CycleNorwegian: “Design-hjulet”

Product Lifespan


Life of Products

• How do a Product come to life? How does anartifact come in to existence?

• When is a product completely designed?

CS60/65

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Redesign


Method & Choices

• “... Theoretical interpretations serve to provide muchof the direction for the research questions andmethodologies.”

S.G.Charlton, 1996, p.181. (vs Flach & Warren, 1995)

How you approach thephenomenon is guiding forthe methods you choseto investigate it.

(... remember the history of MMI ...?)


Workload

• Quantitative measurement of a specific subjectivestate describing an aspect of man machineinteraction.

• What is ‘workload’?– Definition?– Relevance to your focus?– Multifaceted?– Influence of other factors?– Transference to real settings?

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Workload, continued.

(important stuff)

• Main types of workload measures:a) PROJECTIVE: a-priori, beforehand, prediction (ideal)b) EMPIRICAL: post-hoc, after performance (actual)

• Criteria for good workload tests:1. Sensitivity: Can the test show changes in workload?2. Intrusiveness: Do the test disturb the operator during work?3. Diagnosticity: Which aspect of several is the most important?4. Convenience: How much logistics are necessary?5. Relevance: How well do the measurement fit the work?6. Operator acceptance: Is the test ok for the operator?


Empirical

• Primary task: Objective variables:– Speed, lateral position

• Secondary task: Additional tasks– Mental calculus, counting backwards

• PsychoPhys: Changes in physiological patterns– Heart, eye, startle, skin conducance

• Subjective methods– Self-reports (NASA, SWAT, etc)

“... collection of data from one or more subjects actually

performing the task(s) of interest.”


Overview

Projective tests• Timeline Analysis• Scheduling Theory• Pro-SWAT

Empirical tests• Modified Cooper-Harper (MCH)• SWAT• NASA TLX• Crew Status Survey

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Example I:Invehicle Information System

The Interface ofan InvehicleInformation

System

Graphical (WAP)

vs

Speech-based


Example II:Adaptive Front-lights

The objectives of the CLARESCO project is to carry outan extensive assessment of advanced lightingtechnologies by studying advanced front-lighting systemsfor both car and truck lighting.

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Case: Navigation inHigh Speed Crafts

How can this beapproached?

-Workload?

-Performance?

-Secondary task?

-Primary Task?“You can see a lot byobserving...”


Nardi and Ethnography

• Sometimes you don’t know what you are looking at

• Cognition in the wild (Welcome to the Jungle)

• Golden Rule: Before measuring a phenomenon, youshould understand it.

• Main ethnographic activities:– Interviews– Observation– Participation

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Ethnography:The Choices

• How long should I study this?

• What role should I have?

• What enables me to access information?

• What tools do I have?

• What data do I collect? How? When?

• How do I report ethnographic data?


Ethnography, cont

Your role and your mission

• Goal: Reflect and state your goal for observation. What do Iwant to achieve? What is success?

• Method: How do can I get to the information and by whatmeans? Tools? Methods?

• Conditions: What resources do I have available? Time andmoney? Equipment?

• Analysis: What will be the format of data? How do I makesense of experiences? What do I bring back?


Ethnography:Method with a twist

• You are your tool, that is, you are your most important asset.

• Quality of data depends on the attitude and perspective youhave on participating in the lives of other peoples.

• This means: Not just what you do, but how you do it.

• Perspective on:1. Dialogue2. Technique3. Climate

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1. Dialogue

• The dialogue with subjects in a given field of study isalways embedded in a discourse stating the contextthat gives sense to meaning

• What are the basic categories constituting meaning?

• What are the basic emotional themes

• What gives this current lifeworld the quality ofwholeness and functionality?

• Meaning = Reasons and how we feel about it.


2. Techniques

• How maintain the interview!

• What are you looking for?

• Initiative– Exploring with open Q’s– Asking-words– Follow-up and Shut-up’s– Allow ambiguities & doubt

• Follow up’s and shut up’s

• Create an opportunity forthe subject to show his orher’s world!

• Work with rational meaning

• Do not forget the emotionalaspect of work!

• Change in emotions is alsoimportant information!


Climate

• Empathy– A genuine understanding

of the lifeworld of the other– What the world looks like

from the perspective of theother.

– A specific way ofunderstanding the world

• Trust– Overcomes caution and

resistance– Safe to explore, safe to

think aloud

• Alliance– A bond between two

persons allowingtransaction of experience

– Goal, method, personality– How you affect the client– How the client affect you– Gradually established– Exercised– Maintained and revitalized

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Case: Navigation inHigh Speed Crafts

How can this beapproached?

-Workload?

-Performance?

-Secondary task?

-Primary Task?“You can see a lot byobserving...”


Case: HSC’s

• My choices were:

– Participate to get the inside view of navigation– Participate to orient myself in the field of praxis– Learn navigation, take courses– Learn about boats, big and small.– Videotape performance and activity– Interviews with operators, industry, managment.– Psychophysiological measurements– Simulator trials with workload measures– Registration of objective variables of performance– Prototyping of equipment



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Case: StatsraadLemkuhl

A 12 week transatlantic journey with 120 marine cadetsduring their course in leadership onboard the KNMStatsraad Lemkuhl. Our motive was looking intonavigational equipment and training of navigators.


(Cue: show the dvd)


Case: Roles of Observation

“Equal participant” “Distant observer”

“Buddy” “Clinical psychologist”

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Things heard at Sea

• “Be careful, here come the shrinks!”• “What do you think about us? How are we doing?”• “Wanna join us for a drink or six? I have beer, too!”• “My father hit me as a kid! Nobody likes me!”• “What do you think of that guy? Send him home?”

- What is my role?- What mandate do I have?- What is my project definition?- How do I exercise my current mandate?- How do I act in accordance to which norms?



PSY2403 Man Machine Interaction:Method I

Cato A. BjørkliPsychologist

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PSY2403 Man Machine Interaction: Method I Aim …...1 PSY2403 Man Machine Interaction: Method I Cato A. Bjørkli Psychologist CatoABjørkli PSY2403ManMachineInteraction MethodI 050217