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PSYCHOLOGY - 

INTRODUCTION 

Dr. Sr. Temy Thomas M D Part-2 

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DEFINITION 

Psychology is the science of 

human and animal behavior; include its application to 

human problems 

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In modern terms psychology is

defined as the science of behavior

in relation with the environment.

Psychology is the scientific studyof behavior and mental processes.

Science of behavior and cognitive

process.Study of consciousness.

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Psychology as a science 

As a science psychology is

systematic, because experiments

and observations are at core ofscientific psychology .

As a science it is measurable.(not

in all cases)

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Application 

It is an art and skill.

Applied aspects in the form of variousbranches

eg: industrial, clinical, educational

psychology

This skill acquired by study, practice and

special training

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Dual root of psychology 

Philosophy and Natural science

Idea of applying methods of science to

study the human behavior.

2 important ideas from philosophy

Idea concerning the way in which we can

acquire the knowledge about naturalscience.

Idea concerning the relationship between

mind and body

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Work of psychologist /branches 

and fields of psychology Divided -pure psychology and applied

psychology

Pure psychology-provides frame work and

theory

Applied psychology-theory generated through

pure psychology finds its practical shape

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Pure psychology -branches 

General psychology

Abnormal

Social

Experimental

Physiological

Geo psychology

Developmental

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Applied psychology-branches 

School & Educational

psychology

Clinical

Counseling

Industrial &

organizational

Military

Political

Legal

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Pre scientific psychology

Early schools of psychology

Modern perspective

History of psychology 

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Pre scientific psychology

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Pre scientific psychology 

It was believed that cause of human

behavior located outside the human being

Greek philosophers –look inside the manand tried to find out the clue of behavior

• Socrates,Plato,Arisotile

Once again church’s believes came

 – influence of evils on behavior 17nth century Descarts (French) -Dualism

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The study of psychology in philosophical context

dates back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt,China, and Persia.

Psychology began adopting a more clinical and

experimental approach under Muslimpsychologists and physicians

.

Though the use of psychological experimentation

dates back to Alhazen's Book of Optics in 1021,psychology as an independent experimental field

of study began in 1879,

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Early schools of psychology

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Early schools of psychology 

Wilhelm Wundt founded the firstlaboratory dedicated exclusively to

psychological research at Leipzig

University in Germany, for which Wundtis known as the "father of

psychology".

The year 1879 is thus sometimesregarded as the "birthdate" of

psychology.

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The American philosopher

William James published hisbook, Principles of 

Psychology in 1890, which

gave the answer for many of

the questions

The American philosopher

William James published hisbook, Principles of 

Psychology in 1890, which

gave the answer for many of

the questions

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StructuralismWilhem wundt(1832-1920)

and his student

Edward Titchener(1867-1927)

Mind is made by units

Method of study-

introseption

Tried to find out theelements of mind

Consciousness can be

broken into 3 elements;

Physical sensation

Feelings images

Functionalism

William james,

John dewey, Jamesangell, Harvey carr

How and why mind

function? Function of mind and

behavior

Experimented on the

way in which,learning,memory, problem

solving,adaptation to

environment.

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Behaviorism

John B Watson(1879-1958)

Denied the subjectiveness of mind

Observable activities of people and animal

3 characteristics: Emphasis on conditional response

Learned rather than unlearned behavior

No difference between human and animal

behavior

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Psychoanalysis 

Sigmund Freud (1856-1938)

Expression of unconscious-behavior

Theme of unconscious motivation-

psychoanalytic theory

1.The world of unconscious

2. psychoanalytic method-free assoc iation,

dream analysis, analysis of daily psycho

pathology

3.Structure of psyche-id, ego, super ego

4.Psychosexual development- oral stage, anal,

genital, phallic ,latency.

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Gestalt psychology

(Max wertheimer-1912)

•Whole is greater than or different than the

sum of all of the parts.

•Opposed atomic and molecular

approach to behavior

•Opposed structuralism

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Modern perspective

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Psychologist tried to obtain systematic

information about all aspects of behavior.

In order to get aqurate answer, psychologist

decided to study the behavior in differentperspectives.

Behaviorism and psychoanalysis are

present in modern perspectives in modifiedform

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Behavioral perspective 

When a behavior giving rewards it is

stamped in, When a behavior not giving

rewards it is stamped out Only observable behavior is the proper

subject for investigation

Eg: we can’t observe work motivationdirectly. So we asses it through behavior

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Cognitive perspective 

Focus on cognitive process –memory,

thinking, decision making

Based on Albert bandura’s social learning

theory

Processing of information

Processing is based on experience we

have Difference in processing leads to difference

in behavior

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Socio cultural perspective 

Individual perception ,feeling and action

strongly influence by social & cultural

factors

Social psychology tries to get a cause of

behavior relation with social factors

Look for quality of relationship

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Developmental perspective 

Characteristic changes occur in a person

when he/she mature

Changes occur in way of thinking

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Humanistic perspective 

Person’s sense of self 

Consider the human being as a purposeful

being

Giving more value to human being

Key points- self actualization, freedom,

search for unique goals

Personal meaning of his existance

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Psychoanalytic perspective 

It is a part of psychodynamic

Focus on role feeling and impulses.

when impulses are not acceptable –leads

to defense mechanism . Eg:displacement

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Biological perspective 

Try to relate the behavior to functions of the

body-brain & nervous system, endocrine

system

Eg; electrical changes occur in brain during

learning process, during sleep…..etc

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Evolutionary perspective 

Behavior is shaped to some extent by

genetic factors

Influence of inherited tendencies and

disposition

Eg; systematic study in identical twines

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SCOPE OF

PSYCHOLOGY INHOMOEOPATHY

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To differentiate normal and abnormal

behavior

To observe the patient

To asses the mental symptoms of patient.

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In homeopathy, mental and emotional

symptoms are of paramount importance

Homeopathy however is not the same as

psychoanalysis, for although it needs to

mental/emotional dynamic in any case

taking, psychological insights may be

revealed, this information is used to finda homeopathic remedy not to provide a

psychoanalytical solution.

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Homeopathy uses the mental/emotional

componant to connect the full picture of the 

patients suffering to the attributes of a 

remedy - the more complete the picture, the

more likely the chosen remedy will be

homeopathic

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THANK YOU