PSYCHE, - downloads.hindawi.comdownloads.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/1902/032038.pdf376 lSYCII2. [August x9o2 formation, when the case is attached flatwise, lie on their side; but

PSYCHE,

A PROBABLE NEW TYPE OF HYPERMETAMORPHOSIS.

BY JAMES G, NEEDHAM LAKE FOREST, ILL.

While collecting stone-flies in FallCreek at ithaca, N. Y., in July, i9oI, Ifound attached to some of the smallerstones in the edges of the current num-erous larval and pupal cases of micro-caddis-flies. I was not at first entirelycertain that they were caddis-fly cases"

but 1 took a few of them into the labo-ratory and examined their contents.One contained a larva of the form shownin fig. , easily referable to the familyHydroptilidae of Trichoptera; one con-tained a transforming larvasu[mg,m_pfa) of the form shown in fig.

a form so unusual in this family as toawaken immediate interest; and the re-mainder contained pupae. The cases

were 3 mm. long, of the form shown in

fig. 5, elongate oval, with a process at

each end for attachment to the stone,thin, flat, of a yellowish brown color,and so translucent that the stage ofdevelopment of the contained animalcould be easily recognized under themicroscope before opening them. Suchcases have not hitherto been known for

caddis-fly larvae: they probably repre-sent a genus of Hydroptilidae for which

the immature stages have not beendescribed--- perhaps Phryxicoma, to

which genus the two lone Americanspecimens of which our literature treats,have been referred.

I was then so fully occupied with thestudy of other aquatic insects that Icould give but little time or attention tothese: but I wished to see more of thatsingular prepupa, and I managed to

spend an hour on the i Lth of Julycollecting especially for it. I found thecases everywhere on the vertical sur-

faces of stones washed by a swift current,and had no difficulty in gathering forpreservation several dozen of them.

Recently I have studied this material.It contained three larvae of the sortshown in fig. i, three prepupae of theform shown in fig. 2 and a very largenumber of pupae with the generalappearance sketchily shown in fig. 5.The small number found in the earlierstages, and the considerable number of

empty cases found, showed the seasonof transformation was well advanced.Two of the larvae were still active whencollected’ I saw them moving freelywithin their cases, though the aperturesat the ends seemed to be already closed.Most Hydroptilid larvae carry their caseswith the thin edge upward, and in trans-

376 lSYCII2. [August x9o2

formation, when the case is attachedflatwise, lie on their side; but theselarvae lay on the venter, and the de-pressed abdomen with its short recurvedhairs seemed to indicate that as thenormal position. Prepupa and pupa lielikewise with the ventral surface to thestone, the former with the head andthorax and terminal abdominal segmentstwisted to the left side. At this stagethe most remarkable feature of theanimal is the presence of five pairs ofappendages jointed upon the sides ofabdominal segments 3-7. Such append-ages are wholly unknown in this order(although quite characteristic of severalaquatic genera of the Neuroptera) andif, as I suppose, these larvae, prepupae,and pupae form a single series represent-ing one species, their transitory appear-ance at the end of larval life is a devia-tion from the normal course of meta-morphosis wholly without a parallel.The nature of these appendages is

shown in detail in figures 4 and 5.Figure 4 is an external view and showshow completely the appendage is articu-lated to the side of the abdominal seg-ment. Figure 5 is a frontal section ofthe same and shows its internal structure.There is, as everywhere, an outer layerof hypodermis (shown as a line of dots)to which the old and loosened cuticle,which has not participated in the articu-

lation, does not conform; there are twotracheae passing out from the body cav-

ity into the appendage and repeatedlybranching there, and penetrating themass of fat tissue which fills the entire

cavity, and which is entirely similar tothe fat filling the lateral extension of theabdominal segment which supports theappendage" there are no other tissuesentering into its composition.Two fairly distinct types of hyper-

metamorphosis have been distinguishedhitherto: one of these occurs amongthe Hymenoptera and is apparently re-stricted to egg parasites (lolatygaster,2oZyzema, Tdeas, etc.): among thesethe hatching of the egg occurs appar-ently very early, and the earliest freestages are regarded as embryonic ratherthan larval; obviously, our caddis-flyhas nothing to do with this type.The other type occurs among the

Neuroptera (3/[antis2a) and Coleoptera(Elicauta, Mdoe, Sitar#, etc.). Amongthese the larva hatches six-legged andactive (Campodeiform) and during itslarval life becomes footless, sluggishand distended with accumulated fat(Eruciform). These forms are held tofurnish the best of ontogenetic evidenceas to the course of development of com-plete metamorphosis among insects.The striking change of form, whichhere constitutes hypermetamorphosis,occurs during the period of larvalgrowth, and is therefore unlike thatwhich we are describing.

There is also in those insects whosetransformation is most complete andrapid, after the cessation of feeding onthe part of the larva, a period of makingover into the pupal form. this prepupalstage is due to the swelling and shorten-ing of the larva under its loosened cuti-

Augusb 9o-] PS YCItE. 377

cle. While the most striking forms ofprepupae hitherto described (Agrioyt_Pus,elc.) have been pointed our as cases of

hyperlnetamorphosis, it is to be notedthat they are all forms strictly interme-

Our caddis-fly, however, is apparentlyworthy to be ranked as an illustration ofa third type. Besides the three normaldevelopmental stages, it takes on in theprepupal period characters which do not

diate between the larva and the pupa,and all exceedingly transitory, graduallybut quickly assumed and quickly lostagain, and not truly hypermetamorphic,in the same sense as are the two typesmentioned above.

belong to either larva or pupa, and arenot intermediate between these stages.The possibility that my specimens did

not all belong to the same species, andthat these peculiar appendages of theprepupa may have belonged to the larva

378 .PS YCIt.E August, 902

of the same species, is not to be entirely lateral filaments of the larvae of Sialidae,overlooked, even though it be highly especially, of Sial#: here the severalimprobable. The discovery of such jointed lateral processes are articulatedappendages on a Trichopterous larva to the sides of the abdomen. Inwould, indeed, be sufficiently surprising. Sisyra and Climacia (family Hemero-The gills of Trichopterous larvae are biidaeof Neuroptera) are similar, jointedsimple or tufted filaments; and the filaments directed toward the midventrallarvae of the Hydroptilidae, so far as line beneath the abdomen.known, do not possess even these. I am inclined to believe that theseStout processes, articulated at the sides appendages are inherited from someof the abdomen and arranged segmen- remote, primitive Neuropterous type. Itally are entirely unknown in this order, regard them as belonging in the samebut occur in certain Coleopterous and category as the large, transitory mandi-Neuropterous larvae. Most like the bles of the pupa.appendages of our prepupa are the

RECORDS OF THE HABITS OF NEW MEXICAN COLEOPTERA.

BY To D. Ao COCKERELL, EAST LAS VEGAS, N. MEX.

Unless the contrary is specified, the Psyllobora 2o-maculata Say. Rioauthority for the identification is in every Ruidoso, about 65oo ft., on Rhusglabra,case Mr. H. C. Fall, to whom I am July 24. (Townsend).under the greatest obligations. When Chrysobottris carinipennis Lee. Riothe collector’s name is not given, the Ruidoso, about 6500 ft., on cut pinematerial was collected by the present branches, Aug. 4. (Townsend).writer. Townsend C. H. T. Town- Chrysobothris debilis Lee. (det. Wick-send. Wooton E. O. Wooton. ham). In coitu on ’ros@is glandulosa,

Cicindela sjerata Lee. Rincon, July May i3, i892. (Townsend).5; numerous in the bed of the Rio Acmceoclera. sparsa Horn. OrganGrande, copulating. Mrs., back of S. Augustine, on Chysop-

tlippodamia sinuata Muls. Mescal- sis villsa. Sept. i. (Wooton); Rioero, on Chrysothamnus graveolens glab- Ruidoso, about 65oo ft., on flowers ofratus, Oct. i. Achillea millefolium, July 3o. (Town-

Coccinella oculata Fab. Mescalero, send).on Chrysothamnus graveolens glabratus, A. disjuncta Fall. La Cueva, OrganOct. -. Mts. (Townsend). I collected one at

Submit your manuscripts athttp://www.hindawi.com

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

Anatomy Research International

PeptidesInternational Journal of


Hindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.hindawi.com

International Journal of

Volume 2014

Zoology


Molecular Biology International

GenomicsInternational Journal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014


BioinformaticsAdvances in

Marine BiologyJournal of



Signal TransductionJournal of


BioMed Research International

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of



Biochemistry Research International

ArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014


Genetics Research International


Advances in

Virolog y

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com

Nucleic AcidsJournal of

Volume 2014

Stem CellsInternational



Enzyme Research


International Journal of

Microbiology

Documents

PSYCHE, - downloads.hindawi.comdownloads.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/1902/032038.pdf376 lSYCII2. [August x9o2 formation, when the case is attached flatwise, lie on their side; but