Psychological Basi1

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PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS

OF BEHAVIOR

Neurons: are made up of: soma or cell body contains the nucleus that contains the genetic material in the

form of chromosomes. This is regarded as the tropic center and center of nourishment.

Function of a neurons:A neuron also known as a neuron or nerve cell is an electrically excitable cell that

processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. A chemical signal occurs via

a synapse, a specialized connection with other cells.

STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL NEURON

Dendrites- it conducts impulses to the cell body; receive chemical messages from other

neurons .

DENDRITES

Axon- transmit an electro chemical signal to other neurons, the axons can be as long as three

feet.


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Myelin sheath- A series of fatty cells which have wrapped around an axon.

MYELIN SHEATH

Axon terminal- it is where the electro chemical signal that has traveled the length of the axon is

covered into a chemical message that travels to the next neutron.

Axon Terminal

TYPES OF NEURONS

Sensory neurons- sensitive to various non-neutral stimuli. There are sensory neurons in the

skin, muscles, joint, and organs that indicate pressure, temperature, and pain.

SENSORY NEURON


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Motor neurons- are able to stimulate muscles cells throughout the body, including the muscles of

heart , diaphragm, intestines, bladder and glands.

MOTOR NEURON

Interneurons- the neurons that provide connections between sensory and motor neurons, as

well as between themselves.

The neurons of the central nervous system, including the brain, are all inter neuron.

NEUROTRANSMITTER

These are any specific chemical agent release by presynaptic cell that, upon excitation,crosses the synapse to stimulate or inhibit the postsynaptic cell.

KINDS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Acetylcohline-the brains memory and muscle chemical. Deficiency: Alzheimers disease. Norepinephrine- the brains caffeine and mood chemical. Deficiency: depressive, anorexia. Serotonin- the brains sleep and mood chemical. Deficiency: Insomnia, ADHD, panic attacks. Endorphines- the brains heroin and pain killer chemical. 100 times more addictive

than heroin.

Deficiency : Insomnia, anxiety. GABA - gamma amino butryic acid. Deficiency: Anxiety disorder, depression, phobias.


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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

It processes, interprets, stores information; issues orders to muscles, glands, organs. Sympathetic nervous system- starts in the spinal cord and travels to the areas of the body.

It prepares the body for the kinds of vigorous activities fight or flight that is withrunning from the danger or preparing for violence.

Parasympathetic nervous system- it brings the body back from the emergency status thatthe sympathetic nervous system puts it into. Arousal: activation of the salivary glands,

stimulating the secretions of the stomach; stimulating the activity of the intestines,

stimulating the secretion of the lungs, constricting the bronchial tubes, increasing the hear

rate.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Control and communication system of the body. Its job is to send and receive messages. Yournervous system controls all your thoughts and movements.

PARTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

The brain

The brain has a pinkish white color, relatively small and melon shaped structure. It has theconsistency of firm gelatin and uses sugar (glucose) as its fuel. It is also the master control center of all

human activities remembering, learning, feeling, enjoying sensations, and solving different

problems.


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THREE PARTS OF THE BRAIN

FOREBRAIN MIDRAIN Hindbrain

Forebrain

The largest part of the brain, it starts with the thalamus:, which is practically in the centerof the head. It is like a switching station, it conducts signals from the body up to the

relevant of the higher brain, and down from the brain to the lower brain and spinal cord.

It is also consists of right and left hemispheres which connected by a wide band of fiberscalled the corpus callosum. The left and right hemispheres are responsible for learning and

memory, speech, and language, emotional responses, experiencing sensations, initiating

voluntary movements, planning and making decisions.

Hypothalamus

The highest integrating center for autonomic nervous system concerned with endocrine,metabolic activity, temperature, regulation of sleep, emotional behavior, thirst, and sexual

behavior.

Midbrain

The smallest part of the brain. It connects the hindbrain to the forebrain, and it containsseveral pathways important to hearing and vision.

Pons- it is primarily the pathwaysconnecting the two halves of the next part, which is called thecerebellum.it connects the spinal cord with the brain and parts of the brain.

Medulla-the extention of the spinal cord into the skull. Basides containing tracts up anddow to and from the higher portions of the brain, the medulla also govern respiration and

heart rate(heart rate).

THE SPINAL CORD

It runs from the base of the skull all the way down the spine to the tail bone. Neurons canbe found in an h-shaped space within the spinal vertebrate.there are motor pathways

coming down from the brain and sensory pathways going up to the brain.

Cerebellum- governs body balance, posture and mascular coordination. Corpus callosum- Also known as the colossal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers

beneath the cortex in the eutherian brainat the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and

right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication. It is the largest white

matter structure in the brain, consisting of 200250 million contralateralaxonal projections.

Cerebral cortex- The outermost sheet of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in somevertebrates. It covers the cerebrum and cerebellum, and is divided into left and right hemispheres.

The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language,

and consciousness.


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Psychological Basi1